Timeline of Developments in Space Exploration and Commercialization
William L. Megginson (University of Oklahoma)
September 2, 2024
This table describes the evolution of rocketry and space exploration and commercialization, emphasizing developments during the modern era. Where
appropriate, sources for each item are also presented. Except to the extent that they impact civilian space development, this table does not cover
specifically military space developments--such as the deployment of ICBMs in the United States and other countries. An explicit objective is to detail
the growing commercialization of space activities, particularly since NASA launched the Commercial Orbital Transportation System (COTS) in 2006.
This table will be Appendix 1 in “The Financial Economics of Space” paper Professor Megginson is writing and was prepared for the “Equity and
Investment in Space” course he is teaching in the Aerospace and Defense Executive MBA program of the University of Oklahoma’s Price College of
Business.
Year (Month/Day)
1232 AD
1814 (Sept 13)
1926 (March 16)
1944 (September)
1957 (October 4)
1957 (November)
1958 (Sept 29)
1960 (April 1)
1961 (April 12)
1961 (May 5)
1961 (May 25)
1962 (February 20)
1962 (June 10)
1962 (July 10)
1963 (August 5)
1965 (March 18)
1967 (January 27)
1967 (October)
1969 (July 21)
1972 (January 5)
1972 (July 13)
1972 (December 14)
1973 (May 14)
1975 (July 17)
1978 (February 22)
1979 (July 11)
1979 (December 5)
Development and description
Rockets used as a weapon first time in Battle of Kai-Fung-fu by Chinese to repel Mongol invaders
Congreve rockets, invented by British colonel William Congreve, used to bombard Fort McHenry in War of
1812. These inspired Francis Scott Key’s “rockets’ red glare” in the US national anthem.
Robert Goddard successfully launches first liquid-fuel rocket
First launch of German V2 rocket against London; first long-range ballistic missile
Sputnik 1, first artificial Earth-orbiting satellite, launched by Soviet Union
Soviet Union launches first animal (dog Laika) into orbit
US Congress passes the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act
NASA launches first satellite into orbit, TIROS-a weather observation satellite
Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes first huma launched into space
US astronaut Alan Shepard became first American launched into (suborbital) space flight
President John Kennedy’s speech to Congress committing the US to land on the moon before the end of the
decade
John Glenn become first American to reach Earth orbit on Friendship 7 spacecraft
US conducts Starfish Prime test, detonates 1.4 megaton hydrogen bomb 250 miles above Pacific
NASA launches Telstar 1, first civilian US communications satellite, into orbit. Partly commercial.
US, USSR, UK sign Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty prohibiting tests of nuclear weapons underwater, above
ground, and in space.
Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov successfully executes first a spacewalk from an orbiting spacecraft
Apollo 1 fire during test kills three astronauts. First US deaths in the space program
Outer Space Treaty of 1967 comes into force. 133 countries eventually ratify.
Apollo 11 lands on moon. Neil Armstrong becomes first human to walk on non-Earth celestial body.
President Nixon approves Space Transport System (Space Shuttle). NASA awards contract August.
NASA launches LANDSAT 1, first Earth-orbiting land remote sensing satellite.
