Unit
92
, Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which
Look at this example sentence:
The woman
who lives next door
is a doctor.
relative clause
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of
person or thing) the speaker means:
The woman who lives next door ... ('who lives next door' tells us which woman)
People who live in the country ... ('who live in the country' tells us what kind of people)
We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things):
the woman - she lives next door - is a doctor
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
we know a lot of people - they live in the country
I
-► We know a lot of people who live in the country.
An architect is someone who designs buildings.
What was the name of the person who phoned?
Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by Friday.
You can also use that (instead of who), but you can't use which for people:
The woman that lives next door is a doctor, (not the woman which)
Sometimes you must use who (not that) for people - see Unit 95.
When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in a relative clause:
where is the cheese? - it was in the fridge
f
► Where is the cheese j
^
was <n the fridge?
furniture: nội thất
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings, (or stories which have ...)
Grace works for a company that makes furniture, (or a company which makes furniture)
) The machine that broke down is working again now. (or The machine which broke down)
break down: hỏng
That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which - see Unit 95.
Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which, not he/she/they/it.
Compare:
(
‘Who's that woman?' ‘She lives next door to me.'
I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door, (not the woman she lives)
Where is the cheese? It was in the fridge.
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (not the cheese it was)
W h at = ‘the thing(s) that'. Compare what and that:
W h at happened was my fault. (= the thing that happened)
but
O Everything that happened was my fault. (not Everything what happened)
The machine that broke down is now working again, (not The machine what broke down)
184
c
Relative clauses 2-5
Units 93-96
Exercises
In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from
the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.
steals from a shop
-dcfrigFts-buildings
doesn't believe in Cod
is not brave
1
kẻ trộm đột nhập 2
3
ng ăn trộm ở cửa hàng 4
5
vô thần
người bi quan
6
7
người thuê 8
he/she
buys something from a shop
pays rent to live in a house or apartment
break into: đột nhập
breaks into a house to steal things
expects the worst to happen
an architect)
An architect is someone who designs buildings
.......
a burglar) A burglar is someone who breaks into...
a customer) ... is someone...............
..................
who buys something...
a shoplifter) ....is someone who
. . steals from a shop
...............
.............
a coward) is someone who
is not brave
...is someone who doesn't believe in...
an atheist) ....................................................................................
is someone who expects..
a pessimist)
...............................................................................
is someone who pays rent...
a tenant) .......................................................................................
Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.
1 A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
The girt who was injured, in the accutent is now in hospital.
.
2 A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.
T h e ....................................................................................................
3 A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
T h e ..............................................................................................
4 Some people were arrested. They have now been released.
The ....................................
--......... ........ ........ ........
5 A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
The ......-....
,.. , ............
...............................
Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and make a relative clause,
invented the telephone
runs away from home
stole my wallet
were hanging on the wall
makes furniture
gives you the meaning of words
can support life
cannot be explained
1 Helen works for a company th a i makes -furniture
2 The book is about a girl
3 What happened to the pictures....
........
4 A mystery is something
5 The police have arrested the man
6 A dictionary is a book
...
7 Alexander Bell was the man
8 It seems that Earth is the only planet
Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 I don't like stories who have unhappy endings.
2 What was the name of the person who phoned?
3 Where's the nearest shop who sells bread?
4 The driver which caused the accident was fined £500.
5 Do you know the person that took these pictures?
6 We live in a world what is changing all the time.
7 Dan said some things about me that were not true.
8 What was the name of the horse it won the race?
stories th at have
OK
Unit
93
Relative clauses 2:
clauses with and without who/that/which
Look at these example sentences from Unit 92:
O
The woman who lives next door is a doctor, (or The woman that lives ...)
The woman
lives next door.
who (= the woman) is the subject
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (orthe cheese which was ...)
....................
The cheese was in the fridge,
that (= the cheese) is the subject
You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause. So you cannot say
'The woman lives next door is a doctor' or ‘Where is the cheese was in the fridge?'.
Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb. For example:
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
I wanted to see the woman
who (= the woman) is the object
I is the subject
Have you found the keys that you lost?
You lost the keys.
that (= the keys) is the object
you is the subject.
When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out. So you can say:
The woman I wanted to see was away, or The woman who I wanted to see ...
O Have you found the keys you lost? or ... the keys that you lost?
The dress Lisa bought doesn't fit her very well, or The dress that Lisa bought...
Is there anything I can do? or ... anything that I can do?
Note that we say:
the keys you lost (not the keys you lost them)
the dress Lisa bought (not the dress Lisa bought it)
Note the position of prepositions (in/to/for etc.) in relative clauses:
Tom is talking to a woman - do you know her?
Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to
I slept in
?
a bed last night - it wasn't very comfortable
The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn't very comfortable.
Are these the books you were looking for? or ... the books that/which you were ...
The woman he fell in love with left him after a month, or The woman who/that he
The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time, or
The man who/that I was sitting next to ...
Note that we say:
the books you were looking for (not the books you were looking for them)
You cannot use what in sentences like these (see also Unit 92D):
ID Everything (that) they said was true, (not Everything what they said)
I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)
W h at = the thing(s) that:
Did you hear what they said?
C
Relative clauses 1 -*■ Unit 92
(= the things that they said)
Relative clauses 3-5 -> Units 94-96
W hom -► Unit 94B
Exercises
In some of these sentences you need who or that. Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 The woman lives next door is a doctor.
2 Have you found the keys you lost?
3 The people we met last night were very nice.
4 The people work in the office are very nice.
5 The people I work with are very nice.
6 What have you done with the money I gave you?
7 What happened to the money was on the table?
8 W hat’s the worst film you've ever seen?
9 What's the best thing it has ever happened to you?
THe worn^ .who., lives. next d o o r.......
Q.K..........
................
OK
...............................................................
who work
.................................................................
OK
........................
........................................
OK
.......
that was
..........
OK
.
that has ever...
W hat do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence with a relative clause.
1 Your friend lost some keys. You want to know if he has found them. You say:
Have you found the keys you lost..................................................................................... ?
2 A friend is wearing a dress. You like it. You tell her:
I like the dress
...........................................................................................................
3 A friend is going to see a film. You want to know the name of the film. You say:
What's the name of the film
?
4 You wanted to visit a museum. It was shut when you got there. You tell a friend:
The museum
was shut when we got there.
5 You invited some people to your party. Some of them couldn't come. You tell someone:
Some of the people .........................
couldn't come.
6 Your friend had to do some work. You want to know if she has finished. You say:
Have you finished the work
..
?
7 You rented a car. It broke down after a few miles. You telL a friend:
The car
.
broke down after a few miles.
These sentences all have a relative clause with a preposition. Put the words in the correct order.
1 Did you find (looking / for / you / the books / were)?
Did you find tHe books you were Looking f o r ...................................................................... ?
2 We couldn't go to (we / invited / to / were / the wedding). the wedding we were invited to
We couldn't go to
..............
.................................................................................
3 What's the name of (the hotel / about / me / told / you)?
What's the name of
?
4 Unfortunately I didn't get (applied / 1/ the job / for). the job i applied for
k may mắn rằng Unfortunately I didn't get
.
........
...................................
5 Did you enjoy (you / the concert / to / went)?
Did you enjoy
?
6 Gary is a good person to know. He's (on / rely / can / somebody / you). rely on: dựa vào
Gary is a good person to know. He's
.
.........................
............................. .
7 Who was (the man / were / with / you) in the restaurant last night?
Who was
..
in the restaurant last night?
Put in that or w hat where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty.
1 I gave her all the money I had. (all the money that I had is also correct)
Z Did you hear
what
they said?
3 They give their children everything
they want.
4 Tell m e
you want and I'll try to get it for you.
5 Why do you blame me for everything
goes wrong?
6 I won't be able to do much, but t'll do
lean.
7 I won't be able to do much, but I'll do the best
lean.
