CHAPTER 2 HIGHER EDUCATION, LIFE ABROAD EXILE, TRIAL, AND DEATH OF JOSE RIZAL EDUCATION AT ATENEO DE MANILA Sent to Manila four months after the Gomburza martyrdom. Studied at Ateneo Municipal (later Ateneo de Manila), run by Spanish Jesuits. Originally meant to study at Letran, but his father changed plans. Admission to Ateneo: Ateneo’s Education System: Rejected at first by Fr. Magin Ferrando for late registration and frail health. More advanced curriculum. Students were divided into two groups: Admitted with the help of Manuel Xeres Burgos. "Roman Empire" (boarders) – red banners "Carthaginian Empire" (non-boarders) – blue banners Used the name Rizal instead of Mercado to avoid suspicion due to Paciano's ties to Burgos. Ranking system: Emperor, Rizal’s Academic Excellence First professor: Fr. Jose Bech. Studied Spanish at Santa Isabel College during breaks. Favorite novel: The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas. Won a medal in Latin and was mentored by Fr. Sanchez. Graduated with highest honors : Rizal’s First Love: At 16 years old, had a romance with Segunda Katigbak. Did not confess his feelings, and she later married another man. Medical Studies at UST: Initially took Philosophy and Letters but transferred to Medicine. Reasons for studying at UST: 1. To please his father. 2. Unsure of his career path. Motivation for Studying Medicine: Advised by Fr. Pablo Ramon to pursue medicine. Wanted to cure his mother’s worsening blindness. Completed a surveying course at Ateneo but was too young (17) to be licensed. Departure for Spain: Studied four years of medicine at UST. Left for Spain without his parents' permission, knowing they would not approve. Rizal excelled in both Ateneo and UST, showing brilliance and dedication. His early academic life and struggles shaped his ideals. His journey to Spain marked the beginning of his deeper nationalist awakening. JOSE RIZAL'S GRADES IN UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, FRESHMAN YEAR Philosophyllent Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, JOSE RIZAL'S consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue massa. GRADES IN Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus UNIVERSITY malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. OF SANTO Nunc viverra imperdiet enim. TOMAS, Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. MEDICINE Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et YEAR 1 malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci. JOSE RIZAL'S GRADES IN UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, MEDICINEYEAR 2 JOSE RIZAL'S GRADES IN UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, MEDICINE YEAR 3 JOSE RIZAL'S GRADES IN UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS, MEDICINEYEAR 4 THE LIFE ABROAD THE LIFE ABROAD DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN Rizal's secret departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by authorities and friars. He was recommended by Jesuit priests and wrote farewell letters to his parents and sweetheart. On May 3, 1882, Rizal departed for Singapore, leaving Manila with tears and gloom. He sketched SINGAPORE SINGAPORE On May 3, 1882, Rizal observed the 16 passengers on a steamer, including Filipinos, Spaniards, British, and Indian Negroes. He played chess to pass the time and defeated them. On May 9, he docked in Singapore and spent two days sightseeing, visiting the Botanical Garden, Buddhist temples, and Singapore's founder. COLOMBO Rizal boarded the French steamer Djemnah, leaving Singapore for Europe on May 11. Despite struggling with French, he improved his knowledge by speaking mixed Spanish-Latin and sketching daily. On May 17, he reached Point Galle, southern Ceylon, but was unimpressed. The next day, he reached Colombo, the capital of Ceylon, amazed by its scenic beauty and elegant buildings. The Djennah journeyed from Colombo to the Cape coast of Africa, where Rizal first saw the barren African coast. He stopped in Aden and saw camels for the first time. The ship then reached Suez, the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal, where Rizal disembarked and visited Port Said, where he was fascinated by the THROUGH SUEZ CANAL NAPLES AND MARSEILLES Rizal traveled to Europe, visiting Naples on June 11. He enjoyed its business activity, lively people, and scenic beauty. On June 12, he docked at Marseilles harbor and visited the famous Chateau d'If, where Dantes was imprisoned. BARCELONA BARCELONA On May 15, 1882, Rizal left Marseilles for Spain via train, crossing the Pyrenees and stopping at Port Bou. He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, and initially viewed it as unfavorable due to its ugly and inhospitable residents. However, he later found it a great city