APUSH Final Review Created by Diego Jiang Period 1 1491-1607 1.2 Native American Societies Inca Complex administrative system & large network of paved road Aztecs Tenochtitlan: largest city, 200,00 people Grew beans, squash, and maize Mississippians Economy: agricultural economy centered around maize Politics: settlement hierarchy (more mounds = more power) Polytheistic & centralization of religious power Iroquois Economy: Mixture of agriculture, fishing, hunting, and gathering Lived in multi-family longhouses Five Nation Confederacy: loose governing council of the surrounding tribes Pueblo Economy: Three sister Farming → core, squash, beans Multi-story buildings built from sun-dried brick and stone Great Plains Economy: buffalo as primary food source Lived in buffalo-skin tepees 1.3 European Exploration in the Americas Context - Political changes: centralization of power → national identity Religious transition: Protestant Reformation Caravel: a highly maneuverable Portuguese ship The magnetic compass Sextant: measured altitudes Astrolabe Causes (3G) Gold → Search for new sources of wealth: gold, silver, and other raw materials Glory → Economic & military competition God → Desire to spread Christianity: Protestant & Catholic competed in the New World Columbus - Italian Appealed to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain Found the New World in 1492 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): divided the western hemisphere into two halves, giving one to Spain and the other to Portugal Spain Hernan Cortes: used conquistadores to conquer Aztec Empire in 1518 Francisco Pizarro: conquered Incan Empire in 1533 1513 Requerimiento: only Indians captured in a “just war” could be enslaved 1.4 Columbian Exchange The transmission or exchange of plants, animals, disease, knowledge about food and technology, as well as culture between the Old World and the New World after 1492 Causes - Improvements in maritime technology Joint-stock Companies: shared of a company’s stock could be bought and sold by shareholders ⚫ More organized methods for conducting international trade Mercantilism: more exports than imports Effects Europe New crops: crops high in nutrients (maize) → stimulated population growth New sources of mineral wealth → shift from feudalism to capitalism America Disease: smallpox → decreased population by 90% Crops and livestock: horses → Great Plain Indians became skilled riders Africa Labor shortage due to African slavery 1.5 Social System in Spanish Colonies Encomienda System Spaniards were given a group of American Indians by the Spanish monarchy Supposed to care & convert the natives → enslaved them Repartimiento System (1550): those living in native villages were legally free & derserved compensation for labor Replaced encomienda system - African Enslavement Natives familiar with environment → easy to run away Natives died from European diseases → replaced by Africans European traders partnered with some West African groups to gain slaves Middle Passage: Africa → America; poor conditions, 25% died during the passage Caste System 1.6 Cultural Interactions Divergent Worldviews - Religion: Christianity vs. animism and polytheism (primitive) Land use: Private ownership vs. common grounds, against ownership (mother nature) Division of labor: patriarchal society (women given little roles and rights) vs. men hunt and women farmed Gender roles: women given prominent roles in native American societies (appalled) Inferiority: viewed native weapons, clothing, architecture, and tech as primitive and unintelligent Interactions Europeans adopted Three Sisters Farming Native Americans adopted European technology: knives, pots, weapons Native Americans learned European languages & convert to Christianity (forced) Native Treatment Debate Bartolome de las Cases: proposed replacing native labor with African labor Juan de Sepulveda: established a European paternalism mindset; argued that Indians were less than human & required Spanish masters to become civilized Period 2 1607-1754 2.2 European Colonization Spanish Goal: develop wealth for the Spanish crown Encomienda system: rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered natives - Used in plantations and mining Casta system: series of hierarchical levels based on ancestry Pueblo Revolt - Spanish forced conversion of the natives Pueblo people wanted to restore independence Killed 400 colonists & successfully driven the Spanish out Spanish returned 12 years later in 1696 & crushed the Pueblos Intensified assimilation of the natives Permitted Pueblo land ownership Native Tribes: Pueblo, Aztec, Inca French Goal: develop trade in the New World Quebec founded as a trading post in 1608 Trade fur with Native Americans through intermarriage Native Tribes: Algonquin Dutch Goal: develop trade in the New World Sponsored by Joint-stock companies (Dutch East India Company) Also relied on intermarriage Tolerance of religious practices → most religiously and ethnically diverse Native Tribes: Iroquois English Goal: Land & religious freedom First permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia (1607) Lower class people lost wealth due to inflation & lost land due to enclosure movement Puritans faced religious persecution Native Tribes: Iroquois, Wampanoag 2.3 The Regions of British Colonies New England Colonies Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut Climate & geography: cold winters, rocky soil, natural harbors Economic Structure: mixed economy of agriculture & commerce; small-scale farming Demographics: relatively stratified social structure; mostly Puritans Middle Colonies Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware Climate & geography: less severe winters, natural harbors Economic Structure: medium-scale farming (grain); export economy Demographics: most diversity in religion & nationalities Chesapeake & Southern Colonies Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Climate & geography: fertile lowlands Economic Structure: highly agricultural; larger plantations growing cash crops (tobacco, rice) Demographics: highly stratifies society, relied on slave & indentured servants Salutary Neglect (up to 1754) Weak enforcement of British trade laws Colonies gained more independence Creation of unique self-government - Town meetings in New England Virginia House of Burgesses (could levy taxes & pass laws) 2.4 Transatlantic Trade Mercantilism: a nation’s power is based on how much gold and silver it accumulated - New England exported lumber and rum Middle Colonies exported wheat Chesapeake exported tobacco The South exported rice and later cotton Navigation Act (1650-1673) required the colonies to only trade with the British Empire The Beaver Wars (1628-1701) Territorial conflicts between native groups, particularly the Iroquois, to fight for beaver, which was a hot commodity 2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans Measles & smallpox: removed 90% of the natives → shift to use African labor Praying Towns: built in New England to convert natives to Christianity King Philip’s War (1675) - British people took over natives’ land with little compensation → led to conflict Marked the final major effort by Native Americans in New England to push back against the English colonists 2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies Middle Passage → poor environment; 40% of the slaves died on the journey - New England: few slaves Chesapeake & southern Atlantic coast: large numbers of enslaved workers Slave Codes - No rights of slaves Slavery passed on descendants Prohibited interracial relationships Vudoo: blending of Christianity and African religions Stono Rebellion - Africans in South Carolina started to attack plantation owners and burn the plantation Led to harsher slave code 2.7 Colonial Society & Culture First Great Awakening - Emphasized personal & emotional connections to God Sparked religious tolerance Rejection of the Church of England Old Light: embraced the old-fashioned, traditional church ways New Light: Preachers and followers who adopted the new ideas brought forth by the Great Awakening Anglicization: colonizers adapt British culture Communities and culture development under influences of British models Spread of Protestant Speaking of English All 13 colonies were Royal colonies ⚫ Under control directly by British government Nobilities in America model their life as the British style. Tie Trading network with the British. City upon a hill: Sense of American exceptionalism among Puritans - Bacon’s Rebellion - - Colonizers wanted more land for tobacco plantation → got land from natives → led to Indians attacking colonial farms Colonizers sought protection from governor William Berkeley ⚫ Wanted him to send troops ⚫ Berkeley refused A settler named Nathaniel Bacon led angry farmers & indentured servants to attack the Indians and then burned the plantations Consequences: decreased use of indentured servitude & relied more on African slavery Period 3 1754-1800 3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War) Context - Both France and Britain wanted to interact with the Iroquois Confederacy in the Ohio River Valley Iroquois first granted trading concessions to English merchants France feared that this is the first step toward expansion into French land → build new fortresses in Ohio; Britain also built their own fortresses Fail of Fort Necessity (1754): colonists lost and 1/3 of the soldiers under Washington died The War Albany Plan: called for a confederation of colonies to defend against French & native attacks; failed Treaty of Paris 1763: French ceded its colonies to Britain & Spain Impact 1. Pontiac’s Rebellion Colonists moved west into tribal lands → conflict with the natives 2. Proclamation