Dr. Evaline L. Apura
Mrs. Geraldine Morano
Dr. Grace Edmar Elizar-del Prado
Mrs. Florelyn B. Etanong
Mrs. Wyonna C. Caldito
Module Writers
Module in
The Contemporary World
Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Dr. Evaline L. Apura
Moderator, Barotac Nuevo Campus
Unit 2: GLOBAL ECONOMY
Mrs. Geraldine Morano
Miag-ao Campus
Unit 3: POLITICAL THOUGHT, GLOBAL
GOVERVANCE AND INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Dr. Grace Edmar Elizar-del Prado
Iloilo City Campus
Unit 4: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
Mrs. Florelyn B. Etanong
Dumangas Campus
Unit 5: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE
Mrs. Florelyn B. Etanong
Dumangas Campus
Unit 6: RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD
Dr. Grace Edmar Elizar-del Prado
Iloilo City Campus
Unit 9: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND RESPONSES
Dr. Evaline L. Apura
Barotac Nuevo Campus
Unit 8: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Mrs. Wyonna C. Caldito
Leon Campus
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contentsi
Forewordiii
Unit 1: Introduction to Globalization
•
•
1
Defining Globalization Theories of Globalization 2
11
Unit 2: The Global Economy • Market Integration • Global City
20
21
29
Unit 3: Political thought, Global Governance and
Interstate System
33
•
•
•
•
Introduction to Political thought
The Republic Great Political Theories Global Governance and Interstate System
34
39
47
54
Unit 4: Global Development 57
•
•
Theories of Economic Development Asian Regionalism 59
64
Unit 5: Global Media Culture 73
•
•
Media and its Function Media, Globalization and Glocalization 75
80
Unit 6: Religions of the World 89
•
•
•
•
•
•
Islam Hadiths ( Muhammed Sayings)
Hinduism
Buddhism
The Book of Tao
Christian Faith i
90
96
99
103
106
111
Unit 7: Environmental Issues and Responses •
•
Global Environmental Issues Global Policy Response and
Sustainable Development 114
115
121
Unit 8: Global Demography128
•
•
Global Demography
Global Migration
129
137
References148
ii
Foreword
The Philippine educational system has gone a long way. With this, academic
institutions in the country made sure to keep abreast with the latest trends in
teaching-learning modalities and platforms to address the demands of the modern
world.
One of the emerging educational approaches is the modular approach which
shifts traditional method of instruction to an outcome-based learning paradigm.
With the advent of technology, this approach is becoming more popular to the
schools, colleges and universities not only in the country but worldwide.
In response to the current educational format, the Iloilo Science and
Technology University system made use of various teaching-learning modalities
and platforms such as distance and blended learning; thus, the creation of this
module for GE3 - “The Contemporary World.”
This module for “The Contemporary World” was prepared for use of Iloilo
Science and Technology students taking GE 3. It aims to emphasize the impact of
globalization in the country and in the world as well as to inspire them to become
global citizens.
The module includes eight (8) major units:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Introduction to Globalization
The Global Economy
Political Thought, Global Governance and Interstate System
Global Development
Global Media Culture
Religions of the World
Environmental Issues and Responses
Global Demography
The first four units will cover the mid-term and the remaining four units will
cover the final term.
Each unit is divided into lessons with various activities designed
primarily to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
activate the learner’s interest to the topic;
let the learners acquire substantial information for each lesson;
apply the learner’s acquired knowledge by answering/ performing
the different assigned tasks; and
assess the learner’s overall performance.
iii
The module has perforated pages for the students’ outputs which are
required for submission.
It is hoped that this module could impart knowledge and open the
contemporary world to the 21st century learners.
iv
- The Authors
https://bit.ly/30S9QL1
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. articulated different approaches
interpreation of globalization.
and
Introduction
Through times, people around the world have never been as connected as
today. Daily news or information are just on the tip of your fingers as you switch
on your radio, television or smart phones. Travel and movement of the people to
different places and across the world becomes easier and faster fast. Variety of
products from many points of the world are available in all. goods and securies
ower the world has brough multinational companies and foreign investors to
our shores. Also to mention the trending Zombie movies, Korean Dramas, hair
styles, outfits and the likes have invaded the whole world of arts and culture. All
these experiences or phenomenon are brought by technological advancement,
economic movement and political interconnectedness among nation-state which
some authors called “globalization.”
Anthony Giddens (2013) described globalization as “the intensification
of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.”
This unit will present to you the various expressions of globalization, its
perspectives and theories dealing with experiences and events that shaped
globalization.
1
Lesson 1: Defining Globalization
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. discussed the interconnecting definition of globalization;
2. examined the dimensions and history of globalizations;
3. appreciated the dynamic experiences of globalization.
Fun Quiz!
Before we properly proceed to our topic, I would like you to check things
you have maybe in your bedroom, kitchen or in your bag. Can you tell their brands,
their country of origin or the influencer of these things you have? Write it on the
table below.
Table 1
Items
Country of Origin
Known Influencer
What can you say about your answers? What have you realized?
___________________________________________________________
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2
What is Globalization?
Globalization is a broad term mostly people linked to economic aspect; the
integration of national economies into international economy by trading, foreign
investment, flow of capital resources, movement of people or migration, the
proliferation of technology and presence of military. This consequently pertains
to the aspects of our society manifested by globalization. Moreover, it is mostly
identified to be powered by combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural,
political and biological aspects.
The term “globalization” can be tracked back to the early 1960s. In the book
of Roland Robertson, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (London:
Sage, 1992) “globalization refers both to the compression of the world and
intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.” “Compression” meaning
the world turns small in which everything is not far to reach and accessed by
everyone in the world. Furthermore, it is a process that breaks the gap, boundary
or barriers between nation-state to create common consciousness. “Intensification”
means the extent and strength of consciousness or practice not limited to a specific
geographical place but is able to cross the boarders of nation-states. Consider this
example, the use of Nike products, many people not only Filipinos are consumer
of these American products. Your favorite Guess products are sold in worldwide
markets and even in internet.
As espoused by Ritzer (2015), “globalization is a transplanetary process or
a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows
of people, object, places, and information as well as the structures they encounter
and create that are barriers to, or expedite those flows…” So how is it happening?
Because of globalization movement of people, products and ideas are increased
in various directions that reach consumers easily and quickly. On the other hand,
the emergence of hindrances limit and diminish the flow of people, products and
ideas.
Globalization on the description of Manfred Steger (2009) states that “it
is the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across
world-time and across world-space.” When you say “expansion” it relates to making
oa new connection of social network and further multiplying it that expands across
political, economic, cultural and geographic borders. Meaning, globalization creates
a wider opportunity for social relations among nation-states. But how can social
relations or connections may happen? The use of social media for example, tcould
create global connects between individuals. Another is when a nation-state like our
country the Philippines joins or registers as member of international organization like
United Nation or ASEAN. Meanwhile, Steger referred intensification as expanding,
stretching, accelerating the presence of connection or network a nation-state to
another nation-states.
3
Steger (2009) also cited that globalization has four main dimensions:
economic, political, cultural, and ecological, with ideological aspects for each
category.
1. Economic - Economic globalization is the intensification and stretching of
economic interrelations around the globe. It embraces such things as the
occurrence of a new global economic order, the internationalization of trade
and finance, the dynamic changing power of transnational corporations,
and the greater role of international economic institutions.
2. Political - Political globalization is the intensification and expansion of
political interrelations around the globe. It comprises the modern-nation
state system and its changing place in today’s world, the role of global
governance, and the path of our global political systems.
3. Military - Military globalization, as subdomain of political globalization,
is defined as the intensification and stretching of military power across
the globe through numerous means of military power (nuclear military
weapons, radiation weapons simply weapons of mass destruction). This
form of globalization occurs across offensive and defensive uses of power
and survival in international field. Beyond states, global organizations such
as the United Nations also extend military means globally through support
given by both Global North and South countries.
4. Cultural - Cultural globalization is the intensification and expansion of cultural
flows across the globe. Culture is a very wide-ranging concept and has
various facets, but in the argument on globalization, Steger means it to refer
to “the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning.”
Topics under this heading include discussion about the development of a
global culture, or lack thereof, the role of media in shaping our identities and
desires, and the globalization of languages.
5. Ecological - Topics of ecological globalization include population growth,
access to food, worldwide reduction in biodiversity, the gap between rich
and poor as well as between the global North and global South, humaninduced climate change, and global environmental degradation.
Furthermore, Steger also posits that his definition of globalization must
we separated with an ideology he termed globalism. Globalization refers to the
process and direction of change over time, globalism refers to a set of ideologies
ranging from the worship of the free-market to global jihadism, and globality is a
“single socio-political space on a planetary scale.” It is a wide spread belief among
powerful people that the global interaction of economic market be beneficial for
everyone (Paul, 2013).
4
A Brief History of Globalization
The contemporary world is the era of a digital-driven period of globalization.
This era is called “ Globalization 4.0”. But, when did globalization start? What were
its major phases?
https://www.google.com/search?q=era+of+globalization&rlz
Silk roads (1st century BC-5th century AD, and 13th-14th
centuries AD)
As one could remember, people have been trading goods. But as of the
1st century BC, a noteworthy phenomenon occurred. For the first time in history,
luxury products from China started to appear on the other edge of the Eurasian
continent – in Rome. They got there after being hauled for thousands of miles
along the Silk Road. Trade had stopped being a local or regional affair and started
to become global.
Silk was mostly a luxury good, and so were the spices that were added to
the intercontinental trade between Asia and Europe. The Silk Road could prosper
in part because two great empires dominated much of the route. If trade was
interrupted, it was most often because of blockades by local enemies of Rome or
China. If the Silk Road eventually closed, as it did after several centuries, the fall of
the empires had everything to do with it. And when it reopened in Marco Polo’s late
medieval time, it was because the rise of a new hegemonic empire: the Mongols. It
is a pattern we’ll see throughout the history of trade: it thrives when nations protect
it, it falls when they don’t.
Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)
The next chapter in trade happened with the Islamic merchants. As the
new religion spread in all directions from its Arabian heartland in the 7th century,
5
so did trade. The founder of Islam, the prophet Mohammed, was famously a
merchant, as was his wife Khadija. Trade was thus in the DNA of the new religion
and its followers, and that showed. By the early 9th century, Muslim traders already
dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade; afterwards, they could be found
as far east as Indonesia, which over time became a Muslim-majority country, and
as far west as Moorish Spain.
The main focus of Islamic trade in those Middle Ages were spices. Chief
among them were the cloves, nutmeg and mace from the fabled Spice islands
– the Maluku islands in Indonesia. They were extremely expensive and in high
demand, also in Europe. Globalization still didn’t take off, but the original Belt (sea
route) and Road (Silk Road) of trade between East and West did now exist.
Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)
It was in this era, from the end of the 15th century onwards, that European
explorers connected East and West – and accidentally discovered the Americas.
Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “Scientific Revolution” in the fields of
astronomy, mechanics, physics and shipping, the Portuguese, Spanish and later
the Dutch and the English first “discovered”, then subjugated, and finally integrated
new lands in their economies.
The most (in)famous “discovery” is that of America by Columbus, which all
but ended pre-Colombian civilizations. But the most consequential exploration was
the circumnavigation by Magellan: it opened the door to the Spice islands, cutting
out Arab and Italian middlemen. The European empires set up global supply
chains, but mostly with those colonies they owned. Moreover, their colonial model
was chiefly one of exploitation, including the shameful legacy of the slave trade.
The empires thus created both a mercantilist and a colonial economy, but not a
truly globalized one.
First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)
This started to change with the first wave of globalization, which roughly
occurred over the century ending in 1914. By the end of the 18th century, Great
Britain had started to dominate the world both geographically, through the
establishment of the British Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the
steam engine, the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First
Industrial Revolution.
6
The World Wars
In the years between the world wars, the financial markets, which were still
connected in a global web, caused a further breakdown of the global economy
and its links. The Great Depression in the US led to the end of the boom in South
America, and a run on the banks in many other parts of the world. Another world
war followed in 1939-1945. By the end of World War II, trade as a percentage of
world GDP had fallen to 5% – a level not seen in more than a hundred years.
Second and third wave of globalization
Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of America, and
aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the
plane, global trade started to rise once again. At first, this happened in two separate
tracks, as the Iron Curtain divided the world into two spheres of influence. But as of
1989, when the Iron Curtain fell, globalization became a truly global phenomenon.
The newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all
over the world to enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including
many newly independent ones. In 2001, even China, which for the better part of
the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian economy, became a member of
the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. In this “new” world, the US set
the tone and led the way, but many others benefited in their slipstream.
The new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet,
connected people all over the world in an even more direct way. The internet also
allowed for a further global integration of value chains.
In the 2000s, global exports reached a milestone, as they rose to about
a quarter of global GDP. Trade, the sum of imports and exports, consequentially
grew to about half of world GDP. In some countries, like Singapore, Belgium, or
others, trade is worth much more than 100% of GDP.
Globalization 4.0
In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the US and China,
the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world. The digital economy, in its
infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon
with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by
artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyberattacks.
7
At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through the
global effect of climate change. Pollution in one part of the world leads to extreme
weather events in another. And the cutting of forests in the few “green lungs” the
world has left, like the Amazon rainforest, has a further devastating effect on not
just the world’s biodiversity, but its capacity to cope with hazardous greenhouse
gas emissions.
Summary
Globalization has been in our circulation a very long time ago. It has
affected the system of every nation’s society and thinking. Globalization as defined
by many is the intensification of worldwide social relations that enable the global
society to be connected, that every event affects one another leading towards
progress and development. Then globalization as a process transform social
relation and transaction into a transcontinental or interregional flow of network
activity and exercise of power. However, many commentators view globalization
on the opposite side, like Martin Khor, President of the Third World Network in
Malaysia, who referred globalization as colonization.
8
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Discuss below the definition of globalization according to:
1. Manfred Steger - _______________________________________________
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2. Roland Robertson - _____________________________________________
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3. George Ritzer - _________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
9
In the concept map below, describe and explain briefly
globalization happens in its 5 dimensions.
how
GLOBALIZATION
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10
Lesson 2: Theories of Globalization
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. articulated perspectives or theories of globalization;
2. integrated theories of globalization in understanding issues and events in
the contemporary world.
Introduction
Globalization is usually used as the spread and connectedness of production,
communication and technologies across the world. That spread has involved the
interlacing of economic and cultural activity. Others would also refer globalisation
with the presence of world-wide organization like united nation, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The speed of communication and exchange, the
complexity and size of the networks involved, and the sheer volume of trade,
interaction and risk is what we now label as “globalization.”