8 I don't agree with
you've just said.
9 I don't trust him. I don't believe anything
he says.
Unit
94 I. Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where
W hose
We use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their:
we helped some people - their car had broken down
► We helped some people whose car had broken down.
We use whose mostly for people:
J A widow is a woman whose husband is dead, (her husband is dead) widow: góa phụ
O What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car)
I met someone whose brother 1went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
Compare who and whose:
Q I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
O ! met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
W hom
W hom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (like the
sentences in Unit 93B):
O George is a person whom I admire very much. (I admire him)
You can also use whom with a preposition (to w hom / from whom / with whom etc.):
I like the people with whom I work. (I work with them) i like the people who i work with
W hom is a formal word and we do not often use it in this way. We usually prefer who or that, or
nothing (see Unit 93). So we usually say:
O ... a person who/that I admire a lot or ... a person I admire a lot
O ... the people who/that I work with or ... the people I work with
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place:
the restaurant - we had lunch there - it was near the airport
ra sk ra
The restaurant where we had lunch was near the airport.
O
O
[Sfc
I
I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
(or ... the town I grew up in o r ... the town that I grew up in)
I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
We say:
the day / the year / the time etc.
□
j s°met^'nS haPP®ns 0r
| that something happens
I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day (that) I'm going away.
The last time (that) I saw Anna, she looked great.
I haven't seen Jack and Helen since the year (that) they got married.
We say:
■
| something happens or
the reason < .
. ,
,,
| that/why something happens
3
188
The reason I'm phoning is to ask your advice.
(orThe reason that I'm phoning / The reason w hy I'm phoning)
ReLative clauses 1-2
Units 92-93
Relative clauses 4-5
Units 95-96
W hom -> Unit 96
Exercises
You met these people at a party:
m.
detective:
My mother writes
detective stories.
My ambition is
to climb Everest.
My wife is an
English teacher
f I own a restaurant
r ~
L T
—
My parents used to
work in a circus.
We ve just got married
' t t I
^
The next day you tell a friend about these people. Complete thesentences using who or whose.
1
I met somebody whose mother write,s detective sto ries...
2
3
4
5
6
whose wife is
I met a m an.................................
............................................................................................
who owns a restaurant
I met a w om an...............................................................................................
................
whose ambition...
I met somebody......................................................................................................................
who have just...
I met a couple ...................
! met somebody...............
.........
whose parent used to work in a circus
...
Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
1
You grew up in a small town. You went back there recently. Youtell someone this.
I recently went back t o the smciil town where I grew up...
....
2 You're thirsty and you want a drink. You ask a friend where you can get some water.
is there a shop near here
?
3 You work in a factory. The factory is going to close down next month. You tell a friend.
The
...............................................
is going to close down next month.
4 Sue is staying at a hotel. You want to know the name of the hotel. You ask a friend.
Do you know the name o f ........................................................................................................ ?
5 You play football in a park on Sundays. You show a friend the park. You say:
This is the
..........................................
............................
on Sundays.
Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.
1 What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?
nghĩa trang 2 A cemetery is a place
where
people are buried.
3 A pacifist is a person who
believes that all wars are wrong.
whose
trẻ mồ côi 4 An orphan is a child
parents are dead.
whomto
5 What was the name
of the
person
you spoke on thephone?
where
6 The place .....................
we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
whose
7 This school is only for children ..................
firstlanguageisnot English.
whom
8 The woman with
...............
he fell in love left him after a month.
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. They are like the examples in Sections D and E.
1 I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day i;m going aw ay.........................................
2 The reason
.................................
was that the salary was too low.
3 I'll never forget the time .....................
.........................................................................
4 Do you remember the day
?
5 The reason
is that they don't need one.
6
was the year
...............................................................................................
Unit
95 1 Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1)
There are two types of relative clause. In these examples, the relative clauses are underlined.
Compare:
Type 7
Type 2
The woman who lives next door is a
doctor.
Grace works for a company that makes
furniture.