of 1763 Banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains Aimed to prevent conflict Angered the colonists: increase tension between Parliament and colonies 3. Doubled Britain’s debt → taxation on colonies 3.3 Taxation Without Representation Taxes Sugar Act (1764): cutting sugar tax in half but was more strictly enforced Stamp Act (1765): requiring a tax stamp on all printed materials - The first direct tax on the colonists Caused protest by the Sons of Liberty & the Stamp Act Congress through boycotts Quartering Act (1765): required colonists to house and feed British troops in public buildings Declaratory Act (1766): Parliament has the right to tax & legislate for the colonist - Repealed the Stamp Act b/c British merchants lost profit from boycotts Townshend Revenue Act (1767): tax revenue from imports would be used to pay English officials in the colonies Tea Act (1773): gave British East India Company a monopoly on American tea trade Colonial Response Non-Importation Act (1768): New York & Massachusetts merchants agree to boycott most British goods until Townshend Acts are repealed Boston Massacre (1770): colonists attacked British troops; 5 colonists were killed Boston Tea Party (1773): dumped three shiploads of East India Company tea into the sea British Response Intolerable Acts (1774) Boston Port Act: closed the ports to stop trade - Colonists organized the First Continental Congress (1774): discuss actions against Britain 3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution Thomas’s Paine’s Common Sense (1776) - A small island (Britain) should not control a large continent (the colonies) Sparking widespread interest in independence The Declaration of Independence (1776) - Mostly written by Jefferson Relied of John Locke’s social contract theory & natural rights 3.5 The American Revolution Battles of Lexington and Concord - Shot heard around the world Marked the beginning of the war Battle of Saratoga (1777) - The Americans defeated Britain Benjamin Franklin was able to persuade France to a formal military alliance ⚫ France lost their colonies to Britain during the 7 Years’ War ⚫ Sent generals to train American soldiers & provide weaponries ⚫ Dutch provided gunpowder & loans Treaty of Paris (1783) - American independence was recognized All land east of the Mississippi River & north of Florida was given to the Americans Forts occupied by the British had to be evacuated Loyalists: wealthy/government officials & had support from Native Americans - 70000 fled to Canada after the war 3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals Republican motherhood: women should instruct their children to be patriots - Nationalism French Revolution: inspired by the American Revolution Haitian Revolution: inspired by French Revolution & American Revolution - Toussaint- Louverture defeated white settlers on the island & French colonial armies 3.7 The Articles of Confederation Goals - Written constitution, as unwritten constitution in Britain led to corruption Limit the power of the executives Most power in the legislative branch (upper & lower house) Articles of Confederation - - - Adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777; ratified in 1781 Intentionally created a weak central government Weaknesses ⚫ Needed a unanimous vote: inefficient ⚫ No power to levy taxes Successes ⚫ Succeeded in raising army & winning the war ⚫ Establishing an orderly way to turn the west into equal states Unsolved problems: postwar recession, failure to pay debt, interstate squabbles, lack of foreign respect Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - Set the pattern for settlement of the Northwest Territory; sell land Reorganize land into new states Guaranteed citizenship to settlers in the new territory Bill of rights: religious freedom, habeas corpus Prohibited slavery in the Northwest Allowed the return of fugitive slaves Shays’ Rebellion (1786-1787) - States increased taxes due to postwar depression → hit poor farmers that were in debt Led by Danial Shay, farmers in Massachusetts rebelled AOC cannot control army → took a long time to put down the rebellion Realize the need of a stronger national government 3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification Virginia Plan - Created by Madison Three independent branches: legislative, executive, and judicial (check and balances) Bicameral legislature: two houses Lower house representation is proportional to population → lower house elects upper house Favored states with large population New Jersey Plan - Created by Patterson Unicameral legislative with equal representation Favored small states Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) Each state had equal representation in the upper house (Senate) Lower house (House of Representatives) was based on population Three-Fifths Compromise Southerners wanted slaved to be counted to increase representation in the House Three fifths of the enslaved African Americans would be counted for congressional representation and taxation Commerce Compromise - Northerners wanted government regulation of trade: aid exports Southerners do not want government regulation ⚫ Feared that slavery would be prohibited & exports would be taxed Stated that Congress could not tax a state’s exports & could not prohibit slave trade for 20 years dirty compromise: continued slavery & increased white men’s power The Presidency Compromise 4-year term & indirect election of the President through the Electoral College System - States choose individuals to vote ⚫ Not in Congress ⚫ Not in high position of government ⚫ Ordinary people Federalists - Wealthy & educated people Favored a strong national government Concerned of anarchy Anti-Federalists - Trusted state government & wanted a weak national government Concerned of tyranny & the lack of a bill of rights (later created) Washington was elected president in 1789 3.9 The Constitution Structure The Legislative Branch Representatives: at least 1 per state; based on population; serving for 2 years; elected by voters Senators: 2 per state; serving for 6 years; elected by state legislature The Executive Branch Can veto or pass laws The Judicial Branch Supreme Court Judicial Review: can interpret state and federal laws unconstitutional Key Principles Popular sovereignty: all power to govern is the people Separation of powers: three branches Check and Balances: each branch of the government has ways to check, or control, the other branches Judicial Independence: serve a lifetime → avoid political influence 3.10 Shaping a New Republic Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) - French Revolution happened France aided the US is achieving independence → Britain is a better market for US products Washington declared that this nation needed to remain at peace with both nations Urged Americans to avoid any action that would jeopardize the neutrality Jay’s Treaty (1794) - British impressment: seized US vessels and impress seamen in the British navy Provided undisputed American sovereignty in the Northwest Favored British interests across the board Said nothing about impressment Required the abandonment of US trade in staples like cotton, sugar and molasses Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) - Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi Northern boundary of Florida was fixed along the 31st parallel Spain agreed to prevent natives in Florida from launching raids in American territory Whiskey Rebellion (1794) - Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the new whiskey tax & terrorized tax collectors Washington personally led the troops to put down the rebellion Rebels dispersed quickly → compare to Shay’s Rebellion (slow to put down) Hamilton’s Financial Plan proposed federal government to assume war debts, improving credit of nation Creation of National Bank (agent of collecting taxes) ELASTIC CLAUSE: congress can make law necessary and proper to carry other responsibilities The First Party System Federalists -Hamilton -strong national government, take control of protecting property and support commercial interest of nation -favored rule elite -Loose Constructionists Democratic Republicans -Jefferson -evidence of federal overreach, wanted to limit, for individual rights -Strict Constructionists: federal power only from what’s explicitly stated in the constitution XYZ Affair (1797) - American wanted to negotiate about seizures of vessels by the French 3 French agents demanded bribes just for the opportunity to speak with French officials Naturalization Act: immigrants have to wait 14 years, instead of 5, to become citizens Alien Act: allowed the deportation of foreigners Sedition Act: allowing the jailing of anyone who criticized the president or Congress - Violated the First Amendment Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: states decide what is constitutional Farewell Address - Published in 1796 Beware of disunity Avoid foreign entanglements 3.11 Developing an American Identity Tariff Act of 1789 North favored higher rate → protect manufacturing industry South favored lower rate → rely on imports; cheaper consumer goods National Culture Webster’s Dictionary: created by Noah Webster in 1828 - Created an American English with different spellings 3.12 Movement in the Early Republic 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua Signed between the federal government & the Haudenosaunee Confederacy in New York Returned land to Haudenosaunee, but later buy off portions of this land Northwest Indian War - US vs. Western Confederacy Fought for control of the Northwest Territory Ended with US victory & British withdrawal in the Treaty of Greenville Increased tension between US and Britain Period 4 1800-1848 