This part will tackle the theories which will help you understand the concepts
of globalization.
Fun Quiz!
https://www.google.com/search?q=glocalization&tbm
Before we unfold the theories of globalization, let’s take a look at the picture
above as this will help clear out our thoughts.
11
What product can you see? _______________________. Do you notice
something peculiar about it? _____________. What is it ____________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________. With
these, how can you relate it with our previous lesson, globalization? ___________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
Theories of Globalization
1. The World System Theory
This theory was proposed by Emmanuel Wallerstien (Goldfrank 2000).
A world-system is multicultural territorial division of labor which production and
exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life
of its inhabitants.
He pointed out that some nation-state failed to develop due to
asymmetrical trade in global capitalism making them difficult to compete and
become dependent to rich nation–states. For him globalization represents the
triumph of a capitalist world economy. For a tie, certain countries become the
world hegemon. The key structure of the capitalist world-system is the division
of the world into three great regions, or geographically based and hierarchically
organized tiers: the core, semi-periphery and the periphery. The core countries
focus in higher skill, capital intensive production and the rest of the world
focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.
The world system perpetuates dominance by the core and dependency
of the periphery. Thus in this view, globalization also perpetuates inequalityglobal economic system is inherently unfair.
2. Theories of Global Capitalism
a. Leslie Sklair’s transnational Practices (TNP).
According to Sklair (2000) transnational practices
operate in three spheres; the economic, political and
the cultural-ideological. These practices originate
with non-state actors and cross state borders. The
economic spheres, whose agent is transnational
capital-the executives of transnational corporations.
The political spheres, whose agent is a transnational
capitalist class-they are the globalizing bureaucrats,
politicians and professionals. Then the culturalideological, whose agent is cultural elites-the
12
William Robinson. https://www.
google.comsearch?q=b.+William+
Robinson+global+capitalism&rlz
consumerist elites in the media and commercial sectors.
b. William Robinson’s Transnational State Apparatus.
For Robinson (2017), Global capitalism evolved
an epochal shift. From world economy to global
economy. World Economy, wherein each country
developed a national economy that was linked
to others through trade and finances in an
integrated international market. Global Economy the
globalization of the production process itself, which
breaks down and functionally integrates what were
previously national circuits into new global circuits of
production and accumulation.
William Robinson. https://www.
google.comsearch?q=b.+William+
Robinson+global+capitalism&rlz
Furthermore, this global capitalism involves three planks: (a)
transnational production - integration of every country and much of
humanity into a new globalized system of production, finance, and services;
(b) transnational capitalists - made up of the owners and managers of
transnational capital. Its interests lie in promoting global, not national,
circuits of accumulation; and (c) transnational state - a supranational
political authority (Robinson, 2017).
Robinson (2017) referred The Transnational State (TNS) is a loose
network comprised of supranational political and economic institutions
together with national state apparatuses that have been penetrated and
transformed by transnational forces. National states as components of a
larger TNS structure now tend to serve the interests of global over national
accumulation processes. The supranational organizations are staffed by
transnational functionaries and whose find their counterparts in transnational
functionaries who staff transformed national states.
3. The Network Society by Manuel Castell
A network society is a society whose social
structure is made up of networks powered by
microelectronics-based information and communication
technologies.
Globalization is seen to exercise the
technological change in various ways and processes.
This new economy is described as informational
which is knowledge based, production of information
is organized on a global scale and global network
interaction is used for productivity. Whereby, internet
usher the constructions of a new symbolic environment
which makes “virtuality a reality” ( Castell, 2005).
13
Emmanuel Wallerstien. https://
www.google.com/search?q=
Emmanuel+Wallerstien+
&tbm=isch&ved
This new symbolic environment is characterized with: SPACE OF
FLOWS, in which informational flows bring physical spaces closer through
networks; TIMELESS TIME in which technology is able to manipulate the
natural sequence of events; and REAL VIRTUALITY based on a hypertext
reality and global interconnection which bends space and time relations.
Castell also argues that globalization is a network of production, culture
and power that is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range
from communication technologies to genetic engineering. This globalization
represents a new age of information (2005).
Information has become the key substance of all human activity and is
directly integrated into culture, institutions and experience. The development
of new information technology (IT), in particular, computers and the Internet,
representing a new technological paradigm and leading to a new “mode of
development” that Castells terms “informationalism.” Informationalism refers
to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the previous paradigm
of industrialism.
Yet, castells (2005) mentioned that it creates digital divide, the division
of the world into those areas and segments of population. Segment that
switched on to the new technological system and segment that switched off
or the marginalized. With it, information age does not necessarily mean that
the world has become flat, rather with technological advance Castell argues
that it creates a global forms of exclusion and inclusions, fragmentation and
integration.
4. Theories of Space, Place and Globalization
a. Time-Space-Distanciation by Anthony Giddens
Giddens defines time-space distanciation as ‘the intensification of
worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and
vice versa’ – social relations are ‘lifted out’ from local contexts of interaction
and restructured across time and space
b. Global Risk Society by Anthony Giddens
Giddens (2009) provocatively argues that globalization has led to
the creation of a “global risk society.” Human social and economic activities,
especially in modernity, produce various risks such as pollution, crime, new
illnesses, food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc., and societies have
become more responsible for managing these risks that their activities
intentionally or, more often than not, unintentionally produced.
14
c. Time-Space-Compression” by David Harvey
Time-space compression is the process whereby time is reorganized
in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and vice-versa. It
also refers to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads to the
destruction of spatial barriers and distances.
5. Theories of Transnationality and Transnationalism
Transnationality refers to the rise of new communities and the formation
of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the
traditional reference point of nation-states.
TRANSNATIONALISM refers to the multiple ties and interactions linking
people or institutions across the borders of nation states. Transnationalism
means living in another country than their country of origin. It is “a process by
which migrants, through their daily life activities create social fields that cross
national boundaries.” Immigrant communities do not de-link themselves from
their home country; instead, they keep and nourish their linkages to their place
of origin (Sánchez, 2010).
6. Theories of Global Culture
There are three main bodies of theory regarding the effects of
globalization on local culture: homogenization, hybridization and heterogeneity
or polarization. Each of these processes can be demonstrated in different parts
of the world.
•
Homogenization is the name given to the process whereby globalization
causes one culture to consume another. Homogenization theories see
a global cultural convergence and would tend to highlight the rise of
world beat, world cuisines, world tourism, uniform consumption patterns
and cosmopolitanism (Appadurai). Many use the term Americanization
to depict specifically the way that American culture has been exported
to all corners of the globe.
•
Hybridization - Cultures are however rarely simply consumed. More often
two cultures clash and a new hybrid culture is formed. Hybridization
stresses new and constantly evolving cultural forms and identities
produced by manifold transnational processes and the fusion of
distinct cultural processes.
•
Polarization or heterogeneity - this condition continued cultural
difference and highlight local cultural autonomy, cultural resistance
to homogenization, cultural clashes and polarization, and distinct
subjective experiences of globalization.
15
7. Global Village by Marshall McLuhan
The late Marshall McLuhan, a media and communication theorist,
coined the term “global village” in 1964 to describe the phenomenon of the
world’s culture shrinking and expanding at the same time due to pervasive
technological advances that allow for instantaneous sharing of culture.
McLuhan chose the insightful phrase “global village” to highlight
his observation that an electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly
integrating the planet - events in one part of the world could be experienced
from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was like when
we lived in small villages.
Moreover, his insight known as “the medium is the message” suggests
that the qualities of a medium have as much effect as the information it transmits.
It is from this that various medium are used to convey information in best way
possible it is.
8. McDonaldization by George Ritzer
Ritzer (1996) claimed that the contemporary world is undergoing
process of Mcdonaldization. McDonaldization theory is defined as “the process
whereby the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more
and more sectors of American society and the world.” The said theory follows
the Four Main Dimensions such as;
Efficiency - The optimum method of completing a task. It is he rational
determination of the best mode of production. Individuality is not allowed.
Calculability - The assessment of outcomes based on quantifiable rather
than subjective criteria. In other words, quantity over quality. They sell the Big
Mac, not the Good Mac.
Predictability - The production process is organized to guarantee
uniformity of product and standardized outcomes. All shopping malls begin to
look the same and all highway exits have the same assortment of businesses.
Control - The substitution of more predictable non-human labor for
human labor, either through automation or the deskilling of the work force.
9. Glocalization by Roland Robertson
The theory of Robertson suggested that the global is only manifested
in the local. GLOCALIZATION means that ideas about home, locality and
community have been extensively spread around the world in recent years,
so that the local has been globalized, and the stress upon the significance
16
of the local or the communal can be viewed as one ingredient of the overall
globalization process.
10.
“Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”
by Arjun Appadurai
For anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1997), different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls
“scapes.” Appadaurai uses the suffix SCAPE to connote the idea that these
processes have fluid, irregular, variable shapes. Mediascapes are about the
flows of image and communication. Ethnoscapes are concerned with the flows
of individuals around the world. Ideoscapes deal with exchanges of ideas and
ideologies. Technoscapes refer to the flows of technology and skills to create
linkages between organizations around the world. Financescapes relate to the
interactions associated with money and capital.
Summary
Various perspectives have described how globalization take part in the
world wide social relation. The world system theory of Emmanuel Wallerstein
discussed the regions of globalization; core, semi-periphery and the periphery
which described the opposing scenario of the world. The global capitalism that
examined the transnational production and global economy. Another was the
network society of Manuel Castells, showing the informational change made by
technological advancement. Notable theory was the work of Anthony Giddens,
expressing that globalization diminished time and space. He also cited the risk of
globalization in many aspects of the world.
On the aspect of global culture, there are three main bodies of theory
regarding the effects of globalization on local culture: homogenization, hybridization
and heterogeneity or polarization. Moreover the idea of “global village” was
introduced by Marshall McLuhan, that technological advancement was made as
culture was shared and spread. Another famous theory was the McDonaldization
theory of George Ritzer, the westernization of the world and the principle of a fastfood chain process.
Meanwhile Roland Robertson stresses upon the significance of the local or
the communal which can be viewed as one ingredient of the overall globalization
process. And finally the theory of Arjun Appadurai suggested that globalization
occurs in different dimensions he calls scapes.
17
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Fill up the table below with necessary information to sum up your learning.
Choose 3 theories only. You may use a separate paper.
Theory of
Globalization
Concept’s brief
description
Main concept
Proponent
or Author
II. This time please read and summarize news (or collect newspaper clippings)
that has a global impact. Analyze the news and make your reaction or reflection
about it using a theory. Do it in a piece of pad paper.
I.
Identification: Give the idea being asked on the items below. Write
your answer before each item.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is referred to as the intensification of worldwide
social relations which links distant localities in such a way
that local happenings are shaped by events occurring
many miles away and vice versa.
To Wallerstein, what economy succeed in globalization?
What is referred to as the large amount of power given
to an authority which in theory is placed higher than the
state?
To Castells, what constructs of a new symbolic
environment, global in its reach, makes “virtuality a
reality.”
What is referred to by McLuhan as an electronic nervous
system that was rapidly integrating the planet?
18
II. True or false: Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
The periphery regions of capitalist world are those that
possessed power in economy and politics.
Globalization is applied to almost everything.
Based on the world system theory, poor countries are
dependent on rich states.
The core societies dominate and exploit weak and poor
periphery.
The transnational practices believed that globalization do not
originate from the state agencies.
The transnational capitalist class pursue their own interest in
an expanding global capitalist system.
The global capitalism has transformed from world economy
to a global economy.
To Manuel Castells, the technological change is referred to
globalization.
Globalization is also referred to by other people as colonization
of society.
To Robinson, other countries did not modernize due to trade
asymmetrical of market.
To L. Sklair, globalization promotes social inequality.
McLuhan developed an idea of “the medium is the message.”
The “Core” is the least privilege in the globalization.
19
https://bit.ly/31OLlNX
UNIT 2
THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
Unit Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. articulated the definition of market
integration and its different types;
2. explained the importance of International
Financial Institutions and The Bretton
Woods System.
Introduction
Globalization has brought enormous changes to the lives of the people.
Humans are the major contributors to the development of the economy. But also,
at the same time, humans are the direct descendants of the success and failures
of decisions made throughout history. It is therefore, a necessity to be acquainted
with the trends and changes of our modern world. With such, knowledge and
understanding of the various concepts of globalization and how it affects each
economy is vital for the survival and success of every human.
The world is moving in fast pace as technology changes every quarter of
the year. Distance from each other is no longer an issue because of technology
and easy travel opportunities. There is shorter waiting time and everything is fast
because communication is reaching even at the farthest part of the world.
This module aims to make the students better understand how each
economy and market works and how it is affects us. This module will discuss
about the basic concepts of global economy, market integration and global city. It
will also introduce the history and types of market integration and how it affects our
economy.
20
Lesson 1: Market Integration
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. defined and articulated market integration and its different types;
2. reflected on how different types pf market integration affects their lives.
Economies around the world are already showing various spots of
homogeneity and it is all attributed to the integration of economies around the
world as a result of globalization. To fully understand the economy, one should
look at the different perspectives of the market and how it works and how they
adjust to the changes brought by globalization. Markets which include companies
and corporations are making tremendous efforts to adapt to changes, with the
challenges of rigid competition and trade rules. With these developments in
economy, trends in the market emerge and paved the way to various types of
market integration which has started in the 19th century with the establishment
of a better navigation and maritime technology as well as the advancement in
communication.
Fun Quiz!
Before we proceed with the topic, may I ask you to answer the following.
Give at least 5 corporations you are familiar with and their line of business.
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
5. ______________________________
Market Integration (Kohls and Uhl) is a process that refers to corporate
expansion by consolidating additional marketing functions and activities within
a single management framework. Integration shows the company’s market
relationship and its extent affects the company’s behavior.
It is the process by which company combines different activities around the
world so that they operate using the same methods. It is when two businesses
are brought together through a merger or takeover, and the nature and type of
21
integration is based on activities of each business and where they operate in the
supply chain of an industry.
Global Market Integration involves the process of product standardization
and technology development centralization.