We stayed at the hotel (that) you
recommended.
My brother Ben, who lives in Hong
Kong, is an architect.
Anna told me about her new job, which
she's enjoying a lot.
We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a
friend of ours recommended. giới thiệu
In these examples, the relative clauses tell you
which person or thing (or what kind of person
or thing) the speaker means:
The woman who lives next door' tells us
which woman.
‘A company that makes furniture' tells us
what kind of company.
The hotel (that) you recommended' tells
us which hotel.
In these examples, the relative clauses do not
telL you which person or thing the speaker
means. We already know which thing or
person is meant: ‘My brother Ben', Anna's new
job' and 'the Park Hotel'.
The relative clauses in these sentences give us
extra information about the person or thing.
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses:
We know a lot of people who live in
London.
We use commas (,) with these clauses:
My brother Ben, who lives in Hong
Kong, is an architect.
In both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:
Type 1
You can use that:
Do you know anyone who/that speaks
French and Italian?
Grace works for a company which/that
makes furniture.
Type 2
You cannot use that:
John, who (not that) speaks French and
Italian, works as a tour guide.
Anna told me about her new job, which
(not that) she's enjoying a lot.
You can leave out who/which/that when it is
the object (see Unit 93):
We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you
recommended.
This morning I met somebody (who/
that) I hadn't seen for ages.
You cannot leave out who or which:
We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a
friend of ours recommended.
This morning I met Chris, who I hadn't
seen for ages.
We do not often use whom in this type of
clause (see Unit 94B).
You can use whom for people (when it is the
object):
This morning I met Chris, whom I hadn't
seen for ages.
In both types of relative clause you can use whose and where:
We met some people whose car had
broken down.
What's the name of the place where
you went on holiday?
Relative clauses (Type 1) -4 Units 92-94
Lisa, whose car had broken down, was
in a very bad mood.
Kate has just been to Sweden, where
her daughter lives.
Relative clauses (Type 2) -*■ Unit 96
Exercises
Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2).
You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.
1 Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.)
Catherine,. who. lives-, next door, us very -friendly,.........................................................
2 We stayed at the Park Hotel. (A friend of ours recommended it.)
We 5toyed a t the Pork Hot^, which a -fuend c-f ours recommended ....................
3 We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge. (It is not far from London.)
We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge
.
..................
.....
4 I went to see the doctor. (She told me I needed to change my diet.)
I went to see ........................................... ..............................................................................
5 Steven is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.)
Steven ....................................................................................................................................
6 Lisa is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)
Lisa................................................ ........................................................................................
7 The new stadium will be finished next month. (It can hold 90,000 people.)
8 Alaska is the largest state in the USA. (My brother lives there.)
9 Our teacher was very kind. (I have forgotten her name.)
Read the information and complete each sentence. Use a relative clause of Type 1 or Type 2.
Use commas where necessary.
1 There's a woman living next door to me. She’s a doctor.
The w om an who lives next door to me Is a doctor .........................................................
2 I've got a brother called Ben. He lives in Hong Kong. He's an architect
My brother Ben, who lives In Hong Kong, .
................................................
3 There was a strike at the factory. It began ten days ago. It is now over.
began ten days............................................................................
ago, is now over
strike: đình công The strike at the factory , which
...............
4 I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now.
the book i was looking for this morning
I've found..................................................................................................................................
5 I've had my car for 15 years. It has never broken down.
, which i've had for 15 years, has never...
My car.......................................................................................................................................
6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications. bằng cấp
advertise
the people who/that applied for the (advertised) job had the necessary qualifications
Few o f .....................................................................................................................................
7 Amy has a son. She showed me a picture of him. He's a police officer.
son, who is a police
officer
Amy showed me a picture of a....................
................................................................................
Some of these sentences are wrong. Correct them and put in commas where necessary. If the
sentence is correct, write 'OK'.
1 Anna told me about her new job that she's enjoying very much.
Anna told me- about her new job, whldi she’s e^oying very much ...............................