Sixth and last moon landing (Apollo 17) departs lunar surface. No human lunar visitors since
NASA launches Skylab, first and only space station operated and operated exclusively by US
Apollo and Soyuz docked in space and combined crews; first successful international space project
NAVSTAR 1, first of 11 Global Positioning System Block 1 satellites launched at Vandenberg AFB
Skylab ran out of fuel and fell out of orbit; mostly burned in atmosphere but debris hit Australia
Moon Treaty restricting commercial exploitation of space adopted by UN General Assembly
Source
NASA 1
NASA 2
NASA 2
Air & Space Museum 3
NASA 4
Wikipedia 5
NASA 6
HBS case 7
Space.com 8
NASA 9
JFK Library 10
Space.com 11
National Geographic 12
NASA 13
JFK Library 14
Europe Space Agency 15
NASA 16
HBS case 17
Planetary Society 18
Spaceline.com 19
USGS; Space Capital 20
NASA; HBS case 21
Encycl Astranautica 22
Wikipedia 23
NASA; Space Capital 24
HBS case 17
UN; HBS Case 25
1980 (March 26)
1981 (April 12)
1983 (September)
1984 (October 30)
1986 (January 28)
1986 (September 30)
1989 (March 30)
1990 (January)
1990 (April 5)
1991 (January 16)
1993 (June 23)
1996 (May)
1998(November 20)
1999 (November 30)
2001 (January 11)
2002 (March 14)
2003 (February 1)
2003 (June 30)
2003 (October 15)
2004 (May 3)
2004 (December 23)
2006 (January 16)
2006 (March 24)
2006 (December 1)
2007 (June 11)
2008 (February 20)
2008 (June 9)
2008 (September 28)
2009 (February 10)
2009 (July 14)
2011 (February 1)
2011 (April)
2011 (July 12)
2012 (February 15)
2013 (December 14)
2014 (November 24)
2015 (November 15)
2015 (December 22)
Arianespace created by European Space Agency (ESA) and French agency CNES
First of 135 Space Shuttle launches as rocket from Cape Canaveral; glides to wheeled landing
President Reagan authorizes GPS access to commercial aviation after KAL flight 007 shot down
Congress passes Commercial Space Launch Act proposed year before by President Reagan
Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after launch, killing seven astronauts
USAF conducts first successful anti-satellite missile test launch from F-15
Space Services Inc launched first US-licensed commercial satellite. Orbital launch later in 1989
Garmin Corporation formed in Taiwan. First to effectively commercialize GPS location services
Orbital Sciences Corporation launches Pegasus, first private space vehicle launched to orbit
US-lead coalition launches Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait. Called “first space war”
US House of Representatives authorizes International Space Station by one vote margin
Peter Diamandis announces $10 mn Ansari X Prize for first non-governmental organization to reliably launch
manned vehicle to space twice within two weeks. Won by Scaled Composites in 2004.
Russia launches Zarya, first capsule of ISS; followed 14 days later by US launch of Unity module
China launches fust test vehicle, Shenzhou-1, into space.
Rumsfeldt Space Commission Report released; warns US in danger of “Space Pearl Harbor”
Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) co-founded by Elon Musk and Tom Mueller
Shuttle Columbia explodes upon re-entering Earth’s atmosphere; President Bush cancels Shuttle program in
January 2004.
First launch of six CubeSats by Eurockot Launch Services, from Plesetsk, Russia
Yang Liwei becomes first Chinese astronaut in space aboard Shenzhou-5
Google acquires Keyhole Company for technology. Will become Google Maps
Congress passes Commercial Space Launch Act
NASA announces Commercial Orbital Transportation System (COTS) to encourage private provision
First launch of SpaceX Falcon rocket fails. Department of Defense payload lost.
United Launch Alliance (ULA) formed by merger of Boeing and Lockheed Martin space businesses.
China destroyed a defunct weather satellite in anti-satellite missile test; creates 3,536 debris items
US destroys defunct satellite with hazardous hydrazine fuel to prevent Earth impact. No debris.
Apple releases iPhone 3G, first mobile phone with built-in GPS connectivity and applications
First successful SpaceX launch of Falcon 1 with dummy payload
Defunct Kosmos 2251 and active Iridium 33 satellites collide at 26,000 mph. 1,800+ debris items
SpaceX launches Malaysia’s RAZAK SAT Falcon 1. First private launch communications satellite.
President Obama cancels Constellation Moon-return program
Congress passes Wolf Amendment prohibiting US space cooperation, information-sharing with China
Space Shuttle Atlantis completes STS-135, final Space Shuttle mission; completed ISS construction
Asteroid 2012 DA14 2013 passes within 17,200 miles of Earth. Nominal values of minerals: $130 bn
China’s Chang’e 3 robotic lunar rover makes fist soft landing on Moon since 1979.
