FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
STUDY GUIDE
SUBJECT: HYDRAULIC MACHINES III
SUBJECT CODE: HMAC202/HYDM202
COURSE DISCIPLINE:
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SAPSE CODE:
081912403
CREDIT:
12
PREREQUISITES:
FLUID MECHANICS III (FLUM201)
INSTRUCTIONAL LEVEL:
S4
Contents
WELCOME NOTE ................................................................................................................................ ii
AIM ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
A
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 1
B
ESSENTIAL CONTENT ............................................................................................................... 1
C
SYLLABUS...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.
Centrifugal pump design and performance ................................................................................... 1
3.
Positive displacement pumps ................................................................................................ 3
4.
Impulse water turbines ........................................................................................................... 3
5.
Reaction water turbines .......................................................................................................... 3
D
TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES ............................................................................ 4
E
LECTURES AND TUTORIALS ..................................................................................................... 4
F
TUTORIAL WORK ........................................................................................................................ 5
G
LABORATORY WORK ................................................................................................................. 5
H
EVALUATION............................................................................................................................... 6
I
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 6
J
SCHEDULE OF WORK ................................................................................................................ 6
K
NOTES ........................................................................................................................................... 7
L
MARK CALCULATION .............................................................................................................. 11
M
RECOMMENDED BOOKS ........................................................................................................ 11
N
LECTURER/FACILITATOR ...................................................................................................... 12
O
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES.......................................................................................................... 7
P
SAQA CRITICAL CROSS-FIELD OUTCOMES ......................................................................... 8
i
WELCOME NOTE
I want to take this opportunity to welcome every one of you to this subject; hydraulic machines
III and express my excitement about working with you this semester. As we all know, engineering
is about the application of scientific knowledge to design and developing devices, systems,
materials and processes; this course enables you to have an advanced understanding of the
operation, construction, and design characteristics of hydraulic machines. It is also designed to
enhance your technical problem solving capability and knowledge base; hence a lot of team work
and group discussions are encouraged. I care deeply about each of my students and believe you
have the ability to positively shape your own lives and the society in which you live by growing,
developing and the skills you acquire from the course. The main goal of this course is to have all
students recognize their strength and skills and use them to improve themselves and their
communities. Over the course of this semester, we will cover a range of exciting topics starting
from the construction, operation, application and function of hydraulic machines and their
applications in mechanical engineering.
Additional information about the class is provided in the syllabus attached to this page. Please read
the syllabus carefully and understand the content. Feel free to express any questions, concerns or
comments. I am available for consultation any day within the school operating hours in my office
within mechanical engineering department.
I look forward to an exciting time and a great semester!
Mr. A. Oyieke
Subject Lecturer
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AIM
This course looks at hydraulic machinery (pumps, turbines etc.) in detail using the principles dealt with
in Fluids II and III levels. Emphasis is placed on the construction, operation, application and function
of these machines.
The candidate will be able to design new layouts, optimise and redesign underperforming existing
facilities where these machines are used.
A
OBJECTIVES
To apply the principles of fluid mechanics studied in the previous two academic levels to hydraulic
machinery commonly encountered by the graduate in industry. The course includes a detailed study of
centrifugal pumps, reaction water turbines, impulse turbines, and positive displacement pumps.
Students undergo laboratory practicals to familiarise themselves with the function of different types of
pump systems.
B
ESSENTIAL CONTENT
The following are essential aspects of this course:
C
*
Centrifugal pump design and performance
*
Characteristic curves: Pumps in systems: series and parallel
*
Positive displacement pumps
*
Impulse water turbines
*
Reaction water turbines
SYLLABUS
The following syllabus describes the scope of the work to be covered in this course.
1.
Centrifugal pump design and performance
Pump design: Casing and impeller
Impeller blade and guide vane geometry
1
Velocity triangles, dynamic and Euler heads Pump losses
Efficiencies
Net positive suction head (NPSH)
Specific outcomes:
*
Sketch impeller inlet and outlet velocity triangles of a centrifugal pump
*
Determine volumetric flow rate for a given impeller geometry
*
Derive the Euler head equation from first principles
*
Calculate all velocities, heads and geometric parameters for a given centrifugal pump under
specific conditions
*
Determine effective head in a system given pipe dimensions and flow rates
*
Determine pump efficiencies, power losses and NPSH
2.
Characteristic curves:
Single pumps and the working point
The system head curve
Pumps in parallel
Pumps in series
Application of commercial pump curves
Similarity of rotodynamic machines
Multistage pumps
Specific outcomes:
*
Determine system head curves for suction and delivery
*
Plot pump, system head and efficiency curves for a given system
*
Tabulate and plot performance data for series and parallel pumps
*
Determine working point from a commercial pump chart
*
Apply similarity laws to account for changes in pump speed, power and size
*
Determine specific speed
*
Calculate geometric parameters and performance of multistage pumps
2
3.
Positive displacement pumps
Operation and theory of reciprocating pumps
Double and single acting pumps
Pressure indicator diagrams
Separation
Power losses
Air vessels
Specificific outcomes:
*
Determine flow rate and slip for single and double acting reciprocating pumps
*
Calculate and plot head loss components of a pressure indicator diagram
*
Determine maximum pump speed for avoiding separation
*
Calculate power required to overcome friction
*
Determine flow rate for systems with air vessels and plot pressure indicator diagram
components
*
4.
Calculate cylinder pressure head and force at various points in pump stroke
Impulse water turbines
Operation of Pelton turbine
Theory of Pelton turbine
System efficiencies
Specific outcomes:
5.
*
Sketch velocity vector diagrams for Pelton turbine
*
Calculate geometric parameters, pressures and forces
*
Sketch a turbine system and indicate power losses
*
Define and calculate efficiencies
Reaction water turbines
3
Design and operation of the Francis turbine
Velocity triangles
Power transferred to the rotor Euler head
Power losses and efficiencies
Specific outcomes:
*
Sketch rotor inlet and outlet velocity triangles of a Francis turbine. Calculate power transferred
to the rotor and Euler head for given geometries
*
Sketch a turbine system layout indicating relevant heads
*
Apply Bernoulli's equation between various points in a system to calculate unknown
parameters
*
Determine turbine efficiencies and pressure heads in a given system
D TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES
A series of learning activities will be included during the semester. It is up to the learners to ensure that
they are available at the appropriate times and that they attend all classes and other participative events
to maximize the opportunities presented:

Content delivery and acquisition will be achieved through two weekly 1.33 hours formal
lectures and notes and references will be given to students for self-study.

Numerical and Analytical Skills will be developed through one weekly 1.33 hours tutorial
session and using self-study practice problems.

Operation, construction, safety, maintenance skills and industrial applications of hydraulic
machines will be demonstrated by used of selected educational videos.

System evaluation skills will be developed through two laboratory experiments and also
through use of the additional tutorials

Teamwork and communication competencies will be developed using longer group assignment
tasks ( group project) followed by presentations to entire class during some of the tutorials
E
LECTURES AND TUTORIALS
The subject will run along the following lines, during times in the venues specified, unless changes are
made, which will be communicated accordingly. For maximum benefit, one must attend all contact
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sessions. Tutorial are conducted as part of lectures, when considered necessary.
Lecturer: two sessions (one session: 1.33hr is covering 2 periods on the timetable) per week
Tutorials time: one session per week
F
TUTORIAL WORK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
F1
chapter 2 pages 120-125 numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12
Additional tutorial 1
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
F2
pages 55-57 numbers 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9
Additional tutorial 2
IMPULSE WATER TURBINES
F1
chapter 1 pages 56-58 numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Additional tutorial 3
REACTION WATER TURBINES
F1
chapter 1 pages 59-65 numbers 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Additional tutorial 4
G
LABORATORY WORK
The following two laboratory practicals are to be performed:
Centrifugal pump set
Reciprocating pump set
Duration of semester: 12 weeks
Students will be placed in groups and a single group report must be submitted one week after
completion of the practical. Where the practical is done in the week prior to the test week, the due date
is one week after the test week.
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H
EVALUATION
Tests and examination questions will be formulated in such a way as to require the students to apply
mathematical knowledge and basic sciences related to Hydraulic machines
Laboratory work will allow the students to work in groups to analyse discuss and report the outcomes,
demonstrating problem solving skills. Lab work will be assessed according to the following criteria:
Successful completion of a group report and obtaining a minimum pass mark of 50% will
correspond to satisfactory performance
Attendance and successful completion of a compulsory one-on-one interview with the lecturer,
the purpose of which is to gauge the student's understanding of the practical work completed
and the content of the group report.
Reports will be assessed according to the following criteria:
Element
I
J
Weight (%)
Abstract
5
Introduction
5
Aim
5
Method
10
Results/Calculations/Graphs/Tables
25
Discussion
25
Conclusion
5
References
10
Presentation
10
TOTAL
100
REFERENCES
F1
Meyer CF, 1995. Applications of fluid mechanics: Part 2, CFM Publications
F2
Meyer CF, 1995. Applications of fluid mechanics: Part 1, CFM Publications
SCHEDULE OF WORK
Section
Duration
Reference
Weeks
Centrifugal pump design and performance
3
F1/F2
Pumps in systems: series and parallel
2
F1/F2
6
K
Positive displacement pumps
3
F2
Impulse water turbines
2
F1/F2
Reaction water turbines
2
F1/F2
Revision
1
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES
Graduate Attribute 1: Problem solving
Problem solving involves applying engineering principles to systematically diagnose (identify) and solve
well-defined engineering problems.
Graduate Attribute 2: Application of scientific and engineering knowledge
Applying knowledge of mathematics, natural science and engineering sciences to applied engineering
procedures, processes, systems and methodologies to solve well-defined engineering problems.
Graduate Attribute 3: Engineering Design
Performing procedural design of components, systems, works, products or processes to meet
requirements, normally within applicable standards, codes of practice and legislation.
Graduate Attribute 4: Investigations, experiments and data analysis
Investigations, experiments and data analysis involves conducting investigations of well-defined
problems through locating and searching relevant codes and catalogues, conducting standard tests,
experiments and measurements.
Graduate Attribute 5: Engineering methods, skills and tools, including Information
Technology
The use of appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering tools including information
