AWS B4.OM:2000
An American National Standard
Standard Methods
for Mechanical
Testing of Welds
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
Key WOrdS-Mechanical
tests, bend tests, nickbreak tests, shear tests, tension tests,
fracture toughness tests, fillet weld
tests, stud weld tests, hardness tests,
weldability tests, groove weld tests,
soundness tests, nick-break tests
An American National Standard
Approved by
American National Standards Institute
July 25,2000
Standard Methodsfor
Mechanical Testingof Welds
Prepared by
AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds
Under the Direction of
AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
Mechanical test methods that are applicable to welds and welded joints are described. For each testing method, information is provided concerning applicable American National Standards Institute (ANSI), American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM), and American Petroleum Institute (API) documents; the required testing apparatus, specimen preparation, procedure to be followed, and report requirements are also described.
AmericanWelding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
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STD.AWS B4.Of-l-ENGL
2000 m D7842b5 05L7b3D T 3 q
Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society are voluntary consensus standards that have been developedin accordance with the rules of the American
National Standards Institute. When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are
included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their provisions carry
the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the
governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all
cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards.
Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by
agreement between the contracting parties.
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-622-4
American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
O 2000 by American Welding Society. All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
to achieve consensus. WhileAWS administers the process
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests
and establishes rules to promote fairness i n the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, useof, or reliance on this
standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services foror on
behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should relyon his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice
of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have thelatest edition.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement
of any patent resulting from the useor reliance on this standard,
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained bysending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director Technical Services, American Welding Society,550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
(see Annex C). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may
be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them.These
or unofficial opinionsor interpretaindividuals do not speak on behalfof AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official
tions of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and shouldnot be used as a substitute foran official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds. I t must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, it must be either reapprovedor withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be
addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testing of Welds to express
their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the
Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American
Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
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online: http://www.copyright.com.
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Personnel
AWS B4 Committee on Mechanical Testingof Welds
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
The Lincoln Electric Company
American Welding Society
Naval Surface Warfare Center
Consultant
Edison Welding Institute
General Electric Aircraft Engines
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Corrpro CompaniesIncorporated
Consultant
NlST
NASA
Naval Surface Warfare Center
Hobart Institute
J. R. Crisci, Chair
H. Hahn, Chair 1992-1999
R. E Waite, PE., Ist Vice Chair
D. A. Fink, 2nd Vice Chair
C. B. Pollock, Secretary
*J. J . DeLoach, JI:
*E. L. Lavy
T. McGaughy
*T. Melvin
H . U! Mishler
*A. G. Portz
*H. S. Sayre
*A. E. Schuele
D, E. Smith
J. H. Smith
*U! U! st. cy5 II
R. J. Wong
K. Zerkle
*Advisor
...
III
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Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of AWS B4.OM:2000,Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposes only.)
This standard covers the common tests for the mechanical testing of welds. They are defined and illustrated in five
parts related to testing of groove welds, fillet welds, and stud welds. The tests include: bend tests, tension tests, fracture
toughness tests, soundness tests, shear tests, nick-break test, hardness tests, stud weld tests, and selected weldability tests.
This document extensively uses American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Standard Methods and specifies
how to use these methods when testing weldments. It takes into consideration the variations i n properties that can occur
between different regions (base metal, heat-affected zone, and weld metal)of a weldment.
Methods of hardness testing and mechanical property tests for base metals arc covered
by ASTM standards or the
individual material specification.The joint tests for brazements are coveredin AWS C3.2, Standard Methods for Evaluating
the Strengthof Brazed Joints in Shear.
This Foreword applies to all five parts. Additional information on the mechanical testing of welded
joints may be
obtained from the AWS Welding Handbook, Volume 1 .
The values stated i n SI Units and used throughout this document are to be regarded as standard. Recommendation for
style and usage of SI Units may be found in AWS Al . l , Metric Practice Guidefor the Welding Industry.
An expanded section on weldability testing is included in this edition of B4.OM. Selected weldability test methods are
described.
Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,
and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate
safety and health practices. The user should determine the applicability
of any regulatory limitationsprior touse.
Comments or inquiries on this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS B4 Committee on
Mechanical Testing of Welds, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in
writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL
33126. A formal reply will be issued after review by the appropriate personnel following established procedures.
iv
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S T D - A U S B4-OM-ENGL 2000
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Table of Contents
.
Page No
Personnel ....................................................................................................................................................................
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................
List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................................
Part A-Testing of Groove Welds
A l . Bend Tests ............................................................................................................................................................
1 . Scope ....................................................................................................................................................................
2 . Applicable Documents .........................................................................................................................................
3. Summary of Method ............................................................................................................................................
4 . Significance ..........................................................................................................................................................
5 . Definitions and Symbols ......................................................................................................................................
6. Apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................
7. Specimens ............................................................................................................................................................
8. Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................
9. Report ...................................................................................................................................................................
10. Commentary .........................................................................................................................................................
A2 . Tension Tests.......................................................................................................................................................
...
iii
¡v
¡x
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
15
1 . Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
15
2 . Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 15
3. Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
15
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
5 . Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
16
h. Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................................
16
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
17
8. Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................................
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
17
A3 . Fracture Toughness Tests...................................................................................................................................
1 . Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
24
24
2. Applicable Documents .......................................................................................................................................
3 . Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................
5 . Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
6. Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................................
7. Specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................
8 . Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................................
9 . Report .................................................................................................................................................................
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
Part B-Testing of Fillet WeMs
BI . Longitudinal Guided-Bend Test ......................................................................................................................... 33
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 33
3 . Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
33
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................
33
S . Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
33
6 . Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
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7. Specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................
34
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
36
B2. Soundness Tests..................................................................................................................................................
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 36
36
3. Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
36
Significance
4.
36
5. Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 37
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
B3. Shear Tests ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 41
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 41
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 41
5. Definitions and Symbols.................................................................................................................................... 41
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
9 . Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Part C-Testing of Groove andFillet Welds
CI . Nick-Break
..................................................................................................................................................
Test
45
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 45
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 45
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 45
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
46
5. Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
6 . Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
47
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
"
.
c2. Hardness Tests....................................................................................................................................................
1 . Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
55
55
2. Applicable Documents .......................................................................................................................................
55
Summary
of
Method
..........................................................................................................................................
55
3.
Significance
........................................................................................................................................................
55
4.
Definitions
..........................................................................................................................................................
56
5.
6. Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................................
56
56
7. Specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Part &Stud Weld Tests
1. Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
2. Applicable Documents .......................................................................................................................................
3. Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
4. Significance ........................................................................................................................................................
5. Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
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57
57
57
58
58
.
Page No
6. Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................................
58
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 58
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Part E- Weldability Testing
.
EI . Controlled Thermal Severi9 (CTS) Test ............................................................................................................
62
62
2. Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 62
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 62
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 62
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 63
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
7 Specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................
63
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 63
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
64
1 . Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
.
E2. Cruciform Test.................................................................................................................................................... 70
1. Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 70
70
2 . Applicable Documents .......................................................................................................................................
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 70
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 70
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 70
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
7 . Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
8 . Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 71
E3. Implant Test........................................................................................................................................................
1. Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
2. Applicable Documents .......................................................................................................................................
3. Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................
5 . Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
6. Apparatus ...........................................................................................................................................................
7. Specimens ..........................................................................................................................................................
8. Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................................
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
1O. Commentary .......................................................................................................................................................
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
E4. Lehigh Restraint Test ..........................................................................................................................................
1 . Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................
80
80
2 . Applicable Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 80
3. Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 80
4. Significance........................................................................................................................................................ 80
5. Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 80
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 81
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 81
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 81
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 81
E5. Varestraint Test ................................................................................................................................................... 84
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
2 . Applicable
Documents ....................................................................................................................................... 84
..
3. Summary of Method ..........................................................................................................................................
84
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S T D - A W S B4.CIM-ENGL 2000
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Page No.
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................
84
5 . Definitions and Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 85
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
7. Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 85
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
9. Report ................................................................................................................................................................. 86
1o. Commentary .... .................................................................................................................................................. 86
I
E6. Oblique Y-Groove Test .......................................................................................................................................
90
1 . Scope .................................................................................................................................................................. 90
2. Applicable Documents....................................................................................................................................... 90
3 . Summary of Method .......................................................................................................................................... 90
4 . Significance ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
5 . Definitions and Symbols ....................................................................................................................................
90
6. Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
7 . Specimens .......................................................................................................................................................... 91
8. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
9. Report .................................................................................................................................................................
91
Anna Aqibliographyof Weldability Tests.............................................................................................................. 97
A n n a B-Round Tensile Specimen-5:I Gage Length to Diameter Ratio ................................................................
99
Anna C-Cuidelines for
Preparation of Technical Inquiriesfor AWS Technical Committees ...............................
103
...
Vlll
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List of Figures
Page No.
Figure
Part A-Testing of Groove Welds
Bend Tests
Al
TypicalBottomEjectingGuidedBendTestFixture
...................................................................................... 5
A2
TypicalBottom Guided BendTestFixture .................................................................................................... 6
A3
TypicalWraparoundGuidedBend Test Fixture ............................................................................................
7
A4
BendTestNomograph .................................................................................................................................... 8
A5
Transverse Side Bend Specimens (Plate) ....................................................................................................... 9
A6
Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate) ...........................................................................
10
A7
Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Pipe) ............................................................................
11
A8
LongitudinalFaceBendandRootBend Specimens (Plate) ........................................................................ 12
A9
FilletWeldRootBend Test Specimen ......................................................................................................... 13
14
A10 Surfacing Weld Face Bend and Side Bend Specimens ................................................................................
Tension Tests
Al 1RoundTensile
Specimens ............................................................................................................................
A12 Transverse Rectangular Tension Test Specimen (Plate) ..............................................................................
A13 Longitudinal Rectangular Tension Test Specimens (Plate) .........................................................................
A14 Tension Specimens for Pipe Greater than 75 mm Nominal Diameter .........................................................
A15 Tension Specimen for Pipe 75 mm Nominal Diameter and Less ................................................................
Fracture Toughness Tests
A16 CharpyV-NotchImpact Specimen ..............................................................................................................
A17 Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports, and Striker Tup..................................................................
A18 Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Specimen .........................................................................................
A19 Standard Drop Weight Nil-Ductility Temperature Test Specimen ...............................................................
A20 Orientation of Weld Metal Fracture Toughness Specimens in a Double-Groove Weld Thick Section
Weldment .....................................................................................................................................................
A21 Crack Plane Orientation Code for Compact Tension Specimens from Welded Plate ..................................
A22 Recommended Ratio of Weld Metal to Specimen Thickness for Weld-Metal Fracture Toughness
Specimen ......................................................................................................................................................
A23 Suggested Data Sheet for Drop Weight Test ................................................................................................
Part &Testing of Fillet Welds
Bend Test
B1
LongitudinalGuidedFilletWeld
18
20
21
22
23
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
BendTest ................................................................................................ 35
Soundness Tests
B2
FilletWeldBreak Specimen for ProcedureQualification ............................................................................
B3
Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Primer Coated Materials ...........................................................................
B4FilletWeldBreak
Specimen forGalvanizedMaterials ................................................................................
B5FilletWeldBreak
Specimen forWelderQualification ................................................................................
B6 Fillet Weld Break
Specimen for Tack Welder Qualification ........................................................................
B7
Method of TestingFillet WeldBreakSpecimen ..........................................................................................
38
38
39
39
40
40
Shear Tests
B8
LongitudinalFillet Weld Shear Specimen ................................................................................................... 43
B9TransverseFilletWeld
Shear Specimen ....................................................................................................... 44
B10 Shear Strength Calculation ........................................................................................................................... 44
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Page No.
Figure
Part C-Testing of Groove and Fillet Welds
Nick-Break Test
C1
Nick-Break Testing Fixture Made Out of 150 mm Pipe .............................................................................. 48
C2
Nick-BreakTestUsingVise ......................................................................................................................... 49
C3
Testing of FilletWelded Specimens.............................................................................................................
49
C4
Nick-BreakTest Specimen........................................................................................................................... 50
C5Specimen
for Flash Butt Welds .................................................................................................................... 51
C6
Specimens for Nick-Break Test of Branch Joint Connections ..................................................................... 52
C7
Pipe Sleeve TestSpecimen ........................................................................................................................... 53
C8
FilletWeldedPlateSpecimen
...................................................................................................................... 54
Part &Testing of Stud Welds
Dl
Equipment for BendTests for Welded Studs ...............................................................................................
D2 Equipment
for Applying a Tensile Load to a Welded Stud Using Torque ...................................................
59
60
Part E- Weldability Testing
Fixture Used to Position CTS Specimen for Welding ................................................................................. 65
El
E2
Cooling Bath Arrangement for CTS Test ..................................................................................................... 66
CTS Test Specimen ...................................................................................................................................... 67
E3
Sectioning of CTS Specimen ....................................................................................................................... 68
E4
Typical Location of Vickers Hardness Impressions.....................................................................................
68
E5
Suggested Data Sheet for CTS Test ............................................................................................................. 69
E6
Cruciform Test Assembly ............................................................................................................................ 72
E7
Locations of Specimens for Examination of Cracks in cruciform Test ...................................................... 73
E8
Suggested Data Sheet for Cruciform Test.................................................................................................... 74
E9
E10 Implant TestSpecimen and Fixture.............................................................................................................. 77
El 1 Typical Data for Implant TestSeries............................................................................................................ 78
El 2 Suggested Data Sheet for Implant Test........................................................................................................ 79
................................................................................................................... 82
El 3 Lehigh Restraint Test Specimen
E14 Suggested Data Sheet for Lehigh Test......................................................................................................... 83
......................................................................................................... 87
El 5 Varestraint Test Fixture and Specimen
El 6 Auxiliary Bending Plates............................................................................................................................. 88
El 7 Typical Indications on Top Surface of Test Weld ........................................................................................ 88
E18 Suggested Data Sheet for Varestraint Test ................................................................................................... 89
El 9 Oblique Y-Groove Test Assembly................................................................................................................ 92
E20 Oblique Y-Groove Test Weld Configuration ................................................................................................ 93
E21 Suggested Data Sheet for Oblique Y-Groove Test ....................................................................................... 95
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S T D - A W S B4.0M-ENGL
2000
078'42b5 05L7b37 L b L W
AWS B4.0M:2000
Standard Methods for
Mechanical Testingof Welds
Part A
Testing of Groove Welds
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Al. Bend Tests
1. Scope
1.1 This section covers the bend testing of groove welds
in butt joints and the bend testing of surfacing welds. The
standard gives the requirements for bend test specimen
preparation, test parameters and testing procedures but
does not specify the bend radius requirements or acceptance criteria.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices.The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
1.2 The base materials may be homogenous, clad or
otherwise surfaced, except for hardfacing.
1.3 This standard is applicable to the following, where
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel and
welding procedures
(2) Information, specifications of acceptance, manufacturing quality control
(3) Research and development
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest editlon of the
following documents:
ANWASME 846.1 Surface Texture
1.4 When this standard is used, the following information shall be furnished:
(1 ) The specific location and orientation of the specimens
(2) The specific types of tests, for example, face bend,
side bend or root bend and number of
specimens required
(3) The type of data required and observations to be
made
(4) Bend radius or percent (%) elongation
(5) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treatments
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ASTM E 190
Standard Method for Guided
Bend Test for Ductility of Welds
ASTM A370
Standard TestMethodsandDefinitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
AWS A2.4
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding
Terms
and
Definitions
AWS B4.OM:2000
T = specimen thickness
t = thickness of test weldment
W = specimen width
The sources for these documents are the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
1O0 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
6. Apparatus
6.1 Guided bend specimens may be tested in either of
two types of fixture. One type is the guided bend fixture,
which is designed to support and load the specimen in a
three point bending mode. The alternate is a wraparound
bend fixture that fixesone end of the specimen and uses a
roller to force the specimen to bend around a mandrel.
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
6.2 The guided bend fixture shall have the dimensions
given in Figures AI or A2.
3. Summary of Method
6.3 The wraparound bend fixture shall have the dimensions given in Figure A3.
3.1 The specimens are guided in the bending process by
a test fixture that employs a mandrel with wraparound
roller or end supports with plunger.
6.4 The radii of the plunger shown in Figures A l and A2
or the mandrel shown in Figure A3 shall be specified or
determined from the relationship expressed by Figure A4
between minimum required elongation and the thickness
of the specimen. When specimens wider than 38 mm are
to be bent, the mandrel shall be at least 6 mm wider than
the specimen width.
3.2 The maximum strain on the tension surface is controlled by the thickness of the specimen and the radius of
the mandrel or plunger.
4. Significance
4.1 The ductility of a welded joint, as evidenced by its
ability to resist tearing and the presence of discontinuities on the tension surface, is determined i n a guided
7. Specimens
Bend test specimens shall be prepared by cutting the
weld and the base metal to form a specimen rectangular
in cross section. The surfaces cut transverse to the weld
shall be designated as thesides of the specimen; the other
two surfaces shall be designated as the face androot surfaces as appropriate. Transverse specimens may have the
side, face or root of the weld as the tension surface. Longitudinal specimens may have the face or the root of the
weld as the tension surface of the specimen.
bend test.
4.2 Bend tests of weld cladding are used to detect incomplete fusion, tearing, delamination, macro-discontinuities
and the effect of bead configuration.
5. Definitions and Symbols
7.1 Transverse Side Bend. The longitudinal axis of the
specimen is perpendicular to the weld, and the specimen
is bent so that one of the side surfaces becomes the ten-
The welding symbols and terms used i n this section
are i n accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms and Definitions.
Unlessotherwisenoted,thefollowingdesignations
are used:
sion surface of the specimen. The sideshowing the more
significant discontinuities (if any) shall be the tension
side. Transverse side bend test specimens shall conform
to Figure A5. Transverse side bend specimens are used
for plates or pipe that are too thick for face bend or root
bend specimens and are recommended for welds with
narrow fusion zones.
A = plunger or mandrel radius
B = die radius
ID = inside diameter
L = test plate length
R = radius
S = surfacing weld thickness
7.2 Transverse Face Bend. The longitudinal axis of the
specimen is perpendicular to the weld and the specimen
is bent so that the weld face becomes the tension surface
of the specimen. Transverse face bend specimens shall
2
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AWS B4.OM:2000
(3) For bend fixtures with a bottom open (Figure Al),
apply the load on the plunger until the specimen is bottom ejected.
(4) Forbend fixtures with a bottom radius (Figure
A2), the plunger shall force the specimen into the die
until the specimen becomes U-shaped.The weld and heataffected zones shall be centered and completely within
the bent portion of thespecimen after testing.
conform to the requirements of Figure A6 for plate and
Figure A7 for pipe welds.
7.3 Transverse Root Bend.The longitudinal axis of the
specimen is perpendicular to the weld and the specimen
is bent so that the root surface of the weld becomes the
tension surface of the specimen. Transverse root bend
specimens shall conform to the requirements of Figure
A6 for plate and Figure A7 for pipe welds.
8.1.2 Longitudinal Specimens
(1) Centerthetension side of the specimen onthe
supporting surfaces of the bend fixture.
(2) Proceed as described in 8.1.1 (2), (3), and (4) for
Transverse Specimens.
7.4 Longitudinal Face Bend. The longitudinal axis of
the specimen is parallel to the weld and the specimen is
bent so that the face of the weld becomes the tension surface of the specimen. Longitudinal face bend specimens
shall conform to the requirements of Figure A8.
