Evidence-Based Practice in Sport and Exercise A
Practitioner's Guide to Using Research Brent L.
Arnold Test bank
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Chapter 10. Evaluating Research Quality
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. A student wishes to study whether yoga helps improve fitness in seniors. What is the main reason the
research question is weak?
A. Trivial, broad, or easily answered
B. Hypothesis strongly supported by previous research
C. Cannot be tested
D. Impossible to study under control
____
2. Which is NOT true about the key aspects of the scientific method?
A. It formulates a question or a need based on an observed problem or occurrence.
B. It relies on the accumulation of subjective quantifiable data for a nonbiased
interpretation.
C. It speculates an outcome based on a developed hypothesis.
D. It develops testing methodology that is clear and can be replicated given the
necessary resources.
____
3. Which is an example of a poor research question that cannot be tested?
A. A researcher is interested in whether a low-calorie diet will be effective for weight
loss.
B. How does a particular food additive affect the taste of cough syrup?
C. A company wants to know whether a new cancer drug increases life span.
D. A doctor wants to study the effect of a complimentary physical examination on
residents in a low-income neighborhood.
____
4. Which is NOT a characteristic of the results section of a paper?
A. A study’s outcome measures
B. Results addressing previous publications to support the research arguments
C. Typically not a long section
D. Contains several summary figures and tables
____
5. Out of the seven levels of evidence, which practice involves evidence from case-control or cohort
studies?
A. Level III
B. Level IV
C. Level V
D. Level VI
____
6. Which of the following is NOT an important question to ask when reviewing results sections?
A. Have the authors included results for all their hypotheses?
B. Are results provided for other data collected?
C. Are figures and table cited and properly titled?
D. Does the study use a control group or any type of control method to identify
within-group changes?
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____
7. Which is NOT true of most primary sources?
A. They are empirical studies.
B. They may be published in peer-reviewed journals.
C. They are written with a secondary source.
D. They have been presented at a conferences.
____
8. Which is NOT true of peer-reviewed journals?
A. They are academic journals featuring original works that are vetted by expert peers
in a particular field of study.
B. They are major sources for research studies.
C. They present experimental research whereby the scientific method is used to
answer the questions.
D. They include editorials by experts, invited opinions, letters to the editors, book
reviews, and review articles.
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____
9. What is true of the scientific method? Select all that apply.
A. The scientific method outlines specific instructions for investigating observations,
acquiring evidence, and then integrating that evidence into the current body of
knowledge.
B. In a broad sense, research is what we do to answer questions, and the scientific
method is why we do it.
C. When using the scientific method to evaluate research quality, a research question
and hypothesis must be developed, tested, and then confirmed.
D. Even if the research is found to be sound based on the scientific method, there is a
need to validate and confirm the results of the study.
____ 10. Which of the following questions are necessary in evaluating the quality of the research? Select all
that apply.
A. Are figures and tables cited and properly titled?
B. Have authors included results for their primary hypothesis?
C. Are results provided for the data collected?
D. Did authors report p values and other statistics for both significant and
nonsignificant values?
____ 11. What is something to consider when understanding the influence of both the patient and clinician on
evidence-based medicine? Select all that apply.
A. Quality record-keeping to monitor treatment efficiency
B. Effective use of clinical data to integrate patient information, test results, and
contemporary research
C. Critical reasoning ability to promote review and rating of current practices
D. Ability to use effective treatments based on the available resources in a
cost-effective manner
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____ 12. The scientific method is a set of basic principles that outline the means for which of the following?
Select all that apply.
A. Investigating observations
B. Acquiring evidence
C. Integrating evidence into the current body of knowledge
D. Asking questions
____ 13. What is an advantage of the peer-review process? Select all that apply.
A. A group of competent persons within a similar discipline independently evaluate
the body of work.
B. It is an effective means for eliminating poorly designed studies.
C. Without peer review, there is no evaluation of the merits of the research or
determination of whether the study was conducted in a safe, controlled manner.
D. An outside reviewer writes a qualitative piece about whether the research is
relevant.
____ 14. What is true of evidence-based medicine? Select all that apply.
A. Evidence-based medicine has become integral to the best practices in health care.
B. At the heart of evidence-based medicine is the scientific method, which drives the
formulation of quality research questions and hypotheses.
C. Evidence-based medicine aims to incorporate epidemiological evidence with
systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials to achieve treatment strategies
that are based on objective evidence.
D. Evidence-based medicine is influenced by both the business of pharmaceuticals
and is distinguished by the effective use of clinical data to integrate patient
information, test results, and contemporary research.
____ 15. As scientific research studies have become more common, the need to rate the quality of these
studies to organize them for easy access has grown increasingly important. Fortunately, several
organizations have developed guidelines for evaluating research. Which of the following were
referenced in the reading? Select all that apply.
A. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
B. Physiotherapy Evidence Database
C. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
D. The strength of recommendation taxonomy
____ 16. What is true about the key aspects of the scientific method? Select all that apply.
A. It formulates a question or need based on an observed problem or occurrence.
B. It relies on the accumulation of subjective quantifiable data for a nonbiased
interpretation.
C. It speculates an outcome based on a developed hypothesis.
D. It develops testing methodology that is clear and can be replicated given the
necessary resources.
____ 17. What are the essentials to creating a quality hypothesis? Select all that apply.
A. A research hypothesis is developed with the objective of rejecting the null
hypothesis.
B. A hypothesis is the current accepted position.
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C. A hypothesis should be a natural extension of the research question and literature.
D. A hypothesis casts doubt on what is known.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 18. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISM) is dedicated to
a set of minimum standards to aid authors in the reporting of items in evidence-based systematic
reviews and meta-analyses.
____ 19. An example of Level III evidence is quasi-experimental nonrandomized controlled trials.
____ 20. A null hypothesis is the assumption or currently accepted position in which no specific relationship
exists between two variables, and we either reject the accepted view or fail to reject it.
____ 21. Making broad conclusions over a number of significant p values with small effect sizes means
potentially seeing terms such as “nearly insignificant” and “lack of evidence” to discuss results.
____ 22. Evidence-based medicine aims to incorporate epidemiological evidence with systematic reviews of
randomized controlled trials.
____ 23. Based on the different levels of evidence, research using the highest standards of inclusion is
typically viewed as the strongest evidence.
____ 24. Inclusion criteria are used to eliminate studies that are either of poor quality, lack specific control
variables or groups, or use methodology that is incorrect or not comparable to that of other studies.
____ 25. An educated reader can, and should, judge a paper based on the merit of its robust discussion and
evidence-based conclusion sections of the paper.
____ 26. Understanding both the scientific research method and the subsequent peer-review process will help
professionals better recognize superior and more definitive research from satisfactory studies.
____ 27. Most secondary sources are empirical studies and may be published in peer-reviewed journals or
presented at conferences.
____ 28. In research, there is such a thing as a bad question.
____ 29. With the beginning of evidence-based medicine, many organizations like the Centre for
Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) and Cochrane Reviews now provide resources for a range of
professionals to find and review prevetted, high-quality secondary reviews and research confidently.
____ 30. A secondary source is a review paper or a conference symposia report or paper written about one or
more primary sources.
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____ 31. Science-based medicine seeks to build on experimental and new knowledge, and relies on the
accumulation of objective qualitative data.
____ 32. According to the hierarchy for well-designed, high-quality research in evidence-based medicine and
practice, level I is evidence from well-designed randomized controlled trials.
Completion
Complete each statement.
33. The assumption or currently accepted position in which no specific relationship exists between two
variables is called ________________________.
34. An academic journal that features original works that are evaluated by expert peers in a particular
field of study is called a ________________________.
35. The ________________________ is dedicated to the development, education, and promotion of
evidence-based medicine that has established a multilevel platform for data collation, dissemination,
and application of evidence-based medicine.
36. The British epidemiologist’s name who was an early proponent of evidence-based medicine and
randomized controlled trials to use in guiding health-care practice was________________________.
37. The ________________________is at the heart of evidence-based medicine.
38. The most common errors made with a ________________________is an understanding of how it
fits within the framework of a study and what the results of a study actually tell us.
39. The principal foundation for an idea or research results is called the ___________________.
40. A group of initiatives developed by the group by this name to alleviate the problems that arise from
inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials is called ___________________.
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Chapter 10. Evaluating Research Quality
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: A
Rationale: The poised research question is too broad and may be hard to research. A better question
would have to include the control groups, experimental groups, locations, the yoga intervention, etc.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: B
Rationale: Science-based medicine seeks to build on previous knowledge and relies on the
accumulation of objective quantifiable data in lieu of subjective and easily biased qualified
interpretation.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Rationale: This research question cannot be tested. A more appropriate question would be one that
asks whether a specific cancer drug is more or less effective at reducing a specific cancer.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: B
Rationale: The discussion is where the authors should integrate previous publications to support their
arguments and strengthen their conclusions, not the results.
PTS: 1
5. ANS: B
Rationale: Level IV is evidence from case-control or cohort studies.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
Rationale: The last question is to be included in a methods section to provide a framework for
developing a question, testing that question, and then evaluating both the testing process and answers
generated even after publication.
PTS: 1
7. ANS: C
Rationale: A secondary source is a report or paper written about one or more primary sources.
