Fricatives - consonant sounds produced
hissing sounds like the sound of a snake. Also
called friction sounds in speech.
/θ/ and /ð/
/θ/ (voiceless 'th') as in "think"
think, three, truth, or healthy
/s/ and /z/
/s/ = ssss, voiceless
The /θ/ sound is always represented by the
combination of the letters 'TH.'
seal, song, sun, sing, season
If there is the letter ‘c’ it is immediately /s/
when compared with /z/. ‘C’ can be /s/ or /k/
Notes:
Bus, Loss, y before s “ys” is always /s/, If it
starts with ‘S’ then it is /s/, delicious
/z/ = zzzz, voiced
zeal, please, words, zinc, fingers
Take note of the letter ‘s’, it can be /z/.
If there is a vowel before and after ‘s’, it is /z/
If the spelling ‘se’ is after a vowel, it is /z/
crAzy, bUsy, coUsIn, caUsE, viEs, please
/ð/ (voiced 'th') as in "this"
they, other, mother, or breathe
The /ð/ sound is always represented by the
combination of the letters 'TH.'
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/
/ʃ/ = shhhh, voiceless
she, shoe, shell, shilly
Affricates - it is the combination of Stops,
Plosives, and Fricatives.
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/
The /ʃ/ sound is most frequently represented by
the letter 'T', and not the 'SH' letter
combination.
/ʒ/ = tongue back n forth, voiced
loge, measure, leisure, corsage, beige, Asia,
pleasure
A lot ending in "sion"
conclusion - confusion - decision - division occasion - provision - television - vision
the /ʒ/ sound is most frequently represented by
the letter 'S', not 'G'
/tʃ/ as in "chair" voiceless
much, check, catch, or question
The /tʃ/ sound is most frequently represented
by the letter combination 'CH', but remember
that there are a few other letters and letter
combinations! cello, cappuccino
/dʒ/ as in "job"
/ŋk/
job, change, judge, or age
rink (as in "ice rink") sink, think, pink
bank, rank, sunk (past participle of “sink")
The /dʒ/ sound is most frequently represented
by the letters 'G' and 'J'.
is two sounds ending with a final release of air
with the /k/ sound
/j/ as in "yes"
yes, use, million, or view
The letter 'Y' is not the most frequent spelling
for the /j/ sound.
Voiced consonant - /ŋ/ , /ŋ/ , and /ŋk/
/ŋ/ as in "thing"
thing, thank, doing, or long
Typically, the /ŋ/ sound is represented by the
'NG' letter combination or the letter 'N.'
The letters ‘ng’ is pronounced /ŋ/ without a
following /g/ sound at the end of words.
STRESS
It is one of the important things we consider in
pronunciation.
-
-
(these examples include /ŋg/ and /ŋk/.)
/ŋ/
It is an emphasis of the syllables in a
word in a particular utterance.
It is a term used to designate the
speaker's way of giving prominence
or loudness to a particular syllable or
word, either as a part of a sentence or
as a separate word.
It refers to the loudness and softness
with which the vowel, or a diphthong, or
a syllable is pronounced.
When a syllable is stressed, There are three
things that happen to our voice:
a. The Duration Is Long
b. The Pitch Is High
c. The Volume Is Loud
hunger, England, Hungary, tango
18 Rules (Adjective - Adj; Adverb - Adv)
Words that contain ‘ng’ followed by more
letters that have not been added as
an ending will be pronounced /ŋg/.
R1:
Adjectives ending <ng> made into
comparatives or superlatives (-er/est)
stronger, longest
R4: If a Verb has 2 syl. = 2nd syl. is stressed.
If the word has ‘ng’ in the MIDDLE it is /ŋg/.
anger - angle - angry - language - languid tangle
fungus - linger - single- mongrel
R2: If a Noun has 2 syl. = 1st syl. is stressed.
R3: If an Adj. has 2 syl. = 1st syl. is stressed.
R5: If a Adv. has 3 syl. (ending with -ly) = 1st
syl. is stressed.
R6: Suffix - syl before the suffix is stressed.
R7: Suffix - Left ← Right, 3rd syl. is stressed.
R8: Suffix - (-ade, -ee, -eer, -ese, -que, -oon)
R9: Compound Nouns - 1st syl. Is stressed
R10: Reflexive Pron. - 2nd syl. Is stressed.
R11: Idiom Verbs are stressed on the 2nd
component. (UP, ON, OUT)
R12: Compound Verbs - are stressed on the
2nd component. Preposition before word.
R13: In 2 nouns where the 1st noun is a
modifier (it functions as an adjective), it
receives the primary stress.
R14: If “To have” forms as the principal verb
or the only verb in the sentence, it is stressed.
(Have, Has). If it becomes auxiliary, it is
unstressed.
R15: Demonstratives are stressed. (THAT,
THESE, THIS, THOSE).
R16: Interrogatives are stressed. (W words
and HOW),
R17: Negative prefixes are stressed. (UNdo,
ILlegal, DISrobe, IMproper, MIScalculate).
R18: If a word is used as both a noun and as
a verb; if noun = 1st. syl.; if verb = 2nd syl.
(OBject = noun, obJECT = verb)