China’s State Council issued guidelines opening space sector to private commercial development
Congress passes Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (CSLCA), explicitly granting US companies
property rights to resources extracted from asteroids, Moon, other space objects.
SpaceX conducted first successful launch and recovery of a first-stage Falcon 9 rocket
2
Space Impulse 26
NASA 27; HBS case 21
Aerospace.org 28
HBS case; WSJ 29
Britannica 30
Mitchell Institute 31
NYT; HBS Case 32
Encyclopedia.com 33
Wikipedia 34
HBS Case 35
HBS Case 29
HBS Case 17
Wikipedia
Britannica; HBS Case 36
Aerospace.cis.org 37
HBS case 21
Space.com; HBS case 38
eoPortal; CSA 39
Britannica; HBS Case 40
Space Capital 20
HBS Case 21
Wikipedia;41
Wikipedia; HBS Case 42
FTC; HBS case 43
Mitchell Institute 31
Astronomy.com 44
Apple; Space Capital 45
HBS Case 21
Wikipedia 46
HBS Case 21
NBC News 47
HBS Case 35
NASA 48; HBS Case 29
Space.com 49
Wikipedia 50
PRNewswire 51
Congress 52
HBS Case 17
Wikipedia; HBS Case 53
2016 (February 3)
2016 (September 16)
2017 (March 30)
2018 (February 6)
2019 (January 3)
2019 (February 27)
2019 (March 27)
2019 (April 4)
2019 (December 17)
2020 (February 28)
2020 (March 23)
2020 (May 26)
2020 (June 24)
2021 (April 27)
2021 (November 15)
2022 (October 26)
2023 (January 5)
2023 (January 9)
2023 (April 23)
2023 (April 25)
2023 (August 23)
2023 (October 3)
2023 (October 13)
2024 (January 8)
2024 (February 18)
2024 (February 22)
2024 (May 30)
2024 (June 5)
2024 (June 6)
2024 (August 31)
Luxembourg proposes Space Law similar to CSLCA, but open to all nationalities. Became law 2017,
China launches experimental space laboratory Tiangong-2. Deorbited 2019 after one spaceflight visit.
Falcon 9 Core B1021.2 becomes the first rocket to be reused for launch
SpaceX launches Falcon 9 rocket. At altitude, Tesla Roadster discharged from cargo bay
China lands Chang’e 9 on Moon’s South Pole-Aitken Basin; first landing on dark side of the moon
OneWeb launches first six (of 648 planned) broadband internet satellites into LEO on Soyuz-2 rocket
India destroys communications satellite in anti-satellite missile test, Becomes fourth country to do so
Amazon announces Project Kuiper; plans to send 3,200 broadband internet satellites into LEO
Congress overwhelmingly passes act creating new United State Space Force (USSF)
NASA awards Axiom Space contract to construct module to attach to ISS
SpaceX receives FCC approval for 1 million Starlink ground stations
SpaceX files application with FCC to launch 30,000 second-generation Starlink LEO satellites
Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) created to promote private investment
in space sector. 2024 approved 100% private (including foreign) ownership satellite sector
Space mining company Origin Space launches NEO-1, China’s first visible light/UV space telescope
Russia launches first Nudol system anti-satellite test, destroys defunct Cosmos 1408
China completes construction of Space Station Tiangong. Three-person crews onboard thenceforth
Taiwan announces plan to develop 150-satellite constellation similar to Starlink
Virgin Orbit’s attempt to air-launch satellite from Cornwall fails; nine payloads lost. Bankruptcy June
First of two only-partially-successful launches of SpaceX Starship explodes mid-flight
Japan’s Hakuto-R Mission 1 Lander crashes attempting to land on Moon
Indian spacecraft Chandrayaan-3 makes first ever soft landing on Moon’s South Pole
FCC issues first space debris fine ($150,000) to DISH Network; didn’t safely de-orbit EchoStar-7
NASA launches spacecraft on 6-yr flight to 16 Psyche asteroid. powered by solar electric propulsion
ULA’s Vulcan rocket launched successfully, but Peregrine Moon Lander failed to separate cleanly
US Representative Mike Turner warns of unspecified “serious national security threat” from Russia
Intuitive Machines’ Odysseus lunar rover makes first successful private-company Moon landing
Peru and Slovakia become 41st and 42nd countries to sign Artemis Accords
ULA Atlas V rocket successfully launches Boeing’s Starliner on third try; docks with ISS next day
SpaceX launches Starship on fourth flight; first totally successful mission