2 My office that is on the second floor is very small.
3 The office I'm using at the moment is very small.
OK
4 Mark's father that used to be in the army now works for a TV company.
5 The doctor that examined me couldn't find anything wrong.
OK
6 The sun that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.
191
Unit
96
Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2)
Prepositions + whom/which
You can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say:
to whom / with whom / about which / without which e tc.:
O Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost.
In informal English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do
this, we normally use who (not whom) for people:
Q This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
G Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.
All of / most of etc. + whom/which
Study these examples:
Helen has three brothers. All of them are married. (2 sentences)
Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. (1 sentence)
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them . (2 sentences)
-► They asked me a Lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1 sentence)
In the same way you can say:
none of / neither of / any of / either of
+ whom (people)
some of / many of / much of / (a) few of
? + which (things)
both of / half of / each of / one of / tw o of etc.
G
G
Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
They have three cars, two of which they rarely use. rarely: hiếm khi
Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
You can also say the cause of which / the name of which etc.:
The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
Cj We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can’t remember now.
Which (not what)
Study this example:
joe got the job.
This
surprised everybody. (2 sentences)
Joe got the job,
which surprised everybody. (1 sentence)
relative clause
In this example, which = 'the fact that he got the job'. You must use which (not what) in sentences
like these:
shame: đáng tiếc
Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a shame, (not what was a shame)
O The weather was good, which we hadn't expected, (not what we hadn’t expected)
For what, see Units 92D and 93D.
192
All of / most of etc.
Unit 88
Both of etc.
Unit 89
Relative clauses 1-4 -► Units 92-95
Exercises
Write the relative clauses in a more formal way using a preposition + whom/which.
1 Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.
Yesterday we visited the City Museum, to which I’d never been before..............
2 My brother showed us his new car, which he's very proud of.
My brother showed us his new car, of...which he's proud
3 This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sam, who we went onholiday with.
This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sam, with whom we went on holiday
4 The wedding, which only members of the family were invitedto, took place on Friday.
to which only..
The wedding, ............
took place on Friday.
.......
.
.
.
,
Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second sentence. Use all of / most of
etc. or the ... of + whom/which.
1 All of Helen's brothers are married.
Helen has three brothers, ML o-f whom are roam ed................................. ..............
.....
2 Most of the information we were given was useless.
was useless
We were given a lot of information, most
... of which
...................
.................................................
3 None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable. +for: hù hợp
of whom was suitable
Ten people applied for the job, none
..................................................................................................
4 Kate hardly ever uses one of her computers.
which she hardly ever uses
Kate has got two computers, one of
..............................................................................................
5 Mike won £100,000. He gave half of it to his parents.
half of which he gave to his parents
Mike won £100,000,..................................................................................................................
6 Both of Julia's sisters are Lawyers.
of whom are lawyers
Julia has two sisters, both
.................................................................................................................
7 Jane replied to neither of the emails Lsent her.
of which she replied to
..............................................................................................................
I sent Jane two emails, neither
8 I went to a party - I knew only a few of the people there.
a few of whom I knew
There were a lot of people at the party, only
....................................................................................
9 The sides of the road we drove along were Lined with trees.
drive - drove We drove along the road, the sides of which were lined with trees
...
.
10 The aim of the company's new business plan is to save money.
which is to save money
The company has a new business plan, the aim of...........................................................................
Join sentences from the boxes to make new sentences. Use which.
1 Laura couldn't-eome to the party.
2 Jane doesn't have a phone.
3 Alex has passed his exams.
4 Our flight was deLayed.
5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house.
6 The street I live in is very noisy at night.
7 Our car has broken down.
This was very kind of her.
This means we can't go away tomorrow.
This makes it difficult to contact her.
This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes.
This was a shamerThis is good news.
This meant we had to wait three hours at the
airport.
1 Laura couldn't come to the party, which was a shanne,.............
.................
2 Jane ........................
.,...............
3 ..................................................................................................................................................
4 ..................................................................................................................................................