History of Market Integration
It was during the 19th century when Market Integration showed substantial
advances in international market integration. The realization of the creation of
world economy had made technological advancement critical in these times. It
was in this century when the locomotive and marine steam engine revolutionized
world transportation. Steamships connected the world’s ports and railroads ran
inland. With these goods could be transported across the world. The emergence
of electric telegraph was evolutionary. The opening of Suez Canal which allowed
shorter travel make transport easier. And lastly, the technological change in the
shape of steel hulls and steel masts made sailing ships larger and more efficient.
The imposition of taxes among countries was practiced at this century. But
in 1846 when the merchants of Manchester England struck a victory for free trade
by forcing the British government to abandon tariffs on imported goods. Although
these move has made countries vulnerable to the trade surplus and deficit as
major disadvantage of free trade.
In the second half of the 19th century, Asia saw market integration in one of
Asia’s key commodities, RICE. The transport and information networks established
and created an intra-Asian economy. This period also saw the integration of the
world wheat market and world rice market, creating a global market in basic good
grains.
Challenges because of Great Depression of 1930s hampered free trade
and forced countries to raise their tariffs to keep foreign product out and help their
local farmers.
The integration of the global market restarted when American corporations
began to emerge after the Second World War with the rise of new conglomerates.
It was then also when countries began to extend their reach beyond boarders.
There are changes in the patterns of trade and technology that took place because
of the advancement in shipping and navigation.
22
Types of Market Integration
1.
Horizontal Market Integration - is a competitive strategy in which two
companies of the same nature merge or one larger company acquires a
smaller company.
Example:
2.
The acquisition of Miramax and Pixar of a much larger company Disney.
The acquisition of Smart of a much smaller company Sun.
Vertical Market Integration - It is a competitive strategy of a firm own to own
the upstream suppliers and downstream buyers; this is an arrangement in
which supply chain of a company is also owned by that company.
Example:
A car company began making their own steel for their car
parts instead of investing to other corporations.
Nescafe Corporation buying their own land, and producing
their own coffee grain, employing their own coffee growers.
A.Forward Vertical Integration - This process occurs when a company
decides take control of the post-production process or is acquiring a
business further up into the supply chain.
Example:
A car manufacturer acquires an automotive dealership.
Starbucks has the production of its own coffee bean to
the cup of coffee sold to consumers.
B.Backward Vertical Integration - This process occurs when a company
decides to buy another company that makes an input product acquiring
company’s product.
Example:
3.
A car manufacturer acquires a tire manufacturer or car
parts distributor.
Conglomerate Market Integration - This involves a combination or fusion of
companies that are involved in unrelated business activities.
Two types of mergers of conglomerate:
A.Pure Mergers conglomerates involves companies that have nothing in
common.
Example:
Henry Sy of SM Investments Corp acquired a 34.5
23
percent stake in 2GO Group Incorporation.
B.Mixed Mergers Conglomerates - combination of companies that are
looking for product extensions or market extensions.
Effects of Market Integration
1.
2.
Wider selection of goods and services that have not been previously available.
This is made available because of the ease of navigation and transportation.
The goods from one country can easily reach different countries around the
world because of trade. The consumers of one country can choose different
products from other country and enjoy a wide variety of choices.
Acquisition of goods and services at a lower cost. The free flowing of goods
and services as a result of globalization can reach many countries. It makes
competition for buyers stiffer for companies resulting to the drop of prices to
keep up with the competition.
3.
Political Cooperation. This cooperation happens because of strong economic
ties, which allows peaceful conflict resolution and allows greater stability.
4.
Erosion of national sovereignty. This happens when members of economic
unions are required to follow the rules on trade, monetary policies and other
agreements.
5.
Employment opportunities. This tends to improve because trade liberalization
leads to market expansion, technology sharing and cross boarder investment.
Therefore, skilled workers are demanded in all parts of the world which allows
more opportunities to earn.
Bretton Woods System
Because of the increasing
trade and development, in July
1944, The United Nations Monetary
and Financial Conference was
held and an international monetary
system was developed in Bretton
Woods, Hampshire. They sought to
create a system that would ensure
exchange rate stability, prevent
competitive
devaluations,
and
promote economic growth. The
www.amp.dw.com
24
delegates to the conference agreed to establish the International Monetary Fund
and what becomes to be the World Bank Group and a system developed in order
to address international monetary order. Bretton Woods Agreement has a goal
of creating a system that would facilitate international trade while protecting the
autonomous policy goals of individual nations.
The primary designers of the Bretton Woods System were the British
economist John Maynard Keynes and American Chief International Economist of
the U.S. Treasury Department Harry Dexter White. Keynes’ hope was to establish
a powerful global central bank to be called the Clearing Union and issue a new
international reserve currency called Bancor. White’s plan envisioned a more
modest lending fund and a greater role for the U.S. dollar, rather than the creation
of a new currency. In the end, the adopted plan took ideas from both, leaning more
towards White’s plan.
The delegates of the conference agreed to establish two new institutions:
1.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) that would monitor exchange rates
and lend reserve currencies to nations with balance-deficits. This institution
came into formal existence in December 1945.
2.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development which is also
known as World Bank Group which is responsible for providing financial
assistance for the reconstruction after World War II and the economic
development of less developed countries.
In 1958, Bretton Woods System became fully functional as currencies
became convertible. Countries settled international balances in dollars, and US
dollars were convertible to gold at a fixed exchange rate at $35 an ounce. Bretton
Woods System was in place until persistent US Balance of payments deficits led
to foreign held dollars exceeding the US gold Stock. It was President Nixon the
dollars convertibility to gold in 1971. The system collapsed but created a lasting
influence on international currency exchange and trade through its development of
the IMF and World Bank.
International Financial Institutions and Its Role
International Financial Institutions are institutions that provide financial
support and professional advice for economic and social development activities in
developing countries and promote international economic cooperation and stability.
All IFI’s are active in supporting programs that are global in scope, in addition to
their primary role of financing and providing technical assistance to programs at
the country level.
25
The Traditional goals of these institutions are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To reduce global poverty and improve people’s living condition and
standards.
To support sustainable economic, social and institutional development.
To promote regional cooperation and integration.
To enhance measures that promote economic growth and protection of
the environment.
IFI’s achieve these objectives through loans, credits and grants to national
government. Such funding is usually tied to specific projects that focus on economic
and socially sustainable development. IFI’s also provide technical and advisory
assistance to their borrowers and conduct extensive research on development
issues. These institutions provide businesses or governments with loan for
emergency purposes or for normal business functions.
All IFI’s admit only sovereign countries as its owner members, but are all
characterized by a broad country membership, including both borrowing developing
countries and developed donor countries. Also, All IFI’s have independent legal
and operational status and a high level of cooperation is maintained among them.
International Financial Institutions
1.
World Bank and International Monetary Fund- were founded after World
War II. their establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy
after war. It aimed to help the economic stability of the world. both of
them are basically banks, but instead of being started by individuals
like regular banks, they were started by countries. they were designed
to complement each other. IMF main goal was to help countries which
were in trouble. The World Bank, in comparison revolved around the
eradication of poverty and it funded specific projects that helped them
reach thier goals, especially in poor countries.
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Develoment (IBRD)
• International Development Association (IDA)
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID)
2.
Multilateral Development Banks
• African Development Bank (AFDB)
• Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• The Inter-American Development Bank
• European Bank
26
Summary
•
•
•
•
Market integration is a process that refers to corporate expansion by
consolidating additional marketing functions and activities within a single
management framework.
There are three types of market integration namely; vertical, horizontal and
conglomerate systems.
The Bretton Woods Agreement and system created a collective international
currency exchange and built International Financial Institutions like the
World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
The Bretton Woods collapsed in the 1970’s but created a lasting influence
in trading and foreign currency exchange.
27
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Let us try to apply what you learned:
1.
2.
Identify the different types of market integration present in your locality.
Give 3 examples and narrate why you think they belong to this type.
Browse the internet on how International Financial Institutions helped
our country Philippines and give your opinion about it by writing a short
reflection.
Note: This is due 2 weeks after you receive this lesson.
Let us assess your learning by answering the following questions:
1.
2.
How does market integration affect the lives of an ordinary man? (200
words)
Philippines has been one of the major borrowers of money from IFI’s
ever since. What do you think is the impact of the IFI’s to the Philippines
as a country? (200 words)
Note: Your answer should be based on your opinion and your
understanding of the different concepts. Please use Tahoma 12 and
observe 1.5 spacing. Submit a week after this lesson.
28
Lesson 2: Global City
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. articulated the concept and feature of global city.
Introduction
Globalization
and
technology
advancement have made significant impact
on various cities around the world. Global
city is a contemporary concept and has
revolutionizing effort on the way economist
view.
Global City is a concept of the
twentieth century which is an image of a very
highly urbanized area but are full energized www.blog.degruyter.com
and governed by modern state of the art technology and advanced communication
capacity. It is a city know to be an economic super power. It is also known to be
the “brain hubs” and the centers of a “knowledge economy.”
Fun Quiz!
Before we proceed to our discussion, may I ask you to answer the following.
What are your expectations about a Global city? list down your answer.
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________
5. ______________________________
29
Global Cities
Global cities are cities with mostly large populations. But size is not all
that matters. One of the most important quality of global city is its openness to
business, ideas and people because it allows growth and development. Global
cities drive the global economy, they are economic power houses with head offices
of multinational institutions, business services, legal and consulting expertise,
exchanges banks and global corporations on its territory. They also drive in land,
water and air connectivity, where major airports and solid transit infrastructure that
make global cities accessible in all areas, that helps attract tourist and business
ventures. Global cities have top educational institutions, consulate, think tanks
and the venues for international conferences which drive political engagement
and undertakings. Also, they are cultural capitals, Museums, symphonies, world
renowned restaurants, night life and sports are catered in these cities. And most
importantly, global cities are led by people who think globally and understand the
importance of connectivity of local politics to world politics.
Global City as defined by Saskia Sassen (1991) are identified in 4 ways:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It is a key location for finance and specialized service firms which have
replaced manufacturing as the leading economic services
It is a site of production, including the production of innovations in leading
industries.
It is highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world
economy.
It is where products and innovations are produced.
Global cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information
and money, and the wealth that they capture is intimately related to the
specialized businesses that facilitate those flows.
www.globalsherpa.org
30
Attributes of Global City
1.
2.
3.
4.
Seats of Economic Power
Centers of Authority
Centers of Political Influence
Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
At Kearney list, developed in conjunction with the Chicago Council on Global
Affairs, Global Cities index uses criteria across five dimensions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Business Activity (Headquarters, service firms, capital market value,
number of international conferences, value of goods through ports and
airports.
Human Capital (size of foreign born population, quality of universities,
number of international schools, international student population number
of residents with college degrees).
Information Exchange (accessibility to major TV news channels, internet
presence, Number of international news bureaus, censorship, and
broadcast subscribers rate).
Cultural Experience (number of sporting events, museums, performing
arts venues, culinary establishments, international visitors, and sister
city relationship).
Political Engagement (Number of embassies and consulates, think tanks
international organizations, political conferences.
Challenges of Global City
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Global cities can be sites of great inequality and poverty.
Environmental threats due to global climate change.
Scarcity of Resources such as Water, Good and Energy due to increase
in demand.
Techonological dependence.
Challenge of Good Governance because of complexity and require
dedicated of minds.
Summary
The concept Global city drives the global economy, they are economic
power houses with head offices of multinational institutions, business services,
legal and consulting expertise, exchanges banks and global corporations on its
territory.
Global city has 5 dimensions namely: business activity, human capital,
information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement.
31
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Aside from the identified 10 leading global cities in the world, which of the
following can be considered as a global city.
Philippines
Germany
Slovania
India
Pakistan
Nigeria
Switzerland
Brazil
Russia
Myanmar
Mexico
Australia
Japan
Turkey
Iran
United Arab Emirates
France
Tanzania
Sudan
South Korea
Argentina
Malaysia
Afghanistan
Canada
The Netherlands
Peru
Angola
Let us assess your learning by answering the following questions:
1.
Do you consider living in a global city? if yes, which global city do you
want to live in? Why do you want to live in this city? If no, Why do you
not wish to live in a global city?
Note: Use Tahoma 12 and observe 1.5 spacing.
32
https://bit.ly/2PQJuTf
UNIT 3
POLITICAL
THOUGHT, GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
AND INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. discussed the Political Thought, Global
Governance and Interstate System.
Introduction
Governments do exist interdependently. In an open economic structure, one
country needs the support of other countries in terms of trade, military resources
and financial capital. However, a few countries decide to operate independent of
other nations for whatever reasons they find beneficial for themselves. It could
be the vast resources available within its territory that obtaining assets from other
countries is not necessary anymore, or the wealth of nation abundantly obtainable
as the needs arise. However, before countries decide to collaborate or not with other
countries, they collectively evolve and progress, calling themselves sovereign.
33
Lesson 1. Introduction to Political Thought
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. described the theoretical formation of states over time as a by-product of
evolution, expansion and development.
1.
Persons settling in one geographical territory, living in a community, sharing
similar purposes in life, obeying social contracts, organized by an authority,
and enjoying freedom from any external control is described as a State. Its
role is to create a healthy environment, conducive to attaining better welfare
and construct policy frameworks that enable various agencies of the state to
explore and realize the full potential of the people while maintaining workable
standard operations that support and protect public interest.
2.
Max Weber (pronounced as Max Veba) defined a state as a polity that
maintains monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. It sounds very cruel
but is justifiable if it is to establish a standard behaviour among residents
of the state. For example paying taxes, keeping the environment clean,
respect to other members in the society, avoiding all actions that destroy the
future of the young like drug addiction, prostitution, theft and burglary, etc.
3.
There are four (4) theories of a state: Force Theory, Evolutionary Theory,
Divine Right Theory and Social Contract Theory. A state is created through
some force, as the losers of war subject themselves to the victorious new
rulers; the Force Theory follows this thought. The evolutionary theory supports
the idea that formation of states developed naturally and gradually as by
product of historical development, factors of which include family and kinship,
religion, natural social instinct, economic needs and politics. (Evolutionary
Theory)
4.
On the other hand, a political doctrine, in support to monarchical absolutism,
asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not be
accountable for their actions by an earthly authority like the parliament. This
is the idea pushed by the Divine Right Theorists. The Social Contract Theory
is the view that persons’ moral and or political obligations are dependent
upon an agreement among them that form the society in which they live
(Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
5.
What is then the role of the government running off the state?