4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson Election of 1800: Jefferson won Peaceful transition of power from Federalist to Democratic Republicans control of both executive and legislative branch. favored independent farmers reduced size of military eliminate federal jobs repealed excise tax reduced national debt Louisiana Purchase Napoleon needed money to suppress Haitian Revolution → offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million Countered limited government & strict constitution Effects: Doubled territory of US Removed European presence Extended western frontier to west of Mississippi Embargo Act of 1807 Reaction to seizing of US vessels by Britain & France Prohibited all exports → caused reduction in imports Non-Intercourse Act (1809): forbade trade only with Great Britain & France Marbury v. Madison (1803) Judiciary Act of 1801: created 16 new judge positions; all filled by Federalists Midnight appointments → angered Jefferson; ordered these be held up Marbury argued that he should get his position Supreme Court declared that Marbury should have his commissions by right, but the clause of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional Marshall established the Judicial review: power to invalidate federals laws that conflicted with the Constitution Fletcher v. Peck: declared state law to be unconstitutional McCulloch v. Maryland: state could not tax a federal institution 4.3 Politics and Regional Interests Tariff of 1816: passed after war of 1812: South harmed while North benefitted, inhibit international exchange, reject tariff Land policy in West a. West wanted cheap land b. North feared cheap land will draw away labor and lead to rise in wages c. South feared cheap land will compete with cotton plantations Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri would become a slave state → upsetting the balance between slave & free states (11 states each) 1. 2. 3. Admit Missouri as a slave state Admit Maine as a free state Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30’ The American System Proclaimed by Henry Clay 1. Establishing a better national transportation system to aid trade through federal subsidies (failed) 2. Setting the first protective tariff to encourage American manufacturing 3. Creating a second national bank; extend credit to farmers 4.4 America on the World Stage War of 1812 Causes - British continued impressment between 1803 and 1812 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe: ambitions of western Americans for more open land The War - The burning of Washington, DC Creation of the “Star-Spangled Banner” Ended with Treaty of Ghent in 1814: no gain for either side Impacts - Second Independence: gained foreign support Fall of Federalist: opposed the war at the Hartford Convention Nationalism Adams-Ohis Treaty Obtained Florida from Spain for $5 million Spain turned over its claims to the Oregon Territory, giving the US claim to land extending to the Pacific Monroe Doctrine: Eliminate foreign and European power from interfering with US land 4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization Lowell Mills: recruited young farm women & housed them in company dormitories Interchangeable Parts (1801): created by Eli Whitney; basis for mass production Sewing Machine (1846) Cotton Gin (1793): invented by Eli Whitney; easily separated the seeds from the cotton fibers - Greatly increased cotton production in the South Morse Code & Telegraph: communication Steam Engine: propelled land vehicles Erie Canal: connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes Cumberland Road: connected Maryland to Illinois; 1000 miles all paved 4.6 Market Revolution: Society & Culture International Migration Mainly from Ireland & Germany Irish immigrants - Catholic Stayed in eastern cities Unskilled labor force German immigrants - Catholic Arrived with some foundational money & moved to the Northwest → become farmers / small businessmen Internal Migration Agriculture in the North become less profitable & escape economic limitations of slave society→ moved to the West Nativism - Immigrants were racially inferior Immigrants stole jobs from American workforce & were politically dangerous Know-Nothing Party: founded on nativist ideals ⚫ Called for literacy tests & laws that required a longer waiting time between immigration and naturalization Middle Class: formed due to Market Revolution - Gap between rich & poor increased Lowell System: women worked for several years, save their wages, and them return home to marry & raise children Cult of domesticity: women were to focus on domestic affairs & men were to navigate the more dangerous outer sphere of employment and politics 4.7 Expanding Democracy Second Party System WHIGS -Anti-Jackson (Henry Clay) -support of power of Congress over presidency; for modernization -support government pay infrastructure DEMOCRATS -support power of presidency over congress -oppose national bank and modernization programs -oppose gov pay infrastructure Vetoed Maysville Road construction in Kentucky -oppose taxes Era of Good Feelings (1820s-1830s): under Monroe; supposed national unity; no political faction - still had debates and sectionalism 4.8 Jackson & Federal Power National Bank (1832) Jackson refused to recharter the national bank, claiming that it concentrated too much economic power Moved money from them national bank into 80 state pend banks → diminish national bank’s power Nullification Crisis Southern states disliked the tariff of 1828 b/c they relied on European imports South Carolina claimed nullification: a state could nullify federal laws it didn’t agree with Jackson passed a Force Bill: gave him authority to act against South Carolina New tariff bill with lower interest rate Indian Removal Act (1830) Georgia legislature declared that Georgia state laws would apply to the Cherokees starting 1830 Jackson advocated for the Indian Removal Act to “protect the Cherokees from Georgia laws” → Cherokees moved to land west of the Mississippi Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Marshall ruled that Indian nations were domestic dependent nations; should be dealt with by the federal government, not state government - Jackson ignored 25% of the Cherokees died (Trail of Tears) 4.9 The Development of an American Culture Hudson River School: first great school of American painters Transcendentalism: romanticism and human perfectibility, contradict enlightenment, emphasize beauty of nature & individualism 4.10 The Second Great Awakening Rejection of rationalism; emphasize personal salvation Market Revolution: emphasize personal success & failure Preaching 1st: logical and highly-structured, philosophical 2nd: used plain language and metaphors (Charles Grandison Finney), great emotion, less God centered, appeal to common people, moral in nature, emphasized moral reformation of society 4.11 An Age of Reform Context - Rise of democratic & individualistic beliefs Direct response to rationalism Market Revolution Greater social & geographic mobility - Second Great Awakening Temperance Movement Founding of the American Temperance Union in 1826: persuaded people to sign the pledge not to drink liquor States imposed heavy liquor taxes & allowed some local towns to ban the sale of alcohol Maine passed the first law prohibiting alcohol in 1851 Abolitionist Movement Attracted relatively few followers Immediate Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison: established the newspaper The Liberator Black abolitionist Frederick Douglass: Escaped slavery; Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) Gag rule: prohibited all discussion of abolitionist petitions in the House of Representatives Women’s Rights Movement Many women involved in other social reform movements → questions their own place in society Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 300 attendants Signed the Declaration of Sentiments: inspired by the DOI 4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic Underground railroad: secret escape routes to help African Americans escape slavery Nat Turner Organized group of African Americans and killed master and family, went from plantation to plantation Increased slave patrols & tightening slave codes 4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic Yeoman farmers: owned few slaves & worked right along the slaves Southern planters adopted a paternalism mindset on the issue of slavery - Viewing themselves as fathers who were responsible for the physical and moral well-being of slaves Masking the brutal reality of slavery Upper South: less slavery; diverse economy Deep South: more slavery; heavily dependent on cotton International slave trade ended in 1808 (no more Middle Passage) → internal slave trade Period 5 1844-1877 5.2 Manifest Destiny the United States is destined by God to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent (westward expansion) Causes 1. 2. 3. 4. Desire for access to natural & mineral resources ⚫ California Gold Rush ⚫ Homestead Act: gave 160 acres to any settler who would farm the land for five years → populate the Midwest Hope of economic opportunities (cotton plantation) Religious refuge Advanced transportation ⚫ Transcontinental Railroad (1869) 5.3 Mexican-American War Causes 1. 2. 