1/01/24
-organicmenister
·
It
is
study of hydrocarbons
and
derivatives
their
OR
·
Study of
Carbon
EXCEPT :
compounds
5) Meral Carbides
1) Oxides of Carbon
Co , CO2
2) Carbonate
CaCOs
Q) What
A
·
a) Give
·
is
,
compound
and
name
Methane
Composition of
2)
Hydrogen
3)
Merall
4)
Non
2)
Magnesium
3)
Na
Examples of
1)
arom
ONLY
hydrocalbon
componds
usually
present
19
present
sometimes
Nerals-sometimes
+
·
simplest
hydrogen
always present
-
-
Examples of
1) Iron
,
of
formula
and
carbon
containing
Organic
-
k
CaCHCUs)
,
CHu
·
·
NaHCOs
u) Carbon disulfide
CS2
hydrocarbon ?
a
I carbon
3) hydrogen carbonates
NazCO3
:
present
organic compounds containing
(C
haemoglobin
>
-
-
Chrorophyll (C
Soap
(C
,
H
,
,
,
H
H
0
,
,
,
eg
:
>
+
CH ,
O
Fe
,
Na
N , O , S,
merals
era
halogens
:
Mg)
,
Na)
organic compounds containing
Carbohydrates
,
Fe)
0,
0
Mg
eg glucose
:
eg
:
table
non metals :
CH20
sugar
C
,2
It
,
02
oth
CaCz
2) Fats
C
+
3) Proteins
1
,
C
>
-
,
I
,
,
(no
0
-
,w
0
↳ most
4)
Calbon tetra
of
in
·
Entirely
1) candle
·
hydrogen
Without
+
nature
be
can
polar
or
entirely
non
covalent
polar
2) perrol
3) Diesel
n) Oil
have partial positive and partial negative
wax
>
-
1) alcohol
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC
OF
> no partial charges of
covalent -
polor lovalent
present
substances
organic
covalent
-
sometimes
imp
PROPERTIES
Nature
P
and
S
(Halogen present
chloride
Cy Jorganic
1)
ratio
strict
charge
carboxylic acid
2)
Rule
Sowbility
·
Solvents
I
polar
non' polar
I
benene
6
water
I
Carbon terra
charide
1) polar
2)
alcohol
+
water
Won
polar
Non
polar
eg
candle
eg
:
:
3) polar
eg
:
2) Solubility
·
dissolve
polar
+
Entirely
in
+
and
wax +
Water
solution
-
>
benze
polar
non
Petrol +
IMMISSIBLE
>
-
-
covalent
NO
,
but
substances
dissolve
terrachloride.
carboxyic
acid
Solution
solution
-
SocUTION ,
Organic Compound
of
water
Carbon
+
Solution
>
(won't
will
mix
not
(
mix
:
such
readily
However
dissolve
as
in
,
candle
non
polar
and
wax
solvents
polar
covalent
readily
in
petrol
like
molecules
Water
aka
are
INSOLUBLE
benzene
like
and
alcohol
SOLUBLE
.
14/01/24
3)
Melting
these
and
·
-
c
intermolecula forces
"
that must
be
overcove
>
forces -
organic compounds
weak
attractive
low
MP
attractive forces
by weak
required
have
to
overcome
boiling
for
'Ci
held
4)
c
-
Intermolecular
is
-
-C x =
boiling
·
a
,
Cl
by melting or
solvent
Ch
111111
aa 111
affected
not
organic
a
strong
covalent bonds
are
Points
Boiling
and
known
forces
BP
This is
.
imf
as
molecules
between
.
the
because
Only
little
a
molecules
thermal
are
energy
these forces
.