Major State responsibilities include schools, hospitals, conservation and
34
environment, roads, railways and public transport, public works, agriculture
and fishing, industrial relations, community services, sport and recreation,
consumer affairs, police, prisons and emergency services. These form
government spending and subsidies that are primarily sourced from
taxes. Moreover, government‘s role to development includes controls over
production, distribution, consumption of commodities. To achieve these
objectives, it devises physical controls, monetary and fiscal measures that
are essential for reducing economic and social inequalities (Suman) that
prevail in underdeveloped economies like the Philippines.
Technical Terms
1.
Monetary measures are policies on money supply management and interest
rates regulation by the Central Bank that help achieve a macroeconomic
objective like curving inflation, regulating consumption, achieving target
growths and maintaining certain level of liquidity.
2.
Fiscal measures are policy handles of the government like taxation and
government spending that greatly affect overall spending adjustments of the
country.
3.
Economic inequality measures the extent to which income, most commonly
measured by household or individual, is distributed in an uneven manner.
4.
Areas of social inequality include access to voting rights, freedom of speech
and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health
care, quality housing, traveling, transportation, vacationing and other social
goods and services. Apart from that, it can also be seen in the quality of
family and neighbourhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and access to
credit. (Social Inequality)
35
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Group yourself by fives, if not possible work independently.
Kindly choose five states and describe its history, economic system,
military strengths, political structures and general provisions of the government
to the people. (This is worth 50 full points, 10 points for each country and 2
points in each variable). You may limit your answers in five paragraphs for each
country. Submit your work, written in Word, Tahoma, 11 font, single space and
1” margin everywhere on ________________________ to ramsaragrace@
yahoo.com.
Answer what is described in the following sentences.
1.
The distribution of Social Amelioration Program is an indicator of
the presence of
(a) economic stability
(b) aristocracy
(c) democracy
(d) social inequality
(e) political will
2.
Earning differences among people in the society indicates the
presence of
(a) economic stability
(b) aristocracy
(c) economic inequality
(d) social inequality
(e) political will
3.
Tax revenues and government spending are tools of the
government called
(a) employment policy
(b) monetary policy
36
(c) trade policy
(d) tax policy
(e) fiscal policy
4.
The Central Bank is responsible in regulating
(a) corporate taxes
(b) money supply
(c) drug trafficking
(d) government‘s spending roads and bridges
(e) GSIS loans
5.
Subsidies are primarily sourced from
(a) the banks
(b) the pork barrel
(c) taxes
(d) salaries and wages
(e) personal loans
6.
In Monarchical Absolutism, it is asserted that kings derived their
authority from
(a) the congress
(b) the house of commons
(c) the president of the country
(d) God
(e) the people
7.
The state created by Spaniards after colonizing the Philippines is
an example of
(a) social contract theory
(b) force theory
(c) evolutionary theory
(d) monarchical absolutism
(e) feudalism theory
8.
A social contract is beneficial to one if
(a) the law is implemented fully
(b) the others adhere to it as well
(c) the lawyers consider it as contract
(d) it lawful
(e) if it is moral
9.
Max Weber (pronounced as Max Veba) defined a state as a polity
that maintains monopoly on the legitimate use of violence because
(a) the government is tyrant
(b) the government want to ensurepeacefor the good citizens
and physical control over the insurgents
37
(c) the government is ready for war
(d) violence is the weapon against rebellion
(e) the people are naturally ready for violence
10.
Quality of life is improved if people are
(a) healthy
(b) educated
(c) having enough choice sets
(d) enjoying freedom of speech
(e) all of those enumerated earlier
38
Lesson 2: The Republic
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. differentiated the concepts of an ideal city or an ideal state presented in
the discourse of Socrates and his companions about how to achieve a
perfect government as opposed to other kinds of states.
1.
To understand the dynamics of political influences and instruments, it is
essential to review, Plato‘s best-known work and world’s most influential
works of philosophy and political theory, the Republic. The Republic contained
Socratic dialogue with Athenians and foreigners about the idea and meaning
of justice to an ideal utopian city. Will being just bring happiness to the just
man? Will he be happier than the unjust man will?
2.
Socrates listened to the various definitions of justice from his companions.
Justice is essentially, giving what is owed. Justice is an art that gives good
to friends and evil to enemies. Justice is but the interest of the stronger.
Socrates overturned all these definitions by asserting that it is advantageous
for a man to be just and disadvantageous to be unjust. Socrates needed to
prove that justice is not only desirable, but that it belongs to the highest class
of desirable things.
3.
His companions presented advantages of being unjust. The unjust man
could grow wealthy by injustice and does not need to be fearful of Divine
judgement in the afterlife because he can always allocate a portion of his
gains to religious losses, thus rendering him innocent in the eyes of the gods.
Socrates emphasized the need to define justice from the city rather than to
a person. The individual is unable to supply everything he needs and thus
seeks provisions from the city he called the Healthy State.
4.
The healthy state needs guardians (now called political leaders) that protect
the city from attacks and the discussion furthered describing what type of
education is appropriate for them in their early years. They concluded that to
ascribe evil to the gods are untrue and hence, should not be taught. What
should be the lifestyle of the guardians? Essentially, the city is assumed to
contain individuals who are happy in the occupations that best suit them. If
the city is happy, the individuals are happy.
5.
For the guardians, in the physical education and diet, the emphasis is on
moderation; for both poverty and excessive wealth corrupt them. Without
controlling their education, the city cannot control the future rulers. Socrates
39
says that it is pointless to worry over specific laws, like those pertaining
to contracts, since proper education ensures lawful behaviour, and poor
education causes lawlessness (425a425c).
6.
In a just human being, reason rules, spirit is reason’s ally, and appetite is
held in check. In this way, the three parts of the soul are organized in such a
way that action is in accordance with knowledge of what the good life is. This
knowledge belongs to reason. In this part of the soul, there is the knowledge
that existence in the body is temporary, that the body and its needs are
distractions, and that the good life is one of “contemplation”. (Henry George
Liddell)
7.
Accordingly, Socrates defines justice as “working at that to which he is
naturally best suited”, and “to do one’s own business and not to be a busybody”
(433a–433b) and goes on to say that justice sustains and perfects the other
three cardinal virtues: Temperance, Wisdom, and Courage, and that justice is
the cause and condition of their existence. Socrates does not include justice
as a virtue within the city, suggesting that justice does not exist within the
human soul either, rather it is the result of a “well ordered” soul. A result
of this conception of justice separates people into three types; that of the
soldier, that of the producer, and that of a ruler. If a ruler can create just laws,
and if the warriors can carry out the orders of the rulers, and if the producers
can obey this authority, then a society will be just.Socrates proceeded to
search for wisdom, courage, and temperance in the city, because justice
will be easier to discern in what remains (427e). They find wisdom among
the guardian rulers, courage among the guardian warriors (or auxiliaries),
temperance among all classes of the city in agreeing about who should rule
and who should be ruled. Finally, Socrates defined justice as a state in which
each class performs only its own work, not meddling in the work of the other
classes (433b).
8.
The virtues are then sought in the individual soul. Socrates creates an
analogy between the parts of the city and the soul (the city-soul analogy).
He argues that a completely unified soul could not behave in opposite ways
towards the same object, at the same time, and in the same respect (436b).
The guardians, both females and males, should be educated in wisdom,
temperance, justice and courage, gymnastics and physical training. Physical
training is aimed at maintaining good health and physical fitness in order for
them to live preventing illness and weakness and without needing medical
attention to focus their energies in serving the people.
9.
Socrates and companions assume at essentially each individuals are
employed in an occupation that best suit them, saying that if the whole city
is happy, so are individuals. Moreover, lifestyles of guardians are that of
moderation because both poverty and excessive wealth lead to corruption.
Ensuring good education, the future leaders’ quality is also ensured.
40
Proper education safeguards lawful behaviour while poor education causes
lawlessness. It is pointless to worry about laws when leaders’ behaviour is
corrupt.
10.
Guardians are of three classes – guardian rulers must have the wisdom,
guardian warriors must possess courage and temperance should be found
among classes in the city agreeing who should rule and be ruled. For Socrates,
justice means each class performs only its own work and not meddling on the
work of others. Moreover, Socrates also discovered virtues in the city from
the individual soul, the city-soul analogy.
11.
He argues that a completely unified soul could not behave in opposite ways
– meaning the city and the individual must possess the same behaviour
toward same objective. A person is wise if he is ruled by the part of the soul
that understands what is good for the part and for the whole. A person is
courageous if his soul preserves pleasures and pains and that the decision
is reached by the rational part; and a person is temperate if the three parts
agree that the rational part should lead. One person cannot be just if he does
not have the other virtues.
12.
The ideal city will have harmonious cooperation of all the citizens of the city.
The philosopher-King must be intelligent, reliable and willing to lead a simple
life. Education‘s curriculum is designed to teach learners THE GOOD. Just
as visible objects need to be studied in order to be seen, so must also the
objects of KNOWLDEGE kings need in order to properly lead. A would be
philosopher – king must study arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.
13.
Would be guardians should be educated in military training, gymnastics,
martial arts and warfare and philosophy for five years. Math is taught for ten
years and five years dialectic training. Guardians may spend 15 years as
young leaders, and at 50 years of age, when they are fully aware of the form
of good and are mature already, they are now ready to lead.
14.
The four unjust constitutions are timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny
being aristocracy as the best. Aristocracy is the just government, dominated
by wisdom loving system of government, ruled by the philosopher-king. When
the social structure breaks down and civil war is created, timocracy is formed.
Warrior generals, who are the ruling class of property owners, dominate
timocracy. When wealth accumulation replaces honour, the government
formed is oligarchy, where the rich are the ruling class.
15.
When the number of poor widens and starts a revolt, democracy is established.
Democracy emphasizes maximum freedom and power is distributed evenly.
This form of government is dominated by desire in an undisciplined and
unrestrained ways. Populism of the democratic government leads to mob
rule, fuelled by fear of oligarchy, which can be exploited by tyrants to take
41
power and establish tyranny.
16.
In a tyrannical government, the city is enslaved to the tyrant, who uses his
guards to remove the best social elements and individuals from the city to
retain power (since they pose a threat), while leaving the worst. He will also
provoke warfare to consolidate his position as leader. In this way, tyranny is
the most unjust regime of all.
Technical Terms
1.
City-soul analogy – Justice is the right order of the soul. The city-soul analogy
refers to Plato‘s argument saying that the just person is happier than the
unjust person and that if the city is composed of just persons, then the just
city is happier than the unjust cities. The city cannot go opposite to what is
good for the soul. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
2.
Timocracy - A timocracy in Aristotle’s Politics is a state where only property
owners may participate in government. The more extreme forms of timocracy,
where power derives entirely from wealth with no regard for social or civic
responsibility, may shift in their form and become a plutocracy where the
wealthy rule. Possession of property is required in order to hold office in
an Timocracy Also, government power and glory motivates the rulers. (Your
Dictionary)
3.
Democracy is a system of government that bases its legitimacy on the
participation of the people, uniformly characterized by (1) competitive
elections, (2) the principle of political and legal equality, and (3) a high degree
of individual freedom, or civil liberties. (Dallas Learning Cloud)
4.
Aristocracy is a form of government by a relatively small privileged class or
by a minority consisting of those presumed to be best qualified to rule. This
word is derived from the Greek word aristokratia meaning rule of the best.
5.
Oligarchy is the rule of the few. There are numerous kinds of oligarchy rule and
Timocracy and Aristrocacy fall under it. One very attractive rule of government
is Geniocracy which is exclusively ruled by the geniuses. The criteria to govern
include excellence in problem solving and creative intelligence. A geniocratic
government usually has faster economic growth and better welfare. Germany
and Canada are two famous countries practising geniocracy. (Buddy Mantra)
Technocracy, a quite similarly defined form is a rule where the leaders are
technical experts as practiced by Peoples Republic of China and of Russia.
6.
Tyranny comes from a Greek word tyrannos meaning an absolute ruler who
is unrestrained by law.
42
Summary
Socrates and his companions figure out what an ideal city and healthy
state should be and how it evolve. The importance of education and inner values
determines the happy life of a just man who also lives with a community of just
men. The just person is happier than the unjust person is.
43
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Group yourself by fives, if not possible work independently.
Conceptualize your perfect village, or your perfect town, or your perfect
city or your ideal country. Identify the variables you wish to be in place in
your village, say day care center, police station, grades school and advanced
schools, etc. You may present your ideas in a drawing or pictures. This is
worth 10 points.
Answer the following as described below.
1.
When governments are run by geniuses, that form of government
is known as
(a) democracy
(b) autocracy
(c) aristocracy
(d) oligarchy
(e) geniocracy
2.
Oligarchy is defined as the rule of the
(a) people
(b) lawyers
(c) oligarchs
(d) few
(e) king
3.
Tyranny is never good for the state because
(a) the ruler is unrestrained by law
(b) the president is corrupt
(c) the king is violent
(d) the leader is immoral
(e) the people are poor
44
4.
One possible drawback of democracy is its tendency toward
(a) populism
(b) oligarchy
(c) tyranny
(d) technocracy
(e) aristocracy
5.
The four unjust constitutions are timocracy, oligarchy, democracy
and tyranny being aristocracy as the best because
(a) Aristocracy is the just government, dominated
by wisdom loving system of government, ruled
by the philosopher-king
(b) oligarchy is the form of government where the rich are
the ruling few
(c) democracy is the rule of government where people have
freedoms but could become abusive if uncontrolled
(d) timocracy is a government formed after conquest
6.
(a) Justice is the right order of the soul
(b) the just person is happier than the unjust person
(c) if the city is composed of just persons, then the just city
is happier than the unjust cities
(d) The city cannot go opposite to what is good for the soul
(e) all of those mentioned earlier, define the city-soul analogy.
7.
Who should be educated in military trainings, gymnastics, maths,
dialectics, martial arts, warfare and philosophy in the ideal city?
(a) military generals
(b) righteous kings
(c) would be guardians
(d) oligarchs in preparation for control
(e) members of the parliament
8.
In the ideal city, who should be intelligent, reliable and willing to
lead a simple life?
(a) the would be guardians
(b) military generals
(c) the philosopher king
(d) the members of congress
(e) members of the business club
9.
How should education curriculum be designed for the ideal state?
(a) designed to emphasize academic freedom and press
autonomy
(b) designed to include vocational and technical education
45
(c) designed to focus on military skills and tactics for war
and invasion
(d) designed to teach the good infusing arithmetic geometry,
astronomy and music
(e) designed to teach trading, diplomacy and political values
10.
Why is it advantageous for man to be just than to be unjust?