technology for the solution of well-defined engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations,
restrictions, premises, assumptions and constraints.
Graduate Attribute 6: Professional and technical communication
Effective communication, both orally and in writing within an engineering context.
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Graduate Attribute 7: Sustainability and Impact of Engineering Activity
Demonstration of knowledge and understanding of the impact of engineering activity on the society,
economy, industrial and physical environment, and address issues by defined procedures.
Graduate Attribute 8: Individual, Team and Multidisciplinary Working
Demonstration of understanding and knowledge of engineering management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a technical team and to manage projects.
Graduate Attribute 9: Independent Learning Ability
Independent Learning Ability involves engaging in independent and life-long learning through welldeveloped learning skills.
Graduate Attribute 10: Engineering Professionalism
Understanding of and commitment to professional ethics, responsibilities and norms of engineering
technical practice.
L
SAQA CRITICAL CROSS-FIELD OUTCOMES
The following important cross field outcomes will be achieved during the study of Hydraulic machines
III;
 Critical and analytical thinking – existing systems will be conceptually broken down to basic
components and then basic theory used to explain their observed performance. The effects of
different variables will be investigated both experimentally and theoretically to predict the
performance
 Team working – Throughout the course, each student will belong to some team; the teams will
be working on various theoretical and practical assignments either in or out of class on
competitive basis. Apart from marks, there will be other rewards for criteria to be communicated
during the course of the semester
 Communication enhancement - Teams will be reporting their results both orally to the class
and formally to the lecturer according to given guidelines.
 IT skills and competency – Use of e-blackboard and internet will be a major part of the course.
All homework for-example will have to be submitted and one to one feedback given
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electronically. Use of Excel Spreadsheets for solution of integrated engineering problems is
mandatory
 Integration and Entrepreneurship development – First at the human resource level, teams
will sometimes be constituted by the lecturer to exploit diversity. At the problem solving level,
the case studies used will involve knowledge from other areas like Fluid Mechanics, Economics,
Health and Safety, Chemistry, Political economy, etc. Many problems will be about observed local
conditions with a view to encouraging students to start suitable small scale engineering businesses
after graduation.
HYDRAULIC MACHINES III : HMAC202 (Well defined)
Topics
Specific outcomes
Centrifugal
pump design
and
performance
Pump design: Casing and
impeller
o Pump
construction
and
operation,
o Geometrical
and
dynamic
characteristics of centrifugal
pumps
o Impeller blade and guide vane
geometry.
o Velocity triangles, pump losses;
dynamic and Euler heads
o Efficiencies
o Net positive suction head
(NPSH)
Pump
characteristic
curves:
Assessment criteria
* Describe and explain the operation and
construction of a centrifugal pump
* Sketch impeller inlet and outlet velocity
triangles of a centrifugal pump
* Determine volumetric flow rate for a
given impeller geometry
* Derive the Euler head equation from
first principles
* Calculate all velocities, heads and
geometric parameters for a given
centrifugal pump under specific
conditions
* Determine effective head in a system
given pipe dimensions and flow rates
* Determine pump efficiencies, power
losses and NPSH
o Single pumps and the working * Determine system head curves for
point
suction and delivery
o The system head curve
* Plot pump, system head and efficiency
o Pumps in parallel
curves for a given system
o Pumps in series
* Tabulate and plot performance data for
o Application of commercial pump
series and parallel pumps
curves
* Determine working point from a
o Similarity
of
rotodynamic
commercial pump chart
machines.
* Apply similarity laws to account for
o Multistage pumps
changes in pump speed, power and size
* Determine specific speed
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Attributes
1&8
1,8,&9
Positive
displacement
pumps
o Operation and theory of
reciprocating pumps
o Double and single acting pumps
o Pressure indicator diagrams
o Separation
o Power losses
o Air vessels
Impulse water
turbines
o Operation of Pelton turbine
o Theory of Pelton turbine
o System efficiencies
Reaction
water turbines
o Design and operation of the
Francis turbine
o Velocity triangles
o Power transferred to the rotor
Euler head
o Power losses and efficiencies
M