Flammability
organic compounds are
commonly used fuels
·
·
·
When
of
will
oxygen
>
-
fossil fuels (petroleum
,
incomplete
provide
of
in excess
burnt
are
produced. However
are
·
fossil fuels
flammable
CO
oxygen
combustion
and
,
Co 2
and
is
a
mixture
of compounds called
+
incomplete
02
>
-
(0
+
LEXTREMELY
Less
(
-
excen
+20
complete
Cis
(soot (
+
H20
CO2 + steam
↓
hydrocalbor
combustion
>
supply
soot
(less air)
+ Oz
,
steam
limited
in me
Perol/diesel/kerosene/candle wax/natural gas + 82
each
gas coal
natural
,
combustion
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
·
Alkane ,
Properties
a
·
·
group of compounds
one
carboxylic acid
,
be
can
and in
group
have
They
which
differs from the
member
of
·
Alcohol
,
ester
,
:
by Che
·
Alkyne
Alkene ,
by
general formula
a
adjacent member in
other
molecular
chemical
similar
represented
properties
because
,
formula
Units
14
by
mass
molecular
all
of the
members
homologous serice have the same functional group
Have different
physical properties and their physical properties in
series show
gradationIgradual change) with the increase in mass and
a
a
,
of
the
include
MP
size
Homologous
·
movecule.
BP
,
Series
,
physical properties
The
viscosity
flammability
,
general
eg Alkane
general formula In Hant2
:
·
:
n-
no
·
of carbon
c-
nCHy YCH2 opattern
CHg]CH2
n = 3
n
C C
nCyH ]CH2C
,
-
25H ,
5
n =
-
c
-
no
of
carbon
the
volatility
flammability decrease
and
one carbona
hydrogens
size + man increases , so attraction
·
Alcohol ,
increases
all
.
so
,
int
to a state
alene
to
,
Carbon
is
.
So
which in
change
increases
increases . Intermolecular
molecules
increases
atoms
with the
turn
their state
more
increase
increases
from gas
responsible
for
.
viscosity increases with with ↑ imf,
,
increases
force
in
man
change
,
CH2
by
series
the
depends
and
K
on
size
,
man
liquid
in m
the
a
Mass and
size
and
size
of
strength of
inf
,
mass
MP , BP , viscosity . This may
to
may lead
allyne carboxylic acid aldehyde
differ
down
>
-
,
30MH-30 differing by
of molecule
·
,
2]CH2c-c-c-c-c
·
raly gradually
:
BP
c -
ele
As
a
C
-
volatility
increase of
:
C-C
-
,
but
atoms
-
mp
and
that
also
cause them
to solid
of molecule
,
as
hydrogen is v small
.
,
Alkane
>
states -
Allene
+
C - In
>
-
C5 -G 2
,
C
.
of
graph
allcome
(but will
int are
as
3-28-semi solid
C,
·
change of state
+gas
- liquid
.
onwards
increasing as
mass and
size
of
molecule increases
solid
-
b
all
work for
↑
Carbon
100
50
↑ mas and size
--
--
-
-
-
-
⑧
8
-
I
↑ MP and
150
BP
I
-
100
-
↑ inf/attraction
O
50
-
9
&
--
·
I
-
&
#
I
a
↳ H6
CHy
-this
because
a) Find
>
-
NOTE
to
as
Cultio
C51612
that
!
cotty
C
about
carbon chains
the
as
!
's
will
increase
,
leading
,
H 6
,
get
longer
IMF
stronger
no
,
which
increases
energy
with
line
and
read
by
one
mode
of
carbon
released
increase
CHy
,
in no
C2H6
·
grap h
of
each
member of
B
C
allcame also
increase
atomss .
A
C3H8
A
2220kJ/ma
=
B
C
=
=
896kJ/mol
1560
15/mal
released
when
burnt
GoH
~
,
,
are
Celtic
extrapolate
energy
of allleve
BP
,
overcome .
BP of
Alkane
an
carbon
AND SIZE
MASS
-
Lights
no of
graph shows
harder
3
CHjOHO
it
has
release most
most
energy
,
carber abones
out of
the
three
when
burnt
16/01/25
Homologous
General
Series
Moleculal Formula
Formula
↑ calban
CnHan
Alkane
+
4
Cult ,o it
2
=
of
n
a certain
want
number
of
I should
Cults
Allene
CnHzn
Alkyne
CnH2n-2
CyH6
n =
Cut 2n
Carboxylic
Acid
On Han
Ester
#
to
refer
covalent bad
,
valency
IV
C
,
Si
8
V
N
.
P
8
VI
O
,
F
VII
:
alon :
.