(a) It is because a just man‘s life is pleasurable and
consequently gives him happiness
(b) it is because a just man cannot separate himself from
his own soul
(c) it is because injustice creates reaction that destroys
man‘s peaceful sleep
(d) it is because justice will lead man to heaven
in the after life
(e) it is because man cannot go against himself
46
Lesson 3: Great Political Theories
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, learners must have:
1. differentiated great political theories established as alternative standards
of operations in a society and polity and explained the subtle meanings
underlying the thought.
I will present four political theories only for you to carry as you go through
life. These are the ideas on The Social Contract, Romanticism and Idealism,
Utilitarianism and Marxism. I hope these concepts will make you more equipped in
facing deals and ordeals in the societies you circulate now and in years ahead.
1.
The Social Contract presents the reconciliation of the freedom of the individual
with the authority of the state. It appears to be like the constitution of the land.
In particular, it says.
Each of us puts his person and all his power in common, under
the supreme direction of the general will and in our corporate
capacity; we receive each member as an indivisible part of
the whole.
The contract presupposes alienation of each associate, together with all
his rights to the whole community. For, as one gives himself absolutely, the
conditions are the same for all; and this being so, no one has any interest in
making them burdensome to others. No one has anything more to demand for
if individuals retained certain rights, as there would be no common superior
to decide between them and the public, each, being on one point, his own
judge would ask to so on all, the state of nature would thus continue and the
association would necessary become inoperative and tyrannical.
2.
Lastly, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody, and as
there is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same rights as he
yields others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses
and an increase of force for the preservation of what he has. in simple words,
social contract is an agreement between the individual and the society and or
the government about upholding certain rights and abiding on certain laws in
order to ensure smooth relationship dynamics of citizens in a city or a country.
3.
Romanticism and Idealism theory is a philosophical movement during the Age
of Enlightenment that emphasizes emotional self-awareness as a necessary
precondition to improving society and bettering the human condition. Some
47
of the main characteristics of Romantic literature include a focus on the writer
or narrator’s emotions and inner world; celebration of nature, beauty, and
imagination; rejection of industrialization, organized religion, rationalism, and
social convention; idealization of women, children, and rural life. Imagination,
emotion and freedom are the focal points of romanticism.
4.
One key theme of the romantic period is revolution, democracy, and
republicanism. The essential political thinking of the period is liberty, equality
and brotherhood as a reaction against aristocratic social and political norms
of the Age of Enlightenment and of the scientific rationalization of nature.
While age of enlightenment or the age of reason dominates intellectual
discourse in Europe during 17th and 18th centuries, an emerging thought
had convinced many that the truest basis for political power was the consent
of the governed.
5.
By the evolution of time, concepts of democracy and republicanism developed.
Republic form of government is a state ruled by representatives of the citizen
body. Citizens do not govern the state themselves but through representatives.
Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an
equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people
to participate equally— either directly or through elected representatives—in
the proposal, development, and creation of laws. Though they may not be
identical, there are areas they both share the same such as election, the
current economic system and a particular social structure. The Venn diagram
below presents such condition.
Democracy
Majority Based
decisions
National
Sovereignty
No constraint on
the Government
Republic
Vote for
change
Economic
System
Social
Structure
Constitution
based decisions
Individual
Sovereignty
Constraints the
Government
Figure 1
6.
Another key theme is the Sublime and the Transcendence. Many had
become fascinated with the ideal of sublime in physical, moral, intellectual,
metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual greatness. Such greatness is beyond
measure and sublimity is on the perception of the perceiver, mind and
imagination. The briefest definition of sublimity is the presence of exquisite
48
and admirable quality of beauty. Edmund Burke disputes such. He says there
are sublime experiences that bring terror, like seeing tsunami, or walking in
the edge of a cliff etc.
7.
Absorbed by the personal genius of man, it was believed that this man got
the inspiration from tutelary spirits teaching him to work in certain set of
acceptable and admirable behaviour. This concept of some experiences of
inspiration symbolizes the truth of external realm called the transcendence.
The power of the imagination, genius, and the source of inspiration is real.
8.
Quotes of Romanticism by William Wordsworth- the man who introduced
Romanticism.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Wisdom is near when we stoop than when we soar.
Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its
origin from emotion, recollected in tranquillity.
Nature never did betray the heart that loved her.
With an eye made quiet by the power of harmony and the deep
power of joy, we see into the life of things.
Getting and spending, we lay waste of powers.
Fill your paper with the breathing of your heart.
The best portion of good man‘s life -his little, nameless,
unremembered acts of kindness and love
9.
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the
one that maximizes utility. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism,
described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus
the suffering of anyone involved in the action. Jeremy Bentham (1748—
1832) Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He
is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of
utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences.
10.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories.
Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by
increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness)
in the world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and
unhappiness). The goal of utilitarian ethics is to promote the greatest happiness
for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, was the
founder of utilitarianism; John Stuart Mill was its best-known defender.
11.
Utilitarianism is based on the Greatest Happiness Principle, which states that
actions are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when
they promote the reverse. Utility, itself, is, defined by Mill as happiness with
the absence of pain.
49
12.
There are three principles that served as the basic axioms of utilitarianism.
a.
Pleasure or happiness Is the only thing that truly has intrinsic value.
b.
Actions are right insofar as they promote happiness, wrong insofar
as they produce unhappiness.
c.
Everyone’s Happiness Counts Equally.
13.
Quotes on Utilitarianism
a.
Stretching his hand up to reach the stars, too often, man forgets the
flowers at his feet.
b.
The power of the lawyer is in the uncertainty of the law.
c.
It is the greatest good to the greatest number of people, which is
the measure of right and wrong.
d.
Secrecy, being an instrument of conspiracy, ought never to be the
system of a regular government.
e.
All punishment is mischief; all punishment in itself is evil.
f.
Tyranny and anarchy are never far apart.
g.
Nature has placed humankind under the governance of two
sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point
out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.
14.
Marxist social and political thought encompasses the Marxist class conflict
and Marxian economics. Together with Friedrich Engels, he wrote The
Communist Manifesto that lays the theory of class struggle and revolution.
Marx presented the flaws of capitalism in his book Das Kapital and argued
that capitalism shall naturally vanish because of the chaotic nature of free
market and surplus of labour.
Marx portrayed capitalist society as composing of the bourgeoisie and
the proletariat, i.e. the ones controlling the means of production and the
workers that transform raw commodities to valuable economic goods. The
bourgeoisie‘s power to control capital allows them to limit workers‘ ability
to produce and obtain what they need to survive. Capitalism is all about
commodities bought and sold, reducing the value of labour as another kind
of commodity for sale, like cars, wine, cloth and the like making labourers
weak in the capitalist economic system.
15.
16.
One very influential concept introduced in Marxist political and economic
thought is the labour surplus theory. This measures the difference between
wages paid to the workers and the price of goods sold, which the workers
previously manufactured. For example, if a worker who is making wall clocks
is given a daily wage of $300 and his productivity rate is 8 clocks per day,
which clock is sold for $300 each and that the market absorbs all 8 clocks
daily, then the value of labour of the worker is reduced to only one clock and
the revenue from the remaining clocks sold belongs to the capitalists. The
$2100 difference is called the surplus value of labour that is not enjoyed by
the workers.
50
17.
To maintain their position of power and privilege, the bourgeoisie employ social
institutions as tools and weapons against the proletariat. The government
enforces the will of the bourgeoisie by physical coercion to enforce the
laws and private property rights to the means of production. The media and
academics, or intelligentsia, produce propaganda to suppress awareness of
class relations among the proletariat and rationalize the capitalist system.
Organized religion provides a similar function to convince the proletariat to
accept and submit to their own exploitation based on fictional divine sanction,
which Marx called “the opium of the masses.” The banking and financial
system facilitates the consolidation of capitalist ownership of the means of
production, ensnares the workers with predatory debt, and engineers regular
financial crises and recessions to ensure a sufficient supply of unemployed
labour in order to undermine workers‘ bargaining power. (Investopedia)
18.
Quotes of Karl Marx
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Surround yourself with people who make you happy, people who
make you laugh, who help you when you‘re in need, people who
genuinely care. They are the ones worth keeping in your life.
Everyone else is just passing through.
The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways.
The point, however, is to change it.
Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of
real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the
sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and
the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
The less you eat, drink and read books; the less you go to the
theatre, the dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love,
theorize, sing, paint, fence, etc., the more you save-the greater
becomes your treasure which neither moths nor dust will devouryour capital. The less you are, the more you have; the less you
express your own life, the greater is your alienated life-the greater
is the store of your estranged being.
Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a
world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite!
I am nothing but I must be everything.
If anything is certain, it is that I myself am not a Marxist.
If money is the bond binding me to human life, binding society to
me, connecting me with nature and man, is not money the bond of
all bonds? Can it not dissolve and bind all ties? Is it not, therefore,
also the universal agent of separation?
In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases,
the wage decreases
51
Summary
The Political Thoughts presented are Social Contract, Utilitarianism,
Romanticism and Marxist Ideal Society. Quotes from the forerunners of the thought
are takeaways as you choose the life of your own.
52
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Work by threes, if not possible work independently. (10 points)
Try to depict the kinds of societies presented in the various political
theories in a drawing. You may put a few paragraphs for explanation of the
work you do.
Answer in five lines only for five full points each number.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why do you think money separates us when it bonds us?
What is the problem of capitalism presented by Marx?
If actions are within our control, why is happiness not derived from
actions?
What will happen if the parties having the social contract betray one
another? How would social contract work?
What is the problem in the age of enlightenment that pushes the
emergence of romanticism thought?
53
Lesson 4. Global Governance and Interstate System
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained how the world operates in a highly differentiated sovereignties
of countries.
1.
World Government is an idea where every country unites under one political
authority, but this has not happened yet. Proponents reasoned that such
political organization will solve problems on war, production of weapon for
mass destruction, poverty and inequality as well as environmental decay. The
more modern objective is to design global institutions that move humanity
world federalism or cosmopolitan democracy. (Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy). Opposing this move suggests that this is infeasible, undesirable
and totally unnecessary.
2.
However, it is no longer uncommon to hear words like World Bank, World
Health Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Food Programme
etc. that give us the concept of some global polity. The World Bank is an
international organization designed to help fight poverty by providing financing
and research advice to development projects of the poorer economies.
3.
If global world sounds infeasible, global economy is far from different. When
governments control their own specific economies, big banks and large
companies fund these governments. In effect, these large financial institutions
and corporations dominate and control global economies (Burrows). Less
than one per cent of the companies 40% of the entire business ownership
network in the global economy. This organization controls the financial flows
going in and coming out the economies.
4.
However, other factors certainly affect the movements in global economies.
If there is an increase in the price of oil due to some quantity controls,
essentially, the cost of production and shipping costs increases. This
eventually is translated as price hikes for goods bought in from store shelves.
The multiplier effect continues by driving off purchasing power of earning
individuals, which, if uncontrolled, leads to increasing number of families
under poverty line. The higher the prices, the more likely it is to create larger
disparities in incomes.
5.
Economic instabilities will generate social problems. More poor people
will participate in many underground illegal activities like drug trafficking,
54
prostitution, and burglary. Police matters become one of the hit news in
each morning headlines and some dirty politicians may take advantage of
the poor by hiring them as internet trolls against their opponents. Another
social could come out from this trolling game. It could create social upheavals
and collective disruptions making the ordinary citizen and less informed
individuals confused.
6.
Thus, in order to maintain social and economic order, countries try to
help one another through trade and international organizations aiming
at achieving a common goal of peace, harmony, economic growth and
technological advancements, social progress and cultural development. The
six international organizations we need to know include The United Nations,
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), World
Trade Organization, the Group of Twenty (G20) and International Criminal
Court (ICC). Within our reach is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
7.
The UN’s mission is to promote international peace and stability, human
rights and economic development. Specialized agencies under it are UNICEF
(United Nations for Children‘s Fund), UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health
Organization (WHO). (Six Essential International Organizations You Need to
Know)
8.
NATO’s mission is to safeguard its member‘s freedom and security through
both political and military means. Members of NATO are primarily countries in
North America and Europe including Turkey. EU’s mission is to help member
countries cooperate on economic, political and security matters. WTO, on
the other hand, has a mission to manage the rules of international trade and
to ensure the fair and equitable treatment of all members via negotiations
and trade disputes settlement. The G20 convenes officials from the largest
economies both the wealthiest economies and developing to jointly address
global concerns and to coordinate economic policies.
Summary
Countries organize themselves into organizations and regions to achieve a
common goal of subsistence, growth, progress in peace and harmony.
55
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Individual work for 10 full points.
In a three page paper, describe in what way big companies and
international organizations have helped the Philippine economy.
Argue how the ASEAN region contributed to the growth of Philippine
society. Limit your answers in three paragraphs, with seven lines in a
each paragraph. Use actual data to support your arguments. 10 points
I hope I have helped a little. Thank you for this opportunity. I am glad
to have connected with you.
56
https://bit.ly/2PQJuTf
UNIT 4
GLOBAL
DEVELOPMENT
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. demonstrated thorough understanding on
how the economy progressed withstanding
challenges of globalization.
Introduction
Global development, which is otherwise called as international development
is often used with different implicit meanings. Every country has its own “differing”
levels of development. To be globally developed is a new challenge specially to
the developing countries like the Philippines. Global development then can be well
attributed fully to what we call the economic globalization.
Economic globalization is the increasing economic integration and
interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through
an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and
capital. It is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological
progress. It reflects the continuing and increasing expansion of the consensual
unification of the market frontiers and is an irreversible trend for the economic
development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium(Aldama, 2018).
Economic globalization also refers to the increasing integration of economies
around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and
capitals across borders. The term sometimes refers to the movement of people
(labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders (IMF, 2008). With
the advancement of science and technology, there is also a significantly rapid
growth of productive activities and marketization which is considered as the twodriving force of economic globalization.
57
According to historians Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, economic
globalization began when all important populated continents began to exchange
products continuously, directly or indirectly via other continents. The first time
when America were directly connected to Asian trading routes was during the
establishment of the galleon trade connecting Manila to the Philippines and
Acapulco in Mexico. It is important to note that for Filipinos, economic globalization
began on the country’s shores.
Lesson 1. Theories of Economic Development
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained thoroughly the economic globalization;
2. compared and contrasted the different theories of economic development;
3. reflected on the impact of recession/catastrophes to the economy and
what are the coping strategies used.
Fun Quiz!
Considering the growth and decline of the economy, make a comparison of
the following:
1.