8.2 Wraparound Bend Test Fixture.The specimen shall
is no sliding of
be firmly clamped on one end so that there
the specimen relative to the mandrel during the bending
operation. Alternatively, the specimen may be held stationary against a rotated, non-slipping mandrel of Diameter A by a stationary compressive roller. In this case the
specimen is wrapped around the rotating mandrel by
draw-bending the specimen from between theouter roller
and the point where the rotating mandrel holds the specimen tight against the roller. The weld and heat-affected
zones shall be completely within the bent portion of the
specimen. Test specimens shall not be removed from the
fixture until the point where the outer roller contacts the
bend specimen has moved 180 degrees from its starting
point along the convexsurface of the bend specimen.
7.5 Longitudinal Root Bend. The longitudinal axis of
the specimen is parallel to the weld and the specimen is
bent so that the root of the weldbecomes the tension surface of the specimen. Longitudinal root bend test specimens shall comply withthe requirements of Figure A8.
7.6 Fillet Weld Root Bend. The fillet weld root-bend
test sample shall be welded and prepared as shown in
Figure A9. The root of the weld shall be the tension surface of the specimen. The fillet weld root bend test is an
alternate to the fillet weld break test in some codes and
specifications (see Part B).
7.7 Surfacing Weld Specimens. The face bend and side
bend specimens for surfacing weldsshall conform to the
requirements of Figure Alo. The length of the specimens
shall be perpendicular to the weld direction of transverse-bend specimens; the weld direction of the longitudinal bend specimens shall be parallel to the lengthof the
specimen.
8.3 Specimen Inspection. The specimen shall be removed from the bend fixture and the tension surface of
the specimen (weld metal and HAZ) visually examined
for tears or other open defects, and all defect types, quantities, sizes and locations shall be recorded. When fracture of the weld specimen occurs prior to completing a
180 degree bend, the angle at which it fractured shall be
recorded, if possible. The weld and heat-affected zone
shall be centered and completely within the bent portion
of the specimen after testing.
8. Procedure
Unlessotherwise specified, thespecimen shall be
tested at ambient temperature and deformation shall
occur in a time period no shorter than 15 seconds and no
longer than 2 minutes. If weld and heat-affected zone
(HAZ) are not within the curved portion of the specimen,
the specimen shall be discarded and another specimen
prepared and tested.
9. Report
In addition to the requirements of the applicable document, the report shall include the following:
(1) Materials Identification
(a) Base metal specification
(b) Filler metal specification
( 2 ) Specimen thickness and width
(3) Type of welded joint or surfacing weld
(4) Welding Procedure Specifications and Procedure
Qualification Record numbers (if applicable) including
any supplemental information
8.1 Guided Bend Testing
8.1.1 Transverse Specimens
(1) Place the tension side down on the supporting surface of the bend fixture shown in Figures Al or A2. The
weld shall be centered in the fixture with the centerline
of the weld within 2 mm of the center of the fixture.
(2) Any means may be used for smoothly moving the
plunger in relation to the support members of the bend
fixture.
3
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AWS B4.OM:2000
yield strength less than that of the base metal, yielding
will begin in the weld first, resulting in a true bend radius
less than that of the plunger. A smaller effective bend radius results in a more severe test of the deposited weld
metal.
On the other hand, when the deposited weld metal is
stronger than the base metal, bending will begin in the
HAZ and adjacent base metal, resulting in bending with
a small radius at these points and little, if any, bending
occurring in the weld metal. The obvious result of this
situation is a more stringenttest of the HAZ.
It is recommended that the wraparound fixture shown
in Figure A3 be used in these situations or longitudinal
bend specimens be used in place of the transverse guided
bend specimens. Testing of welds in dissimilar metals
(such as high tensile strength plate to ordinary structural
grade steels) can produce similar effectsand result in invalid test results because of the tendency for the specimens to shift (slide sideways) during loading when using
the fixtures shown in FiguresA l and A2.
(5) Specific tests performed
(6) Bend radius
(7) Test temperature
(8) Number of tests per conditionor lot
(9) The following additionalinformationshouldbe
included: Number, type, size and location of defects, if
any
(10) Bend angle, if specimen fractured prior to bending
180 degrees
(1 1) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
10. Commentary
Whentestingweldbend
specimens havingsignificantly different tensile and yield strengths using the test
fixture shown in Figures A l or A2, bending will not be
uniformly distributed across the weld, HAZ, and base
metal. For example, if the deposited weld metal has a
4
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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PLUNGER
A
SHOULDERS OR 7
T = SPECIMEN THICKNESS
Notes:
1. Either hardened and greased shoulders or hardened rollers free to rotate shall be used.
2. The shoulder or rollers shall have a minimum bearing length
of 50 mm for placementof the specimen.
3. The shoulders or rollers shall be highenough above the bottom of the fixtureso that the specimen will clear the shoulders or rollers
when the plungeris in the l o w position.
4. The plunger shall be fitted with an appropriate base and provision for attachment to the testing machine and shall be designed to
minimize deflectionor misalignment.
5. The shoulder or roller supports may be made adjustablein the horizontal direction so that specimens of various thickness may be
tested in the same bend fixture.
6. The shoulder or roller supports shall be fitted
to a base designed to maintain the shoulders or rollers centered and aligned with
respect to the plunger, and minimize deflection or misalignment.
7 . The maximum plunger radius,
A, shall be as specified
or as determined from the formula
or nomograph in Figure A4.
Figure Al-'Qpical Bottom Ejecting Guided Bend Test Fixture
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COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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4
AS REQUIRED
I
1
NOTE 1
I
I
2o
L
-PLUNGER-
"l
I
II
I
75 MIN
R = 20
r
I
1
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS
Fixture Dimensionsfor 20% Elongation of Weld
mm
Specimen
Thickness,
Plunger
T
Radius,
Die
ARadius,
mm
mm
20
32
10
2T
T
B
A+T+2
Notes:
1. Tapped hole of appropriate size, or other suitable means for attaching plunger totesting machine.
2. Either hardened and greased shoulders
or hardened rollers free to rotate shallbe used in die.
3. The plunger andits base shall be designed to minimize deflection and misalignment.
4. The plunger shall forcethe specimen into the die until the specimen becomes U-shaped. The weld and heat-affected zones shall
be
centered and completely within the bent portion
of the specimen afler testing.
5. For a given specimen thickness,
T, the maximum plunger radius, A, shall be as specifiedor as determined from the formulaor nomograph in Figure
A4. For example,fixture dimensionsfor 20% elongation anda specimen thickness, T,of 10 mm: the plunger radius,A,
is equal to 20mm and die radius,B, is equal to32 mm.
6 . Weld sizes indicated are recommendations. The actual size is the responsibility
of the user to ensure rigidity and design adequacy.
Figure AZ-Qpical Bottom Guided Bend Test Fixture
6
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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S T D - A W S B Y - O M - E N G L 2000 D 07842b5 0 5 1 9 b q 5 Yb5
AWS B4.OM:2000
T = SPECIMEN THICKNESS
Notes:
1. Radius A shall be as specified, or as determined from the nomograph
in Figure A4. Dimensions not shown are the option
of the designer,
of the components shall be
50 mm.
except that the minimum width
2. It is essential to have adequate rigidityso that the bend fixture willnot deflect during testing. The specimen shall
be firmly clampedon
the bending operation.
one endso that it does not slide during
3. Test specimens shallbe removed from the bend fixture when the roller has traversed
180"from the starting point.
Figure &Typical Wraparound Guided Bend Test Fixture
7
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
O
5
10
E
E
ui
2
c3
a
U
n
z
W
m
15
20
25
or use the following formula:
x 100
e = T2A+T
where:
e = percent elongation at outer surface
T = specimenthickness(mm)
A = radius of curvature at the inside surface of the bend
Notes:
It is generally recommended that the specimen thickness for the bend tests be approximately
1O mm. However,the specimen thickness
may be any value within
the range given above as dictatedlhebymaterial thickness, available equipment, lhe
or applicable specification.
Required accuracyof measurement is as follows:
(1) Specimen thickness: k0.5 mm
(2)Elongation: t 1 percent
(3) Bend radius: k1.6 mm
Example: If a standard requires a minimum elongation of 20 percent and if the specimen is 10 mm thick, a line is drawn between
20 mm.
these two points and extended to determine the appropriate bend radius which be
would
Figure A A B e n d Test Nomograph
8
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
IF THERMALLY CUT, NOT LESS THAN 3 mm SHALL
BE MECHANICALLY REMOVED FROM THE EDGES
R
Ir"7-
,
\
h
"
"
"
"
"
"
1
\ "-
L"
I ""-
I
I
-F
150MIN
mm
r------
I/"1
I
j--
3 mm R MAXL
6GR SPECIMEN
I.
r-""
\
I
t
I
7
I
"
3
(*) S'NGLE-V-GRooVE WELD
1
-- -
LL-Z
""""""d
I
"-
MACHINE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
NEEDED TO
OBTAIN
PLANE
PARALLEL
FACES (OPTIONAL)
l
WELD
FACE
WIDTH
7
mm R MAX
"
"
"
20 mm MIN
"
"
"
I
t
\ \\\
\\
-"c-
4-
l
150 mm MIN
SEE NOTE 2
(B) DOUBLE-V-GROOVE WELD
Notes:
1. If the thickness, t,of a single-groove weld joint exceeds
38 mm, the specimen may be cut into approximately equal strips between
20 mm
be tested by bendingto the same radius as specified
or as determined by the nomographin Figure A4.
and 38 mm wide. Each strip shall
2. If the platethickness, t, of a double-groove weld joint exceeds
38 mm, the specimen may becut into multiple stripsso that therOat of
the weld is centered in one of the strips as shown. Whenever possible
it is recommended thatNote 1 to FigureA4 be followed regarding specimen thickness,T, with each specimen having a width exceeding its thickness. These strips shall beto bent
the same radius
as specified or as determinedby the nomograph in Figure A4.
3. The weld reinforcement and backing, any,
if shall be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface. For performance qualification, if sufficient materialis available, acceptable undercut shouldbe removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
be equal to or exceed the width
of the remaining weld
face width in order to test the weld HAZ and
4. The diameter of the test plunger should
T, may be chosen in accordance with
the nomograph in Figure A4.
base metal.If this requirement cannot be met, a greater thickness,
5. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers
R,. It is recommended that the
lay of the surface roughness be oriented
of the specimen.
parallel to the longitudinal axis
Figure AS-Ilansverse Side Bend Specimens (Plate)
9
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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I
I
> 10 mm 10 mm
(A) FACE BEND SPECIMEN
"c"'r
c """"
I
"
"
"
"
\I
4-
mm MIN
,51-1
(B) ROOT BEND SPECIMEN
Notes:
1. The specimen edges may be thermally cut but, in this case, at least
3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed from the
thermally cut surface.
2. For clad metals having an elongation requirement of at least 25 percent, the specimen thickness, T, may be reduced when using a
A4.
fixed bend-radius testing bend fixture. The specimen thickness shall be determined
by the nomograph in Figure
3. If the weld joins base metals of different thicknesses, the specimen should
be reduced to a constant thickness based on the thinner
base metal.
4. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface. For performance qualification, if sufficient material is available, acceptable undercut should be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
5. The diameter of the test plunger should
be equal to or exceed the width of the remaining weld face. If this requirement cannot
be met,
a greater thickness,T, may be chosen in accordance with the nomograph in Figure
A4.
6. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers
R., It is recommended that the lay of the surface roughness be parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Figure A6-Transverse Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate)
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
~~
S T D = A W S B4.0R-ENGL
2000 D 0 7 8 q 2 b 5 0517b49 O00
AWS 64,OM:2000
,-3
mm R MAX (TYP)
150 mm MIN
(A) FACE BEND SPECIMEN
> 10mm
10 mm
(B) ROOT BEND SPECIMEN
Notes:
1. The specimen edges may be thermally cut but, in this case, at least3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed fromthe thermally cut surfaces.
2. If the weld joins base metalsof different thicknesses, the specimen should be reduced
to a constant thickness based onthe thinner
base metal.
3. The specimen width shall be
4T, except thatit shall notexceed ID/3 where ID is the inside diameterof the pipe.
4. The weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall
be mechanically removed flush with the specimen surface.
If the back of the joint is
recessed, this surface
of the specimenmay be removed toa depth not exceeding the recess. For performance qualification, if sufficient
material is available, acceptable undercut should
be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
5. The diameter of the test plunger shouldbe equal toor exceed the weld width. If this requirement cannot be met, a greater thickness,
T, may be chosen in accordance with the formula or nomograph
in Figure A4.
6. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher 4
than
micrometers R,. It is recommended that the lay of the surface roughness be oriented
parallel tothe longitudinal axisof the specimen.
Figure A7"kansverse Face Bend andRoot Bend Specimens (Pipe)
11
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AWS B4.OM:2000
I
3 1
-ITt
ROOT
BEND
Notes:
1. The specimen edges maybe thermally cut, but in this case, at least 3 mm of material shall be mechanically removed from the thermally cut surface.
2. If the weld joins base metalsof different thicknesses, the specimen shouldbe reduced to a constant thickness based
on the thinner
base metal.
3. Weld reinforcement and backing, if any, shall
be mechanically removed flush with the surface
of the specimen. For performance qualification, if sufficient material
is available, acceptable undercut should be removed while maintaining specimen dimensions.
4. All longitudinal surfaces should
be no rougher than4 micrometers R,. It is recommended that the lay the
of surface roughness
be oriented
parallel tothe axis of the specimen.
Figure A8”Longitudinal Face Bend and Root Bend Specimens (Plate)
12
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S T D - A W S BII*OM-ENGL 2000 W 078'42b5 0539b53 7b7
=
AWS B4.OM:2000
r 20 mm MIN
mm
MAX
THE PORTION BETWEEN
FILLET WELDSMAY BE
WELDED IN ANY POSITION
10 mm MAXIMUM SIZE OF
SINGLE-PASS FILLET WELD
Notes:
1. The backing shall be1O mm by 50 mm minimum unless the test weld is to be inspected radiographically, in which case the backing
bar shallbe 1O mm by 75 mm minimum. The backing barshall be in intimate contact with the base plate.
2. The test plate length L, shall be sufficient
for the requirednumber of specimens. Specimens shallbe removed mechanically fromthe
test plate.
3. The weld reinforcement and backing bar shall be removed mechanically, flush with the base plate.
be no rougher than4 micrometers R., It is recommended thatthe lay ofthe surface roughness be oriented
4. All longitudinal surfaces should
parallel withthe longitudinal axisof the specimen.
Figure A9-Fillet Weld Root Bend TestSpecimen
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AWS B4.OM:2000
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,-3 mm R MAX
I
I
I
(B) SIDE BEND SPECIMEN
Notes:
i.The dimension,T, is the thicknessof the test specimen and shall be
1O mm unless otherwise specified.
of the specimen shall be parallel to the welding direction.
theFor
transverse bend test, the
2. For the longitudinal bend test, the long axis
long axis shallbe perpendicular to the weld direction length
of the test specimen.
3. The amountof surfacing weld removed from the face-bend specimen surface shall be the minimum necessary
a smooth
to obtain
surface.
3 mm.
The minimum thicknessof surfacing weld after finishing shall be
4. All longitudinal surfaces should be no rougher than 4 micrometers
R,. It is recommended that the lay
of the surface roughnessbe oriented
with the longitudinal axisof the specimen.
Figure Alo-Surfacing Weld Face Bend and Side Bend Specimens
14
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AWS &.OM:2000
A2.Tension Tests
ASTM B 557
Standard Methods
Tension
of
Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum, and Magnesium Alloy
Products
AWS
A2.4
Standard
Symbols
Welding,
for
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS A3.0
Standard
Welding Terms and
Definitions
1. Scope
1.1 This section covers the tension testing of welded
joints.
1.2 This standard doesnot specify required properties or
acceptance criteria.
1.3 When this standard is used as a portion of a specification for a welded structure or assembly or for qualification, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) The specific type(s) andnumber of specimens
required
(2) Base metal specification/identification
(3) Filler material specification/identification
(4) The anticipated property values and whether they
are maximum or minimum requirements
( 5 ) Location and orientation of the specimens
(6) Report form when required
(7) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treatments, as applicable
The sourcesof these documents are the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM)
1 O0 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
where specified mechanical properties are required
(2) Information, basis for acceptance andmanufacturing quality control where mechanical properties are
requested
(3) Research and development
3. Summary of Method
Tension testing of welded joints is done by means of a
calibrated testing machine and devices followingthe procedures described in Section 8.
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standardmay involve hazardousmaterials,
operutions, and equipment. The standard does not purport to address all of the safetyproblems associated with
its use. I t is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
4. Significance
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the loadbearing
capacities, joint design and ductility of welded joints.
The data obtained from tension tests may include:
( 1 ) Ultimate tensile strength
(2) Yield strength
(3) Yield point if it occurs
(4) Percent elongation
(5) Percent reduction of area
(6) Stress-strain diagram
(7) Location and mode of fracture
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
ASTM EStandard
4
Practices
for Load
Verification of Testing Machines
ASTM E 8
Standard Methods of Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials
4.2 Tension tests provide quantitative data which can be
compared and analyzed for use in the design and analysis
of welded structures. Fracture surfaces may also provide
information on the presence andeffects of discontinuities
such as incomplete fusion, incomplete joint penetration,
porosity, inclusions and cracking.
15
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S T D * A W S B11mOM-ENGL 2000
07BL12b5 0519b511 1178 W
AWS 84.0M:2000
3 mm from the fusion line along the bevel faces (see Figure Al 1).
(2) Round Transverse Weld Specimen. The transverse
weld specimen is used together with thebase metal or allweld-metal tension tests to evaluate joint efficiency. Only
the ultimate tensile strength is normally determined for
specimens taken transverseto the centerline of the weld.
A = length of reduced section
B = length of end section
C = dimension of grip section
D = diameter
E = length of shoulder and fillet
F = diameter of shoulder
G = gage length
ID = inner diameter
OD = outer diameter
L = overall length
P = load
R = radius of fillet
T = specimen thickness
t = thickness of test weldment
W = specimen width
7.4 Rectangular Tension Test Specimen, Transverse
and Longitudinal. The tension specimens for welded
butt joints other than pipe or tubing shall be either transverse weld tension specimens or longitudinal weld tension specimens that comply with Figure A12 or A13.
When thickness of the test weldment is beyond the capacity of the available test equipment, the weld shall be
divided through its thickness into as many specimens as
required to cover the full weld thickness and still maintain the specimen size within the test equipment capacity.
Unless otherwise specified, the results of the partial
thickness specimens shall be averaged to determine the
properties of the full thickness joint. Only ultimate tensile strength is normally determined in specimens taken
transverse to the centerline of the weld.
6. Apparatus
The test shall be performed on a tensile testing machine in conformance with the requirements of ASTM
E 8. The machine shall be calibrated in accordance with
ASTM E 4.
7.5 Tubular Tension Test Specimen.
Two types ofspecimens are used in determining the tensile properties of
welded tubular products. For pipe or tubing larger than
75 mm nominal diameter, the reduced rectangular section specimen may be used. The full section specimen
shall be used to test weld joints in pipe or tubing 75 mm
or less nominal diameter and may be usedfor larger sizes
subject to limitations of testing equipment.
(1) GreaterThan
75 mmDiameter.
The reduced
rectangular-section specimen shall comply with Figure
Al 4.