Br
8
2)
C
-
7
=
=
Y
3
3
H
I
HH
de functional
bonds
4) how
we
↓
group
5) Carbon bands
many
Carbon bonds
H
H
WHY ? Carbon has
is
I
I
Hi
Let ?
4 2
-
I
=
I
C = C
H
2
H1
-
certain amount
t a ke as
I
1
I
:
C- c
,
2
2
3) hydrogen
hydrogen
CC
"
I
=
4
Allent
H
a
of carbon
of bonds
1
It
WRONG
5
no
1
1) central
C
-
=
-
hydrogen
Cha
4
-
8 6
S
Cl
,
,
COOH
VALENCY
8-grp no .
group
To if want
3
CH
Cool
COO CnHent
+,
elements
no .
carbon,
be same
valency
notee
only 3 bonds though
,
is
4
calbon is
a
always
central from
GH2 Alkyne-cec-* functional
H-CEC
-
group
H
CH3UHALCOHOL-0-H
H
H
q
-
-
0
H
-
H
z
"
CH3
-
COOH
O
↳
* -
-
H
H
remember that
COOH is drawn
z
H
-
like this
-
0
H
-
It
Carboxylic Acid
·
8
11
-
C
-
0
-
H
Functional
Group :
It
be an
may
that
must
chemical
be
atom
,
or a
in
present
properties
of
a
group
a
series
of alon ,
homologous
a chemical
or
series
,
and
bond,
it determines
the
Functional Group
Homologous Series
Alkane
X
Alkene
jc
Allyne
-
Alcond
X
:
/ (nore always
=
0
C = c
O
-
Description
giveuboa
-
C
Ester
O
coverent
two
carbon
ester
11
C
a) Why are
ester
·
the
-
8
chemical
properties
have
different
they
Q) Encircle
functional
the
functional
functional
of
H
H
-
0
H
-
-
C
C
functional groups
in
groups
-
·
-
-
0
-
H
H
-
group
group
carboxylic acid different from
following
compounds
H
1)
arom
-
?
Because
bod between
H
-
8
-
atoms
hiphe
carboxyl
-
band between
hydroxyl functional group
⑭
carboxylic acid
covalent
calbor
no
-
H
-
double
hydroxyl
functional group
·
HS :
Alcond
·
FG :
-O
-
H
-
hydroxyr
:
carboxylic
0-It
-
&
:
C
b
O
-
H
↳ cannot
covalent +
separate his
difference
no
charge
hydroxide
-
hydroxyl
:
-O-I
and read
as alcohol
Alkene
+
OH
:
ion I charged
-
2)
&
HG
·
-
H-
c
-
o-
0
-
It
:
Carboxylic acid
8
Fa :
·
11
C= C
,
C-O-I
8
alleme
3)
H
H/
alcohol
1) Saturated
·
a
Hydrocalbone
ale
2) Unsaturated
·
a
eg
containing
:
I
:
and
carbon
joined by single
hydrogen atom
covalent
bonds
in which
ONLY
eg
:
the carbon
all
allaves
hydrocarbon
compound
there
I
hydrocarbons
compound
arome
II
DEC-CO-C-
=
Types of
↑
- carboxylic
acid
Ho
J
must
alkenes
containing
be
and
at
least
alleynes
carbon
one
double
and
bond
hydrogen
aroms ONLY
wwo
between
,
in which
carbon aro
Saturated
En # 2n
Hydrocarbon
unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
Alkame
Alkene
En'2n
2
+
b
n =
4
1
Cyto
C
C
=
C
-
C Its
4
=
-
C
-
A
-
I
i
eg
-
H
eg
1+
carbon
aroms
,
unsaturated
several
carbon
carbon
double
vegetable oil
:
H
"C--4
H
bands
covalent
between two
H
O
H-0
-
I
I
double
containing
bunds .
:
c
-
H
carbon
molecule
a
c
S
so
:
1
-
H
bads bemeen
Polyunsaturated
c
=
H
It
single covalent
each
11
H
H
..
11
H
n
H
c
=
It
-
c =
-C
I
It
H
-
H
1
It
polyunsahaved
compounds
Q)
·
and
alcohol
Why do
Their
always
calboxylic acid
molecules
have
different functional
depend
on
functional group .