Two Starliner astronauts and spacecraft, launched 6/5/24, remain stuck on ISS due to spacecraft malfunctions
Government 54
Britannica 55
HBS Case 21
HBS Case 21
Wikipedia; HBS Case 56
Wikipedia; HBS Case 57
CEIP 58; HBS Case 35
Ivey Case 59
DefenseNews 60; Case 31
FT; NASA 61
Ars Technica 62; Case 59
Ivey Case 59
Space Impulse; CSIS;
IFA 63
Origin Space 64
Space.com 64a
New York Times 65
Financial Times 66
Space.com; NYT 67
CNBC68
FT; Space Impulse 69
BBC 70
FT; Space.com 71
FT; NASA 72
NYT; AmericaSpace 73
Wall Street Journal 74
NYT; Reuters 75
NASA 76
Spaceflight.com 77
Space.com 78
Newsweek 79
Sources
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NASA website: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k12/rocket/BottleRocket/13thru16.htm#:~:text=Rockets%20were%20first%20used%20as,at%20one%20end%2C%20contained%20gunpowder.
NASA website: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/TRC/Rockets/history_of_rockets.html
National Air & Space Museum: https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/v-2-missile/nasm_A19600342000
NASA website: https://www.nasa.gov/history/sputnik/index.html
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika
NASA website: https://www.nasa.gov/history/national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-unamended/
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9
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Space.com website: https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space.html
NASA website: https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space.html
JFK Library: https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/address-to-joint-session-of-congress-may-25-1961
Space.com website: https://www.space.com/17263-john-glenn-astronaut-biography.html
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European Space Agency website: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Alexei_Leonov_The_artistic_spaceman
NASA website: https://www.nasa.gov/mission/apollo-1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz
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Matthew and Angela Acocella. 2017. “Planetary Resources Inc, Property Rights, and the Regulation of the Space Economy.” Harvard Business School Case
9-717-053.
Seibert, Julia, 2024. “Top 15 Best Space Companies in the World.” Spaceimpulse.com (September 28). See also Arianespace website:
https://www.arianespace.com/about-us.
NASA website: https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle; Weinzierl, Matthew, Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. 2021. “SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and A
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Galbreath, Charles S. 2023. “Building U.S. Space Force Counterspace Capabilities: An Imperative for America’s Defense.” Mitchell Institute Policy Paper
Vol. 42 (August).
https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/garmin-ltd. See also Space Capital and Silicon Valley Bank. 2022. “The GPS
Playbook. How a Space-Based Technology Generated the Largest Venture Outcomes in History.”
New York Times website: https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/30/business/private-rocket-industry-in-giant-step-skyward.html; Weinzierl, Matthew, Kylie
Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. 2021. “SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and A Revolution in Space Access.” Harvard Business School Case 9-720-027.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight#:~:text=On%20April%205%2C%201990%2C%20Orbital,to%20privately%20develop%20spaceflight%20t
echnology.
4
35 Weinzierl, Matthew and Brendan L. Rousseau. 2022. “The International Space Station, Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA’s Quest to Keep Humans in
Space.” Harvard Business School Case 9-721-054.
36 Britannica website: https://www.britannica.com/technology/Shenzhou; Weinzierl, Matthew and Brendan L. Rousseau. 2022. “The International Space Station,
Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA’s Quest to Keep Humans in Space.” Harvard Business School Case 9-721-054.