2.
3.
No.
1
2
3
The price of a computer in 2010 and that of 2020.
The price of Samsung Galaxy the first time it was released in the market
and tis price in 2020.
The manner of how we harvest rice in 2010 and in 2020.
Items
2010
2020
Computer
Samsung
Harvesting Rice
After you are done making the comparison, what can you infer about how
economy influenced our lives? ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
58
This lesson aims to trace how economic globalization came about. Develop
a deeper understanding of the impact of globalization in our lives and of the people
around us; and how economic globalization makes this possible. Let us learn
why some theories are essential in learning globalization, specifically economic
globalization.
What is economic development?
Economic development occurs with the reduction of poverty, inequality
and unemployment within a growing economy. To measure income of distribution
Gini coefficient is used. A Gini coefficient of 0 means perfect equality. Human
Development Index (HDI) measures a country’s average achievement in three
basic dimensions of human development: life expectancy, educational attainment
and adjusted real income(media.lanecc.edu). To alleviate poverty, the economy
has to thrived, in order to control its decline. The complications in the study of
economic development have resulted in the development of some theories. These
theories and models seek to explain and predict how economies develop over time
and how barriers to growth can be overcome if not totally eliminated. While less
developed countries share similarities, every country is unique, which implies that
though these theories may help managed the decline, it may vary from country to
country.
There is no agreed model of development. Each theory gives and explains
insights and views into one or two dimensions. Before we proceed to the study of
these theories or models, let us have first the economic development concepts: (1)
Absolute advantage occurs when a country or region can create more a product
with the same factor inputs. (2) Comparative advantage was introduced by David
Ricardo in 1817. Ricardo predicts that all countries gain if they specialize and trade
the goods in which they have the comparative advantage (media.lanecc.edu).
Theories of Economic Development
1.
Mercantilism – this theory argues that the wealth of the nation is determined
by the accumulation of gold and accruing trade surplus. Its popularity can
be traced at the start of the industrial revolution. The government seeks
to regulate the economy and trade in order to promote domestic industry–
often at the expense of other countries. Mercantilism is associated with
policies which restrict imports, increase stocks of gold and protect domestic
industries. It stands in contrast to the theory of free trade – which argues
that the country’s economic well-being can be best improved through the
reduction of tariffs and fair trade.
2.
Classical Theory – was developed by Adam Smith in 1776. He postulated
that there are numerous factors which enable economic growth’s increase.
59
He emphasized that the role of increasing returns and the role of market is
vital in determining supply and demand.
3.
Marxism – is a method of socio-economic analysis that uses a materialist
interpretation of historical development. It originates from the 19th -century
philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.This theory examines where
society was, where it is going, and its change process. The movement from
feudalism to capitalism to socialism –is based on changes in ruling and
oppressed classes and their relationship to each other.
4.
Unbalanced Growth Theory – theorists argue that adequate resources
cannot be mobilized by the government to promote widespread, coordinated
investments in all industries. Therefore, government planning or market
intervention is required in a few strategic industries. Supporters of the
unbalnaced growth theory includes Marcus Fleming, Prof. Rostov and J.
Sheehan.
5.
The Trickle-Down Theory – this theory claims that the initial benefits of growth
go to the rich, but in the process, it eventually trickles down to the poor. For
example, rich families buy local products and employ servants, etc. This idea
originated from Will Rogers as a jokea nd is often used today to criticize
economic policies.
6.
Rostow’s Linear Stages Model – this model describes a linear theory of
development which states that economies can be broken down into primary,
secondary and tertiary sectors. He asserted that the history of developed
countries suggests a common pattern of structural change. This was further
explained in five (5) stages namely: (a) Traditional society- is an agricultural
economy where its sustenance is farming where the produce is then traded.
The size of the shares is not sufficient hence, products are of low quality. This
had resulted to a very low labor production with small surplus output left to
sell in local and foreign markets. (b) Pre-conditions for take-off – in this stage,
agriculture started on progressing with the influx of modern technology in
farming. Production had increased and trading also intensifies. Although the
increase in percentage of national income is small, yet there is an observe
growth in savings and investment. With this concerns, some external funding
is required, for example, in the form of foreign remittances from overseas
workers and aids. (c) Take-off – the role of the manufacturing industry is of
great importance; although the number of industries remains small, political
and social institutions may still be required in raising funds. Savings and
investments’ growth rose up to 15% of GDP. Agriculture was given little
importance although the majority of people may remain employed in the
farming sector. (d) Drive to maturity – the industry, in this stage, becomes
more diverse. Growth in production spread to different parts of the country as
the state of technology improves - the economy moves from being dependent
making better use of innovation to bring about increases in real per capita
60
incomes. (e) Age of mass consumption – in this stage, production increases,
enabling rise consumer expenditure. There is a gradual shift towards tertiary
sector activity and the growth is sustained by the expansion of middle-class
consumers.
7.
Dependency Theory – refers to dependence to another nation. It uses political
and economic theory to explain how the process of international trade and
domestic development make some LDC’s more economically dependent on
developed countries. It also describes a vicious cycle that enforces hierarchy
of nations across the globe.
8.
Neoclassicism (Washington Consensus) – is a set of liberalization policies
advocated by free market economists to encourage growth. Economists like
Friedman used the economic turmoil to challenge the consensus around
Keynes’s ideas. What emerged was a new form of economic thinking that
critics labelled “neoliberalism.” From the 1980s onward, neoliberalism became
the codified strategy of the United States Treasury Department, the World
Bank, the IMF, and eventually the World Trade Organization (WTO)-a new
organization founded in 1995 to continue the tariff reduction under the GATT.
The policies they forwarded came to be called the Washington Consensus.
The Washington Consensus dominated global economic policies from the
1980s until the early 2000s. Its advocates pushed for minimal government
spending to reduce government debt. They also called for the privatization
of government-controlled services like water, power, communications, and
transport, believing that the free market can produce the best results.
9.
New Growth Theory (endogenous) – this theory was developed by Paul
Romer and Robert Lucas who placed great emphasis on the concept of
human capital. It explains how workers with greater knowledge, education
and training can help to increase rates of technological advancement. They
argue that increasing capital does not necessarily lead to diminishing returns
as Solow predicted.
10.
Lewis Model – begins with the classical of Marx, but ends with a much happier
neo-classical result. It is a structural change model that explains how labor
transforms a dual economy. The initial growth in the dual economy is largely
in the form of increased profits made available from underpayment of wages.
Instead of the inevitable crises of Marx, however, the dual economy of Lewis
eventually runs smoothly as a single economy under neo-classical rules.
Lewis model is explained using three (3) key assumptions. First, the model
implicitly assumed that the rate of labor transfer and employment creation is
proportional to the rate of capital accumulation. Second, the model assumes
that labor exists in rural areas while there is full employment in the urban
areas. And the third key assumption at variance with reality is the notion
of the continued existence of constant real urban wages until the supply of
small surplus labor is exhausted.
61
11.
Neo-classical model of Solow/Swan – this neo-classical theory suggests
that increase in capital or labor leads to its diminishing returns. It states that
the increase in capital has a temporary and limited impact on increasing the
economic growth. As capital increases, the economy maintains its steadystate rate of economic growth.
12.
Harrod-Domar Model – this was developed in 1930, it suggests savings
provide the funds which are borrowed for investment purposes. Based on
this model, economic growth depends solely on the amount of labor and
capital.
Summary
Global development discusses how globalization influence the flow of
economies and how it strategically spread to almost all-over the continents.
Globalization enables the economy to spread and had permeated even the remotest
place around the globe. Economic globalization as the driver of globalization
identifies some important theories to explain how these developments helped the
economy reach its momentum amidst various hostilities and issues raised by its
critics. These models and theories were important actors in the interplay in each
level of development.
62
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
1.
Explain thoroughly how globalization affected your way of life. Why does
it affect you? (Cite instances/situations of your experiences).
2.
Among the different theories of globalization, choose two (2) theories
that had greater impact on the development of the Philippine economy.
Compare and contrast the theories you have chosen and explain how it
influenced our country’s economy. Why does it influence you?
3.
Look around your home or wherever you are at present, list down all the
things you can see that is brought about by globalization. Write down
some notes why you want those things and how you acquire them. Note
down also the origin of those things. If you are living in an urban area,
are you at par with others who are living in the rural area? Or if otherwise
and you are living in the rural area, are what you have is way behind
than those living in the urban areas?
Write an essay/reflection on the economic impact of globalization in
your life, how does it affect you, your family, community and our country
in general. (Anchor your essay/reflection on your most meaningful
experience and how you had managed to overcome these experiences with your
family).
63
Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. differentiated between regionalism and globalization;
2. explained how regions are formed and kept together;
3. discussed the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism; and
4. identified the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
Introduction
What are regions? Regions are group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area; it can be a combination of two regions or it can be a
combination of more than two regions organized to regulate and oversee flows and
policy choices. Businesses, governments, societies and groups form organizations
as a way of coping with the challenges brought about by globalization. Globalization
made us aware of the world in general. It made Filipinos aware of the world around
us, specifically the Southeast Asia. Later, the Philippines had united itself with the
Southeast Asian region and become part of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations. (ASEAN)
Processing all these info’s in our little but enormous databank, let’s see how
aware you are of regionalization. Identify whether the country listed below is a
member of ASEAN.
Fun Quiz!
Below are the list of countries. Kindly write ASEAN if the country is a member
of ASEAN, if otherwise, write in what continent the particular country belongs.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Name of Country
Continent
Japan
Canada
Malaysia
China
Australia
64
6
7
8
9
10
Vietnam
Dubai
Indonesia
Thailand
France
You may check your answers after finishing this lesson. Congratulations if
your answers are all correct. This only shows how global you are at this time.
Asian Regionalism
What is regionalism?
Regionalism is created as a sort of counter-globalization. Regional
organizations will always prefer regional partners over the rest of the world.
What is globalization?
Globalization is the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-space and world-time. Studying how regions divide
and why the divides greatly challenged how acquainted we are of how globalization
influenced this phenomenal amalgamation of these countries; who in the real
scenario, are miles, or even thousands of miles apart from one another.
Regionalization should not be interchanged to regionalism for regionalization
refers to the regional concentration of the economic flows while regionalism is a
political process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination
among countries. It is the process of dividing an area into smaller segments called
regions or a division of a nation into states or provinces. The process of dividing an
area into smaller segments are called regions.
The differences regionalization and globalization can be discussed in
terms of: (a) nature, (b) market, (c) cultural and societal relations, (d) aid, and (e)
technological.
Regional Integration
The process by which two or more nation-states agree to cooperate and
work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth. The entire world
is moving towards integration which is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian
countries have already formed ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS.
65
Table 2
Globalization
Nature
Market
Cultural and Societal
Relations
Aid
Technological Advances
Promotes integration
of economies across
state borders all
around the world
Allows many
corporations to trade
on international level;
it allows free market
Acceleration to
multiculturalism through
free and inexpensive
movement of people
Globalized international
communities are
more willing to give
aids to countries
stricken by disasters
Globalization has
driven great advances
in technology
Regionalization
Divides an area into
smaller segments
Monopolies are more
likely to develop.
Monopoly means one
producer controls supply
of a good or service, and
where the entry of new
producers is prevented
or highly restricted.
Does not support
multi-culturalism
A regionalized area does
not get involved in the
affairs of other areas
Advanced technology
is rarely available in
one country or region.
This regional power block appears to work fine, the member states fit very
well together because of the following factors:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect
Europe from the threat of the Soviet Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact is
The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea established
an emergency fund that stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect of the
Thai economy’s collapse. Countries need to pool their resources together to make
themselves more powerful. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) rose in power when they took over domestic production and controlled
crude oil prices across the globe.
The countries under the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) refused to side
with the capitalists (Western Europe & North America) or the communists (Eastern
66
Europe).
There are many factors that are leading the Asian Region into greater
integration.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TRADE - The world economy is intertwined with each other whether we
like it or not. We all want or need something from another part of the
world, including global trade facilitates. These nations can readily supply
each other’s needs.
SIMILAR CULTURE - The cultures of Asia is diverse but they do share
many things. This makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations.
COMMON GOALS - The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of
a slow integration, and that is to accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development and to promote peace.
SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from small localized rebels, this
association needs only to contend with foreign-supported terrorist
groups which are usually handled well.
How do different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and
regionalization?
ASEAN was founded on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,
Thailand and the Philippines. It promoted economic growth, social progress and
cultural development in the Southeast Asian region through multilateral cooperation.
Below is an excerpt from the speach of Tun Abdul Razak during the ......
“We the nations and peoples of Southeast Asia must get together and form
by ourselves a new perspective and a new framework for our region. It is important
that individually and jointly we should create a deep awareness that we cannot
survive for long as independent but isolated peoples unless we also think and act
together and unless we prove by deeds that we belong to a family of Southeast
Asian nations bound together by ties of friendship and goodwill and imbued with
our own ideals and aspirations and determined to shape our own destiny.” He
added that, “with the establishment of ASEAN, we have taken a firm and bold step
on that road.” (Tun Abdul Razak)
67
ASEAN Member Countries
1.
Indonesia
Capital: Jakarta
Population: 264 million (2017)
Type of Government: Democratic Republic
Government Leader: Joko Widodo (President)
Currency: Rupiah (0.0037 Php)
2.
Thailand
Capital: Bangkok
Population: 69.04 million (2017)
Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Government Leaders: Maha Vajiralongkorn
(King); Prayut Chan-o-cha (Prime Minister);
Currency: Baht (1.67 Php)
3.
Malaysia
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
Population: 31.62 million (2017)
Type of Government: Federal Constitutional
Monarchy Government Leaders:
‎Muhammad V of Kelantan (King); Mahathir
Bin Mohamad (Prime Minister)
Currency: Ringgit (12.99 Php)
4.
Singapore
Capital: Pulau Ujong
Population: 5.612 million (2017)
Type of Government: Parliamentary
Representative Democratic Republic)
Government Leaders: Halimah Yacob
(President); Lee Hsien Loong (Prime Minister)
Currency: Singapore dollar (39.12 Php)
5.
Philippines
Capital: Manila
Population: 104.9 million (2017)
Type of Government: Democratic Republic
Government Leader: Rodrigo Duterte
(President)
Currency: Philippine Peso
6.
Vietnam
Capital: Hanoi
Population: 95.54 million (2017)
Type of Government: Communist
Government Leader: Nguyen Phu Trong (President &
Head of Party); Nguyễn Xuân Phúc (Prime Minister)
Currency: Vietnamese dong (0.0023 Php)
68
7.