5
Unit
97
-ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom,
the boy injured in the accident)
A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with -ing or -ed. For example:
TOM
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
-ing clause
bị thương
the woman
talking to Tom
tai nạn
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
-ed clause
who was
the boy injured
in the accident
We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is (or was) doing at a particular time:
G
Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)
investigate: điều tra
Police investigating the crime are looking for three men. (police are investigating the crime)
Who were those people waiting outside? (they were waiting)
I was woken up by a bell ringing, (a bell was ringing)
You can also use an -ing clause to say what happens all the time, not just at a particular time.
For example:
hẹp
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow, (the road connects the two villages)
I have a large room overlooking the garden, (the room overlooks the garden) overlook: nhìn ra
G Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with T? (the name begins with T)
-ed clauses have a passive meaning:
O The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
(he was injured in the accident)
O George showed me some pictures painted by his father.
(they had been painted by his father)
Injured and invited are past participles. Note that many past participles are irregular and do not
end in -ed (stolen/made/written etc.):
The police never found the money stolen in the robbery. robbery: vụ cướp
Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. goods: hàng hóa, factory: nhà máy,
export: xuất khẩu
You can use left in this way, with the meaning 'not used, still there':
We've eaten nearly all the chocolates. There are only a few left.
We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there was etc.:
There were some children swimming in the river. there were some children who swam in the river
Is there anybody waiting?
There was a big red car parked outside the house.
194
See/hear somebody doing something 4 Unit 67
-ing clauses
Irregular past participles (made/stolen etc.)
Appendix 1
Unit 68
There (is) -► Unit 84
Exercises
Make one sentence from two. Complete the sentences with an -ing clause.
1 A bell was ringing. I was woken up by it.
I was woken up by <
*• bell ringing
,
2 A man was sitting next to me on the plane. I didn't talk much to him.
sitting next to me on the
plane
I didn't talk much to the man...........
..................................................
...............
3 A taxi was taking us to the airport. It broke down.
The taxi taking us to the airport broke down
_........................ ......
broke down.
4 There's a path at the end of this street. The path leads to the river.
path leading to the............
river
At the end of the street there's a ............
..............
..................
5 A factory has just opened in the town. It employs 500 people.
A factory employing 500 people
has just opened in the town.
6 The company sent me a brochure. It contained the information I needed.
i needed
The company sent me a brochure containing information
........................................
..............
Make one sentence from two, beginning as shown. Each time make an -ed clause.
1 A boy was injured in the accident. He was taken to hospital
The boy injwre.<l in the- accident was taken to hospital.
2 A gate was damaged in the storm. It has now been repaired.
damaged in the storm
The gate
has now been repaired.
3 A number of suggestions were made at the meeting. Most of them were not very practical.
Most of the
were not very practical. thực tiễn
4 Some paintings were stolen from the museum.They haven't been found yet.
The ....................................................
haven't been found yet.
arrest: bắt giữ
5 A man was arrested by the police. What's his name?
the man arrested...
W hat’s the name of .............................................................................................................
?
Complete the sentences using the following verbs in the correct form:
blow
call
invit e
live
offer
read
ring
sit
study
work
1 I was woken up by a bell rmging............
2 Some of the people
invited, to the party can't come.
3 Life must be very unpleasant for people
near busy airports.
4 A few days after the interview, I received an email
me the job.
5 Somebody
Jack phoned whiLe you were out.
6 There was a tree
....... down in the storm last night.
7 The waiting room was empty except for a young man
by
the window
a magazine.
8 Ian has a brother
in a bank in London and a sister
economics at university in Manchester.
Use the words in brackets to make sentences using There is / There was etc.
1 That house is empty,(nobody / live/ in it)
There’s nobody living in ct..........................
2 The accident wasn't serious,(nobody / injure)
There was nobody in ju re d ........................
3 I can hear footsteps, (somebody / come) is somebody coming
There
..................................................................................................................................