with a freedom and liberalism atmosphere. In Barcelona, Rizal wrote his first article on Spain's soil, "Amor Patrio," and was congratulated by Diariong Tagalog publisher Basilio Teodoro Moran. He received bad news about the cholera outbreak and his beloved Leonor Rivera's declining health. MADRID In 1882, Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, studying Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. He also studied painting, sculpture, French, German, and English under private instructors. Rizal lived a simple life in Madrid, budgeting his money and time. He had a love affair with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez, daughter of Don Pablo, but their relationship did not flourish due to Rizal's engagement to Leonor Rivera and another friend. FIRST VISIT TO PARIS In June 1883, Rizal visited Paris and became close with prominent Spanish liberal and republican Spaniards, mostly Masons. He joined the Masonic lodge Acacia in Madrid to secure Freemasonry's aid in fighting against friars in the Philippines. Rizal became a Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad in November 1890. However, life in Calamba worsened due to drought, locusts, and increased rentals. Rizal was involved in student demonstrations against Dr. Miguel Morayta, who proclaimed "the freedom of science and the teacher." In 1884, he completed his medical course in Spain, earning a Licentiate in Medicine and a Doctor of Medicine. PARIS TO BERLIN Rizal studied ophthalmology in Paris and Germany after completing his studies in Spain. He aimed to cure his mother's eye ailment and observe European customs and lifestyles to serve his fatherland. In 1885, he lived in Paris, working as an apprentice of French ophthalmologist Dr. Louis de Weckert. Rizal also visited friends like Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion, where he discussed art problems and improved his technique. He was featured in Luna's painting "The Death of Cleopatra." HEIDELBERG In 1886, Rizal left Paris and traveled to Germany, where he lived with German law students and worked at the University Eye Hospital. He enjoyed visiting Heidelberg, the city's historic university, and the romantic surroundings. Rizal wrote a poem about the Neckar Rivera and spent a three-month summer vacation in Wilhelmsfeld. He wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, who was interested in Philippine languages. Rizal was fortunate to be in Heidelberg during the University of Heidelberg's fifth centenary celebration, but he was saddened to leave the city. LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN In 1886, Rizal left Heidelberg and traveled to Leipzig, where he attended lectures and met historians and anthropologists. He translated William Tell and Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales into Filipino. Living in Leipzig was affordable, so he corrected his second novel and worked as a proofreader. He then moved to Dresden, where he met Dr. Adolph Meyer and heard the Holy Mass. Rizal left Dresden on November 1, reaching Berlin. BERLIN NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN Noli Me Tangere, a novel by Jose Rizal, was initially unpublished during his stay in Berlin. However, with the help of Maximo Viola, Rizal was able to publish it. Viola provided Rizal with funds for publishing and living expenses, and they celebrated Christmas in Berlin. During the printing process, the chief of police Berlin asked for Rizal's passport, but he failed to show it. Despite being suspected as a French spy, Rizal explained that he was a Filipino physician and scientist. The novel was released on March 21, 1887, and Rizal sent copies to his friends, including Blumentritt, Dr. Antonio Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix R. Hidalgo. GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE Rizal and Viola, after publishing Noli, planned to visit Europe. They received money from Paciano and paid Viola 300 pesos. They left Berlin for Dresden in spring. DRESDEN Rizal and Viola visited Dresden during the floral exposition, studying botany and visiting Dr. Adolph B. Meyer. They were impressed by the Greek mythological tragedy "Prometheus Bound." Dr. Jagor advised them to inform Professor Blumentritt, who was nervous, and they continued their visit to Teschen. BLUMENTRITT AND LEITMERITZ On May 13, 1887, Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz, Bohemia, where Professor Blumentritt welcomed them. They met for the first time in fluent German, and Rizal was immediately taken in by the professor. They enjoyed the professor's hospitality, cooking, and scenic spots. Rizal painted a portrait of Blumentritt as a commemoration of his time at the professor's home. They also met Dr. Carlos Czepelak and Professor