3. Manifest destiny USA admitted Texas to statehood → Mexico broke diplomatic relationship with USA Boundary dispute ⚫ Texans: Rio Grande as their western & southern border ⚫ Mexico: Nueces River as the border (north of Rio Grande) Effect Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848---lasted 2 years) - Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as the Texas boundary Mexico cede New Mexico & upper California to the US for $15 million 5.4 Compromise of 1850 Wilmot Proviso (1846): prohibited slavery nor involuntary servitude in any part of said territory - Passed in the House but was defeated in the Senate Popular sovereignty: allow people of the territory to determine free/slave states Compromise of 1850 Context President Taylor suggested to let Californians to make decisions themselves over the issue of slavery California banned slavery in 1849 → fear of slave-owning capitalists monopolizing gold Admission of California would upset the balance of 15 each Compromise Proposed by Henry Clay; favored the North 1. 2. Admit California as a free state Use popular sovereignty in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico 3. 4. Abolition of slave trade in Washington D.C. More effective and strictly enforced fugitive slave law 5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences Abolitionist Movement Uncle Tom’s Cabin: revealed the nature of nature of slavery to Northerners - written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 Free Soil Movement Claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market Desired to stop the expansion of slavery to territories Defending Slavery John C. Calhoun claims that slavery was a positive good - Slaves enjoyed better conditions than industrial workers in the North Biological inferiority of Black Americans 5.6 Failure of Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): divided Nebraska territory into two and allowed for popular sovereignty Bleeding Kansas White settlers moved into Kansas to have a say on the status of slavery Violence between Northerners and Southerners → deaths of over 200 people in 1856 John Brown: dragged 5 pro-slavery settlers from their cabins & killed them Dred Scott Decision Scott sued his master for freedom after travelling with his master to Illinois and Wisconsin (banned slavery) Ruled that Black Americans had no right to sue because they were not citizens Scott was property; Congress had no authority to deprive personal property - Nullified the Missouri Compromise → opened all territories to slavery Third Party System Republican -Free Soilers, Whigs, Anti-Nebraska Democrats Northern-based abolitionists 5.7 Election of 1860 & Succession Lincoln-Douglas Debates Democrats -pro slavery Southern-based House divided speech (Lincoln): ideas of sectionalism and slavery Freeport Doctrine: territories have to pass and enforce laws to protect slavery; territorial legislation determines fate of slavery, not Dred Scott decision Election of 1860 Lincoln secured 40% of the popular votes & won Won without a single vote from the South → caused southern secession Secession & War South Carolina seceded in 1860 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed Established the Confederate States of America Bombing of Fort Sumter → Civil War begins (1861-1865) 5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War Regional Advantages North ⚫ Industry: manufactured war materials through extensive factory system ⚫ Naval Control: made blockade possible ⚫ Population size: more than double of the South → larger workforce & troops ⚫ Transportation: controlled railroad → allowed supplies & soldiers to travel easily Mobilization of the North South ⚫ Well-trained generals: Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson ⚫ Home Soil advantage: most fighting took place in the South ⚫ High troop morale & enthusiasm for the war Economic: Homestead Act (1862): gave citizens 160 acres of public for a small fee after living on it for 5 years Morrill Act (1862): set aside public land to the states for publica education Completion of the transcontinental railroad (1869) National Bank Acts of 1863-1864: created new national banking system & the issuing of greenbacks (first paper money not backed by gold or silver) Military Draft law (1863): all young males could be drafted Could avoid drafting by paying $300 or to hire someone to fight for the spot →Favored the rich →New York City Draft Riots (1863) Mobilization of the South Economic Failed to raise funds → issued paper money, caused inflation Military Conscription Act (1862): subjected all white males between the age of 18 and 35 to military service for 3 years Four-Phased Plan Phase 1: Anaconda Plan Blockade all Southern ports → cut off supplies & trade Phase 2: Gain control of the Mississippi River Battle of Vicksburg (1863): controlled the entire Mississippi River region - Split the Confederacy in two Phase 3: Engage in total war with the South General William Tecumseh Sherman captured & destroyed Atlanta Phase 4: Capture, Richmond, the Confederate capital April 3rd, 1865: Richmond fell to Grant’s Union forces April 9th, 1865: Lee surrendered the Confederate Army 5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War Emancipation Confiscation Act (1862): freed all slaves owned by those supporting the insurrection & authorized the president to employ Black Americans as soldiers Emancipation Proclamation - Made by Lincoln in 1862 Changed the purpose of the war Prevent confederacy from gaining support from Europe b/c Europe already banned slavery Controversy of Lincoln - Against checks and balances: send troops into battle without asking Congress for declaration of war Eliminated right of habeas corpus: right to speedy and fair trial; imprisoned and arrested antiwar citizens without trial Increase support through propaganda → demonstrate level of sacrifice Gettysburg Address: shift focus, new birth of freedom 5.10 Reconstruction Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863) All Southern states could reenter the union if 10% of the population took the loyalty oath - Be republican Recognize the permanent freedom of slaves Provide education for freed blacks The Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Congress though Lincoln’s approach was too moderate Required a majority of southerners in a give state to take the loyalty oath Lincoln’s Assassination Killed by actor John Wilkes Booth during a show in 1865 - Believed Lincoln was determined the overthrow the Constitution & destroy the South Vice president Andrew Johnson became president Called for Southern states to - withdraw its secession Swear allegiance to the Union (more than 10%) Ratify the 13th Amendment (abolished slavery) Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction Reasons Development of Black Codes: restrict blacks only to agricultural and domestic services and sharecropping Southern elected controversial Confederate figures into Senate Effects Civil Rights Act of 1866: declared specifically the blacks were citizens & could not have their rights to property restricted - Passed over Johnson’s veto (two-thirds majority in Congress can overrule veto) National gov. should protect the rights of citizens, not states Massacre in Memphis: white mobs and police forces roam streets to get rid of Blacks, burned every black church and school 13th Amendment (1865): abolished slavery 14th Amendment (1868): guaranteed citizenship to anyone, regardless of race, born in the US - Overturned the 1857 Dred Scott Decision Military Reconstruction Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act over Johnson’s veto in 1867 Separated the southern states into 5 military districts, each overseen by a Union general - The rebel states had to adopt new constitutions Had to give black men the right to vote Had to elect new state governments Had to ratify the 14th Amendment 15th Amendment (1868): Black men’s suffrage; ratified in 1870; all states officially readmitted Women’s suffrage 15th Amendment said nothing about denial of voting on the basis of sex → feminism movements NWSA (National Woman Suffrage Organization) 1869 Federal solution (amendment) Opposed the 15th Amendment → should include women Admitted only women 5.11 Failure of Reconstruction The Bright Side AWSA (American Woman Suffrage Association) 1869 State solution Supported the 15th Amendment Admitted both men & women Special Field Order No. 15 (1865): gave 40-acre of confiscated land and a mule to to Black families to prosper - Short-lived, Johnson ordered land to be returned to the planters who owned the land Freedman’s Bureau (1865): education for ex-slaves, provide food, clothing, jobs as well - short budget and abandoned in 1872 Political success: African Americans became representatives in Congress - First black senator: Hiram R. Revels (16 black people in Congress) The Dark Side Jim Crow Laws (1880s): legalized racial segregation (separate but equal) Black Codes: keep free slaves in servitude and domestic or farming jobs Sharecropping (started in 1860s)→generational poverty, bind by high debts and pay back through labor Ku Klux Klan: terrorist groups, lynchings and beatings - Force Acts: congress’ attempt to stop violence & secure rights, broke up KKK temporarily Civil Rights Act of 1875: Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations, public transportations, and jury selection (later rule parts of the act unconstitutional) Election of 1876: Republican: Hayes vs Democratic: Tilden - Hayes ended Military Reconstruction (military occupation in South) → end of Reconstruction Period 6 1865-1898 6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development 1862 Pacific Railroads Act: provided federal subsidies and land grants to railroad companies New agricultural machinery - Sodbuster: eased the task of breaking the tough grass roots of the plains Refrigerated Car Bard Wire Fencing: enclose land for low cost Farmers’ Grievances - Overproduction → drop in prices → increased debts for small farmers In debt because of expensive credit and commercialization Railroads charged higher rates for farm goods than others National Grange Movement (1868): pass grange laws that regulate railroad prices Commence Act: created Interstate