Cambodia
Capital: Phnom Penh
Population: 16.01 million (2017)
Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
Government Leader: Hun Sen
(President and Prime Minister)
Currency: Cambodian riel (0.013 Php)
8.
Brunei
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Population: 428,697 (2017)
Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
Government Leader: Sultan Haji Hassanal
Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah
Currency: Brunei Dollar (39.11 Php)
9.
Myanmar
Capital: Naypyidaw
Population: 53.37 million (2017)
Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
Government Leader: Win Myint (President)
Currency: Burmese kyat (0.034)
10.
Laos
Capital: Vientiane
Population: 6.858 million (2017)
Type of Government: Communist State
Government Leader: Bounnhang Vorachith
Currency: Lao kip (0.0062 Php)
Non-state Regionalism
States work together in a single cause. Groups also participate in organizing.
This tiny associations that include no more than a few members varies in form. This
is what we call the “new regionalism”. This small organization concentrate on a
single issue, or this continental unions addresses a multitude of common problems
from territorial defense to food security. Groups representing this “new regionalism”
rely on the power of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and
other associations in pursuit of a particular goal. (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
New regionalism is identified with reformists who share the same values,
norms, institutions and system that exist outside of the traditional order. Likewise,
their strategies vary while some partners with government institutions to have their
voices heard and influenced policy making processes. In the Philippines, we can
associate this scenario to party list representatives, to whom some groups pass
laws to protect and promote human rights. Influences of organizations like the
North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and other NGOs in Latin America
69
had enabled them to participate in forums, summits and even dialogues to prime
ministers and presidents. In Southeast Asia, the organization of an ASEAN
Parliamentarians for Human Rights was in part the result of non-government
organizations and civil society groups pushing to prevent discrimination uphold
political freedom and promote democracy and human rights throughout the region.
(Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
Summary
Any country will find it difficult to reject all forms of global integration, at the
same time, it will be hard for them to turn their backs on their region. Even if a
country who is a member of EU will leave, that country will still continue to trade
with its neighboring countries; hence, it will still be forced to implement the rules of
EU. Likewise, if any member will leave ASEAN, it is impossible to stop trading to
its neighbors. The history of regionalism shows that regional associations emerge
as new global concerns arise. With the current speed of how digital technology
influence globalization, the future of regionalism will be dependent on the
unforeseen immense change in global politics that will emerge in the 21st century.
70
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Among the members of ASEAN, choose three (3) countries and trace how
it has changed starting from the powers of Britain and Spain when they ruled the
world, then up to the era of colonialism until its independence. List what kind of
changes happened to these countries during each era.
Country
Before
Colonialism
Colonialism
End of
Colonialism
(Independence)
Changes
1.
2.
3.
Answer these questions truthfully. (10 pts. each)
1.
What is the importance of regionalism and its impact to Asia and the World?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
71
2.
What are the benefits of Asian regionalism to our country, the Philippines, the
Asia and the World in general?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
72
https://bit.ly/3iFjSFc
UNIT 5
GLOBAL MEDIA
CULTURE
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. demostrated
continued
developing
awareness of global media culture
considering the emerging challenges on
science and technology.
Introduction
Globalization could not occur
without media. Globalization and media
are in concert and in cohort and have
partnered throughout the whole human
history. Globalization entails the spread
of various cultures. The entire world has
been molded in the image of American
culture, the popularity of which can be
attributed to world famous companies
and celebrities. To name some, we have
Big Macs, Baywatch, and MTV which Psy. https://m.facebook.com/PSY-Gangnam-stye-PSY-Gangnamare touted as unmistakable signs of the style-121698291342571/?_tn_=%2Cg
fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan’s prophecy of the Global Village. The globalization
of culture is often is chiefly credited to international mass media. Contemporary
media technologies such as satellite television and the Internet have created a
steady flow of transnational images that connect audiences worldwide. Say for
example, when a film is made in Hollywood, it is shown not only in the United
States, but also in other cities across the globe. South Korean rapper Psy’s song
“Gangnam Style” may have been about a wealthy suburb in Seoul, but its listeners
73
included millions who have never been or may never got to Gangnam. Some of
them may not even know what Gangnam is. Without global media, according to
the conventional wisdom, how would teenagers in India, Turkey, and Argentina
embrace a Western lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music? Hence, the
strong influence of mass media on the globalization of culture is very remarkable
to the extent that in the Philippines, there are some who are even patronizing
products that are imported rather than locally made. Globalization also involves
the spread of ideas. For instance, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) communities asserting their rights are spreading across the world and are
now widely accepted.
People who travel the around the globe had played an important role in
the spread of culture and ideas. Jack Lule then, was right to ask, “Could global
trade have evolved without a flow of information on markets, prices, commodities,
and more? Could empires have stretched across the world without communication
throughout their borders? Could religion, music, poetry, film, fiction, cuisine, and
fashion develop as they have without the intermingling of media and cultures?
To further understand the contemporary world, let us unravel the intimate
relationship between globalization and media.
Lesson 1. Media and Its Function
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained what is media and its functions;
2. compared the social impacts of different media on the processes of
globalization;
3. analyzed how media drive the different forms of globalization.
74
Fun Quiz!
Let’s see how familiar you are with social media. Here’s what you have
to do. Identify the names of the social media network based on the icon/symbol.
Write your answer on the space provided.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Here’s how to interpret your scores…
1.
2.
3.
If you garnered 7-10 points, it means you are a digital native! A millennial
in character. Congratulations! You will never get lost in the digital world.
If you got 3-6 points, it means you are a digital immigrant! You are getting
there…You will not have a hard time adjusting to the digital environment.
If you only have 1-2 correct answer(s), it means you are a digital alien!
You value your privacy & you do not fancy stalking the lives of others.
You still find bliss in face to face interaction & your attention span is quite
impressive.
Media and Its Functions
What is media? Media is the main means of mass communication
(broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet), regarded collectively.
Lule describes media as “a means of conveying something, such as a
channel of communication. Technically speaking, a person’s voice is a medium.
Media is the plural form of medium, came into general circulation. Print media
75
include books, magazines, and newspapers. Broadcast media involve radio, film,
and television. Digital media cover the internet media, these are the e-mail, internet
sites, social media, and internet-based video and audio. (Claudio, et al, 2018)
While it is relatively easy to define the term “media”, it is more difficult to
determine what media do and how they affect societies. Media theorist Marshall
McLuhan once declared that “the medium is the message.” He did not mean that
ideas (messages) are useless and do not affect people. Rather, his statement
was an attempt to draw attention to how media, as a form of technology, reshape
societies. He believed that it was not what we said, but the way we said it that
mattered most.
Television is not a simple bearer of messages; it also shapes the social
behavior of users and reorient family behavior. Television has drawn people away
from other meaningful activities such as playing games or reading books. Today,
the smart phone allows users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people at
the same time. Consider the effect of the internet on relationships. Prior to the
cellphone, there was no way for couples to keep constantly in touch, or to be
updated on what the other does all the time. The technology (medium), and not the
message, makes for this social change possible. Media messages carry meanings
and representations of the nation, allowing for conversations that make it sensible
to its citizens, articulate its characteristics, and discuss the prospects.
Consider the role of media in the imagination and promotion of a nation. The
role of media in promoting products, movies and others, be it local or international
is incomparable.
McLuhan added that different media simultaneously extend and amputate
human senses. New media may expand the reach of communication, but they
also clouded the users’ communicative capacities. Think about the medium of
writing. Before people wrote things down on the parchment, exchanging stories
was mainly done orally. To be able to pass stories verbally form one person to
another, storytellers had to have retentive memories. However, papyrus started
becoming more common in Egypt after fourth century BCE, which increasingly
meant that more people could write down their stories. As a result, storytellers no
longer had to rely completely on their memories. This development, according to
some philosophers at the time, dulled the people’s capacity to remember.
The same can be said about cellphones. On the one hand, they expand
people’s senses because they provide the capacity to talk to more people
instantaneously and simultaneously. On the other hand, they also limit the senses
because they make users easily distractible and more prone to multitasking.
76
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism
“Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have
extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace,
abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned.”
- Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964.
Marshall McLuhan predicted the global village as one world interconnected
by an electronic nervous system, making it part of our popular culture before it
actually happened.
Marshall McLuhan was the first person to popularize the concept of a
global village and to consider its social effects. His insights were revolutionary
at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media,
technology, and communications ever since. McLuhan chose the insightful phrase
“global village” to highlight his observation that an electronic nervous system (the
media) was rapidly integrating the planet -- events in one part of the world could
be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was
like when we lived in small villages.
McLuhan used his analysis of technology to examine the impact of electronic
media. Since he was writing around the 1960s, he mainly analyzed the social
changes brought about by television. McLuhan declared that television was turning
the world into a “global village.” By this, he meant that, as more people sat down in
front of their television sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of the
world would change. If tribal villages once sat in front of fires to listen to collective
stories. The members of the new global village would sit in front of bright boxes in
their living rooms.
In the years after McLuhan, media scholars continued to deal with the
challenges of global media culture. A lot of these early thinkers assumed that global
media had a tendency to homogenize cultures. They argued that as global media
spread, people from all over the world would begin to watch, listen to, and read
the same things. This thinking arose at a time when America’s power had turned
it into the world’s cultural titan. Commentators, therefore, believed that media
globalization coupled with American hegemony would create a form of cultural
imperialism whereby American values and culture would overpower all others.
In 1976, media critic Herbert Schiller argued that not only was the world being
Americanized, but that this process also led to the spread of “American” capitalist
values like consumerism. Similarly, for John Tomlinson, cultural globalization is
simply an understatement for “Western cultural imperialism” since it promotes
“homogenized, Westernized, consumer culture.” (Claudio et al, 2018)
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These scholars who decry cultural imperialism, however, have a top-down
view of the media, since they are more concerned with the broad structures that
determine media content. Moreover, their focus on America has led them to neglect
other global flows of information that the media can enable.
Apart from the various challenges, the cultural imperialism has been
contradicted by the renewed strength of regional trends in the globalization process.
Asian culture, for example, has flourished worldwide through the globalization of
media. Japanese brands–from Hello Kitty to the Mario Brothers to Pokémon–are
now an indelible part of global popular culture. The same can be said for Korean
pop (K-pop) and Korean telenovelas, which are widely successful regionally and
globally. This observation also applies to culinary tastes. The most obvious case of
globalized Asian cuisine is sushi. And while it is true that McDonald’s has continued
to spread across Asia, there are also Asian brands which had rivaled McDonalds.
The Philippines’ Jollibee claims to be the number one choice for fast food in Brunei.
Hence, it is notably inappropriate to insist that globalization is a unidirectional
process of foreign cultures overwhelming local ones. Globalization will remain an
uneven process, and it will produce inequalities. Nevertheless, it leaves room for
dynamism and cultural change.
Summary
This lesson explained how the different media influence the globalization
processes. Global television was creating a global monoculture. It seemed more
likely that social media had fragmented cultures and ideas to those who do not
interact. We are not prepared for the rapid changes in how we connect and in
how our system of communication had affected our usual serene lives. After all,
in every technological change, it also creates multiple unintended consequences.
Consumers and users of media will have a hard time turning back the clock. Though
people may individually try to keep out of Facebook or Twitter, for example, these
media will continue to engender social changes. We must embrace these changes
rather than going into a state of moral panic. We must collectively and gradually
adapt to these changes and discover ways of dealing with them responsibly and
ethically.
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Pick at least three (3) famous musical artist or group that became
internationally famous. In your report, one (1) must come from Asia, one (1) from
the United States and one (1) from Europe. Answer the following questions.
No.
Name of Artist
Place of
Origin
Country
where
the Artist
become
famous
How did
the Artist
become
famous
Why do
you think
the artist
become
famous?
1.
2.
3.
Make a concept proposal of a documentary. It may be written or filmed.
Make your choice.
Tips:
Think of a topic or idea that makes you excited just thinking about it,
or something you find that could really show your talent in writing or in film
making. Make a list of all of these things, choose one that is really worth your
hard work. If you are short of ideas you may pay attention to the news. Read
your local newspaper, follow blogs in your areas of interest, follow thought
leaders on Twitter or any social media platforms. Keep an eye out for odd bits
of information or a nugget of a story that could lead to something bigger. If it is
really frustrating and been looking an idea for a while (especially if this is your
first project) but has not conceive any, why not look around you. What are the
great stories within your own family or community? Maybe the story is YOU!
Your documentary will be your masterpiece. The content shall describe
how media influence globalization depicting political, economic, environmental
and cultural milieu of your locality.
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Lesson 2. Media, Globalization and Glocalization
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained how media and globalization unfold;
2. differentiated and explained the different periods of media;
3. compared and contrasted globalization and glocalization.
Fun Quiz!
Below are the different types of media. List down in what era/period the
following media belongs.
Newspaper
YouTube
Instagram
Journal
Broadcast (Bombo Radio, RMN)
Books
Magazines
Modules
Cellphone
Tablet
Television
Spoken Poetry
Desktop Computer Twitter
Oral
Script
Print
Electronic
Quora
Digital
Several reasons explain the analytical shift from cultural imperialism to
globalization. First, the end of the Cold War as a global framework for ideological,
geopolitical, and economic competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical
categories and paradigms of thought. By giving rise to the United States as sole
superpower and at the same time making the world more fragmented, the end of
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the Cold War ushered in an era of complexity between global forces of cohesion
and local reactions of dispersal. In this complex era, the nation-state is no longer
the sole or dominant player, since transnational transactions occur on subnational,
national, and supranational levels. Conceptually, globalization appears to capture
this complexity better than cultural imperialism. Second, according to John
Tomlinson (1991), globalization replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys
a process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural unity
of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. Finally, globalization
has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences,
a current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication. In fact, the
globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research and
theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such
as anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media
studies, geography, and sociology. International communication has been an active
interlocutor in this debate because media and information technologies play an
important role in the process of globalization. Although the media are undeniably
one of the engines of cultural globalization, the size and intensity of the effect of
the media on the globalization of culture is a contested issue revolving around
the following question: Did the mass media trigger and create the globalization
of culture? Or is the globalization of culture an old phenomenon that has only
been intensified and made more obvious with the advent of transnational media
technologies? With this in mind, let us uncover the historical development of media.