(2) Less Than or Equal to 75 mm Diameter. The fullsection specimen shall comply with Figure A15. Only
ultimate tensile strength is normally determined i n specimens taken transverse to the centerline of the weld.
7. Specimens
7.1 Test specimen type shall be specified by the applicable code, specification or fabrication document. It is recommended that test specimens which provide the largest
cross-sectional area be tested within the capabilities of
available test equipment.
7.2 Unless otherwise stated, specified specimens shall be
tensile tested in the as-received condition.
7.3 Round Tension Test Specimens. Round tension
specimens with a 4:l gage length to diameter ratio are
shown in Figure A l 1. Round tension specimens with a
5:l gage length to diameter ratio are shown in Annex B.
(1) RoundAll-Weld-MetalSpecimen.
The all-weldmetal tension specimen is used for evaluation of the
deposited weld metal ultimate tensile strength, yield
strength, elongation and reduction in area. When base-
7.6 Preparation. Excessively deep machine cuts that
will cause invalid test data or that leave tears in the surface of the finished dimensions shall be avoided.
The surface finish on surfaces requiring machining shall be as
specified in the specimen drawings. Imperfections
present within the gage length due to welding shall not
be removed.
16
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S T D * A W S B4.OM-ENGL
2000
07842b5 0 5 1 9 b 5 5 30'4
-
AWS B4.OM:2000
Percent Reduction of Area =
8. Procedure
8.1 The testing procedure for weld specimens shall be as
specified in ASTM E 8.
(Original Diameter)' - (Final Diameter) x
2
(Original Diameter)
8.2 Round Tension Specimens. Mechanical properties,
namely ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength at
the specified offset,yield point if it occurs, elongation in
a specified gage length and reduction of area are determined for round all-weld-metal tension specimens. If a
yield point is reported, it shall have been determined in
accordance with ASTM E 8. The minimum original diameter shall be used for all calculations. For round transverse weld tension specimens, only ultimate tensile
strength is determined, unless otherwise specified.
=
2
8.3 Rectangular Tension Tests (Figures A12, A13,
A14). The ultimate tensile strength calculationfor rectangular tension test is the following:
Ultimate Tensile Strength =
Maximum Load - ~ ~ " I M U M ~
Original Area
WxT
Ultimate Tensile Strength =
8.4 'hbular Tension Tests. The ultimate tensile strength
calculation for reduced section (Figure A14) is the same
as shown in section 8.3. The ultimate tensile strength calculation for full section (Figure Als) is as follows:
Maximum Load
-- M MAXIMUM^
Original Cross SectionalArea
Ultimate Tensile Strength =
Yield Strength at Specified Offset =
MaximumLoad
OriginalArea
Load at Specified Offset
- P(specimomq
Original Cross SectionalArea
--
MAXIMUM)
0.7854 x ( 0 ~ID')
~ -
9. Report
In addition to the requirements of applicable documents, the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Welding procedure (process and parameters)
(4) Specimen type
( 5 ) Joint geometry
(6) Location of fracture and type of failure (ductile or
brittle)
(7) Calculated ultimate tensile strength
(8) Forround
all-weld-metal specimen only: yield
strength at the specified offset, yield point if it occurs,
percent elongation in the specified gage length and percent reduction of area
(9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
Yield Point =
Maximum Load prior to Specified Offset =
Original Cross SectionalArea
h
Percent Elongation =
Final gage length - Original gage length x
Original gage length
=
17
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
N
AWS B4.OM:2000
L
1
L
SPECIMEN
SPECIMEN 4
SPECIMEN 3
SPECIMEN 5
~
Dimensions in mm*
Specimen
Specimen
1
2
Specimen 3
Specimen
Specimen
4
5
G. Gage length
D. Diameter (Note 1)
50.0 f 0.1
50.0 f 0.1
50.0 f 0.1
12.5 f 0.2
50.0 f 0.1
12.5 f 0.2
50.0 f 0.1
12.5 f 0.2
12.5 2 0.2
12.5 f 0.2
R. Radius of fillet, min
10
10
10
10
A. Length of reduced section
57
57
1O0
57
10
57
L. Overall length, approx
127
140
242
35 approx
13 approx
76 min
C. Diameter of end section
E. Length of shoulder andfillet
section, approx
20
25 approx
20
140
19 approx
121
B. Length of end section (Note 2)
18
22
20
-
16.0
-
19
16
F. Diameter of shoulder
-
16
15
-
16
Various types of ends for standard round tension test specimens
Figure A l 1-Round Tensile Specimen&:
18
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
1 Gage Length to Diameter
SPECIMEN
LOCATION1
SPECIMEN
LOCATION7
Dimensions in mm*
To Standard
Specimen
Standard
Specimen
Small-Size
Specimens
Proportional
Nominal Diameter
12.5
9.0
6.5
4.0
3.0
G. Gage length
50.0 f 0.1
36.0 f 0.1
26.0 2 0.1
16.0 2 0.1
12.0 f 0.1
D. Diameter (Note 1)
12.5 2 0.2
9.0 f 0.1
6.5 2 0.1
4.0 2 0.1
3.0f 0.1
R. Radius6of fillet, min
10
5
4
2
A. Length of reduced section,
min (Note2)
57
32
19
16
45
Standard 12.5 mm round tension test specimens with50 mm gage length and examplesof small size specimensproportionalto the
standard specimen.
*Rounded to the nearest0.5mm or 0.05 mm.
Notes:
1. The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more
than largerin diam1 percent
eter than the center (controlling dimension).
of any convenient gagelength. Ref2. If desired, the lengthof the reduced sectionmay be increased to accommodate an extensometer
erence marks for the measurement of elongation should nevertheless be spaced at the indicated gage length.
3. The gage length and fillets shall be as shown but themay
ends
be of any formto fit the holders
of the testing machinein such away
that the load shall be axial.
If the endsare to be held
in wedge gripsit is desirable to make the length of the grip section great enough
length of the grips.
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to 2/3 of
orthe
more
4. The gage lengths are equal to
4 times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications, other specimens may be provided for
but unless the4 to 1 ratiois maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable with those obto 1a ratio of gage length to diameter
(see
tained from the standard test specimen. Note that most other metric based codes 5
use
Annex 6).
5. The use of specimens smaller than6.5 mm diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested
is of insufficient size
to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater skillin both machining and testing.
6. For transverse weld specimens, the weld shall be approximately centered between gage marks.
7. On specimen 5, it is desirable to make the length of the grip section sufficient to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to2/3or mofe of the length of the grips.
8. Any standard thread size is permissible that provides for proper alignment and aids in assuring that the specimen will break within
the reduced section.
9. The use of a fine series of thread
is recommended for high-strength, brittle materials to avoid fracture
in the threaded portion.
2 micrometers R,.
1O. Surface finish within the gage length shall be no rougher than
Figure A l l (Continued)-Round Tensile Specimens"4:l Gage Length to Diameter
19
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S T D = A W S B q e O M - E N G L 2000
0 7 8 9 2 b 5 0517b58 013 W
AWS B4.OM:2000
THESE EDGES MAY BE THERMALLY CUT
THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLYBY MILLING
1
T
I
< 25 mm
2 25 mm
I
38 0.3 mm
25 f 0.3 mm
Notes:
1. Thin base metal being tested tends to tear and break near the shoulder.
In such cases, dimension C shall be no greater than 1-1/3
times the widthof the reduced section.
2. Weld reinforcement and backing strip, if any, shall be removed flush with the surface
of the specimen.
3. When the thickness, t, of the test weldmentis such thatit would not provide a specimen within
the capacity limitationsof the available
test equipment, the specimen shall be parted through its thickness into as many specimens as required.
4. The lengthof reduced sections shallbe equal to the width
of the widest portionof weld, plus6 mm minimum on each side.
5. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than
4 micrometers R,.
6. Narrower widths (W and C)may be used when necessary.In such cases,the width of the reduced section shouldbe as large asthe
width of the material being tested permits. the
If width of the material is less than
W, the sides may be parallel throughoutthe length
of the specimen.
Figure Al2”hansverse Rectangular Tension Test Specimen (Plate)
20
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STD-AUS 84-0H-ENGL 2000
O7B112b5 0519b59 T 5 T
AWS B4.OM:2000
THESE EDGES MAYBE THERMALLY CUT
THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLY BY MILLING
25 mm R MIN
T
I
5
If
Dimensions in mm
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
25 f 2
38 f 3
13 approx
20 approx
38
50
W =Width
B = Width of weld
Nominal C = Width of grip section
Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing,any,
if shall be removed, flush with thesurface of the specimen.
T, and its location within
2. The width of the weld may be varied to approximate112 W by selecting an appropriate specimen thickness,
the weld.
3. The width.W, may be varied within reason to accommodate the width
of the weldif it is not possible to meet the requirements of Note 2.
4. The grip sectionsof the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center ofline
the reduced section, within3 mm.
4 micrometers R,.
5. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than
6. Narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary.In such cases, the width of the reduced section should
be as large asthe
If the width of the material is less than
W, the sides may be parallel throughout the length
width of the material being tested permits.
of the specimen.
Figure A13"Longitudinal Rectangular Tension Test Specimens (Plate)
21
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
"
"
FOR UNEQUAL WALL THICKNESSES,
MACHINE THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
NEEDED TO OBTAIN PLANE PARALLEL
SURFACES
OVER
THE
REDUCED
SECTION
WELD TO BE APPROXIMATELY
CENTER OF REDUCED SECTION
T
L
4k i
f7
THESE
EDGES MAY
BE THERMALLY CUT
FOR ALTERNATE
SPECIMEN, MACHINE
THE MINIMUM AMOUNT
NECESSARY TO OBTAIN
PARALLEL FACES OVER
THE REDUCED SECTION
THIS SURFACE MACHINED,
PERFERABLY BY MILLING
Dimensions in mm
No.
Specimen
13
A
W
C
1
f 0.4
5720 approx
2
20 f 0.8
25 approx
3
25 f 0.6
5738 approx
4
38 f 3
50 approx
57
113
113
57
113
225
Notes:
1. The weld reinforcement and backing, any,
if shall be removed flush with the specimen.
2. Alternate specimen shall not be used
for nominal wall thickness less than 10 mm.
3. Only grip sections of the specimenmay be flattened.
4. In the case of full wall thickness specimens, cross-sectional area
may be calculated by multiplyingW and t (t= T).
5. T is the thickness of
the test specimen as provided for
in the applicable specification.
6. The reduced section shallbe parallel within0.3 mm and may have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward the center with the
ends not more than 0.3 mm wider than the center,
7. The grip sectionof the specimen shallbe symmetrical withthe center line of the reduced section within mm.
3
8. All surfaces in the reduced section should be no rougher than 4 micrometers
R,.
9. Narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases, the width of the reduced section should
be as large asthe
W, the sides may be parallel throughout the length
width of the material being tested permits.
If the width of the material is less than
of the specimen.
Figure Al4-Tension Specimens for Pipe Greater than75 mm Nominal Diameter
22
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S T D * A W S B 4 - O M - E N G L 2000
07842b5 0 5 L 7 b b L h08
=
AWS B4.OM:2000
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE
RETAINED UNLESS THE APPLICABLE
CODE OR SPECIFICATION CALLS
FOR MACHINING FLUSH WITH
BASE METAL
2D,I
TD MIN
.V-JAWS \
OF
TESTING
MACHINE
- -/-
L
I
PLUG
D = INSIDE DIAMETER OF PIPE
Figure A15-Tension Specimen
for Pipe 75 mm Nominal Diameter and Less
23
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS 64.OM:2000
A3.Fracture Toughness Tests
2. Applicable Documents
1. Scope
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents. Only metric units in the applicable
documents shall be used.
1.1 This section covers the fracture toughness testing of
welds. Methods include the Charpy V-Notch (C,), the
Dynamic Tear (DT), the Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness
(KI=)
and the Drop Weight Nil-Ductility Temperature
(DWNDT) Tests.
ANSUASME B46.1 Surface Texture
1.2 When a fracture toughness test is required, the preparation of the weld, the test specimen and the test methods
shall conform to this standard.
1.3 This standard is applicable to the following when
specified:
(1) For qualification of materials, welding procedures
and welding personnel where aspecified level of fracture
toughness is required.
(2) For information, specification of acceptance and
manufacturing quality control where a minimum criterion for fracture toughness is requested. Detailed discussion of the selection of test method and a specified
minimum value in a specific case is beyond the scope of
this standard.
(3) Research and development.
1.4 When this standard is used the following information
shall be furnished:
(1) The specific types andnumberof
specimens
required.
(2) Base metal specifications/identification
(3) Filler material specification/identification
(4) The anticipated property values and whether they
are maximum or minimum requirements
(5) Locationand orientation of thespecimenand
notch
( 6 ) Joint geometry
(7) Test temperature
(8) Postweld thermal or mechanical treatments
Standard
Methods
for Notched
Bar Impact Testing of Metallic
Materials
ASTM E
208
Standard
Method
for Conducting
Drop-Weight Test to Determine
Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels
ASTM A 370
Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
ASTM399
E
Test
Method
for Plane-Strain
Fracture Toughness of Metallic
Materials
ASTM E 604
Standard Test
Method
for Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic
Materials
Standard
ASTM E 616
Terminology Relating
to Fracture Testing
AWS
A2.4
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS
A3.0
Standard Welding
Terms
and
Definitions
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
3. Summary of Method
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
3.1 The method selected for fracture toughness testing
shall be that required in the specification of a material,
fabrication document or as otherwise specified.
3.2 Specimens shall be removed from a weldment so that
the results of the test are representative of the structural
performance of the weldjoint.
24
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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ASTM E 23
S T D * A W S BqIOM-ENGL 2000
078'42b5 0519bb3 V60
AWS B4.0M:2000
4. Significance
4.1 Fracture toughness testing provides a measure of resistance to crack initiation or propagation or both.
4.2 The welding process and welding procedure
have a
significant effect on the mechanical properties of a weld
joint. If the fracture toughness of a weld joint sample is
to be representative of its structural performance, the
same weldingprocess, procedure, and weld cooling rates
as a function of distance and thicknessmust be used for
the sample and the structure.
test specimens shall be located as close to the weld face
as possible to provide maximum weld metal area in
groove joints. A higher integrated toughness energy,
which indicates the unsafe lower intrinsic fracture toughness of the weld metal, may be obtained when the fracture surface involves weld metal, HAZ, and base metal.
7.5 When an evaluation of the base metalor HA2or both
is required, the locationof the notch shall be Specified.
8. Procedure
Test specimen preparation and testprocedure for measuring the fracture toughness of a weldment shall be in
accordance with the following ASTM standard methods:
(1) Charpy V-notch, E 23, except that values upto and
including 100% of the testing machine capacity shall be
accepted and reported as fracture energy if the specimen
breaks. The full machine capacity followedby a plus sign,
(+), shall be reported if the specimen is not broken. All
these results may be used to calculate the average energy
absorbed provided the minimum average required for acceptance is within the verified rangeof the machine.
(2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
(3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
(4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility Transition Temperature, E 208
5. Definitions and Symbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest editions of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms andDefinitions.
6. Apparatus
Theapparatus for conducting the various fracture
toughness tests shall be in accordance with the following
ASTM Standard Methods:
(1) Charpy V-notch, E 23
(2) Dynamic Tear, E 604
(3) Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness, E 399
(4) Drop-WeightNil-Ductility
Transition Temperature, E 208
9. Report
9.1 In addition to the requirements of applicable documents, the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
(4) Joint geometry
( 5 ) Specimen type
(6) Specimen location, crackplane orientation and
machined notch position
(7) Type of testequipment
(8) Fracture appearance and location
(9) Test temperature
(10) Energy absorbed (if applicable)
(11) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
7. Specimens
7.1 Sufficient information shall be provided to properly
locate specimens and weld joint. For specimens removed
from double bevel groove welds, the identification shall
include a reference with respect to theside of the weld.
7.2 Test specimens shall not contain metal that has been
affected thermally as a result of cutting or preparation.
7.3 Unless otherwise specified, the nominal dimensions,
orientation and notch location of specimens shall be that
shown in Figures A16 through A21 respectively. Working drawings are provided in the referenced documents.
7.4 Unless otherwise specified, the weld metal width to
specimen thickness relationship for the compact tension
specimen shall be as shown in Figure A22. Weld metal
9.2 Testdata should berecordedona
Sheet similar to Figure A23.
25
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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Test Results
AWS B4.OM:2000
Ga
0.25 mm R
NOTCH OF
i" 4504
NOTE-Dimensional Tolerances shall be as follows:
Notch length to edge
Adjacent sides shall be at
Cross-section dimensions
Length of specimen (L)
Centering of notch (U2)
Angle of notch
Radius of notch
Notch depth
Finish requirements
90"2 2"
90"2 1O minutes
20.075 mm
+O, -2.5 mm
21 mm
f1°
20.025 mm
20.025 mm
4 micrometers R, on other two surfaces
2 micrometers R, on notched surface and opposite face;
Figure AlGCharpy V-Notch Impact Specimen
26
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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S T D - A W S B 4 - O M - E N G L 2000
07842b5 0 5 1 9 b b 5 253
AWS B4.OM:2000
STRIKER TUP
12.7 mm i 0.8 mm
J
1 6 m m * 1 mm
/-
./-"=-J
181 mm i 3 mm
I
T'
PREPARATION
NOTCH
AS SPECIFIED
IN REFERENCE
DOCUMENT
41 m m * 2 m m
/
12.7 m m
b
165.0 mm 0.8 mm
i
0.8 mm R
4
SUPPORT
Figure A17-Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports, and Striker Thp
27
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
0.25W
0.005W
DIA.
2 HOLES 7
t
NOTE 4
7
%F-t
0.275W i O. 005W
T
A
.c
I
+I
0.275W i 0.005W
+
i-.“‘
‘B
Bs
O6
I
1.25W f 0.01OW
1. Dimensions a, B, and W are to be determined in accordance with
ASTM E 399.
2. Surfaces marked A shall be perpendicular and parallel as applicable to within
0.002W total indicator reading(TIR).
3. The intersectionof the crack starter tips with the two specimen
faces shall be equally distant from the top and bottom edgesof the
specimen within0.005W.
4. Integral or attachable knife edges for gage
clip attachment to the crack mouth may be used.
5. Additional specimen configurationsmy be foundin ASTM E 399.
6. The notch should be positioned
in the area of the weld to be investigated. The positionof the machined notch shall be recorded.
Figure AlS-Compact Tension Fracture Toughness Specimen
28
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STDaAWS BII=OM-ENGL 2000
078'42b5 05L9bb7 02b
AWS B4.OM:2000
4
1.6 mm MAX
i
A
13 mm
L
~~
~
Dimensions in mm
P-1 Specimen
16
20
125
L, Length
W, Width
DL,Deposit length (approximate) 45
T, Thickness
P-2 Specimen
Specimen
P-3
25
360
125
88
50
64
45
50
Figure Al-tandard Drop Weight Nil-Ductility Temperature Test Specimen
29
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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W
AWS B4.OM:2000
Figure A2GOrientation of Weld Metal Fracture Toughness Specimens
in a Double-Groove Weld Thick Section Weldment
TWO-LETTER CODE FOR
SPECIMEN DESIGNATION
'FIRST LETTER DESIGNATES
THE DIRECTION NORMAL
TO CRACK PLANE
S = SHORTTRANSVERSE DIRECTION
WIDTH)(WELD
THICKNESS)
(WELD
T = LONG
TRANSVERSE
DIRECTION
'SECOND LETTER DESIGNATES
THE EXPECTED DIRECTION
OF CRACK
PLANE
Figure A21-Crack Plane Orientation Code for Compact
Tension Specimens fromWelded Plate
30
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STDmAWS B4.0M-ENGL 2000
07842b5 0519bb9
9T9
AWS B4.OM:2000
I
OF SPECIMEN,
NOTCH, AND
WELD
METAL
I
I
B MIN
4 I-
B MIN = T
Figure A22-Recommended Ratio of Weld Metal
to Specimen Thickness for Weld-Metal Fracture
Toughness Specimen (Compact Tension Specimen)
31
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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DROP WEIGHT TEST RESULTS
To:
Date:
Specimen No.