Robert Klutschak. Rizal and Viola reciprocated Blumentritt's hospitality with a banquet. On May 16, Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz, leaving Blumentritt and his family at the station. HISTORY CITY OF PRAGUE Rizal and Viola visited Prague, carrying Blumentritt's recommendation letters to Dr. Willkomm, a professor of natural history at the University of Prague. They visited the Copernicus tomb, museum, bacteriological laboratories, cave, and bridge. They left Prague and went to Brunn. QUEEN OF THE DANUBE On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in Vienna, captivated by its beautiful buildings, religions, and charm. They recommended him to renowned novelist Norfentals, who praised his genius. Rizal also received a lost diamond stickpin from Hotel Krebs, and visited Vienna's interesting places. LINTZ Rizal and Viola embarked on a river boat trip from Vienna to witness the Danube Rivera, observing barges, flowers, boats, families, and quaint villages, while also observing the use of paper napkins. TO RHEINFALL, TO SALZBURG, TO MUNICH & NUREMBERG The river voyage ended in Lintz, followed by Salzburg and Munich, where they enjoyed the famous Munich beer. They visited Nuremberg, a historic city with torture machines and doll-making. After Munich, they visited Ulm, a tall cathedral, SWITZERLAND Rizal and Viola traveled from Rheinfall to Schaffhausen, Switzerland, where they stayed from June 2 to 3, 1887. They then visited Basel, Bern, and Lausanne before crossing the Leman Lake to Geneva. Rizal conversed with linguists in French, German, and Italian, and enjoyed boating on the lake. On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. MADRID EXPOSITION Rizal, during his European tour, learned about the plight of primitive Igorots in Madrid, who died, wore inappropriate clothing, and had crude weapons, mocking his advocacy for human dignity. ITALY Rizal visited Italy, visiting Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence. He visited Rome on June 29, where he visited the Vatican and St. Peter's Church. Tired from sightseeing, he wrote to Blumentritt, "I am tired as a dog, but I will sleep as a god." He prepared to return to the Philippines. FIRST HOMECOMING Rizal studied in Europe from 1882-1887, capturing beautiful memories but not forgetting his Filipino roots. He returned to the Philippines in 1887 and practiced medicine in Calamba. Despite facing uproar from his novel Noli Me Tangere, Rizal returned home to operate his mother's eyes and understand its impact on Filipino life. He boarded the Djemnah steamer and later the Haiphong steamer bound for Manila. ARRIVAL AT MANILA On August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila, feeling happy to be back in Filipino soil. He briefly visited friends and observed the city's similarity five years ago. HOME IN CALAMBA On August 8, Rizal returned to Calamba, greeted by his family and friends. He established a medical clinic, treating his mother, who was blind. The news of Rizal's expertise spread, attracting patients from Manila and provinces. He also opened a gymnasium, introducing European sports and promoting sports like RIZAL FAILED TO SEE LEONOR RIVERA, HIS LOVED ONE. Governor General Emilio Terrero requested Rizal to visit Malacañan Palace. Rizal denied the Governor General's acquisitions and explained Noli was truth without rebellious ideas. Terrero requested a copy of Noli, which Rizal found in a friend's possession. The governor general knew Rizal's life was in danger, and assigned a Spanish lieutenant as a bodyguard. FAREWELL AGAIN Rizal's novel caused uproar among friars, leading to threats and his parents' advice to leave. Governor General Terrero advised him to leave the Philippines, but Rizal refused, leaving Calamba in 1888. HONG KONG In February 1888, Rizal, haunted by enemies and friars, left the Philippines for the second time. After six months in Calamba, he left Manila for Hong Kong on the Zafiro. Despite illness and a stopover at Amoy, he arrived in Hong Kong and stayed at the Victoria Hotel. Spaniard Jose Varanda was believed to spy on him. MACAO Rizal and Basa boarded the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao, where he met Sinz de Varanda. They stayed at Don Juan Francisco Lecaros' home and visited various attractions. Rizal witnessed a Catholic procession on February 19 and returned to Hong Kong on February 20. He described Macao as small, low, and gloomy. HONG KONG Rizal spent two weeks in Hong Kong studying Chinese culture, language, drama, and customs. He documented experiences like the noisy Chinese New Year celebration, the longest Lauriat party, the Dominican Order's wealth, and cemeteries. On February 22, 1888, he left Hong Kong on the Oceanic, despite disliking the meals