PTS: 1
8. ANS: C
Rationale: Most material present is considered controlled research, which follows the scientific
method to answer a specific question. In this respect, an original research project is conceived,
developed, implemented, and reported by the authors, thereby making it a primary source.
PTS: 1
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE
9. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: In a broad sense research is what we do to answer questions, and the scientific method is
not why we do it but how we do it.
PTS: 1
10. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Results should be included for all hypotheses.
PTS: 1
11. ANS: B, C, D
Rationale: Option A should read “quality record-keeping to monitor treatment efficacy,” not
efficiency.
PTS: 1
12. ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: The scientific method is a set of basic principles that outline the means for investigating
observations, acquiring evidence, and then integrating that evidence into the current body of
knowledge.
PTS: 1
13. ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Peer review is the process by which a group of competent persons within a similar field of
study independently evaluates the body of work.
PTS: 1
14. ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Evidence-based medicine relies on quality research to drive improved health, medical,
and professional decisions. Moreover, evidence-based medicine is influenced by both the patient and
the clinician.
PTS: 1
15. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: The Physiotherapy Evidence Database is an example of reviews that collate high-quality
research for dissemination. Despite these resources, evaluation and application of quality research
will ultimately require the involvement of the entire clinical practice to cultivate a culture of
collaboration and inquiry and to identify the highest quality research to apply.
PTS: 1
16. ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Science-based medicine seeks to build on previous knowledge and relies on the
accumulation of objective quantifiable data in lieu of subjective and easily biased qualified
interpretation.
PTS: 1
17. ANS: A, C, D
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Rationale: This is the definition of the null hypothesis, which is considered the currently accepted
position in which no specific relationship exists between two variables.
PTS: 1
TRUE/FALSE
18. ANS: T
Rationale: PRISM is dedicated to a set of minimum standards to aid authors in the reporting of items
in evidence-based systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
PTS: 1
19. ANS: T
Rationale: An example of Level III evidence is quasi-experimental nonrandomized controlled trials.
PTS: 1
20. ANS: T
Rationale: A null hypothesis is the assumption or currently accepted position in which no specific
relationship exists between two variables.
PTS: 1
21. ANS: F
Rationale: Making broad conclusions over a handful of significant p values with small effect sizes
indicates conclusions that exceed the evidence.
PTS: 1
22. ANS: T
Rationale: Evidence-based practices were gradually developed to incorporate emerging research and
treatment strategies into modern medical practice.
PTS: 1
23. ANS: T
Rationale: A high-quality systematic review or meta-analysis helps summarize the current state of
research by using only the highest standards of inclusion.
PTS: 1
24. ANS: F
Rationale: Some reviews outline inclusion and exclusion criteria for their reviews and analyses;
inclusion criteria outline specific measurements or data that were measured, whereas exclusion
criteria are used to eliminate studies that are either of poor quality, lack specific control variables or
groups, or use methodology that is incorrect or not comparable to that of other studies.
PTS: 1
25. ANS: T
Rationale: Being able to read and understand results is essential to evaluating the quality of research.
One primary reason is that it is common for an author to interpret data differently, intentionally or
not, from what the results suggest.
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PTS: 1
26. ANS: T
Rationale: Health, fitness, and medical practitioners must be wise consumers of emerging research,
thus, understanding scientific research method and peer-review process will help with validated
research to build compelling cases.
PTS: 1
27. ANS: F
Rationale: Most primary sources are empirical studies and may be published in peer-reviewed
journals or presented at conferences.
PTS: 1
28. ANS: T
Rationale: Many poor studies are poor for this very reason; start a study with a bad question and you
can only go down from there. The most obvious bad question is one that is either trivial or irrelevant,
or one where the answer is already known.
PTS: 1
29. ANS: F
Rationale: Many organizations now provide resources for a range of professionals to find and review
high quality primary research confidently. Some of these organizations and sites typically outline
their criteria for inclusion and the threshold that individuals and combined studies must achieve to be
listed.
PTS: 1
30. ANS: T
Rationale: A secondary source is a report or paper written about one or more primary sources.
Review papers fall into this category; conference symposia and tutorials can also be secondary
sources.
PTS: 1
31. ANS: F
Rationale: Science-based medicine seeks to build on previous knowledge and relies on the
accumulation of objective quantifiable data.
PTS: 1
32. ANS: T
Rationale: Level I is evidence from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials or
evidence-based medicine guidelines based on systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials.
PTS: 1
COMPLETION
33. ANS: null hypothesis
PTS: 1
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34. ANS: peer-reviewed journal
PTS: 1
35. ANS:
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM)
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
PTS: 1
36. ANS: Archie Cochrane
PTS: 1
37. ANS: scientific method
PTS: 1
38. ANS: hypothesis
PTS: 1
39. ANS: primary source
PTS: 1
40. ANS:
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
PTS: 1
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