Type of Steel:
Heat Treatment:
Orientation/Location:
Specimen Type:
Test Temperature:
Results of Test:
Specimen
Results
1
n
c
n
5
4
Reported by:
Figure A23"Suggested Data Sheet for Drop Weight Test
32
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STDDAWS B4.0M-ENGL
078112b5 0519b7L 5 5 7 W
2000
AWS B4.OM:2000
Part B
Testing of Fillet Welds
B1. LongitudinalGuided-BendTest
2. ApplicableDocuments
(See Part Al, section 7.6, FilletWeldRootBendTest.)Reference
should bemadetothelatest
following documents:
edition ofthe
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
1. Scope
AWS
A2.4
1.1 This section
covers
the bend testing of fillet welds.
standard
The
gives
the requirements for guided
Examination
test
bend
specimen preparation, test parameters and testing procedures,
but
does
not
specify
the requirements
or
acceptance criteria.
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing,
and
Nondestructive
AWS
A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
The source forthese documents is the following:
1.2 The base materials may be homogenous, clad or
otherwise surfaced, except for hardfacing.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
1.3 This standard is applicable to the following, where
10016
specified:
NY
York,
New
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel,andAmericanWelding
Society (AWS)
procedures
welding
550
Road
N.W. LeJeune
(2) Information, specifications of acceptance, manuMiami,
FL 33126
facturing qualjty control
(3) Research and development
1.4 When this standard is used, the following informa3. Summary of Method
tion shall be furnished:
(1) Thetype ofdatarequiredand
observations to beLongitudinalfilletweld
specimens are guided in the
made
process
bending
test
by a bend
fixture thatend
employs
(2) Bend radius required or percent (%) elongationsupports
and a plunger.
(3) Postweld thermal or mechanical processing treatments, as applicable
1.5 SafetyPrecautions. Safetyprecautionsshallconform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding,Cutting,andAlliedProcesses,
published by theThe
American Welding
Society.
resist
ability
to
Note: This standard mayinvolvehazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate
safety and health practices. The user should
.~
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
ductility of thewelded joint, as evidenced by its
failurethe
and
presence of defects
theon
tension surface, is determined in the longitudinal fillet
weldguided-bendtest.
5. Definitions and Symbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this standard
shall be i n accordance with the latest edition of AWS
33
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4. Significance
STDOAWS B4.OM-ENGL
2000
= 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0 5 1 9 b 7 2 493 D
AWS B4.OM:2000
A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms andDefinitions.
8. Procedure
6. Apparatus
8.2 The specimen is to be positioned in the bend fixture
as shown in Figure B1 and a force applied sufficient to
cause bending.
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, the specimens shall be
tested at ambient temperature and deformation shall
occur in a time period no shorter than one half minute
and no longer than two minutes.
6.1 Longitudinal fillet weld guided bend specimens are
to be tested in a guided bendtest fixture designed to support and load the specimen in a three point bending
mode.
9. Report
In addition to therequirements of applicable documents the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Test temperature
(4) Number of tests
(5) Number, type, size and location of discontinuities
noted, if any
(6) Bend angle if specimen fractures prior to bending
to 180 degrees
6.2 The fixture shall have the dimensions shown i n Figure B1.
7. Specimens
Longitudinal fillet weld bend test specimens are prepared by making two fillet welds on a T-joint and machining the specimens as shown in Figure B1.
34
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STDmAWS B4.OM-ENGL 2000
07842b5 05119b73 32T m
AWS B4.OM:2000
60 mm DIA.
38 mm DIA.
/+
r
/-
DISCARD
THIS SURFACE MACHINED, PREFERABLY BY MILLING
Notes:
1. Mandrel diameter shown is for a maximum 20 mm thick specimen.
2. Other thicknessesof bottom plate and fillet weld leg size
may be utilized, provided the mandrel diameter does not exceed
3 times the
specimen thickness. In these cases, the support clearance should be the mandrel diameterplus twice the specimen thickness plus
6 mm.
3. Surface finishof the tension surface should be no rougher than
4 micrometers R,.
4. Fillet weld size(s) should be
8 mm to 13 mm.
Figure B1-Longitudinal Guided Fillet Weld Bend Test
35
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS 64.OM:2000
3. Summary of Method
B2. Soundness Tests
1. Scope
One leg of a T-joint is bent upon the other so as to
place the root of the weld in tension. The load is maintained until the legs of the joint come into contact with
each other or the joint fractures.
1.1 This section covers the fillet weld soundness test
procedures, test parameters, and methods of obtaining
data and the observations usually required, but does not
specify the requirements or acceptance criteria. When
this standard is used as a portion of a standard or detail
specification, the following information should be
furnished:
(1) The specific tests and the number of
specimens
that are required
(2) Specific orientation of specimens within the weld
sample
(3) The type of data required and observations to be
made
(4) The limiting numerical values
(5) The interpretation,if any, of the dataand observations
4. Significance
The purpose of this test is to determine the soundness
of fillet welded joints. This test is qualitative in nature
with acceptance determined by the extent and nature of
any flaws present.
5. Definitions and Symbols
1.2 Safety Precautions Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest editions of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, andNondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms andDefinitions.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to addressall of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
J
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
SIZE OF SINGLE FILLET WELD
AWS A2.4
Standard
Symbols
Welding,
for
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS
A3.0
Unless otherwise noted,the
are used:
Standard Welding
Terms
and
Definitions
followingdesignations
S = Maximum size single pass fillet to be used
production.
t = Plate thickness
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
in
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
6. Apparatus
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
Apparatus used shall be capable of firmly holding the
specimen and applying the required force.
36
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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STDOAWS B q * O M - E N G L 2 0 0 0
07842b5 0519b75 I T 2
AWS B4.OM:2000
7. Specimens
7.6 Fillet Weld Nick-Break Test. See Part Cl.
7.1 Fillet Weld Break Procedure Qualification. The
uncoated fillet weld break specimenshall be welded and
prepared for the test shown in Figure B2. The weld shall
meet the as-welded visual inspection requirements of the
applicable codeor standard.
8. Procedure
A force as shown in Figure B7 or other forces causing
the root of the weld to be in tension shall be applied to
the specimen.
The load shall be increased until the specimen fractures or bendsflat upon itself.
If the specimen fractures, the fracture surfaces shall
be examined visually to the criteria of the applicable
standard.
7.2 Fillet Weld Break: Primer Coated Procedure
Qualification. The fillet weld break specimen shall be
welded overprimer-coated material and prepared for test
as shown in Figure B3. The weld shall present a reasonably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual inspection requirementsof the applicable code orstandard.
7.3 Fillet Weld Break Galvanized Procedure Qualification. The fillet weld break specimen shall be welded
over galvanized material and preparedfor test as shown
in Figure B4. The weld shall present a reasonably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual inspection requirements of the applicable code orstandard.
9. Report
In addition to requirements of the applicable documents, the report shall include the following:
(1) Basemetal
specification and appliedcoating
specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Fillet weld size
(4) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
(5) Specimen type
(6) Fracture appearance
(7)Number, type, size and locations of visible inclusions or discbntinuities
(8) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens or procedure
7.4 Fillet Weld Break Welder Qualification.The fillet
weld break specimen for welder qualification shall be
welded and prepared as shown in Figure B5. The weld
shall meet the visual requirements of the applicable code
or standard.
7.5 Fillet Break Tack Welder Qualification. The uncoated fillet weld break specimen for tack welder performance qualification shall be welded and prepared for test
as shown in Figure 86. The weld shall present a reasonably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual inspection requirementsof the applicable code orstandard.
37
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
f
DlSCARD
BEND THIS WAY
TOFRACTURE
P l 7 -
Notes:
1. Positions qualified shall be
in accordance with applicable code or standard.
2. Test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding
to facilitate testing.
3. Plate thickness,t, shall be maximum used in production
or 10 mm, whichever is less.
in production.
4. Weld size, S,shall be maximum single pass fillet weld to be used
Figure B2-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Procedure Qualification
,-GEE
NOTE 3
BEND THIS WAY
TO FRACTURE
900 m m MIN
Notes:
1. Base plate shouldbe same grade and specification material as that used in production.
2. Base plate shallbe primer coatedto maximum thickness which willbe applied in production.
be removed by gouging or mechanical means andthe second side shallbe tested.
3. The first side weld shall
4. Although entire900 mm length is to be tested, the test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate fracturing
for examination.
5. Plate thickness,1, shall be maximum usedin productionor 10 mm, whichever is less.
6. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single pass fillet weld to be used in production.
Figure B3-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Primer Coated Materials
38
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
STD-AWS BII*OM-ENGL 2000
078q2b5 0517b77 T 7 5
AWS B4.OM:2000
V
\
{
:
!
/- DlSCARD
‘1IBEND THIS WAY
TO FRACTURE
t
+
75m1îMI;
900 mm MIN
L 1 0 0 mm MIN
4
Notes:
1. Plate thickness, t, shall be maximum used
in production or 1O mm, whichever isless.
2. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single pass filletweld to be usedin production.
faciliate fracturing
3. Although entire 900 mm length is to be tested, the test assembly maybe cut into shorter lengths after welding to
for examination.
4. Galvanized plating shallbe the same grade, specification, and maximum thickness
as that used in production.
Figure BAFillet Weld Break Specimen for Galvanized Materials
DISCARD
, T ~ E
NOTE 1
/
I
i-”..
BEND THIS WAY
TOFRACTURE
I
I
2 5 m m A
~
I
1
5
0
m
l
m
k 2 5 ~m m
t
Notes:
1. Stop and restart near center.
2. Unless otherwise specified, specimen thickness and dimensions are minimum.
3. Weld size, S, shall be maximum single-pass fillet weld to be usedin production.
Figure BS-Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Welder Qualification
39
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
i
-t
+ 13 mm
BEND THIS WAY
TO FRACTURE
F
7
100 mm
25 mmk-50
m m 4
I
1
100 mm
t13mm
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE MINIMA
Figure BGFillet Weld Break Specimen for Tack Welder Qualification
BREAKING
FORCE
Figure B7-Method of Testing Fillet Weld Break Specimen
40
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
B3. Shear Tests
1. Scope
1.1 This section covers fillet
weld
plate.
shear tests of welds in
1.2 When a fillet weld shear test is required, the preparation of the test specimens and the testing procedure shall
conform to this standard.
AWS A2.4
Standard Symbols for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS
A3.0
Standard Welding Terms
and
Definitions
AWS
A4.3
Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
Metal Produced by Arc Welding
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements oracceptance criteria.
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following when
specified:
(1) Qualification of welding personnel and welding
procedures
(2) Information, basis for inspection and fabrication quality control when acceptance criteria have been established
(3) Research and development
1.5 When this standard is used, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process used
(2) The specified type of test andthe number of specimens that are required
(3) Base metal specification/identificationand thickness
(4) Position(s) of welding
(5) Filler metal specification/identifi~tion
and diameter
(6) Report form including type of data and observations to be made
(7) Acceptance criteria
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
3. Summary of Method
The fillet weld shear test places a tensile load on a
specimen prepared so that the fillet welds fail in shear.
4. Significance
4.1 Fillet weld shear tests provide information on the
load bearing capacitiesand joint efficiencies of welded
joints. The data obtained from fillet weld shear tests may
include:
(1) Unit shear load
(2) Shear strength
(3) Location and mode offracture
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standardmay involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicabilityof any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
4.2 Fillet weld shear tests provide quantitative data
which can be compared, analyzed and used in the design
and analysis of welded structures. Fracture surfacesmay
also provide information on the presence and effects of
discontinuities such as lack of fusion/penetration, porosity, inclusions, and cracking. The weld shearing strength
is reported as (1) load per unit length of weld, and (2)
shear stress on the throat of the weld.
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
ASTM E 4
Standard Practices for Load Verification of TestingMachines
ASTM E 8
Standard Methods
of
Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials
5. Definitions and Symbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms andDefinitions.
41
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
6. Apparatus
8.2 The specimen shall be positioned in the testing machine so that the tensile load is applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
The test shall be performed on a tensile machine in
conformance with ASTM E 8. The machine shall becalibrated in accordance with ASTM E 4.
8.3 The specimen shall be loaded in tension until the
welds are sheared.
8.4 A test shall be considered invalid if the specimen
fails in the base metal, and an additional test specimen
shall be prepared and tested.
7. Specimens
7.1 Longitudinal Shear Strength Specimen.The specimen shall be welded as shown in Figure B8 and inspected
visually. The surface contour and size of the fillet welds
shall be in accordance with the applicable standardor
other specified acceptance criteria. The specimen shall be
machined before testing as shown in Figure B8.
8.5 Unit shear load i n terms of load per unit length of
weld is determined by dividing the maximum load by the
total length of weld sheared.
8.6 Shear strength i n force per unit area acting on the
throat of the fillet weld is determined by dividing the unit
shear load by the average theoretical throat dimensions
of the welds that sheared, A more accurate shear strength
7.2 Transverse Shear Strength Specimen. The specimen shall be prepared as shown i n Figure B9 and inspected visually. The surface contour and sizeof the fillet
welds shall be in accordance with the applicable standard
or other specified acceptance criteria. Wider plates may
be used to obtain multiple specimens. When multiple
specimens are prepared from a single welded assembly,
the results for each individual specimen are to be reported.
may be determined by dividing the shear load per unit
length by the average actual throat dimensions of the
welds sheared.
8.7 Eccentric loading during testing will make the speci-
men more sensitive to certain defects such as weld discontinuities at the ends of the fillet welds.
7.3 Preparation. The data obtained from a fillet weld
shear strength specimen may be affected by certain preparation and testing variables. For the transverse specimen, the gap between the lapped plates should be
minimized to avoid magnification of stresses at the root
of the weld which would lower the observed strength of
the weldment. Nonuniformity of fillet weld contour will
affect the test values. The specimen is also sensitive to
any underbead cracking or undercut.
9. Report
In addition to the requirements of the applicable standard or other user specified requirements the report
should indicate the following:
(1) Specimen identification
(2) Welding procedure numberor identification
(3) Specimen type (longitudinal or transverse)
(4) Unit shear load
( 5 ) Shear strength
(6) Location of fracture
(7) Actual throat dimensions, if measured and weld
lengths
(8) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimen, fracture surfaces orprocedure
8. Procedure
Shear strength is derived using formulas from Figure
B10.
8.1 The length of weld and average leg dimension of
each weld shall be measured and reported. The theoretical throat is calculated from these dimensions.
42
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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I
I
k-
I
I
I
I
W
50mm
200 mm MIN
200 mm MIN-4
113 mm
56mmí2mm
56mrn*2mrn
I
I
I
I
(A) BEFORE MACHINING
Dimensions in mm
S. Size of weld
3
10
6
10
13
1, Thickness
13
20
25
T, Thickness
W, Width
10
20
25
31
75
75
75
88
NOTE 1
3 8 r n m i 2 m m H ~ ~ 3 8 r n m r 2 m m
I
UI
I
111
I I
NOTE 2
(B) AFTER MACHINING
Notes:
1. Slot machined through root of test fillet weld.
2. Depth of machined notch shall extend through thickness of lap plate.
Figure B&--Longitudinal Fillet Weld Shear Specimen
43
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
MACHINE CUT
ALONG THESE LINE-
DISCARD7
225 mm-4
,
,
;
i
-225
T = SPECIFIED SIZE OF
FILLET WELD(S)PLUS
AT LEAST 3 mm
S
S
I
I
I
I
S
T = SPECIFIED SIZE OF
FILLET WELD(S) PLUS
AT LEAST 3 mm
50 m m
í2mm
2T
S
Figure B9"I'ransverse Fillet WeldShear Specimen
1
J
THEORETICAL THROAT
CONVEX
THEORETICAL THROAT
CONCAVE
P
Ox a
where:
P =
P =
a =
t =
load
total length of filletweldsheared
theoreticalthroatdimension
shearstrength of weld
Figure! B10-Shear Strength Calculation
44
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
J
THEORETICAL THROAT
UNEQUAL LEG
Part C
Testing of Groove and Fillet Welds
Cl. Nick-Break Test
Note: This standard mayinvolve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport toaddress allof the safety problems associatedwith
its use. I t is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior io use.
1. Scope
1.1 This section covers nick-break testing of welds in
pipe or plate.
1.2 When anick-break test is required, the preparation of
the test specimens and the testing procedures shall conform to this standard.
2. Applicable Documents
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements or acceptance criteria.
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the following documents:
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following when
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials, welding personnel and
welding procedures
(2) Information, basis for inspection and fabrication
quality control when acceptance criteria have been
established
(3) Research and development
AWS
A2.4
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS
A3.0
Standard Welding Terms
and
Definitions
AWS
D10.12
Recommended
Practices and
Procedures for Welding LowCarbon Steel Pipe
API 1104
Welding
of
Pipelines Reand
lated Facilities
1.5 When thiistandard is used, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process used
(2) The specific tests and the number of specimens
that are required
(3) Base metal specification/identification
(4) Position of welding
( 5 ) Filler
metal
specification/identification (when
used)
(6) Location and orientation of the specimens
(7) Whether external weldreinforcement is tobe
notched
(8) Manner of breaking specimen
(9) Report form including type of data and observations to be made
(10) Acceptance criteria
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
3. Summary of Method
API
RP
Recommended
Pipe
Line
Maintenance Welding Practices
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
American Petroleum Institute (API)
1220 LStreet, Northwest
Washington, DC 20005
3.1 The specimen is fractured by one of three methods:
45
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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1107
AWS B4.OM:2000
(1) Specimens are broken by supporting the ends and
striking one side in the center with a hammer or by supporting oneend and striking the other with a hammer.
(2) Specimens are loaded in tension on a testing machine until fracture occurs.
(3) Specimens are broken by supporting the ends and
applying aload at the center of the opposite side.
4. Significance
4.1 The nick-break test is used to evaluate the proper
technique and welding parameters necessary to obtain
sound groove or fillet welded joints in pipe or plate. The
nick-break test is also used, on occasion, to verify (by
destructive testing) results obtained by nondestructive
techniques.
4.2 Nick-break tests are used to evaluate flash butt welds,
pressure welds, or inertia (friction) welds.
4.3 No significance is attached to the magnitude of the
load required for fracture.
5. Definitions andSymbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms and Definitions.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Apparatus shall be capable of firmly supporting the
specimen on one or both ends when fractured by use of a
hammer. See FiguresCl, C2, and C3.