on board. JAPAN Rizal spent a month and a half in Japan from February 28 to April 13, 1888, charmed by its natural beauty, politeness, and picturesque shrines. He fell in love with a Japanese girl and moved to Tokyo, where he was invited to live at the Spanish Legation by Juan Perez Caballero. Rizal studied Japanese drama, arts, music, and judo, visiting museums, art galleries, and shrines. He was impressed by the Westem music of the Tokyo band, who he met in Tagalog. SAYONARA JAPAN AND SEIKO USUI Rizal fell in love with Seiko Usui, affectionately called O-Sei-San, and found happiness in their company. They shared qualities of ideal womanhood, including beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence. Rizal was offered a job by the Spanish Legation but decided to leave Japan due to his mission to free oppressed people. He boarded the Belgic for the United States, leaving Japan with a heavy heart. ACROSS THE PACIFIC During a trans-Pacific voyage to the United States, Rizal befriended a man named "Richal" and a Japanese joumalist, novelist, and human rights champion, Tetcho Suehiro. Rizal shared his life and mission to emancipate oppressed fellowmen from Spanish tyranny with Tetcho, who was fascinated by his admirable character. They parted ways on December 1, 1888, after a final handshake and bidding each other goodbye, never to meet again. VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES Rizal visited America in 1888, experiencing racial prejudice and discrimination against Chinese and Negroes. Despite the country's material progress, energy, natural beauty, and high standard of living, Rizal had a negative impression of the lack of racial equality, which contradicted the principles of democracy and freedom. SAN FRANCISCO On April 28, 1888, the steamer Belgic docked in San Francisco, but was quarantined due to a cholera epidemic. Rizal protested the quarantine, which was later confirmed to be political due to the ship carrying 653 Chinese coolies. He stayed in San Francisco for two days before leaving for Oakland, Reno, Colorado, Nebraska, Omaha, Illinois, Chicago, Wagner Car, and Niagara Falls. Rizal visited various cities and towns along the way, including Albany, where he observed beautiful sights. ONCE AGAIN IN LONDON Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March 1889. He chose this English city because of three reasons: 1. To improve his knowledge of the English language, 2. To Study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which he heard to be available in the British Museum and 3. London was a safe place from the attacks of Spanish tyranny. ACROSS THE ATLANTIC Rizal enjoyed a pleasant trans-Atlantic voyage, winning friends and entertaining passengers with his linguist skills. He arrived in Liverpool, England in May 1888, staying at the Adelphi Hotel and describing the city as beautiful. LIFE IN LONDON In May 1888, Rizal traveled to London, staying with Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidora lawyer and later boarding the Beckett family. He spent time studying rare historical books about the Philippines at the British Museum. Rizal's love interest, Gertrude Beckette, was Dr. Rost, a librarian and authority on Malayan languages. He spent ten months in London, studying Philippine reforms while his Spanish compatriots fought for reforms. In December, he visited Madrid and Barcelona, meeting Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, leaders of the Propaganda Movement. CHRISTMAS IN LONDON Rizal returned to London in December 1888 and spent Christmas and New Year's Day with the Becketts. He became the honorary president of Asociacion La Dolidaridad, a patriotic society, and wrote his first article in La Solidaridad. He wrote several works, including La Vision del Fray Rodriguez and Letter to the Young Women of Malolos. Rizal fell in love with Gertrude, one of the Beckett sisters. UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889 In 1889, Rizal traveled to Paris to experience the excitement of the Universal Exposition and the high rents of living quarters. He lived with his friend Valentin Ventura and two other Filipinos, Captain Justo Trinidad and Jose Albert. Rizal was fascinated by the exposition and participated in an art competition. He founded the R.D.L.M. Society, aiming to propagate knowledge about the Philippines and redeem the Malay race. BELGIAN BRUSSELS In 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium, with Jose Albert. He wrote his second novel, "El Filibusterismo," and wrote articles for La Solidaridad. Rizal advocated for the Filipinization of the native language and wrote a letter to Filipinos in Spain and Madrid. He faced agrarian troubles in Calamba and increased land rents in Dominican haciendas. Despite