Test for
10 detect presence
1)
of
geous Bromine
NOTE :
Allene
cannot
decolorises
:
groups
diff
,
chemical
and
properties ?
chemical properties
unsaturation
of
geous
Reagent (Chemical) :
a Color
have
jc
=
c
, in
molecule
Bromine/Bromine
oranger
aqueous
or
red
bromine
water
brown
due
to
;C <
=
,
but allames
no yc c
e
3)
Observation
-
saturated
with
solution
=
compounds
orange/redbrown
remains
oc
with
4) Observation
-
solution
5) Type of
-
:
When
an
compand
unsaturated
ag Bromine
reacts with
:
.
reaction
or
general
an
c presur
COLOURLESS
reaction
↳ hoo
Q) Write
=
compound
unsaturated
turns
Addition
:
eq
more
substances
A+ B
:
to
equation
AB
-
join to
SINGLE PRODUCT
a
Cutty (alkame)
behreen
reaction
show
form
and
. Bromina
ag
CHg
+
Braag)
GHOBr
>
-
b
b
colorles
orange
9) which of the properties distinguish
A)
burning
B) lime
and
propane
b
no
plint
a
c
propens
b
=c
S
wee =
<
water
c)
aqueous
Bravine
D)
aqueous
AgNOs
4) The
structure
of fumaric
acid
oc
-
-
is
below :
shown
&
It
H
blu
c - c =react with ag Bromine
.
II
D
Describe
of
·
with
acid
fumaric
Fumaric
a
acid
single
,
will
observations
with
ag
undergo
colourless
.
along
with
an
equation
,
the
reaction
Bromine .
addition
product
reaction
with
because
ag
.
Bromine
of presence
to
of
C
form
=
c
eg
·
CuHyDa
:
Naming of Organic
Suffix
-
①) why
:
no
of
eth
2
prop
3
but
Y
pent
5
nex
6
hept
7
Oct
8
Non
9
Dec
10
its
65H12
CultuOy
Bre
(colorless
carbon
mech
CH ,
-
Compands :
1
Because
·
eg
is
Braag
+
an
alons
allowe ?
fits
in
>
-
its
Allane
pentance
CnHzn-2
Culty-alkyne
butyme
general
formula
Cultzn
Content
-
Allema
net
nexene
Alkame
Alkene
Alkyne
CnHantz
CnHan
CnHanz
Homologous Series
·
formula
general
&
·
·
functional
-
group
,
and
endings
X
0
n =
c
=
c
C = c
-
ene
yne
X
X
Carboxylic Acid
Alcohol
CnHentiCOOH
CnHantIOH
-
-
0
-
-
H
0
=
-
+
O
oic
+
merhanoic
X
HCOOH
methanol
n
acid
ethanoic
CH3OH
YX
CHy
1
=
H
drop'e of allane drop'el of alkane
CH3COOH
acid
ethand
n
=
n
=
Cette
2
C3Hg
3
Propanoic
Cetty
Celte
C2H5 Ol
C2Hg COOH
C3H6
CyHy
C3Hy OH
C3H ,
COOH
n
=
4
CuH10
CyH8
CuH6
CyHaOH
Cu Ha COOH
n
=
5
C5H
CsHio
C5Hg
CsH , 8 H
C5H , Coot
Alky) Group
, z
Alky) is obtained by removing
>
-
allove
-
-
have
As
general
they are
are
found
CnHant
molecules
attachedno
Allane
hydrogen
,
+
they
functional
a
(compound)
CnHan + 2
do
not
occur
free
in nature
-
CnHan +
CHy
CH3-methyl
=
CaH6
C2H5
-eryh
n = 3
Cy It g
C3Hy
-
propyl
functional
functional grp
-
Cutan
:
ally !
+,
and
,
Allys (group not compound
2
accord
an
group.
