Python
Python Notes
1. Introduction to Python
Python is an interpreted, high-level programming language
with dynamic typing.
It supports multiple programming paradigms, including
procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.
Python uses indentation instead of brackets
blocks.
{}
to define code
2. Data Types
Numeric: Includes integers, floating-point numbers, and
complex numbers.
Text: Represented by strings ( str ).
Boolean: Represents
True
or
False .
Sequence: Includes lists, tuples, and ranges.
Set: Stores unique values and is unordered.
Mapping: Dictionaries store key-value pairs.
3. Operators
Arithmetic: Used for mathematical calculations.
Comparison: Compares values and returns a Boolean.
Logical: Includes
and ,
or ,
and
not
operators.
Assignment: Assigns values to variables.
Membership: Checks if a value exists within a sequence.
Identity: Compares memory locations of objects.
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4. Control Flow
Conditional Statements: if , elif , and
decision-making in a program.
else
statements control
Loops:
for
loops iterate over a sequence.
while
loops continue execution as long as a condition is
true.
Loop Control Statements:
break
exits a loop prematurely.
continue
pass
skips the current iteration.
acts as a placeholder in empty loops or functions.
5. Functions
Functions allow code reusability and modular programming.
They can take parameters and return values.
Default arguments provide predefined values if no arguments
are passed.
Lambda functions are small anonymous functions used for quick
operations.
6. Data Structures
Lists: Mutable and ordered sequences used to store multiple
values.
Tuples: Immutable sequences, meaning their values cannot be
changed.
Dictionaries: Unordered collections that store key-value
pairs.
Sets: Unordered collections of unique elements.
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
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Classes & Objects: Python follows an OOP approach where realworld entities are represented as objects.
Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit attributes and methods
from another class.
Encapsulation: Restricts direct access to some components of
an object.
Polymorphism: Allows different classes to be used
interchangeably.
8. File Handling
Files can be opened, read, written, and closed using built-in
Python functions.
The
with
statement ensures proper handling of file operations.
9. Modules & Libraries
Python has built-in and third-party modules that extend its
functionality.
Custom modules can be created and imported into other
scripts.
10. Exception Handling
Used to manage errors that occur during execution.
try
and
finally
except
blocks catch and handle exceptions.
ensures code execution regardless of exceptions.
11. Advanced Python Concepts
List Comprehensions: Provide a concise way to create lists.
Decorators: Modify functions without changing their
structure.
Multithreading: Allows concurrent execution of multiple
tasks.
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