Fricatives - consonant sounds produced hissing sounds like the sound of a snake. Also called friction sounds in speech. /θ/ and /ð/ /θ/ (voiceless 'th') as in "think" think, three, truth, or healthy /s/ and /z/ /s/ = ssss, voiceless The /θ/ sound is always represented by the combination of the letters 'TH.' seal, song, sun, sing, season If there is the letter ‘c’ it is immediately /s/ when compared with /z/. ‘C’ can be /s/ or /k/ Notes: Bus, Loss, y before s “ys” is always /s/, If it starts with ‘S’ then it is /s/, delicious /z/ = zzzz, voiced zeal, please, words, zinc, fingers Take note of the letter ‘s’, it can be /z/. If there is a vowel before and after ‘s’, it is /z/ If the spelling ‘se’ is after a vowel, it is /z/ crAzy, bUsy, coUsIn, caUsE, viEs, please /ð/ (voiced 'th') as in "this" they, other, mother, or breathe The /ð/ sound is always represented by the combination of the letters 'TH.' /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ /ʃ/ = shhhh, voiceless she, shoe, shell, shilly Affricates - it is the combination of Stops, Plosives, and Fricatives. /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ The /ʃ/ sound is most frequently represented by the letter 'T', and not the 'SH' letter combination. /ʒ/ = tongue back n forth, voiced loge, measure, leisure, corsage, beige, Asia, pleasure A lot ending in "sion" conclusion - confusion - decision - division occasion - provision - television - vision the /ʒ/ sound is most frequently represented by the letter 'S', not 'G' /tʃ/ as in "chair" voiceless much, check, catch, or question The /tʃ/ sound is most frequently represented by the letter combination 'CH', but remember that there are a few other letters and letter combinations! cello, cappuccino /dʒ/ as in "job" /ŋk/ job, change, judge, or age rink (as in "ice rink") sink, think, pink bank, rank, sunk (past participle of “sink") The /dʒ/ sound is most frequently represented by the letters 'G' and 'J'. is two sounds ending with a final release of air with the /k/ sound /j/ as in "yes" yes, use, million, or view The letter 'Y' is not the most frequent spelling for the /j/ sound. Voiced consonant - /ŋ/ , /ŋ/ , and /ŋk/ /ŋ/ as in "thing" thing, thank, doing, or long Typically, the /ŋ/ sound is represented by the 'NG' letter combination or the letter 'N.' The letters ‘ng’ is pronounced /ŋ/ without a following /g/ sound at the end of words. STRESS It is one of the important things we consider in pronunciation. - - (these examples include /ŋg/ and /ŋk/.) /ŋ/ It is an emphasis of the syllables in a word in a particular utterance. It is a term used to designate the speaker's way of giving prominence or loudness to a particular syllable or word, either as a part of a sentence or as a separate word. It refers to the loudness and softness with which the vowel, or a diphthong, or a syllable is pronounced. When a syllable is stressed, There are three things that happen to our voice: a. The Duration Is Long b. The Pitch Is High c. The Volume Is Loud hunger, England, Hungary, tango 18 Rules (Adjective - Adj; Adverb - Adv) Words that contain ‘ng’ followed by more letters that have not been added as an ending will be pronounced /ŋg/. R1: Adjectives ending <ng> made into comparatives or superlatives (-er/est) stronger, longest R4: If a Verb has 2 syl. = 2nd syl. is stressed. If the word has ‘ng’ in the MIDDLE it is /ŋg/. anger - angle - angry - language - languid tangle fungus - linger - single- mongrel R2: If a Noun has 2 syl. = 1st syl. is stressed. R3: If an Adj. has 2 syl. = 1st syl. is stressed. R5: If a Adv. has 3 syl. (ending with -ly) = 1st syl. is stressed. R6: Suffix - syl before the suffix is stressed. R7: Suffix - Left ← Right, 3rd syl. is stressed. R8: Suffix - (-ade, -ee, -eer, -ese, -que, -oon) R9: Compound Nouns - 1st syl. Is stressed R10: Reflexive Pron. - 2nd syl. Is stressed. R11: Idiom Verbs are stressed on the 2nd component. (UP, ON, OUT) R12: Compound Verbs - are stressed on the 2nd component. Preposition before word. R13: In 2 nouns where the 1st noun is a modifier (it functions as an adjective), it receives the primary stress. R14: If “To have” forms as the principal verb or the only verb in the sentence, it is stressed. (Have, Has). If it becomes auxiliary, it is unstressed. R15: Demonstratives are stressed. (THAT, THESE, THIS, THOSE). R16: Interrogatives are stressed. (W words and HOW), R17: Negative prefixes are stressed. (UNdo, ILlegal, DISrobe, IMproper, MIScalculate). R18: If a word is used as both a noun and as a verb; if noun = 1st. syl.; if verb = 2nd syl. (OBject = noun, obJECT = verb)