6.2 Tests may also be performed either by loading in tension or three point bending.
7. Specimens
7.1 Specimens from Butt Welds.Nick-break specimens
shall be prepared by cutting the joint and the base metal
to form a rectangular cross section. The specimens may
be either machine cut or flame cut. Edges shall be relatively smooth and parallel and shall be notched with a
hacksaw or band saw or t h i n abrasive wheel (disc).
Notches are located as shown in Figure C4.
7.2 Full-Sized Specimens. Small weld assemblies may
be tested in their entirety using the complete assembly as
the specimen. In those cases, the assembly shall be
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
notched at the weld edges to a depth of approximately
3 mm and across the reinforcement to a depthof approximately 2 mm similar to that shown in Figure C4. These
may be modified to suit individual assemblies, but the
specimen configuration must be reported.
7.3 Specimens from Flash Butt Welds. Nick-break
specimens shall be prepared by cutting the joint and base
metal to form a rectangular cross section. The specimens
shall be as shown in Figure C5 and may either be machine or flame cut or cut by other suitable means.
The sides of the specimen may be macroetched to locate the bond line. The sides of the specimen shall be
notched along the bond line with a hacksaw, band saw,
t h i n abrasive wheel (disk) or by other suitable means.
Each notch shall be approximately 3 mm deep, however,
the depth of the notch shall not exceed 10 percent of the
weld thickness. For pipe and tube configurations of either curvilinear or rectangular cross sections, the inside
surface of the weld may also be notched in addition
to notching the external surfaces. The depth of these
notches shall not exceed 10 percent of the weld thickness. The weld reinforcement need not be removed prior
to notching. If the reinforcement will be removedfor service, but remain for testing, the notch shall extend
through the thickness of the reinforcement and into the
weld to a depth in the weld not exceeding 10 percent of
the weld thickness. If the reinforcement will remain on
the weld in service, the depth of the notch from the reinforcement surface shall not exceed 10 percent of the
weld thickness. See Figure C5.
7.4 Specimens from Fillet Welds. There are different
types of nick-break test specimens for testing fillet
welded joints.
7.4.1 Pipe branch connections are tested using machinecut or flame-cut specimens from the crotch areas and
90 degrees from crotch (point) areas as shown in Figure
C6. The specimensshould be approximately 50 mm wide
and 75 mm in length and notched as shown in Figure C6.
7.4.2 Pipesleevetype
connections(Figure C7) are
tested using machine-cut or flame-cut specimens equally
spaced around the circumference. The specimens should
be at least 75 mm wide and 150 mm long and notched as
shown i n Figure C7.
7.43 Plate fillet welded joints are tested by machinecut or flame-cutspecimens from a lap joint design shown
in Figure C8. The specimens should be approximately
75 mm wide and 150 mm long and notched as shown in
Figure C8.
AWS B4.OM:2000
8. Procedure
If any of these discontinuitiesexceed the specified limits,
this should also be reported.
8.1 The specimens shall be broken by supporting the
ends and striking or applying aload to the opposite side,
by supporting one end and striking the other end with a
hammer or by pulling in a tensile machine.
When a hammer is used to fracture the specimen, one
side is hit twice and then the specimen is turned 180 degrees and the other side is hit twice. This procedure is
continued until the specimen is broken.
9. Report
In addition to reporting the test results as required by
the applicable documents, the report shall also include
the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Welding procedure (process and parameters)
(4) Testing procedure
(5) Fracture appearance
(6) Number, type, size and location of inclusions or
discontinuities in the fracture surface
(7)Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimen or procedure
8.2 After breaking, the fractured faces (in the as-broken
condition) of the specimen shall be examined visually for
discontinuities, usually, for incomplete joint penetration,
incomplete fusion, porosity, cracksand slag inclusions.
The presence of any of these or other observed discontinuities shall be reported. Also reported should be the
size, spacingand number of the observed discontinuities.
47
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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AWS B4.OM:2000
BREAKING
LOAD
1
L"-
WIDTH AS NEEDED
I
I
'I
I
I
I
I
I
(B) END VIEW
(A) FRONT VIEW
Figure Cl-Nick-Break Testing Fixture Made Out of 150 mm Pipe
48
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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S T D - A W S BII-OM-ENGL 2000 D 07842b5 0517b87 9blr
AWS B4.OM:2000
STRIKE SPECIMEN ON BOTH SIDES
6
STRIKE WITH HAMMER
TO BREAK SPECIMEN
HAMMER FORCE
Figure CSTesting of Fillet Welded Specimens
49
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AWS B4.0M:2000
NOTCH CUT BY HACKSAW
3 mm APPROX
20 mm MIN
3 mm APPROX
WELD REINFORCEMENT SHOULD
NOT BE REMOVED ON EITHER
SIDE OF SPECIMEN
225 mm MIN
2 m m 1mm A p p R o x 7 Y
/
NOTE: NOTCH NOT DRAWNTO SCALE
/
OPTIONAL NICK-BREAK TEST SPECIMEN FOR
MECHANIZED OR SEMIAUTOMATIC WELDING
Figure C4-Nick-Break Test Specimen
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS 84.OM:2000
mm APPRoX
1
/-
CUT
T
50 mm
3 m m APPROX
t
225 m m MIN
TRANSVERSE NOTCH SHOULD
NOT EXCEED 10% IN DEPTH OF
THE THICKNESSOF THE WEL
WELD REINFORCEMENT S H O U L W
NOT BE REMOVED ON EITHER
SIDE OF SPECIMEN
Figure C5-Specimen for Flash Butt Welds
51
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AWS B4.0M:2000
r
POINT SPECIMEN:
TAKE ONE SPECIMEN
FROM EACH SIDE
CROTCH SPECIMEN:
TAKE ONE SPECIMEN
FROM EACH SIDE
I
I
(A) LOCATIONOF SPECIMENS
c
SAW CUT
2 mm DEEP
H F
SAW CUT 2 mm DEEP
FLAME
CUT
1-
-4
APPROX
50 mm
(B) POINT SPECIMEN
(C) CROTCH SPECIMEN
Figure CWpecimens for Nick-Break Testof Branch Joint Connections
52
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AWS B4.OM:2000
FLAME CUT N O T C H 7
3 mm DEEP SAW CUT
1
Figure C7-Pipe Sleeve Test Specimen
53
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AWS B4.OM:2000
L
FLAME CUT NOTCH
3 mm DEEP SAW CUT
7\
Figure CLFillet Welded Plate Specimen
54
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AWS B4.OM:2000
C2. Hardness Tests
1. Scope
ASTM E 10
Standard Test
Method for Brinell
Hardness of Metallic Materials.
ASTM E 18
Standard Test
Methods
for
Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
Metallic Materials.
1.2 When hardness tests are required, test specimen
preparation and testing procedures shall conform to this
standard.
ASTM E 92
Standard Test
Method
for
Vickers Hardness of Metallic
Materials.
1 3 This standard doesnot specify acceptance criteria.
ASTM E 110
Standard TestMethod for Indentation Hardness of Metallic
Materials by Portable Hardness
Testers.
ASTM E 384
Standard TestMethod for Microhardness of Materials.
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
1.1 This section covers the indentation hardness testing
of welds. Test methods include the Brinell, Rockwell,
Vickers and Knoop hardness tests.
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
through assessment of mechanical and metallurgical
properties, as specified
(2) Information, basis for acceptance and manufacturing quality control where criteria for mechanical properties are requested
(3) Research and development
The sources for these documents are the following:
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
1.5 When this standard is used the following information
shall be furnished:
(1) The specific type of test and number of specimens
required
(2) The specific locationand
orientation oftest
specimens
(3) The specific locations within a test specimen to be
tested and number of tests (indentations) required and
surface preparation
(4) Base metal specificatiordidentification
(5) Filler metal specification/identification.
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3. Summary of Method
A calibrated machine forces an indentor, of specified
geometry and under a predetermined load, into the surface of the test specimen and some measure of the resultant impression is expressed as a specific measure of
hardness.
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport toaddress allof the safetyproblems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
4. Significance
Hardness tests provide quantitative data which can be
compared, analyzed, and used in the design of welding
procedures. Hardness tests may also be used in the analysis of weld failures. The Brinell (Elo), Rockwell (E18),
and Vickers (E92) tests produce relatively large indentations and are used for evaluating the weld joint and unaffected base metal. The microhardness tests, Knoop and
Vickers (E384), which produce relatively small indentations, are widely used for hardness measurements in
cross sections of welds, heat-affected zones, or extremely
localized weld areas.
When selecting a hardness testmethod for use on
weld overlays, the thickness of the overlays and the base
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
ASTM E 3
Standard Methods of Preparation
of Metallographic Specimens.
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7.3 Hardness tests should be performed on surfaces prepared in accordance
applicable
with
the specification.
Weld-metal hardness tests are permitted only on weld
joint cross sections orlocal areas of the weld reinforceprepared ment
before testing.
metal must be within the ASTM recommendation for the
particular hardness testing technique.
5. Definitions
Thewelding terms used in this section are in accordance with AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions.
7.4 Applicableprecautionsshouldbeplaced
of portable hardness test methods.
6. Apparatus
8. Procedure
Theapparatus for conducting the various hardness
tests shall be in accordance with the applicable ASTM
standard test method:
( 1 ) Brinell, E10
(2) Rockwell, El8
(3) Vickers, E92
(4) Microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), E384
( 5 ) Portable Hardness, El 10
Test procedures for measuring hardness in weldments
shall be in accordance with the applicable ASTM Standard Test Method:
(1) Brinell, El0
on the use
(2) Rockwell, E18
(3) Vickers, E92
(4) Microhardness (Knoop and Vickers), E384
( 5 ) Portable Hardness, El 10
7. Specimens
9. Report
All requirements ofthe applicable ASTM standard
test methods, except those modified by the following sections, shall apply.
In addition to the requirements of the applicable documents (Section 2), the report shall include the following:
(1) Base metal specification
(2) Filler metal specification
(3) Type of welded joint or surfacingweld
(4)Welding procedure (process and parameters)
(5) Type of test equipment
(6) Specimen location and orientation
(7) Indentor and load, when specified
(8) Location of impressions
(9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimen or procedure
(1 0) Test results
7.1 Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell hardness test methods
are generally used to evaluate unaffected base metal and
weld metal, unless otherwise specified. In order to qualify as avalid weld metal hardness test, the edge of an impression shall be no closer than three times the major
dimension of an indentation from the edge of the prepared area of the reinforcement on welded assemblies or
from the weld interface line.
7.2 Vickers and Knoop microhardness test methods are
the recommended test methods for fine-scale traverse
across single or multiple weld regions, unless otherwise
specified.
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Part D
Stud Weld Tests
1. Scope
Note: This standardmay involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to address all of the safety pmblems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establishappropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicabilityof any regulatory limitatwns
prior to use.
1.1 This section covers mechanical testing of stud welds.
1.2 When testing of stud welds is required, the procedure
shall conform to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not specify requirements oracceptance criteria.
1.4 This standard is applicable to the following, when
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials, welding operators and
welding procedures
(2) Information, basis ofinspectionandfabrication
quality control (when acceptance criteria have been
established)
(3) Research and development
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the following documents:
1.5 When this standard is used, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) The specific tests and number of specimens that
are required
(2) Base metal specification/identification
(3) Position of welding
(4) Stud analyses or specification (part number) or
both
( 5 ) Weld parameters including current and time and
type of power supply
(6) Type of testing
(a) Bend testing: the maximum angle ofbend
must be specified.
(b) Torque testing: the torque to be used must be
specified.
(7) Acceptance criteria
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS
A3.0
Standard Welding Terms
and
Definitions
AWSRecommended
C5.4
Practices
for
Stud Welding
AWS D1.l
Structural Welding Code-Steel
The sourcefor these documents is the following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3. Summary of Method
3.1 The specimen is tested by one of two methods:
(1) The stud is bent by striking with a hammer or
1.6 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI ZA9.1, Safe9 in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
bending it using a length of tube or pipe.
(2) A tensile load is applied to the stud using an appropriate fixture. This commonly is accomplished by use
of a torque wrench anda stand-off sleeve.
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4. Significance
8. Procedure
4.1 Mechanical testing of arc welded studs is used toThe
evaluateweld soundness, tensilepropertiesandductilityPart
of the stud weld.
followingaretwo
D, 1.5.
test procedures as specified in
8.1 Bend Testing. The required number of welded specimens shall be tested by bending the required number of
degrees from their original axis. Bending may be doneby
striking the stud with a hammer or by bending it using a
length of tube or pipe as shown in Figure D l .
4.2 These tests are primarily used as a welding procedure
qualification method to evaluate welding parameters and
surface preparation.
5. Definitions andSymbols
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms andDefinitions.
6. Apparatus
Apparatus used shall be capable of firmly holding the
test assembly and applying the bending force or torque as
needed.
8.2 Torque Testing. The required number of stud welded
specimens shall be tested by applying a torque using
equipment as shown in Figure D2.
A steelsleeve or washers, of appropriate sizeare
placed over the stud. A nut of the same material as the
stud is tightened against the washer bearing on the
sleeve, using a torque wrench. Tightening the nut applies
the tensile load to the weld. Torque is applied until the
specified level is reached or the weld fails. The results of
this test may be significantly affected by friction. Care
should be taken to minimize this effect.
7. Specimens
9. Report
7.1 Test specimens shall be prepared by welding the
studs being tested (qualified)to specimen plates of the
appropriate base metal as specified in Part D, 1.5.
ments, the report shall include the following:
In addition to therequirements of applicable docu(1) Test results andobservations
(2) The information listed in Part D, 1.5.
(3) Drawings showing shapes and dimensions of studs
and arc shields
7.2 Test specimens shall be made using the appropriate
automatic timing, voltage, current and gun settings for
lift and plunge as recorded in Part D, 1.5.
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NOTE: THE DIMENSION SHALL BE APPROPRIATE TO THE SIZE OF
THE STUD.THETHREADSOFTHE STUD SHALLBECLEANAND FREE
OF LUBRICANT OTHER THAN THE RESIDUE OF CUTTING OIL.
Figure D2-Equipment for Applying a Tensile Load to a Welded Stud Using Torque
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STD-AWS B4-0M-ENGL 2000 m 078112b5 0519b99 b3b
AWS 84.0M:2000
Part E
Weldability Testing
The term weldability is the capacity of material to be
welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a
specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in the intended service. There are many variables i n the design, fabrication and erection of real
structures as these affect the metallurgical response to
welding. No single test or combination of tests can duplicate the conditions of a real structure. Laboratory weldability tests can only provide an index to compare
different metals, procedures and processes.
Within these limitations, weldability testing can provide valuable data on new alloys, welding procedures
and welding processes. Numerous weldability tests have
been devised, all of which canbe classifiedas either simulated tests or actual welding tests.
The tests included in this section are the Controlled
Thermal Severity (CTS)Test, Cruciform Test, Implant
Test, Lehigh Restraint Test, Varestraint Test, and the Oblique Y-Groove Test.
Part E
Weldability Testing Methods
Weldability Tests
Controlled Thermal Severity( C E )Test
Application
Assesses the effectof chemical composition and cooling rate
on hardness and hydrogen
cracking susceptibility.
Cruciform
Assesses
Test
hydrogen
cracking
inwelding
applications.
fillet
in HAZ of weldment.
Implant
Mcasures
Tcstsusceptibility
hydrogen
tocracking
Lehigh
Rcstraint
Test
Chardctcrizes
the
degree
restraint
of necessary
produce
to weld
metal
cracking.
Varcstraint
Test
Asscsscs hot
susceptibility.
cracking
Obliquc Y-Groove
Test
Acccsscs
susceptibility
to weld
HAZ
and
cracking.
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El. Controlled Thermal Severity
(CTS) Test
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made tothe latest edition of the following documents:
1. Scope
1.1The controlled thermal severity (CTS) test is used for
measuring the susceptibility to weld metal and heataffected zone (HAZ) hydrogen cracking
of carbon, carbonmanganese and low-alloy steels. While the primary application is to evaluate base-metal composition, it also
may be used to evaluate the effects of welding consumables, welding heat input and preheat, postweld heat
treatment, or both, on HAZ crack susceptibility.
1.2 This standardis applicable to the following:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified
( 2 ) Information, basis of acceptance and manufacturing and quality control
(3) Research and development.
1.3 The use of this test is restricted to base-metal thicknesses 6 mm or greater.
AWS A2.4
Standard
Symbols
for Welding
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
AWS A4.3
Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
Metal Produced by Arc Welding
ASTM E 3
Standard Methods of Preparation
of Metallographic Specimens
ASTM E 92
Standard Method
Test
for
Vickers Hardness of Metallic
Materials
The sourceof these documents is the following:
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
1O0 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process
(2) Base-metal specification/identification and actual
chemical composition
(3) State of heat treatment
(4) Base-metal thickness
(5) Base-metal rolling direction, if possible
(6) Fillermetal specification/identification,diameter
and any pre-welding treatment, e.g., baking temperature
and time
(7) Type and flow rate ofany shielding gas used
(8) All welding parameters
(9) Appropriate preheat and postheat temperatures, if
required
(10) Report form including specific data to be recorded
and observations to be made
(1 1) Acceptance criteria, if applicable.
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3. Summary of Method
3.1 The test specimen consists of two plates clamped together with a bolt through a hole in the center of each
plate. One plate is square while the other is oblong,
slightly wider, and about three times the length of the
square plate. Two anchor weldsprovide further restraint.
3.2 Two test fillet welds are deposited between the two
plates. The specimen is cooled to ambient temperature
before the second test weld is deposited.
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
3.3 The test welds are sectioned and examined for cracks.
Hardness measurements are made of both the weld metal
and the HAZ.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
4. Significance
4.1 This test is used to evaluate the susceptibility of the
weld metal and HAZ to hydrogen cracking (cold cracking). The important variables that can be investigated
using t h i s test include the base metal and weld metal
compositions, the condition (dryness, cleanliness) of the
62
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07842b5 0539703 014
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welding electrode or filler wire,the effect of preheating
or postheating, the welding parameters and heat input.
Although this test is used most frequently for manual
shielded metal arc welding, it may be used with other
welding processes.
greater than that of the base metal. Single or multipass
welds may be used to achieve the specified weld size.
7.3 The gap in the root of the joint in which the test
welds will be deposited simulates the root gap typically
used in the production welds.
7.4 At least 12 hours should elapse between deposition
5. Definitions andSymbols
of the restraining welds and deposition of the test welds.
5.1 The welding terms used in this standard are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions. Unless otherwise cited,
8. Procedure
the following designationsare used:
8.1 Test welds are deposited using the welding condi-
tions of interest. The welds are deposited in the flat position using a welding fixture similar to that shown in
Figure El or other suitable means. If the test requires
preheat or postheat, this should be provided by placing
the specimen in a furnace to achieve uniform heating of
the entire specimen. The test weld is single pass extending the full length of the joint but not extending beyond
the ends of the top plate. Current, voltage and travel
speed should be measured for calculation of the welding
heat input.
T = thickness of specimen plates
2a, 2b, 3a, etc. = faces of sections cut from test weld
(See Figure E4)
6. Apparatus
6.1 A simple fixture (FigureEl) is used to hold the specimen so the test fillet welds may be deposited in the flat
position. A flowing water bath about 60 mm deep in a
shallow tray is used to cool the specimen after depositing
each of the test welds (Figure E2).