 Calculate geometric parameters and
performance of multistage pumps
1,2&8
* Determine flow rate and slip for single
and double acting reciprocating pumps
* Calculate and plot head loss
components of a pressure indicator
diagram
* Determine maximum pump speed for
avoiding separation
* Calculate power required to overcome
friction
* Determine flow rate for systems with
air vessels and plot pressure indicator
diagram components
* Calculate cylinder pressure head and
force at various points in pump stroke
1,&8
* Sketch velocity vector diagrams for
Pelton turbine
* Calculate
geometric
parameters,
pressures and forces
* Sketch a turbine system and indicate
power losses
* Define and calculate efficiencies
* Sketch rotor inlet and outlet velocity 1,&8
triangles of a Francis turbine. Calculate
power transferred to the rotor and
Euler head for given geometries
* Sketch a turbine system layout
indicating relevant heads
* Apply Bernoulli's equation between
various points in a system to calculate
unknown parameters
* Determine turbine efficiencies and
pressure heads in a given system
NOTES
Students must familiarize themselves with all rules, policies, and responsibilities as outlined in the
Academic Rules and Regulations 2019.

The order in which the syllabus is presented may change and is at the discretion of the lecturer
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
Students are expected to attend all classes and practicals and work diligently throughout the course.

Students experiencing difficulties with the course content should consult the lecturer immediately.

Once a student writes a test, he/she must take the mark, with no exceptions.
 Absence from any assessment without a very good reason will result in a zero (0) mark being
awarded. Although not encouraged, but if a student has a very good reason for being absent (e.g.
sickness) and he/she provides proof (e.g. medical certificate), a substitute test may be considered.
Such a proof of absence must be submitted to the subject lecturer by the affected student 48 hours
after the assessment (by email, via a colleague, family member if the student is not fit yet to attend
lectures.

Where a student presents a reason for absenteeism from a test before the test is to be written, a
special departmental meeting will be called to discuss the matter and make a decision.

Late and no submissions of tasks without acceptable reason will result in a zero (0) mark being
awarded (Submission dates are final and non-negotiable)
N
MARK CALCULATION

40% from class mark, which may consist of tests, assignments and practicals, with the weighting at
the discretion of the lecturer

60% from the final written examination

Students must obtain a subminimum of 40% for the class mark and a minimum pass mark of 50%
for the practicals to gain entry to the final examination
O
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
 Solving Problems in FLUID MECHANICS Part 2: J F Douglas ISBN 0-582-28643-3
 Solving Problems in FLUID MECHANICS Part 1: J F Douglas ISBN 0-9584013-2-2
 FLUID MECHANICS 5th edition. J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack
(2005) ISBN-10: 0-13-129293-5
 Students are advised to visit the library and other sources (i.e. internet) for more information on the
course contents.
 Online Video links (recommended):
Centrifugal Pumps:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaEHVpKc-1Q
Reciprocating pumps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YI9xEQMoG0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2VOcfkGNY4
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Reaction turbines:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BCiFeykRzo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qp3J1eRtKn0
Impulse turbines:
P
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PoeMQeHePo&t=23s
LECTURER/FACILITATOR
MR. ANDREW A Y OYIEKE
Email: Oyieke.andrew@mut.ac.za
Office no. C256
Tel. Ext: (031) 9077229
Consultation times:
Tuesday: 10:55 – 1:00
Thursday 10:00 – 12:00
(Any other convenient times may be arranged within the working hours with
appointment)
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