37 Aerospace.cis.org website: https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/RumsfeldCommission.pdf
38 Space.com website: https://www.space.com/19436-columbia-disaster.html; Weinzierl, Matthew, Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. 2021. “SpaceX, Economies
of Scale, and A Revolution in Space Access.” Harvard Business School Case 9-720-027.
39 Eoportal.org
website:
https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/cubesat-launch-1;
Canadian
Space
Agency
website:
https://www.asccsa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/cubesat/what-is-a-cubesat.asp.
40 Britannica website: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yang-Liwei. Weinzierl, Matthew and Brendan L. Rousseau. 2022. “The International Space
Station, Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA’s Quest to Keep Humans in Space.” Harvard Business School Case 9-721-054.
41 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services#:~:text=The%20program%20was%20announced%20on,2013%2C%20when%2
0the%20program%20ended.&text=NASA's%20Final%20Report%20on%20the,for%20future%20public%2Dprivate%20collaboration.
42 Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_1#:~:text=Falcon%201%20was%20a%20small,into%20orbit%20around%20the%20Earth; Weinzierl,
Matthew, Kylie Lucas, Mehak Sarang. 2021. “SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and A Revolution in Space Access.” Harvard Business School Case 9-720-027.
43 Federal Trade Commission website: https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2006/10/ftc-intervenes-formation-ula-joint-venture-boeinglockheed-martin; Weinzierl, Matthew, Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang. 2021. “SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and A Revolution in Space Access.” Harvard
Business School Case 9-720-027.
44 Astronomy.com website: https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/u-s-successfully-destroys-satellite.
45 Apple website: https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/09Apple-Introduces-the-New-iPhone-3G; Space Capital. 2022. “The GEOINT Playbook.”
46 Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_satellite_collision; See also Galbreath, Charles S. 2023. “Building U.S. Space Force Counterspace Capabilities:
An Imperative for America’s Defense.” Mitchell Institute Policy Paper Vol. 42 (August).
47 NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35209628.
48 NASA website: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110010956/downloads/20110010956.pdf.
49 Space.com: https://www.space.com/19646-asteroid-2012-da14-earth-flyby-complete-coverage.html. Also Weinzierl, Matthew, Angela Acocella. 2017.
“Planetary Resources Inc, Property Rights, and the Regulation of the Space Economy.” Harvard Business School Case 9-717-053.
50 Wikipedia” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3.
51 https://www.prnewswire.com/apac/news-releases/commercial-aerospace-the-next-launchpad-for-the-chinese-economy-302081190.html.
52 Congressional website: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262/text.
53 Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program; Weinzierl, Matthew, Kylie Lucas, and Mehak Sarang.
2021. “SpaceX, Economies of Scale, and A Revolution in Space Access.” Harvard Business School Case 9-720-027.
54 Luxembourg government: https://gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/fr/actualites/communiques/2016/11-novembre/11-presentation-spaceresources/Draft-lawspace_press.pdf. See also Weinzierl, Matthew, Angela Acocella. 2017. “Planetary Resources Inc, Property Rights, and the Regulation of the Space
Economy.” Harvard Business School Case 9-717-053.
55 Britannica website : https://www.britannica.com/technology/Tiangong-2. See also Weinzierl, Matthew and Brendan L. Rousseau. 2022. “The International
Space Station, Principal-Agent Problems, and NASA’s Quest to Keep Humans in Space.” Harvard Business School Case 9-721-054.
56 Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program; HBS Case: Weinzierl & Rousseau (2022)
57 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb#:~:text=On%2027%20February%202019%2C%20OneWeb,the%20beginning%20of%20its%20commercial
ization; HBS Case: Weinzierl & Rousseau (2022)
58 Carnegie Institute for International Peace: https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/04/15/india-s-asat-test-incomplete-success-pub-78884. See also Galbreath,
Charles S. 2023. “Building U.S. Space Force Counterspace Capabilities: An Imperative for America’s Defense.” Mitchell Institute Policy Paper Vol. 42
(August).
5
59 Agnihotri, Arpita and Saurabh Bhattacharya. 2021. “SpaceX: Starlink’s Uncertain Demand Trajectory.” Ivey Publishing W21036.