warnings from friends, Rizal continued to write in Brussels, despite the persecution of his family. However, he found solace in the summertime festival of Belgium and his romance with Petite Jacoby. MADRID In 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid seeking justice for his family and Calamba tenants. He sought help from the Filipino colony to protest Dominican injustices. He learned about the deportation of his family and their parents, and the death of his co-worker, Jose Panganiban. Rizal nearly had a duel with Antonio Luna, but realized it would harm their cause in Spain. BIARRITZ Rizal vacationed in Biarritz, France, where he finished his second novel, El Filibusterismo. He fell in love with Nellie Boustead, but failed to marry due to Nelly's objections and Nelly's mothers' disapproval. In 1891, Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement and La Solidaridad, and worked diligently in Brussels to GHENT On July 5, 1891, Rizal left Brussels for Ghent due to cheaper printing costs. He found F. Meyer-Van Loo Press and pawned his jewels for down and early partial payments. Ventura provided financial aid, resuming Fili's printing and dedicating it to the martyrdom of the GomBur-Za. HONG KONG After El Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he wrote his third novel in Tagalog. He boarded the Melbourne steamer in Marseilles and amazed passengers with his knowledge of languages. Upon arrival, he opened a medical clinic and welcomed his family. Rizal became a well-known medical practitioner in Hong Kong, where he practiced ophthalmology and became a celebrated figure in the country. THE EXILE OF JOSE RIZAL His Return to Manila and the Founding of La Liga Filipina The Spanish Trap: Reasons for Rizal’s Return to Manila (May 1892): 1. To discuss the Borneo colonization project with Governor Despujol. 2. To establish La Liga Filipina in Manila. 3. To disprove Eduardo de Lete’s claims that he abandoned the Filipino cause. Warnings from Family & Friends: Sister Trinidad warned him, "For here they will kill you." Preparation for His Return: • Wrote farewell letters (June 20, 1892) to be opened after his death. • Traveled with his sister Lucia using a Spanish safeconduct passport. The Spanish Trap (Continued) Betrayal & Secret Case: • Spanish consul in Hong Kong secretly informed Governor Despujol: "The victim is in the trap." • A secret case was filed against Rizal for antireligious and anti- Meeting with Governor Despujol: • Rizal was told to return for another meeting on June 29, 1892. • Visited his sisters Narcissa (Sisa) and Saturnina (Neneng). Founding of La Liga Filipina: Secret Meeting in Ilaya Street (July 3, 1892): Attended by Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio, Ambrosio Salvador, and others. Rizal explained the goals and constitution of La Liga Filipina. Objectives of La Liga Filipina 1. Unite the Filipino people into one strong and organized body. 2. Provide mutual protection in times of need. 3. Defend against injustice and violence. 4. Promote education, agriculture, and commerce. 5. Study and apply necessary reforms. OFFICERS OF LA LIGA FILIPINA AMBROSIO SALVADOR President DEODATO Secretary ARELLANO BONIFACIO Treasurer AREVALO AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA Fiscal Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) THE TRIAL OF JOSE RIZAL Jose Rizal was imprisoned in Fort Santiago by Spanish authorities in 1896. They accused him of encouraging rebellion against the church and government, leading the uprising, and founding the KKK. Rizal's poems, novels, and letters were used against him, and his name was used as KKK password. On December 8, 1896, Rizal selected Luis Taviel de Andrade as his legal counsel from a list of potential candidates. On December 15, 1896, Rizal informed his countrymen that the leaders of the uprising used his name for fund collection and he was not involved in the uprising. On December 16, 1896, the trial against Rizal started. And to defend himself, he wrote the following statements: 1. Starting in July 1892, he had no political affiliation or any participation in any political acts. When the Katipuneros asked Pio Valenzuela to talk to him about the plan, he tried to convince him that they should go back on the side of the government and cooperate. 2. It was not true that he had conversation or correspondence to the rebels and there was no letter that could prove his communications to the leader of KKK. 3. His decision to become a volunteer doctor to Cuba was the evidence that he wanted to reconcile with the Spanish government. If he had intention to escape, he could have done it while he was in Singapore. 4. In Dapitan, he had a small boat or kayak which he could use to escape or join the rebel group if he really had intention. 