1
n
from
represented by letter 'R'
often
=
n
aror
molecule
formula
not
one
OH
Y
ROH
carboxylic
acid
:
a
gup
-
Co
b
RCO H
,
acid
Systematic
Naming of
Allones
chain /
unbranched
Rules :
I
straight
2)
Branched
a
of
3)
their
given
>
-
↳
hydrogen
longest calbon
one
and
·
Longest
a
the
to
c
-
straight
other
chain
is first
chain
such
formed by he
to be
compounds
that
by the alleys
and
selected
the calbon
substitution
group
numbered from
containing he alley
LEAST NUMBER
calbar chain
continuous
c -c
considered
are
of
atows
The
group gets
names
common
compounds
Chain
-
c
-
examples
b)
c
:
C =
I
c
-
c
-
C
C
c)
C
C
I
c
1)
n -
-
c
c
-
H
H
I
c
i
c
-
↓
-
=
-
HH
if
is
H
c
-
I
c
-
no
an
H
carbon
is left
unbranched
-↳
&
it
H
it
H
H
Dremovehydrogen- -
It
I
A
111
↓
I
NOTE
-
-
H
behind
compound
after
picking
longest
chain
,
then it
Sun
Jan
19
Branched
compounds
Methyl group
H
:
CH3--C-H
it .
it
take
·
DO
·
methy
ends
pur at
NOT
put
·
anywhere
in
middle
the
-c
H
-cHit
HH
11 21
I
-d
-
X
-
H
- + c
*
1
-
31
in
H
5/
Y
-
c
c -
-
12
H
-
C
-
i
Naming
-
Any
single
-
·
·
-pent>
-
branched chein
bond
number of
carbon
WRONG -Y
CORRECT
2
>
-
holding meny
- merge
remember
-
mesyc
and
give
-
-
Correct
chain
left
carbon
All
·
longest
5 carbon
·
-
>
H
:
select
-
parent
at
name
end
,
first
no
the
add
accept smallest
-
-
melhyc
Before
.
methyl
,
number and
·
I
It
H
HHH
I
I
H-534-"Cs↓
I
H
H
-2
H
*
Crea
I
H
-
C
it
>
6 carbon -
single
I
I
It
+
-
H
bands
number
mypher
2-methyl pentance
-
It
H
&
c -c
15
M
H
H
it
-
it
WRONG
H
H
DoNOH
not
H
hex-
cre
J hexane
menug
hexace
2ymesayc
IMPORTANT
HYPHEN
IS
SUPER
mypher
a
chain
It
H
-
C
Hi
-
↓
H
-
C
I
it
heptance
>
-
I
c
-
carbons
7
4
-
-
it
I
I
3-methyl
+ H
I
It
-
-
heprace
1
I
It
H
H
C
-
-
H
it
Systematic
Rule 1
Suffix
:
Rule 2 :
carbon chair containing the
numbered
the
to
Alkenes
of
is o n e
largest
and
Naving
from
one
and
bond is
double
te other
to
so to
,
first chosen
give
LEAST
NO .
bond
double
H
H
-
C
H
-
I
c
it
1t
=
c
C
-
↓
It
H
-
C
remove
-
-C5-
hydrogens
H
=
-
Cu c"
,
with to
smaller
I
b
ACCEPT
pent
=
show
·
D
but-1-ene
H
but
SAME
FORMULA :
NAME !
double bond
&
CH2
=
is WRONG
hyphen !!!
↓
"
-
pentence
d-ene
smallest
CONDENSED
C2
34
591
6
H
It
↳
-
=
b
S
peut
- -
CH-CH , CH3
·
for single
I
bond
I
-
q=
jis mein dande
hon ala
the
DISPLAY
ebt
A ,
structure
-
bonch is
FORMULA
.
but-1-one
systematic naming
Rule 1
Suffix
:
is
-
Longest
Rule 2 :
chain
Carbon
end
one
the
containg
the
to
having the
carbor
other
ol
group
-
burane
H
H
T "is
H
-
C
-
C
-
C
1312
It
H
=
H
-
H-
H
>
-
C
group
so
Care
-
X because
i
-
OH
as
-
-"
3-011
It
>
It
first chosen
to
get
smallest
TAN
alcou
from
derived
-
H
allame
1- smalo
↑one
Butan-1-0
-01
5 H
-
is
tee
I
H
H6d
-
alcohols
o
numberedfron
for the
of
pentanc
H
penran-3-01
and
number