Commerce commission that regulate railroad and their prices Farmers’ Alliances: increased political action and involved women 6.3 Westward Expansion: Social & Cultural Development Migration Foreign immigrants: Northern Europe and Canada, Germans, Scandinavians - Chinese—gold mining industry, excluded by “foreign Miners Tax”, worked for transcontinental railroad [low wages, dangerous conditions] Exodusters: African Americans migrate west after end of reconstruction to escape racism and poverty - Formed Dunlap Community Cowboys travel long drives: hearing cattle from Texas to Missouri Environmental Impacts Buffalo population decreased - Change in climate & prolonged droughts Competition for forage with horses, sheep, and cattle Hunters killed buffaloes for robes & leather Conflicts The Great Sioux War Ghost Dance Movement: hope that white people would be driven away by God Seen as a threat → caused Wounded Knee Massacre (1890): killed more than 200 Indians Assimilation Dawes Severalty Act (1887): broke of reservations of tribes, granting 160 acres to each head of a family & less amounts to others Burke Act (1906): granted immediate citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes Carlisle Indian School (1879): forced assimilation of Christian culture Closing of the frontier: promoted by Turner; promote independence, egalitarianism, individualism 6.4 The New South increased railroad, coal production, national manufacturing, but still relied on sharecropping and tenant farming Disfranchisement Voters needed to live 2 years in the state (black people moved frequently in search for jobs) Needed to pay poll taxes in order to vote Literacy test: prove literacy by reading the Constitution Grandfather clause: allowed those who were illiterate to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote in 1867 (A.A. was excluded from voting at that time) Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if the accommodations were equal Fight for Equality National Association of Colored Women: combat racism and segregation Ida B. Wells: published a series of impassioned articles against lynching - Founded NAACP in 1909 Booker T. Washington: assimilation approach → first establish economic base then strive for social equality Atlanta Compromise: ignore short term segregation for long term economic gains W.E.B. Du Bois: education of blacks not merely vocational but should further challenge segregation and discrimination through political action 6.5 Technological Innovation Context: Second Industrial Revolution Bessemer converter: steel could be produced directly and quickly from crude iron Transatlantic cable lines: electrical wires allowed instant messaging 6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism Rockefeller Founded the Standard Oil Company of Ohio controlled 95% of oil refining in US horizontal integration: combined a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation taken over 22 of his 26 competitors Carnegie Monopolized Steal industry Vertical integration: achieve control of every aspect of the production process Gospel of Wealth and Philanthropy: establish universities and libraries with his money to benefit society 6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age Context Rising living standards, but gap between the rich and poor continued Poor working condition → no compensation program for injuries Child labor: low wages & no education Disorganized Protest Molly Maguires: used violence and even murder on coal operators Great Railroad Strike of 1877: cut wage by 10% due to Panic of 1873 → burned railroad properties; spread to 11 states Unions Knights of Labor Membership opened to all workers regardless of race and sex → more than 700,000 in 1880s Goals: 8-hour workday & abolition of child labor Haymarket Square Riot Peace protest for 8-hour workday turned violent as someone threw a bomb Rumors tied it to an anarchist of the Knights → public thought the Knights wanted to overthrew the government → decline and dissolved in 1893 American Federation of Labor (AFL) Unions of skilled workers Goals: 8-hour workday & higher wages Government Response Strikebreaking: hired Pinkerton detectives In re Debs (1895): the use of court injunctions to break strikes was justified Permitted employers to refuse to negotiate with labor unions 6.8 Immigration & Migration in the Gilded Age New immigrants: Southern and Eastern Europe, Japanese, Chinese Great Migration: black Americans migrate to industrial cities to escape poverty and oppression of the South Urbanization Tenements: crowded multiple-family rental buildings; no window; no plumbing; no heating 6.9 Responses to Immigration Nativism Feld that immigrants threatened traditional American culture American Protective Association (APA): 500,000 members in 1893 - Promoted restrictions on immigration, strict naturalization requirements, and teaching of the American language in schools Immigration Restriction Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) - Took away job opportunities from Americans for accepting lower wages Disallowed Chinese immigration for 10 years Only those who had a Chinese-American parent were allowed to enter Social Darwinism: employers had the moral superiority to impose their economic and political will on their workers Hull House (1889) Operated by Jane Addams Members were middle-class idealists - Helped immigrant families adopt to the language & customs of America Helped enroll children in clubs and kindergartens Set up nursery to care for the infant children of working mothers Organized political support for housing laws, public playgrounds, child labor laws, and workers’ compensation laws 6.10 Development of the Middle Class Gospel of Wealth Proposed by Carnegie Wealth was a direct result of God’s will & the wealthy had an obligation to give money away in order to better society Philanthropy: Carnegie established universities, open libraries, and fund museum and other cultural institutions Rockefeller: support advanced in education and medicine 6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age Socialist Party: government takeover of industries for the benefit of all Eugene Debs organized the Social Democratic Party in 1897 Social Gospel movement: Christians should help improve the lives of those less fortunate Women Employment - Women’s participation in labor force increased Domestic work, teaching, nursing Clerical work & sales jobs became increasingly available Education - Increased college enrollment (1/3 of college students) Vassar (1865): the first women’s college to teach by same standards as men’s college Suffrage - NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association): NWSA+AWSA Goal: women’s suffrage 19th Amendment (1920): guaranteed women’s suffrage Reform - National Association of Colored Women, excluded from General Federation of Women’s Clubs (doesn’t target racial issues) Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WTCU 1874): had 245,000 members Largest women’s organization at that time 6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government Laissez-Faire Government Federal government hoped that states would control the practices of big business linked back to Jeffersonian Liberalism (limited government intervention) Expansion Causes Rapid industrial development → acquisition of foreign territories to gain easier access to raw materials Closing of the western frontier → Manifest Destiny still not been fulfilled Alaska (1867) Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased from Russia for $7.2 million No value → Seward’s Folly / Seward’s Icebox → later found oil Samoa (1878) Samoans signed treaty → granted naval base at Pago Pago & exchanged trade concessions 6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age REPUBLICAN -gold standard Goldbugs DEMOCRAT -party of morality -nativist, restrict immigration and employment of foreigners -American language in schools -support high tariffs to benefit big businesses -laissez faire Controlled the Senate Controlled the House Supporters: Protestants of British descent New England Black Americans and Union veterans Supporters: Heterogeneous party: Southern whites, immigrants, Catholics, jews, freethinkers POPULIST -coinage of silver Silverites -made money more widely available and expand money supply -Unlimited coinage of silver -graduated income tax. -public ownership of railroad, telegraph and telephone lines -gov subsidies for agricultural prices -8-hour work day -direct election of senators -increased voter power with initiative, referendum, & recall Supporters: farmers Panic of 1893: depression Silverites: government should allow for the free coinage of silver → more available Goldbugs: government should only back the money with gold → keep dollar value high Election of 1896: President McKinley (republican) adopted the gold-standard - Populist Party dissolved due to disastrous election results Urban Political Machine - Controlled political parties Provided covered city jobs to supporters Found housing for immigrants & provided various forms of support to needy families Tammany Hall: led by Boss Tweed in New York - Gave aid to small business owners, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes Period 7 1890-1945 7.2 Imperialism Hawaii Annexation Desire to develop Pearl Harbor into a naval port → overthrown Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 → annexed in 1898 Justification for Imperialism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Jingoes (expansionists): believed that domestic tensions might be resolved by a more robust foreign policy Imperialist fever in Europe Manifest Destiny not yet fulfilled Social Darwinism: Protestant races deserved to rule Desire for a powerful navy → occupy sties as refueling stations & naval bases Second Industrial Revolution → raw materials & market Anti-Imperialism Anti-Imperialist League (1899) Feared expansion would pollute Americans by introducing “inferior” Asian races Violation of DOI: self-determination 7.3 The Spanish-American War Causes 1. 