60 Gould, Joe, 2019. “Congress Adopts Defense Bill that Creates Space Force.” DefenseNews.com (December 17).
61 Hollinger, Peggy, Clive Cookson, and Ian Bott. 2024. “The Race to Reinvent the Space Station.” Financial Times (September 17); NASA website:
https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-first-commercial-destination-module-for-international-spacestation/#:~:text=Editor's%20note%3A%20On%20Feb.,and%20a%20two%2Dyear%20option.
62 Brodkin, Jon, 2020. SpaceX gets FCC license for 1 million satellite-broadband user terminals.” Ars Technica (March 23). https://arstechnica.com/informationtechnology/2020/03/spacex-gets-fcc-license-for-1-million-satellite-broadband-userterminals/#:~:text=The%20FCC%20approval%20is%20for,is%20good%20for%2015%20years.
63 Seibert, Julia, 2024. “Top 15 Best Space Companies in the World.” Spaceimpulse.com (September 28); Rohera, Meera, 2021. “Indian Space Policy for the
Private Sector.” Center for Strategic and International Studies (December 7). https://aerospace.csis.org/indian-space-policy-for-the-private-sector;
International Astronautical Federation (IAF) Congress meeting, September 21, 2022: https://www.iafastro.org/events/iac/iac-2022/iaf-global-networkingforum/wednesday-21-september/opening-up-of-indian-space-sector-global-perspective.html.
64 Origin Space website: https://www.origin.space/products.html. See also Seibert (2024).
64a Chelsea Gohd, 2022. “Russian anti-satellite missile test was the first of its kind.” Space.com (August 10).
65 Bradsher, Keith, 2022. “China Maps Out Plans to Put Astronauts on the Moon and on Mars.” New York Times (December 12).
66 Hille, Kathrin, 2023. “Taiwan Plans Domestic Changes to Resist Any China Attack.” Financial Times (January 5).
67 Browne, Ed, 2023. “Virgin Orbit: Facts About the Bankrupt Air-launch Provider.” Space.com (June 3): https://www.space.com/42975-virgin-orbit.html.
Granville, Kevin, 2023. “Virgin Orbit Files for Bankruptcy After Failed Launch and Lack of Funding.” New York Times (April 4).
68 Sheets, Michael and Sara Salinas, 2023. “SpaceX Starship Rocket Launches in Historic Test but Explodes Mid-flight.” CNBC.com (April 20);
https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/spacex-starship-orbital-launch-attempt-live-updates.html. Sheets, Michael, 2023. “SpaceX’s Starship rocket reaches space
but is intentionally destroyed mid-flight.” CNBC.com (November 18). https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/18/spacex-starship-second-rocket-launch.html.
69 Lewis, Leo, 2023. “Japanese Bid to Make First Commercial Moon Landing Ends in Failure.” Financial Times (April 25); Seibert, Julia, 2024. “Top 15 Best
Space Companies in the World.” Spaceimpulse.com (September 28).
70 BBC website: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66594520.
71 Ahuja, Anjama. 2023. “It’s Up to Governments to Declutter Space.” Financial Times (October 30); Tingley, Brett, 2023. “FCC Issues 1-st Ever Space Debris
Fine, Serves DISH $150K Penalty.” Space.com (October 3). https://www.space.com/space-debris-fcc-first-fine-dish-deorbit-satellite.
72 Peel, Michael, 2023. “NASA to Launch First Mission to metal-Rich Asteroid.” Financial Times (October 11); NASA website:
https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche.
73 Chang, Kenneth, 2024. “Vulcan Rocket Aces Its First Launch. New York Times (January 9); Evans, Ben, 2023. “Maiden Vulcan-Centaur Flies, Peregrine Lander
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74 Volz, Dustin, Gordon Lubold and Siobhan Hughes, 2024. “GOP Lawmaker Warns of ‘Serious National-Security Threat’.” Wall Street Journal (February 14).
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