4 The train was full, (a Lot of people / travel) there was a lot of people travelling
5 We were the only guests at the hotel, (nobody else / stay there)
6 The piece of paper was blank, (nothing / write / on it) there was nothing written on it
7 The college offers English courses in the evening, (a course / begin / next Monday)
there is a course beginning next monday
Unit
98
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)
Many adjectives end in -ing and -ed, for example: boring and bored. Study this example situation:
bored
Jane has been doing the same job for a very long
time. Every day she does exactly the same thing
again and again. She doesn't enjoy her job any
more and would like to do something different.
Jane's job is boring.
Jane is bored (with her job).
boring
Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes
you bored. So:
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
O Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored, (not Jane is boring)
If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:
George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.
Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed:
boring.
interesting.
My job is < tiring.
satisfying.
depressing, (etc.)
In these examples, the -ing adjective tells
you about the job.
I:
I'm bored with my job.
I'm not interested in my job any more.
I get very tired doing my job.
I'm not satisfied with my job.
My job makes me depressed, (etc.)
In these examples, the -ed adjective tells you
how somebody feels (about the job).
Compare these examples:
chính trị
interesting
Julia thinks politics is interesting.
Did you meet anyone interesting at the
party?
interested
Julia is interested in politics.
(not interesting in politics)
Are you interested in buying a car?
I'm trying to sell mine.
surprising
It was surprising that he passed the
exam.
surprised
Everybody was surprised that he passed
the exam.
disappointing thất vọng
The movie was disappointing.
We expected it to be much better.
disappointed
We were disappointed with the movie.
We expected it to be much better.
shocking
The news was shocking.
shocked
1was shocked when 1 heard the news.
Exercises
Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets + -ing or -ed.
1 The movie wasn't as good as we had expected, (disappoint...)
a
The movie was disappoinUng .
b We were disappointed, with themovie.
2
Donna teaches young children. It's a veryhard job, but she enjoys it. (exhaust...)
a
She enjoys her job, but it's often exhauting
.......
b At the end of a day's work, she is often exhausted
............. ..
3 It's been raining all day. I hate this weather, (depress...) nhàm chán, buồn phiền
a This weather is depressing
.
b This weather makes me depressed
.
depressed
c It's silly to g et..............................
becauseof the weather.
4 Clare is going to Mexico next month. She has never been there before, (exclt...) hào hứng
exciting
a It will be a n ...........................
experience for her.
exciting
b Going to new places is always .........................................
excited
c She is really........................
about going to Mexico.
Choose the correct word.
1 I was disappointing- / disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.
(disappointed is correct)
2 Are you interesting / interested in football?
3 The new project sounds exciting / excited. I’m looking forward to working on it.
xấu hổ 4 It's embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
choáng ngợp
5 Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed?
6 I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered it.
7 She has really learnt very fast. She has made amazing / amazed progress.
8 I didn't find the situation funny. I was not amusing / amused. hấp dẫn, thú vị
9 It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Everybody was very shocking / shocked.
10 Why do you always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored?
11 He's one of the most boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never
says anything interesting / interested.
Complete each sentence using a word from the box.
thú vị
khó chịu annoying/annoyed
amusing/amused
bối rối confusing/confused kinh tởm disgusting/disgusted
interesting/interested
kiệt sức exhausting/exhausted
boring/bored
exciting/excited
-surprisin g /surprised
1 He works very hard. It's not surprising that he's always tired.
bored
2 I've got nothing to do. I'm .........................................
3 The teacher's explanation was ...... confusing
. Most of the students didn't
understand it.
disgusting
4 The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really
.
interested
5 I don't visit art galleries very often. I'm not particularly
in art.
annoyed
6 There's no need to get
just because I'm a few minutes late.
boring
7 The lecture was
. I fell asleep.
exhausted
8 I've been working very hard all day and now I'm
.
excited
9 I’m starting a new job next week. I'm very
about it.
amusing
10 Steve is good at telling funny stories. He can be very
.
interesting
11 Helen is a very
person. She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and
she's done lots of different things.