2. 3. Americans sugar plantations in Cuba; Guerilla warfare, hit and run stacks to damage economic life Weyler gathered Cubans in detention centers (reconcentrados) to prevent them from joining insurrection Sank of USS Maine (1898) Yellow Journalism blamed Spanish submarine mine for sinking the ship → declare war Teller Amendment: assure Cubans that the US intended to grant Cuba its independence after the war Effects Treaty of Paris of 1898: gave the US Guam & Puerto Rico & US paid $20 million for Philippines Insular Cases: citizens in conquered territory did not have the protection of the Constitution Platt Amendment: Cuba had to have all treaties approved by the US; US had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs; US had access to naval bases on the island Open Door Policy: China would be open and free to trade equally with any nation 7.4 The Progressives (1900-1917) Context Progressive Era: 1900-1917 Society was capable of improvement & that continued growth and advancement were the nation’s destiny Advocated for purposeful government intervention Muckrakers Exposed scandal, corruption, and injustice How the Other Half Lives (1890): slum conditions The Jungle (1906): Unsanitary meatpacking industry Election Secret Ballot: required voters to mark their choices secretly Direct primary: voters directly participate in nominating process for candidates 17th Amendment: required all senators to be elected by popular vote Initiative: voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill Referendum: allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots Recall: allowed voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote Women’s Suffrage NAWSA → 19th Amendment: voting rights for women Theodore Roosevelt Aided Panama independence → construction of the Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary: US would aid any Latin American nation experiencing financial trouble Square deal: enforcement of existing anti-trust laws & stricter control of big businesses Hepburn Act (1906): gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum freight rates → low-cost transportation for farmers Meat Inspection Act (1906): created federal standards for meatpacking factories - Inspired by The Jungle Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): required all processed food and drugs to include ingredient labels Preservationist & conservationist → created National Park Service & National Forest Service Taft Dollar diplomacy: encouraged American businesses to send their dollars to foreign countries 16th Amendment: national income tax 17th Amendment: direct election of senators Wilson Moral diplomacy: anti-imperialist (fare competition); duty to spread democracy to nations under threat of totalitarianism Federal Reserve Commission: greater governmental control over finances 18th (1919) & 19th Amendment (1920) 7.5 WW1 (1914-1918) Triple Entente (Allies): Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy Cause: assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist America Participation (1917) Cause German submarine warfare → sank British boat Lusitania → 128 Americans died Zimmermann telegram: stated that if Mexico were to declare war on the US, Germany would provide Mexico help in regaining the lands lost in the Mexican War - Aimed to keep the US out of WW1, but intercepted by Britain Effect The Fourteen Points: called for free trade through lower tariffs & freedom of the seas; reduction in military; promotion of self-determination League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles: Germany ceded colonies; disarm; pay reparations; admit total fault for war; creation of the League of Nations Failed in Congress b/c it curtailed America’s ability to act independently in foreign affairs 7.6 WW1: Homefront Liberty Bonds: loans from the American people War Industry Board (WIB): coordinate industrial and agricultural power for war supplies National War Labor Board: mediator for labor disputes; 8h workday in exchange for no strikes Freedom of Speech: Espionage Act (1917): prohibited using US mail system to interfere with the war effort Sedition Act (1918): illegal to prevent the sale of war bonds or to criticize the government Schenck v. United States Urged men to resist draft → violated Espionage Act Ruled that freedom of speech is not absolute if it posed a clear and present danger to others Committee of Public Information (CPI): supervised the distribution of printed materials; violence toward German immigrants First Red Scare 1917 Russian Revolution → feared communist takeover Federal Bureau of Investigation → prevent radical takeover Great Migration CAUSES - push from South, violence, racism, segregation, voting restrictions, pull to North, jobs during WW1 and 1920s boom; northern businesses sent recruiting agents, newspaper editor “land of promises” EFFECTS - new jobs Harlem Renaissance (Ellington, Hughes, Armstrong), city segregation and redlining (African Americans not allowed in white neighborhoods), new KKK violence (Red Summer 1919—black villages and locations throughout the North were attacked) Red Summer: against Great Migration → The Chicago Riot 7.7 1920s Technological Innovations Automobile Assembly line → Ford Model T only cost $290 by 1924 → increased demand for suburban housing Telephone Mass Media: cinema, Hollywood, Charlie Chaplin, black characters played by white actors in blackface Radio Consumerism: installment plan (purchase on credit) 7.8 1920s Culture & Politics Flappers: dress revealing, behavior, pink collar jobs (clerk and secretary) Black Americans New Negro: radically defend their interests against violence and inequality Black Nationalism: promote Black people’s own ideals and civilization Harlem Renaissance: spread of black folk culture Immigration 1921 Emergency Quota Act: annual immigration from any country could not exceed 3% of the number of persons of that nationality who had been in the US in 1910 The National Origin Act of 1924: banned immigration from East Asia & reduced quota for Europeans from 3 to 2 percent Ku Klux Klan: grew to more than 5 million members; attack minorities and non-Christians Religion Tennessee banned the teaching of evolution → against religion Scopes Monkey Trial: reduced trust toward Christianity Prohibition 18th Amendment (1919): banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages Caused black markets & homemade alcohol (more deadly) 21st Amendment (1933): repealed prohibition 7.9 The Great Depression Context - Teapot Dome Scandal: oil companies bribed Secretary of Interior in order to drill on government-owned petroleum reserves Welfare capitalism: reduce labor unions Causes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stock market crash in 1929 Weak international economy: WW1 debts of Europeans nations weakened international banking system Depressed agricultural sector: overproduction led to decreased prize of crops Underconsumption: people spent money beyond their means → decreased production & increased unemployment Laissez-faire regulation: concentration of wealth Impacts 25% of the American labor force were unemployed Hoovervilles: self-built homes using cardboard, tine, or crates Farmers lost farms due to Dust Bowl (drought + unsustainable farming) Farmers’ Holiday Association: threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices Hoover’s Response Initially practiced laissez-faire Hawley-Smoot Tariff: highest tariff in US history → worsened economy Federal Emergency Relief Administration: provided government money to bail out large companies and banks 7.10 The New Deal FDR elected in 1932 → New Deal 1. 2. 3. Relief for those people who were suffering Recovery for the economy Reform measures to avoid future depressions Relief Legislation Emergency Banking Act (1933) - Declared a bank holiday & closed the nation’s banks Only financially sound banks were allowed to reopen → increase civilian confidence in banks Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): guarantee bank deposits → prevent bankrupt Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933) - $500 million for direct relief & work projects for hungry, homeless, and unemployed people Public Works Administration (1933) - Provided jobs through public construction projects, such as bridges and housing Civilian Conservations Corps (1933) - Provided work for 2.5 million young men conserving natural resources Works Progress Administration (1935) - Provided jobs for 25& of adult Americans Replace direct relief with public works project Recovery Legislation National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) - Set codes of fair competition Maintain prices, minimum wages, and maximum hours Declared unconstitutional in 1935 First Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) - Raise farmers’ income by reducing surplus crops and livestock Government paid farmers for reducing the number of acres they planted → benefit large farmers Declared unconstitutional in 1936 Federal Housing Administration (1934) - Insure bank mortgages Second Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938) - Government paid farmers to store portions of overproduced crops until the price restore to 1909-1914 level Reform Legislation Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933) - Restore & maintain stability in national economy; created FDIC Securities Exchange Act (1934) - Regulate stock exchanges and investment adviser Social