8.2 As soon as the first test weld is deposited, the specimen should be cooled by placing the end of thespecimen
opposite to the welded end in a bath of flowing water
(Figure E2). This is done to simulatethe cooling effectof
a large assembly as would be encountered in production
applications. The water temperature should not exceed
30°C. After the assembly has cooled to ambient, it is removed from the cooling bath and held at ambient temperature for 72 hours. It is then replaced in the welding
fixture for deposition of the second test weld.
7. Specimens
7.1 The test specimen is shown in Figure E3. The test
specimen should be dry and free of rust or oil. The mini-
mum plate thickness is 6 mm. The mating surfaces of the
two plates should be machined or surfaceground to provide intimate contact between these parts. The surface
finish on the mating surfaces should be 4 micrometers R,
maximum. In the area where the test weld is to be deposited, the surface finish should be 6 micrometers R, maximum. This finish is essential to provide good heat transfer
and the necessary restraint for the test welds. When it is
possible to identify the rolling direction of the material
being tested, the parts should be cut and assembled with
the rolling direction as shown. The bolt should be tightened to a torque of 100 % 5 Newton meters.
8.3 The second test weld is deposited on the unwelded
side of the plate. The second test weld may be made
using the same or different welding parameters or consumables. In this way, two test welds with different welding conditions may be made using the same specimen
assembly. The assembly is cooled to ambient in the water
bath, using the technique described in paragraph 8.2, removed and held for another 72 hours.
8.4 If the welding procedure requires postweld heat treatment, it should be applied to the specimen immediately
after completion of each test weld and before cooling in
the water bath.
7.2 Assembly of the test specimen is completed by mak-
ing the restraining welds. The restraining welds should
be started and stopped just short of the root of the notch
in the top plate. The restraining weld size should be the
following:
Plate thickness
c16 mm
216 mm
8.5 The test weld is removed from the specimen by sawing as indicated in Figure E4. The test weld is sectioned
preferably using a water cooled abrasive cut-off wheel.
Cuts are made at locations one-fourth, one-half and
three-fourths of the test weld length. The faces of the
sections to be examined are etched to define the weld
metal and HAZ and examined for cracks at 50X.
Weld size
6 mm
13 mm
The restraining welds should be deposited using electrodes or filler wire with a yield strength equal to or
63
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8.6 Either Face 2b or 3a (Figure E4) is examined first. If
pression is fully contained within the coarse grain porThe number and length of cracks is also
any cracks are detected that are less than S percent of the tion of the HAZ.
reported.
leglength, this section is reported as “not cracked” and
the examination of the remaining faces continues until
8.8 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hycracks are found or all six faces are found to be crack
drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
free per the above 5 percent criterion. If a crack is deshall
be performed for each welding process and contected that is longer than 5 percent of the leg length, this
sumable
in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
section is reported as “cracked” and no further examihydrogen
determination shall be performed under the
nations are conducted. Number and length of cracks are
as the test weld.
same
conditions
reported.
~~
8.7 It is standard practice to measure and report the hardnesses of the weld metal and HAZ. Typically, Vickers
hardnesses (2.5,5, or 10 kg load) of one of the faces are
measured at the locations indicated in Figure ES. The
load that is used shall be chosen so that the hardness im-
9. Report
Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E6.
64
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"
- "
Notes:
1. The specimen end that is immersed in the water cooling bath always is the end opposite to the end containing the test weld being
cooled.
2. Water depth (D) should be approximately60 mm.
Figure E2-Cooling Bath Arrangement for CTS Test
66
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STDaAWS Bq-OH-ENGL 2000
0784265 0539705 7bT D
AWS B 4 . O M 2 0 0 0
r 13 mm DIA. BOLT
r RESTRAINING WELDS
75 mm
113 mm
TEST WELD NO. 2
Notes:
1. Welds are placed on sides opposite cooling bath.
2. Mating surfaces shouldbe no rougher than 4 micrometers R,.
Figure E3- CTS Test Specimen
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AWS EWOM:2000
WELDING
DIRECTION
/A
FACES a AND b POLISHED AND
EXAMINED FOR CRACKING
RESTRAINING
WELDS
Figure E4-Sectioning of CTS Specimen
Figure ES-Typical Location of Vickers Hardness Impressions
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CTS TEST RESULTS
Company
Name
of
Jobnest No.
Description of Investigation
Base Metal Specification
Thickness
No.
Heat
Treatment
Metal Heat
Base
Composition:
C
si
Mn
-P
S
Cr
Mo
Ni
V
Cu
Nb
Ca
0
Ti
Al
N
-
Procedure
Welding Process
Welding
Spec. No.
Weld
Restraining
Weld
Test
ElectrodeMlire Spec. No.
Commercial Designation
Diameter
Baking Treatment
Shielding Gas (incl. Dew Point)/Flux
TEST WELD
Gas Flow Rate
Flux Size
current
Preheat Temp.
Voltage
Postweld Heat Treatment
Polarity
Ambient Temp.
Travel Speed
Ambient Humidity
Heat Input
Water Bath Temp.
Date
Hydrogen Determination Method
Result
Results:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Remarks
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure E6"Suggested Data Sheet for CTS Test
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AWS B4.OM:2000
E2. Cruciform Test
1. Scope
AWS
A2.4
Standard Symbols for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
1.1 The cruciform test is used to measure the susceptibility to hydrogen cracking of steel weldments, primarily
focusing on fillet welds. While the primary application is
to evaluate base-metal composition, the test also may be
used to evaluate the effects of welding consumables;
welding heat input and preheating, postheating,or both,
on cracking susceptibility.
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
AWS A 4 3
Standard
Methods
for Deterrnination of the Diffusible Hydrogen
Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
1.2 This standardis applicable to the following:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified
(2) Information, basis of acceptance or manufacturing
and quality control
(3) Research and development
The sources for these documents are the following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) The test shall not be used for base metal less than
10 mm thick.
(2) Close control ofthe welding parameters is required as the results of this test may be affected more by
differences in parameters than in cracking susceptibility.
3. Summary of Method
3.1 The test specimen consists of three plates tack
welded at their ends to form a doubleT-joint (Figure E7).
3.2 A single or multipass fillet weld is deposited in succession in each of the four T-joints. Each test weld is allowed to cool to ambient temperature prior to depositing
the subsequent weld. After the fourth weld is completed,
the specimen is given any specified postweld treatment.
1.4 The following information shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process
(2) Base-metal specification/identification and actual
chemical composition
(3) Filler metal specification/identification,size, and any
prewelding treatment e.g., baking time and temperature
(4) Type and flow rateof any shielding gasused
(5) All welding parameters
(6) Appropriate preheating and postheating treatments used
(7) Acceptance criteria, if applicable.
(8) The number of cross sectionsto be examined.
3.3 The completed welds are examined visually forany
external cracks, and the specimen is sectioned transversely for metallographic examination for hydrogen
cracks.
4. Significance
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
This test is relatively severe for detecting hydrogen
cracks. As a result, the test may be more sensitive to variations in the welding conditions than to any differences
in the cracking susceptibility of the base metals being examined. Therefore, the welding conditions must be very
closely controlled to avoid any variations that may lead
to incorrect results. Multiple specimens are required
to help assure reliable measurement of the cracking
susceptibility.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport toaddress all of the safetyproblems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior to use.
5. Definitions and Symbols
2. Applicable Documents
The welding terms used in this standard are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Srandard
Welding Terms and Definitions.
Reference should be made to the latest edition of following documents:
70
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6. Apparatus
8.5 I f the welding procedure requires preheating, the
specimen shall be preheated before depositing each test
weld. If postweld heat treatment is required, this treatment shall be applied to the test weldment immediately
after completion of welding and before cooling to arnbient temperatures. If no postweld heat treatment is required, the as-welded specimen shall be aged at ambient
temperatures for 48 hours.
Evaluation for the presenceofhydrogen
cracks requires the use of metallographic equipment to section
and prepare the specimen for examination.
7. Specimens
8.6 After postweld heat treatmentor aging, the test weldment is sectioned and examined for cracks. Sections
(Figure E8) are cut transversely from the test weldment,
preferably by using a water-cooled abrasive cut-off
wheel. Each section shall be identified as to its location
in the test weldment. The four quadrants corresponding
to the fabricationsequence shall be identified. No section
shall be located closer than 25 mm from the end of the
test weld.
7.1 The test specimen is shown in Figure E7. The minimum base-plate thickness is 10 mm. The two surfaces of
Plate A and the mating edges of Plates B and C are
ground smooth prior to assembly. This finish is essential
to ensure intimate contact and good heat transfer between these surfaces during weldingof the assembled
specimen. The specimen is assembled and securely
clamped. The plates are tack welded, and then theclamps
are removed.
8.7 One face of each section is polished with metallographic paper (240 FEP Standard series), etched, and
examined at 50X. The presence and location of any
cracks shall be recorded.
7.2 The suggested dimensionsof the specimen plates are
the following:
75
Plate A: length
width
300 mm
150 m m
Plates B and C:
length
width
300 mm
8.8 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hydrogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
shall be performed for each welding process and consumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
same conditionsas the test weld.
mm
8. Procedure
8.1 Test welds are deposited in the sequence shown in
Figure E7. All welding shall be done in the flat (1 F) position using a mechanized process to maintain close control of the welding parameters. If the shielded metal arc
process is used, it is recommended that the covered electrodes be fed into the arc mechanically rather than manually to maintain uniform parameters.
9. Report
9.1 The test results that typically are reported are the
following:
(1) Basemetaland
filler metal identification and
chemical composition
(2) Base metal (specimen) thickness
(3) Welding parameters
(4) Any preheating and/orpostweld heat treatment
(5) Fillet weld size and weld bead size for multipass
welds
(6) Identification of each section cut from the specimen and each test weld in the section
(7) Presence and location of any
cracks in each test
weld in each section.
(8) Results of diffusible hydrogen test.
8.2 All test welds are deposited in the same direction of
travel. Each weld is made without any arc interruptions,
and the craters at the ends of the test welds are filled before the arc is extinguished. The same welding parameters are used for each test weld, and each weld shall be of
the same size.
8.3 In some situations, a multipass test weld may be desired. The sequencefor depositing the individual passes
of a multipass weld is indicated in Figure E7.
8.4 I f weld metal cracking occurs i n any of the test
welds, the test shall be discontinued and the location and
extent of cracking noted on the test record sheet.
9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E9.
71
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
S T D - A W S B 4 - O H - E N G L 2000
= 078V2b5 0517710 O27 D
AWS B4.OM:2000
GROUND
SURFACE
SEQUENCE FOR DEPOSITING TEST WELDS
Figure E7"Cruciform Test Assembly
72
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
3oo mn,
4
LTACK
WELD
NOTE: NUMBER OF CUTS MAY VARY.
Figure Eg”Locations of Specimens for Examination of Cracks in CruciformTest
73
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
CRUCIFORM TEST RESULTS
Company
Name
Jobnest No.
of
Sheet
Description of Investigation
Metal
ntHeat
Base
Metal
Base
Composition:
Ni
si
v
AI
N
C
g No.
Mn - P
Cu
B
Nb
S
Ca
Cr
Mo
Ti
-
Spec.
Procedure
Welding
Electrodewire
No.
Spec.
Name Commercial
Diameter
(incl. Gas
Shielding
Dew Point)
Flow Rate
Shielding Flux
Flux Size
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel
Heat
Weld
Test
on
Hydrogen
Temp.
Ambient
Number of Weld Beads
Result
Weld Pass Identification:
n
Results:
Result
(C or NC)
WeldISection
No.
Crack Location
and Length
I
WeldISection
No.
I
I
(C or NC)
Crack Location
and Length
I
~~~
I
I
l
I
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure E9”Suggested Data Sheet for Cruciform Test
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
Result
I
S T D - A W S Bq*OH-ENGL 2000
AWS B4.OM:2000
E3. Implant Test
1. Scope
1.1 The implant test is used to evaluate the susceptibility
of low-alloy steels to hydrogen-assisted cracking. The
test may be used to evaluate the effects on HAZ cracking
susceptibility of welding consurnables, weldingheat input, preheating, postheating, or both.
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
where specific acceptance standardshave been specified
(2) Information, basis of acceptance ormanufacturing
and quality control
(3) Research and development.
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) This testis
applicable only to HAZ cracking
caused by hydrogen
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished:
(1) Base metal identification; specification
(2) Implant metal identification; specification
(3) Filler
metal
identification; specification and
classification
(4) Specific type and number of specimens required
(5) Anticipated strength property values
(6) Report form when required
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
AWS A4.3
Standard Methodsfor Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen
Content of Martensitic, Bainitic,
and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal
Produced by Arc Welding
The sourcesfor these documents are the following:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
American Society ForTesting and Materials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3. Summary of Method
Implant testing of welded joints is performed using a
threaded rod welded into a closely fitted hole in the test
plate. A tensile load is applied to the rod after welding.
The load is maintained until failure or for 24 hours. Failure at low stresses or short times is a qualitative indication of susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking.
4. Significance
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport to addressall of the safev problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
4.1 The implant test provides a measureof resistance to
hydrogen-assisted cracking (cold cracking) in the HA2
of a weldment.
2. Applicable Documents
5. Definitions and Symbols
Reference shouldbe made to the latest edition of the following documents:
The welding symbols and terms used in this section
are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbolsfor Welding, Brazing, andNondestructive Examination, and AWS A3.0, Standard Welding
Terms andDefinitions.
ANSVASME B46.1 Surface Texture
ASTM E 4
Verification of Testing
Machines
ASTM E 8
Tension
Testing
Materials
AWS A2.4
Standard
Symbols
for Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
of
4.2 The implant test may be used to select the appropri-
ate base metal/welding consumable combinationto provide the desired cracking-resistance properties in the aswelded condition.
Metallic
6. Apparatus
6.1 Apparatus for the performance of this test must pro-
vide a means of applying and measuring a tensile load on
AWS B4.OM:2000
8.6 The lower critical stress is the highest stress at which
no fracture occurs.
the specimen and a means to record time to failure. If
specified, a means to record acoustical emissions during
the test shall be provided.
8.7 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hy6.2 The tensile load maybe applied by a tensile testing
drogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
machine, a hydraulic or mechanical mechanism, or the
shall be performed for each welding process and conapplication of a known dead weight to the specimen. When
sumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
direct measurement is used, the instrument used shall be
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
as thetestweld.
calibrated in accordance with ASTM E 4. When a dead same conditions
weight is used, the weight shall be calibrated in accordance with applicable national standards.
9. Report
6.3 CAUTION: A restraining clamp shall
he employed to
prevent potentially hazardous elastic rebound of the implant
specimen
when failure
occurs.
9.1 In addition to the requirements of applicable documents (see Section 2.), the report shall
include
the following for each specimen tested:
(1) Base material specification
(2) Implant material specification
(3) Filler material specification/classifrcation
(4) Welding procedure (processand parameters)
( 5 ) Specimen type (implant and base plate)
(6) Results of loading test
(a) Load applied
(b) Elapsed time to application of load
(c) Lower critical stress (if required)
(d) Notch tensile stress (if required)
(e) Location and time to fracture
( f ) Acoustical emissions (if required)
(7) Ambient temperature
(8) Relative humidity
(9) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
specimens orprocedure.
(10) Results of diffusible hydrogen test
7. Specimens
7.1 The test specimen consists of a steel rod fitted into a
clearance hole in the center of a specimen plate, with the
top of the rod flush with the top of the surface of the
specimen plate (see Figure Elo).
7.2 The rod shall be between 6 mm and 10 mm in diameter and shall be either threaded or notched. Thethreaded
rod i s considered the preferable configuration. When
threaded, the thread shall be a unified national fine
(UNF) Class 1 thread, 14 mm long, consistent with the
diameter of the rod. The circular notch may be machined
in the rod in lieu of the thread. The notch is located so as
to coincide with the coarse-grained HA2 below the weld.
73 The minimum recommended specimen plate dimensions are 150 mm wide by 200 mm long by 14 mm thick.
9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E 1 2
8. Procedure
8.1 The rod shall be positioned in the clearance hole in
the specimen plate so that the top of the rod is flush with
the surface of the plate.
10. Commentary
8.2 A weld bead shall be deposited on the top of the
specimen plate directly over the rod and hole.
8.3 The compteted weldment shall be placed in the apparatus, and the load shall be applied within three minutes
of the completion of welding. The elapsedtime between
the completion of welding and the application of the load
shall be recorded.
8.4 The load shall be maintained until failure or for 24
hours. Time to failure may be recorded by any suitable
means.
8.5 Notch tensile stress is equal to the load divided by the
cross-sectional area of the implant. The area is determined by using the root diameter of the thread or notch.
76
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
If a series of tests over an appropriate stress range is
made, the data may be plotted, stress versus time to failure, in order to obtain a curve similar to the one shown in
Figure El 1. The relative position of this curve is a measure of the hydrogen cracking susceptibility of the tested
base metal/welding procedure combination. A number
of
variations of this test appear in the literature. The most
common variation is the thread versus the notch, which
are both permitted in this standard. Some researchers
have cooled the weldment in water before loading but
this practice does not seem to be prevalent, and the practice is not covered in this standard. Specimen dimensions
reported in the literature are often a mix of SI (metric)
and U.S. Customary Units. SI Units are used in this standard. Standard thread sizes ,have been specified in an effort to standardize and facilitate this test.
S T D - A U S B'l*OM-ENGL 2 0 0 0
078112b5 0537735 b u 9
AWS B4.OM:2000
L SPECIMEN PLATE
r 14 mm MIN THICKNESS
7
SPECIMEN-SEE 7.2
SEE
FIXTURE
TO SUIT
NOTE
SPECIMEN ENDTO SUIT
LOAD
NOTE: BEADON PLATE WELD OVER SPECIMEN
Figure E l h I m p l a n t Test Specimen and Fixture
77
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
T
LOWER
CRITICAL
STRESS
O
O
1
~
____)
____)
TIME TO FAILURE
I
1O00
O00
1
MINUTES
NOTE: SOLID DOTS = FAILURE;
OPEN DOTS = NO FAILURE.
Figure Ell”Qpica1 Data for Implant Test Series
78
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
S T D * A W S BII*OM-ENGL 2000
078II2b5 0 5 1 9 7 1 7 481
AWS B4.OM:2000
IMPLANT TEST RESULTS
Company
Jobnest No.
Name
of
Description of Investigation
Identification Base Metal
Test Plate Sue
Bare Metal Composition:
s
C
V
Metal
Ni
AI
Mn
-P
S
Cr
Mo
Nb
Ca
B
Ti
-P
- Nb
S
Cr
Mo
Mo
N
si
SI
N
Ca
Mn
Mn
-
Welding Electrode/Wire Specification
Commercial
Baking Treatment
Spec.
Procedure
Welding Process
Welding
No.
(incl.Shielding
Gas
GasPoint)Dew
Shielding
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Travel Speed
Heat Input
on
-
Implant
Groove
Implant Metal Composition:
C
NiCr
AI
ion
si
Flow Rate
Hydrogen
Result
Results:
Specimen No.
Applied Load
kg
Time, Weld to
Load Application,
seconds
Applied Stress
MPa
Fracture
Location
Method of Fracture Determination
Lower Critical Stress
Notch Tensile Strength
Remarks
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure El2”Suggested Data Sheet for ImplantTest
79
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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Time to Fracture,
hrs:min
AWS B4.OM:2000
E4. Lehigh Restraint Test
AWS
A2.4
Standard Symbols for Welding
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
AWS A4.3
Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
Metal Produced by Arc Welding
1. Scope
1.1 The Lehigh Restraint Test is used to create quantitative data on solidification orhydrogen cracking susceptibility of deposited weld metal. The quantitative measure
of weld crack susceptibilitythat is provided by this test is
the degree of restraint that is required to produce a weldmetal crack.