5. If he was the leader of the uprising, he should know all the plan and the other members should constantly ask for his advice. 6. The truth was that he only established the La Liga Filipina, a civic society which aimed for the reform of the government. 7. The aims of La Liga Filipina was not realized because of his deportation to Dapitan. 8. He was not aware of the continuous establishment of La Liga Filipina after his deportation to Dapitan. 9. The La Liga Filipina had no connection to the KKK Since their aims were in contrast. 10. The time when he wrote his novel should be considered because the injustices that he discussed in his works were based on the injustices that his family had experienced. 11. In his four years of deportation in Dapitan, he followed all the rules and this could be attested by his guards and other missionaries who had contact with him during his deportation. 12. All the things that the authorities accused him of were baseless and there was no one who could testify to his direct involvement to the uprising. As Governor General Despujol reviewed the case of Rizal, the friars were not happy with the way Despujol was handling the case. Using their influence, they replaced Despujol and appointed Governor General Camilio Polavieja. On December 25, 1896, instead of celebrating the joyful day with his family, Rizal found himself alone and depressed in a dreary prison cell. Brooding over his hopeless case, he wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade. On December 26, 1896, the trial was held and all of the evidence were presented to Governor General Camilio Polavieja. Gov. Gen. Polavieja presented the documents to Lt. Col. Togores Arjona. On December 29, 1896, the Governor General signed the decision that Jose Rizal would be executed at 7:00 AM in Bagumbayan. On December 29, 1896, Rizal was informed about the decision and he was not surprised. On his remaining time, he wrote letters to his family and friends. Aside from the letters to his friends and family, he also wrote a poem stating his farewell to his countrymen. Governor General Despujol's handling of Rizal's case led to the appointment of Governor General Camilio Polavieja. Rizal, depressed and alone, wrote a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade. The trial was held, and evidence was presented to Governor General Polavieja. On December 29, 1896, Rizal was executed, and he wrote letters to family and friends. DEATH OF JOSE RIZAL Rizal's Last Hours After the trial, Rizal was kept in a cell at Fort Santiago. He spent his last hours in this lonely room. He was heavily guarded. The Jesuits, including his former professors at the Ateneo, com-forted him. He penned his last letters to his family and Professor Blumentritt. He wrote his last poem. This poem had no title. It came to be called the Last Farewell. At 4:00 P.M., December 29, Rizal was visited by his mother. He knelt and kissed her hands, begging her to forgive him. When Doña Teodora left, Trinidad entered the room. Rizal gave her an alcohol cooking stove, whispering to her in English: "There is something in it." Trinidad understood because Rizal had taught her English. Thus Rizal was able to smuggle his last poem through the prison guards. Early in the morning of December 30, Rizal received his last Communion. He heard his last Mass with Father Vicente Bala-guer officiating. This priest also married him and Josephine, in accordance with Catholic rites. Rizal gave a religious book, Imi-tation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis, to Josephine as a wedding gift. Death of a Genius (1896) About 6:30 A.M., after saying goodbye to Josephine, Rizal began his death march from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan (Lu-neta). Manila. He was guarded by soldiers with drawn bayonets. Father Estanislao March (Jesuit priest) and Lt. Taviel de Andra. de (his defense attorney) walked by his side. Thousands of people (Filipinos and foreigners) were present to watch the tragic event. Rizal in Fort Santiago At a spot near the shore of Manila Bay, the death march stopped. Rizal was ordered by the 'commander of the firing squad to face the sea. He requested the commander that he would like to be shot facing the firing squad, but his request was denied. With calm courage, he stood erect facing the sea. The drum beats suddenly stopped. The early morning sunbeams bathed Bagum-bayan with gentle light. The spectators watched with hushed silence. At the command "Fire!", the guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal, hit by bullets, turned and fell dead on the ground - with face towards the rising sun. Thus he died bravely at 7:30 A.M., December 30, 1896. THANK YOU!!
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