Security Act (1935) - Provided old-age insurance, paid by a tax on both the employer and employee while working Provided unemployment insurance, paid by employers Gave assistance to dependent children & to the elderly, ill, and handicapped National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935) - Guaranteed labor the right to form unions, to practice collective bargaining, and to take collective action (strike) Ensure elections to select unions were conducted fairly Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) - Set a minimum wage and a maximum work week; banned child labor in interstate commerce Opposition & Controversy American Liberty League (1934): claimed that Roosevelt was exercising too much power Judicial Reorganization Bill: increase the number of judges to approve the New Deal laws - Even Democrats refused to support Impacts Indian Reorganization Act (1934): restore tribal self-government as well as native languages, customs, and religious freedom African Americans excluded from state and local relief programs New Deal programs allowed women to receive lower payment than men 7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy Isolationism Washington Conference (1921-1922): shut down naval arms race by establishing a ratio of battleships Kellogg-Briand Pact: promise never outlaw war; no enforcement provisions Neutrality Act of 1935: prohibit all arms shipments & forbid US citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations Neutrality Act of 1936: forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents Neutrality Act of 1937: forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain From Neutrality to War Cash and carry: required the Allies to pay cash for weapons; come to the US to pick up their purchases & carry them away on their own ships → strongly favored Britain Lend-Lease Act (1941): permitted the US to lend armaments to England, which no longer had money to purchase weapons - Justifies that US must help defend four freedoms Pearl Harbor Attack (1941): Japan bombed; 2400 killed → immediately declared war 7.12 WW2: Mobilization Government Agencies War Production Board (WIB): manage war industries; shift to produce weapons Office of War Mobilization (OWM): set production priorities & controlled raw materials Office of Price Administration (OPA): freezing prices, wages, and rents & rationing such commodities to fight wartime inflation Office of War Information: controlled news about troop movements and battles Labor Opportunities Women Women took jobs of men as men joined the military Served in military as nurses Rosie the Riveter: symbol for all women who worked in wartime factories Black Americans Double V: victory over fascism abroad & victory for equality at home Smith v. Allwright (1944): unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans Native Americans Navajo Code Talkers: transfer information using native language; cannot be broke by the Japanese Japanese Internment Caused by the Pearl Harbor Attack → Japanese Americans suspected of being spies Executive Order 9006 (1942): order over 100,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and reside in military zones for imprisonment Korematsu v. US (1944): support internment policy as justified in wartime 7.13 WW2: Military The European Theater D-Day: secured several beachheads on the Normandy coast → later liberated Paris → Nazi surrender The Pacific Theater Battle of Midway: ended Japanese expansion Island-hopping: bypassed strongly held Japanese posts and isolated them with naval & air power Women Women’s Army Corps: separate units from men; operated radios & repaired planes and vehicles; clerical duties Black Americans Executive Order 9981: end of racial segregation in the military; issued by Truman Atomic Bomb Prevent heavy casualties of land invasion of Japan Dropped in Hiroshima & Nagasaki Japan surrendered in 1945 7.14 Postwar Diplomacy Yalta Conference: Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between USSR and Western Europe Began to establish Soviet satellites and Iron Curtain Creation of the United Nations to mediate future international disputes Period 8 1945-1980 8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 1980 Containment: contain the threat of further Soviet expansion Iron Curtain: division between the free Western Europe and the communist Eastern Europe Truman Doctrine Truman asked Congress for $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece Away from isolationism and neutrality Marshall Plan (1947) Provided $13 billion in economic aid for rebuilding Europe Mainly went to Britain, France, Italy, and West Germany European industrial production risen 64% USSR formed the COMECON Beginnings Berlin Blockade (1948): Soviets cut off all access to West Berlin by blockading the roads Berlin Airlift: airlift of food, clothing, coal, medicine, and other necessities to the city Blockade removed in 1949 NATO (1949) Members: US and 11 other Western nations Act together for their common defense Mutual defense: an attack on any one of them would be considered an attack on all of them Soviets responded by forming the Warsaw Pact with seven Eastern European nations Containment in Asia Korean War - Korea divided along the 38th parallel North: USSR South: US North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 Korea remained a divided nation after the war 8.3 2nd Red Scare Hollywood 10: criticized McCarthyism → blacklisted Smith Act: illegal for anyone to advocate overthrowing any government in the United States by force Loyalty Review Board: conduct security checks on thousands of government employees Taft-Hartley Act: made it more difficult to organize labor unions, response to labor union strikes McCarthyism Use of methods of investigation & accusation that are regarded as unfair, in order to suppress opposition McCarthy claimed that he had a list of 205 communist employees in the government Rosenberg Case - Ethel and Julius Rosenberg charged with giving atomic secrets to USSR Sentenced to death Legislation McCarran Internal Security Act: limited actions the government considered as a threat to security McCarran-Walter Act: restricted immigration from communist-dominated nations McCarthy’s Fall He held televised investigations into charges → citizens saw his bullying tactics The Senate censured him for conduct unbecoming a member in 1954 → end of Red Scare 8.4 Economy after 1945 Causes of Economic Growth - Military budget acted as stimulant Automation of workplace → increased productivity Increased consumer demand Baby boom: caused by the return of 12 million veterans Construction boom Suburbanization Migration of middle class to the suburbs & to the South and West Levittown: homes created on assembly lines → quick and cheap production of identical homes 1956 Interstate Highway Act: caused by increased ownership of automobiles Sunbelt: South, Southwest, and West Truman’s Fair Deal Programs aimed at promoting full employment, a higher minimum wage, great unemployment compensation, housing assistance, etc. GI Bill of Rights: aid veterans to attend college & buy homes 8.5 Culture after 1945 COUNTERCULTURE Rock’n’roll: mass culture to young generation, chuck Barry, Elvis Presley Beatniks/Beat generation: poets rebel against conformity Jack Kerouac: stream of consciousness, rail against conformity, freedom and spontaneity; “On the Road” J.D. Salinger: Catcher in the Rye, criticizes mass culture conformity 8.6 Civil Rights Movement (1940s-1950s) Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) - Brown requested the right to attend a local all-white school NAACP joined the case & appealed it all the way to the Supreme Court Held that separate education facilities are inherently unequal Ordered schools to integrate “with all deliberate speed” Southern Manifesto: declared that the Brown decision is a clear abuse of federal power Little Rock Nine Arkansas State governor ordered National Guard to prevent nine black students from attending allwhite school President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students Montgomery Rosa Parks: refused to give up her seat to a white man, which was required by law Montgomery Bus Boycott: refused to take the bus Supreme Court affirmed in 1956 that the separate but equal doctrine can no longer be safely followed as a correct statement of the law 8.7 America as a World Power Massive retaliation: US would consider the use of nuclear weapons to halt aggression if believed the nation’s interests were threatened Nuclear Arms Race: Hydrogen bomb → US 1952, USSR 1953 Space Race: Neil Armstrong went to moon Atoms for Peace Plan: called for UN supervision of a world search to find peaceful uses for nuclear technology Covert Action (1955): CIA helped overthrew a government in Iran that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies Suez Crisis (1956) - Egypt seized & nationalized the Suez Canal Threatened Western Europe’s supply line to Middle Eastern oil Britain, France, & Israel carried out a surprise attack against Egypt and retook the canal US called UN resolution to condemn the invasions → forces withdrew Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): pledged economic & military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism OPEC (1960): expanded political power by coordinating oil policies - Placed oil embargo on oil sold to Israel’s supporters Worldwide oil shortage Loss of manufacturing jobs in US Shift to fuel-efficient Japanese cars 55-mile-per-hour speed limit to save oil Construction of oil pipeline in Alaska Yom Kippur War (1973) The Syrians & Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967 → US aided Israel & won Peace Corps (1961): recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries Alliance of Progress: promoted land reforms & economic development in Latin America Invade Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro → failed Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba → close to Florida US imposed naval blockade on Cuba USSR removed the missiles, and US removed their missiles in Turkey Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: not to test nuclear weapons in air, space, and sea Nixon Administration Nixon Doctrine: stated that the US would no longer provide direct military protection in Asia Détente: prevent open conflict through Realpolitik (power politics) SALT Agreement: set limits on the number of defensive missile sites and strategic offensive missiles each nation would keep 8.8 The Vietnam War Context - Domino Theory: if South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia will also fall Formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) → common danger War Expansion Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964): allowed the president to directly control the military War Reduction - Nixon called for Vietnamization: takeover of the ground fighting by Vietnamese soldiers Nixon bombed Cambodia → Kent State University Protest → four students killed War Powers Act (1973): reduce President’s military power - President can send troops overseas but must inform Congress within 48 hours Troops many not stay overseas more than 60 days without the approval of Congress Congress has the power to force the President to bring troops home 8.9 The Great Society Proposed by Lyndon B. Johnson Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibit discrimination on race, color, religions, sex, etc. - Protection of voting rights for all Americans Opening of public facilities to people of all races A commission to protect equal job opportunities for all Americans Medicare: medical aid to elder people Medicaid: medical aid to poor people Voting Rights Act of 1965: guarantee enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments by eliminating literacy tests & other discriminatory practices - Put an end to literacy tests Authorized federal examiners to register voters in areas suspected of denying Black Americans the right to vote Directed the attorney general to take legal action against states that continued to use poll taxes in state elections Civil Rights Act of 1965: outlawed discriminatory voting practices in the South Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: provided equal access, high standards, and accountability for primary and secondary education Immigration Act of 1965: eliminate the national origins system (no more preference to Northern Europeans) - Continued to resist Latin American immigrants Housing Act: offered $4.9 billion for preservation of open spaces, the development of mass-transit systems, and the subsidization of middle-income housing 8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement Greensboro Four: four Black college students sat down & demanded service at a “whites-only” restaurant - Sit-in Movement Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 24th Amendment: abolished pool tax in federal elections Black Panther Party: Black Americans should take total control of the political and economic aspects of their lives Malcolm X: promoted Black Nationalism 8.11 Civil Rights Movement (1960s-1980s) Women Counterculture: rejected social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation and advocated changes in sexual norms Equal Pay Act (1972): required employers to pay equal wages for equal work Title IX: gave female college athletes the right to the same financial support as male athletes Roe v. Wade (1973): right of abortion Native Americans Red Power → American Indian Movement (AIM 1968) Seized Alcatraz Islan in 1969 & demanded that space to be turned into an Indian cultural center Chicano Movement Inspired by African American movements → Brown Power United Farm Workers: advocated for higher pay & safer working conditions Boycotts of grapes and lettuce Asian American Movement More ethnic studies in college curriculum Protested against the Vietnam War as it represented colonialism & racism against Asians “Asian American” is used as a term Gay Rights Movement Stonewall Uprising (1969): arrested people in a gay nightclub; started a fire & almost trapped the police APA stopped categorizing homosexuality as a mental illness in 1974 Warren Court Gideon v. Wainwright: required that every felony defendant be provided a lawyer regardless of the defendant’s ability to pay Escobedo v. Illinois: a person accused of a crime must also be allowed to consult a lawyer before being interrogated by police Miranda v. Arizona: an accused person in police custody must be informed of certain basic rights 8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s Port Huron Statement: called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy Free Speech Movement - UC Berkeley, 1964 Demanded an end to university restrictions on student political activities Demanded a greater voice in the government of the university Woodstock Music Festival Reflected new counterculture: rebellious styles of dress, music, drug use, etc. Folk music: Bob Dylan Rock music: the Beatles 8.13 Environmental Actions Cause Silent Spring (1961): identified the hazards of agricultural pesticides (DDT) Effect Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1970): coordinates federal programs to combat pollution & protect the environment First Earth Day celebration in 1970 Clean Air Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972): set specific guidelines for individuals & businesses with regard to water pollution and required government standards Endangered Species Act (1973): included potential endangered plants and animals 8.14 Society in Transition Sagebrush Rebellion: mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development Evangelical Christianity: personal conversion; born-again Christians Moral Majority: opposed federal interference in local affairs & denounced abortion, divorce, feminism, and homosexuality Period 9 1980-Present 9.2 Reagan and Conservatism Targets: inflation → caused by big government (conservatives) New Federalism: turned over federal control of some social welfare programs to the states Reagonomics: end inflation without increasing national debt; supply-side economy Actions - Reduced social welfare programs → cut $40 billion Made cuts in the Environmental Protection Agency Increased military spending → offset other savings Tax cuts for 60% of Americans National debt still increased due to trade imbalance (more imports than exports) Proposition 13 (1979): reduced property taxes in California The New Right - Cold War conservatism Economically pro-business Moral & religious conservation 9.3 End of Cold War Berlin Wall: stop the flood of East Germans escaping to freedom in the West → tyranny → removed in 1989 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): system of lasers and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles - Star Wars: escalate arms race Reagan Doctrine: pledged aid to anti-communist efforts Iran-Contra Affair (1986): secretly sold arms to Iran to get them to help free American hostages → money from Iran went to Nicaragua to overthrow the government End of Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev: elected as the last leader of USSR in 1985 Glasnost: increased political freedom in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Perestroika: allowed a measure of free enterprise to improve economic conditions within the USSR - Transition to market economy → reduced tension Claims that the USSR no longer support communist government with Soviet military → Poland elected a noncommunist leader in 1989 Start I: reduced number of nuclear warheads down to 10,000 & later down to 3,000 Start II: US offered funds to Russia to shore up their unstable economy after the collapse 9.4 A Changing Economy Computer revolution: Apple Computers & Microsoft Emails & internet → accelerated globalization Economic growth → increased employment in service but decreased employment in manufacture (outsourcing) → Unions declined as blue-collar workers saw jobs decrease Firms moved operations to areas of the country where unions were weak & wages low (sunbelt) Amazon, eBay, PayPal → changed the way consumers shopped Social media → changed advertising Cells phones Facebook 9.5 Immigration Population shifted to the South & West: Texas, California, Arizona, Florida Sunbelt: mainly conservatism Revival of Nativism Immigration and Control Act (1986): ineffective California Proposition 187 (1994): prohibit undocumented immigrants from accessing nonemergency healthcare & public education 9.6 Challenges of the 21st Century 911 Bin Laden organized attack on the World Trade Center & the Pentagon on 2001.9.1 Two planes flew into the World Trade Center’s Twin Towers & one flew into the Pentagon 3000 civilians were killed Bush Doctrine: claimed the right to preemptively strike any enemy, even before they had actually done anything to the US (war on terror) Fallout for Civil Liberties Patriot Act: national government had the power and authority to spy on American citizens, in a search for terrorists Torture & abuse were regularly used Reorganized the entire defense structure of the United States into the Department of Homeland Security → massive expansion of federal power Fossil Fuel Dependence Fracking: pump water under high pressure into the ground to release natural gas and oil - Extend domestic fuel supplies → concerns about environmental damage Solar and wind power sources became more affordable → Green Energy Movement THE END Hope you get a 5
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