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following:
(1) Investigation of the cracking susceptibility of plate
materials
(2) Research and development
The source for these documents is the following:
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) The test is applicable only to materials in plate
form.
(2) Large amounts of base metal are required.
(3) A series of specimens must be tested to obtain a
crack susceptibility index.
(4) Significantspecimen preparation is required.
3. Summary of Method
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3.1 A test weld is deposited in a machined groove in a
series of flat plate test specimens. Each specimen of the
series is designed to provide a different amount of restraint to the test weld.
1.4 The following information shall be furnished:
(1) Welding process
(2) Base metal specification including actual chemical
composition
(3) Base metal thickness
(4) Filler metal specification and chemical composition of deposited weld metal
(5) All welding parameters
(6) Appropriate preheat or postheat temperatures if
required
(7)Report form including specific data to be recorded
and observations to be made
(8) Acceptance criteria, if any
3.2 Each test weld is examined for the presence of weld
metal cracks after the weld cools to room temperature.
3.3 The maximum amount of restraint that
is applied
without the occurrence of weld metal cracking is deemed
the index of crack susceptibility for the particular combination of basemetal, filler metal and welding parameters.
4. Significance
4.1 This test is used to examine the susceptibility of deposited weld metal tosolidification or hydrogen cracking.
The important variables that can be investigated using this
test include the base-metal composition, the filler metal
composition, effect of preheating, welding heat input,
weld-bead size and shape. The test has been used primarily, though, for investigating theeffects of weld andbasemetal composition on cracking susceptibility.
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment.The standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
5. Definitions and Symbols
5.1 The welding terms used in this standard are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions. Unless otherwise noted,
the following designations are used:
I = distance fromroot of the saw cut slots to the
2. Applicable Documents
specimen centerline
21 = Restraint Index
L = length of saw cut slot
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
80
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Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.0M:2000
6. Apparatus
Usually, the first test weld is deposited in the specimen
with the highest level of restraint (no peripheral slots). If
this specimen cracks, another specimen that provides less
restraint (longer slots) is welded, Sufficient specimens
are welded each with a decreasing restraint level until a
restraint level is reached at which no weld-metal cracking occurs. This level of restraint (restraint index, 21) is
reported as the cracking index ofthat particular combination of material compositions, welding parameters, etc.
The crackingindex is the restraint index below which no
cracking occurs.
Evaluation for the presence of cracks may require the
use of metallographic equipmentto section the test weld
and prepare the section for metallurgical examination.
7. Specimens
7.1 The specimen configurationis shown in Figure E13.
The test weld (a single pass) is deposited in the groove
machined along the longitudinal centerline of an 200 mm
by 300 mm plate of the material being examined. The
weld is begun at one end of the groove and is deposited
continuously to the other end of the groove.
8.2 Examination for cracking usually can be done visually as the crack normally appears on the surface of the
weld as the weld cools. If specified, the absence of a
crack should be verified by using liquid penetrant or
magnetic-particle inspection or by sectioning the weld,
polishing the section surface, and examining this surface
by low-power magnification. Examination for hydrogen
cracks should be conducted after aging at ambient temperature for 24 hours.
7.2 The restraint is provided by the mass of the plate surrounding the groove. The level of restraint is controlled
by sawing slots along the sides and ends of the plate. So
that each specimen of the series will provide a different
level of restraint, each specimen will have slots of a different length (L in Figure El3). All slots along the sides
of a given specimen will be the same length. The slots on
the specimen ends will be shorter than the side slots, but
all end slots will be of equal length.
8 3 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility to hydrogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
shall be performed for each welding process and consumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
same conditions asthe test weld.
7.3 The level of restraint is inversely proportional to the
length of the slots and is expressed numerically as the
distance between the ends of the slots (21 in Figure E13).
Thus, as the restraint is decreased by longer slots, the
cracking index also decreases. The same effectcould be
obtained by using plates of decreasing size,but by varying the slot length, the cooling rate of the test weld will
remain constant in all specimens of the series.
9. Report
9.1 The test results that typically are reported include:
(1) Base metal and filler metal identification
(2) Base metal (specimen) thickness
(3) Welding parameters
(4) Any preheating temperature and postweld heat
treatment
(5) Weld-bead size and shape
(6) Presence and length of any weld-metal cracks at
each level of restraint
(7) Crack index
(8) Method of examination for the presence of cracks
(9) Results of diffusible hydrogen tests.
7.4 In a typical series of test specimens, the specimen
with the highest restraint will not have any slots. The
lengths of the slots of each succeeding specimen of the
series will be increased 6 mm or 13 mm to provide decreasing levels of restraint.
8. Procedure
8.1 A series of specimens is welded with each specimen
providing a different level of restraint to the test weld,
¡.e., each specimen will have slots of differing length.
9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E14.
81
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
38 mm
I
t-
i
25 mm
L
+
I
t
I~
300 mm
A
d
13 mm HOLE
r
I
I
RESTRAINT INDEX = 21
SECTION A-A
OMIT IN PLATE < 20 mm THICK
Figure E13-Lehigh Restraint Test Specimen
82
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.OM:2000
LEHIGH TEST RESULTS
Company
Name
of
Jobnest No.
Description of Investigation
Base Metal Identification
Thickness
No.
Heat
Treatment
Metal Heat
Base
Composition:
Cu
C
si
Ni
V
AI
N
Mn
-P
S
Cr
Procedure
Welding Process
Welding
Spec. No.
ElectrodeMlire Spec. No.
Name Commercial
Diameter
(incl. Gas
Shielding
Flow Rate
Point) Dew
Shielding
Current
Voltage
Polarity
Humidity
Travel Speed
Ambient
Heat Input
Weld Bead Size and Shape (flat, concave, or convex)
Method of Crack Determination
Resulting Cracking Index
Remarks
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure E14"Suggested Data Sheet for Lehigh Test
83
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
Mo
Ti
-
AWS B4.0M:2000
E5. Varestraint Test
1. Scope
1.1 The varestraint test is used to evaluate base-metal
weldability and determine the influence of the welding
variables on hot cracking of the base metal. A means is
provided for augmenting conventional shrinkage strains
to simulate the large shrinkage strainsfound in highly restrained production weldments.
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
(2) Manufacturing quality control
(3) Research and development
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) This test is used for base metal in the thickness
range of 6 mm to 13 mm. A variation of this test, called
the mini-varestraint test, is used for base metal in the
thickness range of 3 mm to 6 mm.
(2)Specialized equipment for testing (see Figure
E15) and specimen examination is required.
(3) Welding usually is done by the mechanized gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process to minimize variables in the welding parameters and testing results.
(4) Specimens are tested under laboratory conditions.
Shop floor or field examination of specimens may not be
practical.
1.4 The followinginformation shall be furnished:
(1) All welding parameters
(2) Number of specimens to be tested
(3) Orientation of specimens relative to the rolling
direction of the base metal, if known
(4) Base-metal chemical composition
(5) Base-metal thickness
(6) Desired weld bead surface geometry (weld bead
profile)
(7) Specimen surface finish
(8) Valueof augmented tangential strain (see 3.1)
(optional, depending on the purpose of the test)
(9) Magnification to be used in examination for cracks.
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment.The standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
2. Applicable Documents
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
AWS A2.4
Standard Symbols
for
Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
The source for these documents is the following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
3. Summary of Method
3.1 The test is conducted by depositing aweld on a cantilevered specimen beginning at one end of the specimen
(Figure E15). When the weld progresses along the centerline of the specimen to a predetermined point (A), the
specimen is bent to conform to a curved die (B) as the arc
continues to a location (C) near the end of the specimen.
A series of decreasing radius dies is used to provide various magnitudes of strain, ¡.e., augmented tangential
strain, to the solidifying weld in a corresponding series
of test specimens. The strain that results in solidification
cracking is an index of the crack susceptibility of the
base metal.
3.2 After cooling, the surface of the weld is examined for
the presence of cracks. Examination is done at a magnification of 40X to SOX, and the length and location of each
crack is noted and recorded. The specimen may be sectioned and polished for a more accurate determination of
the presence of cracks.
3.3 A smaller scale test, called the mini-varestraint test,
is used to study the hot-crack susceptibility of expensive
base metals or more common base metals in sheet thicknesses. This test utilizes a smaller test specimen (25 mm
wide x 150 mm long) and correspondingly smaller test
equipment. The mini-varestraint test may not be practical
for thicker material since its testing apparatus may not
have the loading capacity to bend the thicker material.
4. Significance
The varestraint test is used for the analytic investigation of the hot-crack sensitivity of weld deposits, the effect of specific alloying elementson this sensitivity and
the basic mechanisms of hot cracking. This test combines
a direct correlation with actual fabrication behavior, re-
S T D - A W S Bq*OM-ENGL 2000
076112b5 0539723 785
AWS B4.OM:2000
The typical range of augmented tangentialstrain is O to 4
percent. The required die radius for a given value of augmented tangential strain can be calculated using the same
equation.
producibility of results, an ability to differentiate between
small differences in test and welding variables, and uses
relatively small test plates.
6.5 Die block radiifor the mini-varestraint test are calculated in the same manner as for the varestraint test. The
overall sizeof the mini-varestraintdie block may be smaller
as the test specimen is smaller.
5. Definitions andSymbols
The welding terms used in this standard are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms and Definitions. Unless otherwisenoted,
the following designationsare used:
7. Specimens
A = point of arc progression at which bending force
is applied
B = a series of decreasing radius die blocks
C = location of termination of test weld
The Varestraint test specimens are rough sawed and
machined to size. The specimen size is 50 mm wide by
300 mm long. The specimen thickness is 6 mm or 13 mm.
The mini-varestraint specimen is 25 mm wide by 150 mm
long. Typical mini-varestraintspecimen thicknesses are in
the range of 3 mm to 6 mm. The specimen surface on
which the test weld will bedeposited shouldbe machined
in the longitudinal direction to a finish no rougher than
4 micrometers R, unless it is desired to simulate asurface
condition used in service.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The equipment required for conducting the varestraint test clamps one end of the flat specimen and provides a method for bending the specimen around afixed
curved die during welding. This concept is illustrated in
Figure ElS. Curved dies having different radii are used
while conducting a seriesof tests with each specimenof
the series being bent around a die having a smaller
radius
than the die used with the previous specimenof the series
until the die radius is small enoughto cause cracking.
8. Procedure
8.1 The varestraint specimen is clamped in the test fíx-
ture. Auxiliary bending plates, when needed to facilitate
bending, are clamped in the fixture with the specimen.
The removable die block of the desired radius is fastened
in the position shown in Figure E15. The arc is initiated
on the centerline of the specimen, approximately50 mm
from the specimen’s unclamped end. The bending force
(F) is suddenly applied as the center of the arc passes
Point A, which is near the point of tangency between the
curved surface of the die block and the fixed end of the
specimen. The specimenand auxiliary bending plates are
bent downward until the specimen conformsto the radius
of curvature of the top surface of the die block. The rate
of arc travel is constant from its point of initiation to its
point of termination in the runoff area at location C.
6.2 Localized bending in the vicinity of the molten weld
puddle is avoided by using auxiliary bending plates to
force the test specimen to conform to the die contour.
These plates are clamped ontothe edges of the specimen
and are bent along with the specimen. The plates are
made from rolled steel; their size is 13 mm thick by
50 mm wide by 300 mm long. These auxiliary plates are
illustrated in Figure E16. Auxiliary plates used with the
mini-varestraint test are 6 mm thick.
6.3 The bending force may be applied either hydraulically or pneumatically. Thedesign of the equipment and
method for bending dependson the individual equipment
builder.
8.2 The bendingload and the shielding gasflow (if used)
are maintained for five minutes after termination of the
weld pass. The specimen then is removed from the fixture for examination.
6.4 The augmented tangential strain for a given radius of
curvature of the die block can be calculated from the following formula:
8.3 The followingtest parameters shall be maintained:
e=-
[
( 2 R t t)
x100
83.1 Number of Specimens. A minimumof three
specimens shall be tested under the same conditions at
each selected or required valueof augmented tangential
strain.
where
e = percent augmented tangential strain
t = specimenthickness
R = die block radius
83.2 Specimen Orientation. The specimen shall be
taken from the base metal so that the 300 mm dimension
85
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AWS B4.OM:2000
is parallel to the final direction of rolling or major working unless the specimen used is a casting or if service
conditions in which a different orientationof rolling direction are to be simulated.
found on the as-welded surface at the specified magnification (40X, 60X, or 80X) and the location of the cracks
(weld metal or HAZ)
(5) The welding process and variables.
8.3.3 Weld Geometry. The weld puddle geometry is
kept constant when using the maximum crack length
- criterion (see 9.3.2) for screening of materials.
9.3 The following criteria can be used to evaluate the test
results:
9.3.1 Cracking Threshold.The cracking threshold is
the minimum augmented tangential strain required to
cause crackingin a particular base metal with a given set
of welding variables. This criterion provides a quantitative method for comparing welding procedures.
9. Report
9.1 The as-welded surface near Point A is examined for
visual evidence of cracks at a magnification of 40X, 60X
or 80X. The locationsof any HAZ or fusion-zone cracks
are shown schematically in Figure E17. The length of
each crack shall be measured to the nearest 0.02 mm with
a low-power microscope (40X, 60X, or 80X) containing
a calibrated reticule in the eyepiece. The following data
normally are recorded:
(1) Length of each crack (subsequently to be totaled)
(2) Maximum crack length
(3) Location of cracks (weld metal or HAZ)
(4)Number of cracks
(5) Augmented tangential strain
(6) Base metal and filler metal (if used) composition
(7) Base-metal thickness
(8) Metallurgical and surface conditions
(9) Welding variables, including:
(a) Welding process
(b) Electrode type and size
(c) Arc length
(d) Gas type and flow (if used)
(e) Arc current and voltage
(f) Arc travel speed.
9.2 The test results that are reported shall include the
following:
(1) The base-metal type, composition, thickness and
condition
(2) The percent augmented tangential strain
(3)The total crack length of the three specimens
tested under the same conditions that were found on the
as-welded surface at the specified magnification (40X,
60X, or 80X)and the location of the cracks (weld metal
or HAZ)
(4)The maximum crack length of each of the three
specimens tested under the same conditions that were
9 3 3 Total Combined Crack Length.The total combined crack length is obtained by adding the lengths of
cracks found in the weld metal and in the HAZ of each
specimen. The total combined crack length produced in
the weld metal and HAZ will give the best quantitative
index of the hot-crack sensitivity of the weld metal and
HAZ, respectively, for a given welding procedure. This
criterion also may be used to examine the effects of
welding procedure changes.
9.4 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E18.
10. Commentary
The technology of the Varestraint test is undergoing
further refinement. The test specimen size and geometry,
test apparatus, interpretation of results, and understanding of the effect of test variables on cracking susceptibility are being examined in detail. It is expected that
significant changes in the test procedure and interpretation of results will occur within the next few years. Two
recent articles describing these investigations are included in the Bibliography of this document. The classical aspects of the Varestraint test have been presented
herein; the next edition of this document should include
changes resulting from current investigations.
86
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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9.3.2 Maximum Crack Length.The maximum crack
length that is measured in a given specimen can be used
as a quantitative index for preliminary screening of base
metal, filler metal, or both, at comparable levels of augmented tangential strain, provided constant puddle geometry is maintained. This criterion is useful when
searching for metals with low crack sensitivity.
AWS B4.OM:2000
200 mm
I
i
I
O0
WELDING DIRECTION
r
”””_
I
I
50 mm
I
I
I
”””-
O0
‘
I
I
~
TOP VIEW
BENDING
FORCE
\
SIDE VIEW
R
Figure E15-Varestraint Test Fixture and Specimen
87
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AUXILIARY
BENDING PLATES
BENDING
FORCE
AUXILIARY BENDING PLATE
rm
SPECIMEN
4
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L4
200 mm
R
VIEW (B) SIDE
VIEW (A) END
Figure ElGAuxiliary Bending Plates
LOCATION OF WELD PUDDLE
AT INSTANT OF APPLICATION
OF BENDING FORCE
FUSION ZONE CRACK
POINT C
SOLID-LIQUID INTERFAC
EXAMINATIO
FOR
REMOVED
AREA
HA2 CRACKS
TOP SURFACE OF TEST WELD SHOWING LOCATION OF ARC, WELD PUDDLE, SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACEAT
INSTANT OF APPLICATION OF BENDING FORCE AND WELD METAL AND HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE HOT CRACKS.
Figure E17-fipical Indications on Top Surface of Test Weld
88
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VARESTRAINT TEST RESULTS
Company
Job/Test
Description of Investigation
Name
Sheet
of
Base Metal Identification:
Identification
No.
Heat
Width
Thickness
Metallurgical Condition
Surface Condition
Rolling Direction
and
Treatment
Composition:
C
Ni
si
Al
N
Mn
Cu
V
Heat
-P
S
Nb
Ca
Cr
B
Filler Metal:
Identification
Feed Rate
Composition:
C
Ni
"
Ti
Diameter
si
Mn
Mn
SI
N
Nb
Al
S
P
Cr
B
Ca
Mo
Ti
Electrode Type
Shielding Gas
Shielding Gas Dew Point
Welding Process
Electrode Diameter
Shielding Gas Flow Rate
Current
Arc Voltage
Travel Speed
Ambient Temp.
Polarity
Arc Length
Heat Input
Ambient Humidity
Resuk
I
1
t
I
I
Cracking Threshold
Maximum Crack Length
Total Combined Crack Length
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure EM-Suggested Data Sheet for Varestraint Test
89
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I
~
S T D - A W S B'4-OM-ENGL 2000
AWS B4.OM:2000
E6. Oblique Y-Groove Test
1. Scope
AWS A2.4
Standard Symbols
for
Welding,
Brazing, and Nondestructive
Examination
1.1 The Oblique Y-groove test (Tekken Test) is a singlepass, restrained groove weld test used to evaluate susceptibility to hydrogen and weld metal solidification cracking of steel weldments.
AWS A3.0
Standard Welding Terms and
Definitions
AWS
A4.3
Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic,
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld
Metal Produced by Arc Welding
1.2 This standard is applicable to the following, when
specified:
(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures
(2) Information, basis for acceptance and manufacturing quality control
(3) Research and development
The sourcefor these documents is the following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
1.3 The use of this test is restricted as follows:
(1) Base-metal thickness limited to 13 mm or greater.
(2) Test results are applicable only to the base-material thickness tested.
1.4 When this standard is used, the following information shall be furnished:
(1) Test number
(2) Welding procedure specification and procedure
qualification record numbers (if applicable)
(3) Base-metal identification: specification, heat number, mill test chemistry and heat treatment
(4) Base-metal thickness
(5) Welding process
(6) Filler metal identification, specification and diameter
(7) Filler metal preweld conditioning (e.g., baking)
(8) Shielding gas identification: type, dew point, and
flow rate
(9) All welding parameters
(1 O) Weld preheat temperature
(1 1) Maximum interpass temperature
(12) Acceptance criteria, if any
1.5 Safety Precautions. Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of ANSI 249.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the
American Welding Society.
Note: This standard may involve hazardousmaterials,
operations, and equipment. The standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associatedwith
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices. The user should
determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations
prior touse.
3.1 The test is performed using a set of three flat plate
test assemblies welded under identical conditions. Welds
are deposited on each side of the test area to provide restraint. A single test weld is deposited in the restrained,
machined groove of each assembly.
3.2 The combination of welding amperage, voltage and
travel speed shall be such that the specified heat input
range is obtained.
3.3 Each test weld is examined for the presence of hydrogen-assisted cracks, not less than 48 hours after depositing the test weld. Test welds are sectionedas required for
internal examination.
3.4 Testing is usually conducted using several test sets
welded identically over a range of preheat temperatures
so that 100 percent cracking occursat the lowest temperature tested and 0 percent cracking occurs at the highest
temperature tested. Resulting data is useful as a comparative measure of the susceptibility of the material to
cracking.
4. Significance
This test is used as a comparative measure to assess
the susceptibility to hydrogen and weld metal solidifícation cracking of steel weldments.
5. Definitions and Symbols
2. Applicable Documents
The welding terms used in this section are in accordance with the latest edition of AWS A3.0, Standard
Welding Terms andDefinitions.
Reference should be made to the latest edition of the
following documents:
90
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3. Summary of Method
AWS B4.OM:2000
fusion and crater fill shall be employed. Following welding, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in still air. It
shall be left at ambient temperature for a minimum period of 48 hours before examination for cracks.
6. Apparatus
6.1 A simple fixture is used to hold the test plates so the
restraining welds can be deposited. Water-cooled mechanical means are used to section completed test assemblies for internal examination for the presence of cracks.
Metallographic equipment is required for polishing,
etching, and examining specimens.
8.4 The test weld area shall be examined for surface
cracks. If surface cracks are visible, no further examination is required. If cracking is not visible, the weld shall
be sectioned and examined microscopically.
8.5 When sectioning is required, the test weld should be
sectioned at the one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourth
length positions. Water-cooled mechanical means shall
be used to section the test welds. Assemblies shallbe securely clamped in such a manner that the cutting process
does not contribute to weld root cracking. Sectioned
specimens shall be polished, etched and examined at 20X
for cracks.
7. Specimens
7.1 Test assembly configuration is shown in Figure E19.
All weld joint surfaces shall be machined to 4 micrometers
R, minimum. When it is possible to identify the rollingdirection of the material being tested, the parts shouldbe cut
and assembled with the rolling direction perpendicular to
the weld groove, unlessotherwise specified.
8.6 When the test is used to evaluate susceptibility tohydrogen cracking, a diffusible hydrogen determination
shall be performed for each welding process and consumable in accordance with AWS A4.3. The diffusible
hydrogen determination shall be performed under the
same conditions asthe test weld.
7.2 The test assembly is fabricated by depositing welds
on each end of the weld groove to provide the necessary
restraint, as shown in Figure E19, Section A-A. Low-hydrogen-type mild steel filler metal is normally used.
Welds shall be deposited by a suitable welding process,
using a deep penetrating arc and a weave-bead technique
to f i l l the joints with a minimum number of weld beads.
Care shallbe taken to minimize angular distortion during
welding. Weld reinforcement should be approximately
2 mm. Maximum interpass temperature should be in accordance with steel manufacturers recommendations as
applicable to the steel type being joined.
9. Report
8.2 Test assemblies shall be uniformly heated in an oven,
to a temperature slightlyhigher than the desired preheat
temperature. Thetest assembly is removed from the oven
and the surface temperature near the bevel area shall be
monitored. Welding shall begin when the desired preheat
temperature is reached.
9.1 The test results that typically are reported include:
(1) Test number
(2) Welding procedure specification and procedure
qualification record numbers (if applicable)
(3) Base metal identification
(4) Base metal thickness
(5) Filler metal identification
( 6 ) Filler metal diameter
(7) Shielding gasidentification
(8) All welding parameters necessary to completely
define the procedure and heat input
(9) Weld preheat temperature
(10) Ambient temperature and relative humidity at time
of welding
(1 1) Maximum interpass temperature allowed during
welding of restraining welds (if applicable)
(12) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the
test specimen, weld profile, section surface or procedure
(1 3) Results of Diffusible Hydrogen tests.
8.3 The single-passtest weld shall be deposited as shown
in Figure E20. Welding techniques which promote good
9.2 Test data should be recorded on a Test Results Sheet
similar to Figure E21.
7.3 Each test assembly shall be dimensionally inspected
after coolingto ensure the proper configuration as shown
in Figure E19, Section B-B. The groove root opening dimension shall be within tolerance.
7.4 Fabricate a minimum of three test assemblies per set.
8. Procedure
8.1 All welding shall be performed in the flat position
@G).
91
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AWS B4.OM:2000
APPROX 200 mm
4
L
RESTRAINING
WELDS
RESTRAINING
WELDS
/
B
150 mm
L
B
-L I
A
60 mm
80 mm
-
60 mm
-
SECTION 6-6
SECTION A-A
yL
(NOTE 3)
(NOTE 4)
Notes:
1. Base metal outer edges
may be thermally cut (not required to be machined).
2. Joint groove preparation shallbe made by machine cutting. Surfaces should be no rougher than
4 micrometers Ra. It isrecommended
that thelay of the surface roughness be oriented parallel with the longitudinalof axis
the specimen.
3. Dimension shallbe 3 mm prior to depositing restraining welds.
4. Final dimension shallbe 2 f 0.2mm after restraining welds are deposited. However, contraction caused during anchor welding must
0.3 mm shrinkage.
be considered priorto machining and assembly; typically approximately
Figure Ele-Oblique Y-Groove Test Assembly
92
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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STD-AWS B4.OH-ENGL
2000
0781rZb5 0519731 A51
AWS W.OM:2000
WELDS
7
I
l
I
APPROXIMATELY
3 mm
I I
II
+-
II
4-
75 mm
I
I
APPROXIMATELY
I
SECTION A-A
NOTE: TEST WELD BEAD SHALL EXHIBIT
COMPLETE ROOT PENETRATIONAND FUSION.
(A) TEST PLATE FOR MECHANIZED WELDING
TEST
APPROXIMATELY
3 mm
I
k----~
4-
75 mm
APPROXIMATELY
~~
(B) TEST PLATE FOR MANUAL WELDING
Figure E204)blique Y-Groove Test Weld Configuration
93
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AWS B4.0M:2000
LENGTH (L)
1_
TEST WELD
--i
(C) SECTIONING OFTEST PLATE
Figure E20 (Continued)-Oblique Y-Groove Test WeldConfiguration
94
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AWS 84.0M:2000
OBLIQUE Y-GROOVE TEST RESULTS
Company
Name
Jobnest No.
of
Description of Investigation
Material Identification
ckness
Y/N
Material
Material HeatTreatment
Applicable Welding Procedure
No.
Welding
Details
Time Lapse-Welding to Testing (hm)
Ambient Temp.
Determination
Hydrogen
EXAMINATION
surface
Assembly No.
Inspection Method
Section
Results (C or NC)
No. of Test Assemblies Inspected
Inspection Method
Total % Cracking
Remarks
Tested By
Signature
Date
Figure E21”Suggested Data Sheet for Oblique Y-Groove Test
95
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
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Results (C or NC)
AWS B4.OM:2000
Annex A
Bibliography of Weldability Tests
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.0M:2000, Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposes only.)
(3) Karppi, R., Ruusila, J., Saton, K., Toyoda, M., and
Vartiainen, K. Note on Standardization of Implant Test.
Research Reports 1IW FINLAND: Technical Research
Centre of Finland, 1983. IX-1296-83.
(4) Wong, R. J. “The effect of weld metal diffusible
hydrogen on the cracking susceptibility of HY-80 steel.”
Hydrogen Embrittlement: Preventionand Control, ASTM
STP 962, L. Raymond, Ed., American Society for Testing
and Materials. Philadelphia, pp.274-286, 1988.
Controlled Thermal Severity Testing
(1) Cottrell, C. L. M. “Controlled thermalseverity
cracking test simulates practical welded joints.” Welding
Journal 33(6): 257s, 1953.
(2) Houldcroft, P.T. “A simple cracking test for use
with argon arc welding.” British Welding Journal2(12):
471,1955.
(3) Pedder, C., and Hart, P. H. M. “CTS testing procedures: the present position.” The Welding Institute Research Bulletin 16(9): 264-266.1975.
(4) British Standards Institution, BS 7363:1990,
Methods for Controlled Thermal Severiry(CTS) Test and
Bead-On-Plate (BOP)Testfor Weldr, 1990.
Lehigh Restraint Test
(1) Stout, R. D., Tor, S.S., McGready, L. J., and
Doan, G. E. “Quantitative measurement of the cracking
tendency in welds.” Welding Journal 25(9): 522s-531s,
1946.
(2) Stout, R. D. and Doty, W. D. Weldability of Steel.
New York: Welding Research Council, 1987.
Cruciform Testing
(1) American WeldingSociety. WeldingHandbook,
Vol. 2. Miami, Florida: American Welding Society, 1978.
(2) Linnert, G. E. WeldingMetallurgy, Carbon and
Alloy Steels, Third Edition, Vol. 2, 632-634. Miami:
American Welding Society, 1965.
(3) Welding Research Council. Weldability of Steels,
Ed. Stout and Doty: New York, NY: Welding Research
Council.
(4) Poteat, L. E. and Warner, W. L. “The cruciform
test for plate-cracking susceptibility.”Welding Journal
39(2): 70s, 1960.
Varestraint Testing
(1) Savage, W. F. and Lundin, C. D. “The varestraint
test.” Welding Journal44( 10): 435~-442s,1965.
(2) Savage, W. F. and Lundin, C. D. “Application of
the varestraint technique to the study of weldability.”
Welding Journal45(11): 497+503s, 1966.
cracking
(3) McKeown, D. ‘Versatile weldmetal
tests.” Metal Construction and British Welding Journal
2(8): 351-352, 1980.
(4) Lundin, C. D.,Lingenfelter, A. C., Grotke, G. E.,
Lessmann, G. G., and Matthews, S . J. The varestraint
test. Bulletin 280. New York: Welding Research Council,
August, 1982.
(5) Lin, W. “A model for heat-affected zone liquation
cracking.” Welding in the World 30 (9/10): 236-242,
1992.
Implant Test
(1) Sawhill, J. M. Jr., Dix. A. W. and Savage, W. F.
“Modified implant test for studying delayed cracking.”
Welding Journal53( 12): 554~-560s, December, 1974.
(2) Bryhan, A. J. “The effect of testing procedure on
implant test results.” Welding Journal 60(9): 169s-l76s,
September, 1981.
97
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Previous page is blank
S T D * A W S B 4 - 0 M - E N G L 2000
= 0784265 0519735 4 T 7 D
AWS B4.OM:2000
Welding Research Council
United Engineering Center
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
(6) Lin, W., Lippold, J. C., and Baeslack III, W.A.
“An evaluation of heat-affected zone liquation cracking
susceptibility, Part I: Development of a method for quantification.” Welding Journal72(4): 135s-l53s, 1993.
Oblique Y-Groove Testing
(1) JIS Z 3158, Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Method of Y-Groove CrackingTest.
(2) Satoh K.,Toyoda M., Ikita K., Nakamura A., and
Matsuura T., Prevention of weld crack in HY 80 heavy
plates with undermatching electrodes and its application
to fabricatingpenstock,July, 1978.
(3) Suzuki, H. Cold crackingand its prevention in
steel welding, Transactions of the Japan Welding Society,
Vol. 9, No. 2, 1978.
The American Societyof Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
United Engineering Center
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
British Standards Institution (BSI)
389 Chiswick High Road
London W4 4AL, England
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
Agency of industrial Science and Technology
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Some of the sources for these documents are the
following:
American Welding Society (AWS)
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
98
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AWS B4.OM:2000
Annex B
Round Tensile Specimen5:l Gage Length to Diameter Ratio
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.OM:2000,Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposesonly.)
Cautionary Noteson Tensile Specimens:
Two tensile specimens descriptions are included in this document, one with a 4:l ratio of gage length to diameter and
one with a 5:1 ratio of gage length to diameter. Usersare cautioned that calculated values of elongation for a given material will differ when tested using specimens with different ratiosof gage length to specimen diameter.
99
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
STD-AWS B4.OH-ENGL
078V2b5
0537737
27T
2000
AWS B4.OM:2000
L
SPECIMEN 2
SPECIMEN 1
+
G
4
LR
SPECIMEN 4
SPECIMEN 3
SPECIMEN 5
Dimensions in mm*
Nominal
Diameter
Specimen
G. Gage length
D. Diameter (Note1)
1
Specimen 2
Specimen
Specimen
4 Specimen
3
5
60.0 k 0.1
12.0 f 0.1
50.0 k 0.1
10.0 f 0.1
40.0 k 0.1
8.0 f 0.1
30.0 f 0.1
6.0 2 0.1
10
6
4
4
4
72
142
48
80
16
36
74
24
35
60
130
21
19
16
12
10
60
12
8
-
14
-
9
6
-
13
-
8
5
R. Radius of fillet, min
A. Length of reduced section
L Overall length, approx
B. Length of end section (Note2)
C. Diameter of end section
E. Length of shoulder and fillet
section, approx
F. Diameter of shoulder
16
20.0 f 0.1
4.0 f 0.1
Various typesof ends for standard round tension test specimens
Figure 1of Annex B-Round
Tensile Specimen+S:l Gage Length to Diameter
I O0
COPYRIGHT American Welding Society, Inc.
Licensed by Information Handling Services
AWS B4.0M:2000
SPECIMEN
LOCATION
I
- J
'
"-
1"-
Dimensions in mm*
Standard
Specimen
Small-Sue
Specimens
Proportional
Standard
to
Specimen
eter
Radius
Nominal
G. length
Gage
D. Diameter
(Note
10
1)
of fillet,
A. Length of reduced section,
min (Note21
min
R.
8
12
50.0f 36.0
0.1
12.5f 0.2
10
57
f1
06..10
9.0f 6
0.5
1
6
f 0.1
4s
~~
~~
k20
6..10
6
f10
2.1
0
4.0f 0.1
4
* 0.1
5
4
3.0 f 0.1
2
32
19
16
~~
Standard 12.5 mm round tensiontest specimens with50 mm gage length and examplesof small size specimensproportionalto the
standard specimen.
*Rounded to the nearest0.5 mm or 0.05 mm.
Notes:
1. ,The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not
1 percent
more than
largerin diameter thanthe center (controlling dimension).
2. If desired, the length of the reduced section may
be increased to accommodate
an extensometer of any convenient gage length. Refof elongation should nevertheless
be spaced atthe indicated gage length.
erence marks for the measurement
3. The gage length and
fillets shall be as shown but the ends may be
of any formto fit the holdersof the testing machine
in such a way
be axial. If the ends are tobe held in wedge grips it is desirable to make the lengthof the grip section great enough
that the load shall
to 2/3or moreof the length of the grips.
to allow the specimen to extend intothe grips a distance equal
4. The gage lengthsam equal to 4 times the nominal diameter for thestandard specimen. The gage lengthsare equal to 5 times the
be provided for but unless
nominal diameterfor the specimens in this Annex. In some product specifications; other specimens may
the 4 to 1 ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values maybe
not
comparable with those obtained from
based codes use a5 to 1 ratio of gage lengthto diameter ( s e a Annex B).
the standard test specimen. Note that most other metric
5. The use of specimens smaller than
8 mm diameter shall
be restricted to caseswhen the materialto be tested is of insufficient sire to
obtain larger specimens or when
all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment
and greater skillin both machining and testing.
6. For transverse weld specimens, the weld shall be approximately centered between gage marks.
7. On specimen 5,it is desirable to make the length of the grip section sufficient to allow
the specimen to extend into the gripsa distance equalto 2/3or moreof the lengthof the grips.
8. Any standard thread size is permissible that provides for proper alignment and aidsin assuring that the specimenwil break within
the reduced section.
9. The useof a fine seriesof thread is recommended for high-strength, brittle materials
to avoid fracturein the threaded portion.
10. Surface finish withinthe gage length shallbe no rougher than 2 micrometers R,.
Figure 1 of Annex B (Continued)-Round Tensile Specimens"5:l Gage Length to Diameter
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AWS B4.OM:2000
Annex C
Guidelines for Preparationof Technical Inquiries
for AWS Technical Committees
(This Annex is not a part of AWS B4.0M:2000, Standard Methoh for Mechanical Testing of Welds, but is included
for information purposesonly.)
Cl. Introduction
The AWSBoardofDirectorshas
adopted a policy
whereby all official interpretations of AWS standards
will be handled in a formal manner. Under that policy, all
interpretations are made by the committee that is responsible for the standard. Official communication concerning an interpretation is through the AWS staff member
who works with that committee. Thepolicy requires that
all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing.
Such requests will be handled as expeditiously as possible but due to the complexity of the work and the procedures that shall be followed, some interpretations may
require considerable time.
C2. Procedure
All inquiries shall be directed to:
involves two or more interrelated provisions. That provision shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry, along
with the edition of the standard that contains the provisions or that the inquirer isaddressing.
C2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry.The purpose of the inquiry
shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose
can be either to obtain an interpretation of a standard requirement, orto request the revision of a particular provision in the standard.
C2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be
concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to quickly
and fully understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches
should be used when appropriate and all paragraphs, figures, and tables (or the Annex), which bear on the inquiry shall be cited. If the point of the inquiry is to obtain
a revision of the standard, the inquiry shall provide technical justification for that revision.
C2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a proposed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that is
the point of the inquiry,or the wording for a proposed revision, if that is whatinquirer seeks.
Managing Director, Technical Services
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and affiliation of the inquirer, and theyshall provide enough information for the committee to fully understand the point
of concern in the inquiry. Where that point is not clearly
defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For
efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and
should also be in the format used here.
C3. Interpretation of Provisions of the
Standard
Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made
by the relevant AWS TechnicalCommittee. Thesecretary
of the committee refers all inquiries to the chairman of
the particular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the
portion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The
C2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provision of the standard, unless the point of the inquiry
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AWS B4.OM:2000
AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for
an official interpretation of any AWS standard with the
subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply
to determine what the response to the inquiry should be.
Following the subcommittee’s development of the response, the inquiry and the response are presented to the
entire committeefor review and approval. Upon approval
by the committee, the interpretation will be an official interpretation of the Society, and the secretary will transmit
the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal
for publication.
information that such an interpretation can be obtained
only through a written request. The Headquarters staff
can not provide consulting services. The staff can, however,
refer a caller to any ofthose consultants whose names are
on file at AWS Headquarters.
A6. The AWS Technical Committee
The activities of AWS Technical Committees in regard
to interpretations, are limited strictly to the Interpretation
of provisions of standards prepared by the committee or
to consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the
basis of new data or technology. Neither the committee
nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or consulting services on: (1) specific engineeringproblems, or
(2) requirements of standards applied to fabricationsoutside the scope of the document or points not specifically
covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquirer should
seek assistance from a competent engineer experienced in
the particular field of interest.
A4. Publication of Interpretations
All official interpretations will appear in the Welding
Journal.
A5. Telephone Inquiries
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning
AWS standards should be limited to questions of a general nature or to matters directly related to the use of the
standard. The Board of Directors’ Policy requires that all
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