Historical Development of Media
Canadian theorist Harold Innis (1950) divided media into three periods:
the oral, print and electronic media. In 2000, James Lull added digital media to
these three. In 2005, Terhi Rantanen added script after oral and breaks down the
electronic period into wired and wireless. In this lesson, five time periods usually
capture the study of globalization and media (Jack Lule, 2012). How the media of
each time period contributed to the globalization of our world?
Oral Communication - speech is the most overlooked medium, yet the ORAL
medium—HUMAN SPEECH is the oldest and most enduring of all media. When
speech developed language, it had developed a medium that sets human apart
from other species and allow them to cover and conquer the world. Language
allowed humans to cooperate for subsistence; helped humans move and settle
down. It also led to markets, the trade of goods and services into cross-continental
trade routes.
Script - The very first writing allowed humans to communicate and share
knowledge and ideas over much larger spaces and across much longer times.
Early writings began to appear in 3000 BCE with symbols carved into clay tablets to
record trade (cuneiform—alphabets) but script needed to be written on something
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(papyrus and parchment). Humans had a medium that catapulted globalization.
Script allowed for the written and permanent codification of economic, cultural,
religious and political practices. The great civilizations were made possible through
script (Powell, 2009) and must be considered an essential medium of economic,
cultural and political integration of the world.
Printing Press - it started the information revolution and transformed
markets, businesses, nations, and social institutions. Literacy of common people
followed to revolutionize every aspect of life. Explosive flow of economic, cultural
and political ideas around the world connected and changed people and culture.
Printing press changed the very nature of knowledge (preserved & standardized).
It encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority due to its ability to
circulate competing views (Eisenstein, 1979). It also encouraged public literacy
growth of schools; rise of inexpensive and easily obtained magazines and
newspapers which brought news from around the world.
Electronic Media - A host of new media (telegraph, telephone, radio, film
& television) revolutionize globalization. These media continue to open up new
vistas in the economic, cultural, political, mobility and integration. Examples of
these are the telegraph (In 1866, transatlantic cable between US and Europe was
laid), telephone (In 1876, the ability to transmit speech over distance became the
next breakthrough), radio (wireless telegraph late 1890s) the film (Silent motion
pictures as shown as early as 1870s but developed as a mass medium in the
1890s) which was turned into an artistic medium of cultural expression and the
television which is considered the most powerful and pervasive mass medium yet
created. It brought together the visual and aural power of film with the accessibility
of radio.
Digital Media - most often electronic media that rely on digital codes with
the aid of computers (most significant medium to influence globalization). In
Economics, computers allow instantaneous, global trading 24 hours a day and
streamline tasks (anyone with a computer has access to economic information that
just a few years ago was in the hands of a wealthy few). In Politics, computers allow
citizens access to information from around the world, even those that governments
would like to conceal (blogs, social media, text messaging & etc.) which allow
citizens to communicate among themselves. Computers have transformed cultural
life; allows people to adopt & adapt new practices in music, sports, education,
religion, popular culture.
Media and Economic Globalization
Media have been essential to the growth of economic globalization in
the world. It made economic globalization possible by creating the conditions
for global capitalism and by promoting the conceptual foundation of the world’s
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market economy. Economic globalization makes possible the buying and selling of
products across borders and boundaries. The media foster the conditions for global
capitalism (they invite us to buy & consume, from ceaseless commercials on radio
& TV, to product placement in films, to digital billboards, etc.). Economic and cultural
globalization arguably would be impossible without a global commercial media
system to promote global markets & to encourage consumer values (McChesney,
2001). McChesney and co-author Edward Herman (1997) called global media as
‘the new missionaries of global capitalism’.
Media, Economic Globalization and Oligopoly
Media are themselves now the huge transnational global corps. that
embody globalization even as they celebrate globalization; Modern media are the
soul of economic globalization. The economic world is characterized by media
oligopoly, consolidation, concentration and convergence (Disney, Time Warner,
News Corp., Viacom, Vivendi & Bertelsman-own or control close to 75% of the
world’s media (McChesney, 2010). Oligopoly is a market structure with a small
number of firms, none of which can keep the others from having significant
influence. The concentration ratio measures the market share of the largest firms.
A monopoly is one firm, duopoly is two firms and oligopoly are two or more firms.
McChesney (2010) further argued that a host of political decisions, including
deregulation, support for market expansion, government intervention, etc. made
for conglomerates expanded worldwide. Media oligopoly is not interested in the
ideology of the global village or the evangelizing of cultural values but in creating
PROFIT; the Global media system is better understood as one that advances
corporate & commercial interests & values.
Media and Political Globalization
Globalization has transformed world politics in profound ways; overthrow
of kingdoms and empires—creation of nation-state; now some argue that the
nation-state deteriorates as people and borders become more fluid. Though
media corporations are powerful political actors, individual journalists are subject
to brutal and intense intimidation as more actors contend for power (journalists
die in the line of duty & without justice=ultimate form of censorship). In our age of
globalization, the entire world can be a war zone; numerous forces compete for
wealth and power within and across borders. All these groups threatened by the
work of a crusading reporter; all have targeted reporters; thus, globalization has
made the world a harrowing place for journalists.
Media are subject to other pressures in this age of high-tech persuasion,
manipulation and propaganda; economic, political and personal pressures shape
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the news around the globe. ‘The CNN Effect’, foreign policy - particularly the actions
of the US government seemed to be driven by dominant stories appearing on CNN
and other 24-hour news networks (Bahador, 2007). Media appeared to be driving
foreign policy; the concept seemed logical and attracted some interest but other
scholars pursued the CNN effect in earnest, testing and retesting its hypothesis.
The concept did not hold up to scrutiny; policy making they found was driven by
several factors, news was not often of primary importance or consequence to the
decision making of policy makers.
Scholars have suggested that new media—digital media, have the potential
to invigorate and transform political life. It can allow alternative voices within and
across borders. They hope that new media will enlarge the public sphere. They
feel that the new media can offer opportunity for more people to be involved with
political action and civil society.
What the new media can do? The new media do indeed complicate politics;
being mobile, interactive, discursive, & participatory—with dramatic political
implications. Low cost and ease of posting (text, photos, videos and music etc.).
Digital media allows for possibility of multiple, varied voices and views that can
challenge and question those in power (Shirky, 2008).
Social Media
Twitter - the logistics of twitter are unique. Users have a limit of 140 characters
and the medium requires captivating messages in order to draw attention to
readers. As a medium of communication, Twitter’s intent is to captivate and tap
into our short-term attention spans. Messages target individuals who are too busy
to read a full article, blog or the newspaper.
LinkedIn - as a medium LinkedIn is used for primarily business-related
purposes. For example, promoting a cocktail party would certainly not be marketed
using LinkedIn as a medium to reach your audience. Alternatively, using LinkedIn
to post more professional messages can be more effective than posting the same
message on a more casual platform. The medium is the message of professionalism.
Facebook - intended to foster a more casual social media experience. We
do not necessarily log into Facebook to find business information, however, it’s a
great platform to employ the word of mouth theory on the web. Facebook gives
you the opportunity to share and link a business on an online platform; much like
interactions between a group of friends offline. It is the most active social media
platform in the world, with almost or surpassing 2.5 billion monthly active users.
The medium is the message of connections.
Instagram - is great to create more visual content, build awareness, and
84
foster engagement. The medium is the message of visual interest. Websites
Websites - are your 24/7 hours sales representative. Your company’s
website should promote products/services and provide solutions and answers to
potential customers. As important as your website content is, the medium of the
website itself has a huge influence on your success. Unlike Twitter and LinkedIn,
there are no restrictions on the length of content. Websites can also represent any
level of professionalism.
Media and Cultural Globalization
On one level, the Media, are the primary carriers of culture; it generates
numerous and ongoing interactions among cultures. The media are the people;
who are active economic agents and aggressive political lobbyists on matters of
culture. They market brands aggressively, seek out new markets worldwide for
their cultural products and actively bring about interactions of culture for beauty,
power and profit. These interactions are like cultural laboratory experiments, some
result in startling and stunning hybrid but other times they result in combustible and
explosive mixtures.
There are three (3) outcomes/influences of globalization on culture namely:
the cultural differentialism, the cultural convergence and the cultural hybridization.
(Jan Nederveen Pieterse, 2004)
Cultural Differentialism suggests that cultures are different, strong and
resilient. Despite globalization and the global reach of American or Western cultural
forms, distinctive cultures will endure (The Yanomami of the Amazon). Some
cultures are destined to clash as globalization continue to bring them together.
The Clash of Civilizations & the Remaking of World Order by US political scientist
Samuel Huntington argues that the West and Islam will be locked in conflict
(Huntington, 1996).
Cultural Convergence suggests that globalization will bring about a growing
sameness of culture. A global culture, some fear, will overtake many local cultures,
which will lose their distinctive characteristics. Cultural Convergence can suggest
“cultural imperialism” in which the cultures of more developed nations invade
take over the cultures of less developed nations. It will then result to a worldwide,
homogenized, Westernized culture (Tomlinson, 1991).
Cultural Hybridization suggests that globalization will bring about an
increasing blending or mixture of cultures. This mélange leads to the creation of
new and surprising cultural forms. From music to food to fashion (foreign melody of
OPM, Pinoy Rap Culture, Filipino-style spaghetti, Filipino character cosplay etc.),
85
for Pieterse, this outcome is common, desirable, occurs throughout history, and will
occur more so in an era of globalization. The very process of hybridization shows
the difference to be relative and, with a slight shift of perspective, the relationship
can also be described in terms of an affirmation of similarity. Hybridization as a
perspective belongs to the fluid end of relations between cultures: the mixing of
cultures and not their separateness is emphasized.
Glocalization
Glocalization is a combination of the word’s “globalization” and “localization.”
The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed
globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.
Glocalization is the adaptation of global and international products, into
the local contexts they’re used and sold in. The term was coined in the Harvard
Business Review, in 1980, by sociologist Roland Robertson, who wrote that
glocalization meant “the simultaneity—the co-presence—of both universalizing
and particularizing tendencies.”
In regards to a particular product or service, this means the adaptation of
globally marketed products and services into local markets. A global product or
service, something everyone needs and can get used out of, may be tailored to
conform with local laws, customs, or consumer preferences. Products that are
“glocalized” are, by definition, going to be of much greater interest to the end user,
the person who ends up using the product. This is because while it’s something
that everyone can use and has use for, as a global product, its localization makes
it more specific to an individual, their context, and their needs.
Glocalization works for companies with decentralized authority structures,
and for companies that exist and compete in multiple, different cultural contexts.
The process can be expensive, and resource intensive, but it often pays off for
companies that practice it, as it allows for greater access to a larger, more culturally
varied target market. It also makes those countries more effective competitors in
those markets.
If globalization was charged with cultural homogenization, glocalization is
something of an answer to it. Glocalization can be thought of as the opposite, or
the inverse, of Americanization, too, which is the influence that American culture
and business has on another country’s culture.
86
Summary
Cultures converge not in the abstract but in newsroom, cabarets, churches,
mosques, movie theatres, & living rooms—as well as in chat rooms & McDonald’s.
According to Jack Lule, globalization & media have done wondrous deeds. they
have succeeded in bringing the world closer together. They have in fact removed the
shackles of time & space. They have given us the ability to truly imagine the world
as a global village. When McLuhan conceived the term, he had the highest hopes.
Even today, the term global village still evokes community, kinship, cooperation &
fraternity. Globalization and media too often have contended everyone’s desires to
bring globalization even in the remotest area possible. How media developed had
surpasses one’s ability to foresee of what is yet come. The cultural disparity was
eliminated bringing globalization to each and everyone’s homes. In the Philippines,
trade globalization and migration have been more prominent than financial
globalization. While empirical estimates show that globalization has positively
affected the country’s economic growth and employment, substantial evidence for
its impact on inequality and poverty has yet to be found, as preliminary estimates
show mixed results. Globalization poses challenges, as well as, opportunities.
Localities can capacitate themselves by merging global opportunities with local
interest. Glocalization then takes place when local actors have a more pronounced
role in addressing global challenges. The globalization of knowledge has also led
to many possibilities in the local economy. Growth in the electronics industry has
paved the way for faster and wider information and communication technology.
87
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
The development of media has unfurled technological progress not only in
progressive countries but also in our country, the Philippines. Below are the eras
or period of media. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of each era or period.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Era/Period
Advantages
Disadvantages
Oral
Script
Print
Electronic
Digital
Make a documentary (film or written) of your proposed concept in Lesson.
Your documentary should be unique to avoid issues on ownership.
The content should have described how media influence globalization
depicting political, economic, environmental and cultural milieu of your locality.
(Your documentary will be a requirement in final term. The rubrics and criteria can
be found on the appendices of this module).
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UNIT 6
RELIGIONS
OF THE WORLD
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. compared and contrasted various religious
faith and beliefs of peoples around the
world.
Introduction
It is said by many sages that teachings about spiritual knowledge, though
many, are geared to only one goal and objective, that is to reach and be absorbed
by the Boundless, Absolute and Limitless Source of Joy and Bliss. Considering
our various cultural upbringing and our own experiences of the Divine and Spirit,
the language and names of this Being varies. Some cultures call this as God,
others call this as Brahman, yet others call this as Allah and many other names, as
what the lyrics in One God song says, “so many children calling to Him by many a
different name. One Father, loving each the same.”
Despite knowing what the goal is, in many occasions, along the way on
their journey towards the Goal, the children of humankind become disrespectful to
each other and impose their own beliefs and traditions to other men. This creates
conflicts and even wars among nations and peoples in the name of religions. This
module introduces you to the various religions the world believes in and sees if
there are differences and sameness in each of them.
89
Lesson 1. Islam
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, learners must have:
1. identified the five pillars of Islam and the rules for women in Islam.
Reflection Activity
Imagine a woman with a child walking in a valley without food and water.
Imagine the child being in intense hunger and thirst. Imagine the woman running
away to look for food and water, leaving her son on the desert. Then imagine an
angel telling the mother to go back to the baby and instructing the mother to see
underneath the blanket of the baby. Imagine seeing a big well sprouting with water,
enough to feed their thirst together. How do you feel what you imagine? This is the
start of the religion Islam. For details, read the life of Hagar and Ismael.
1.
Islam, is derived from the Arabic word root “salaama” (peace, purity,
submission and obedience) Islam means submission to the will of God and
obedience to His law. All things move to the motion of nature thus - in a state
of Islam. Because man has freedom of choice he is invited to submit himself
to God and obey His law. Submission and obedience to will of God, i.e.
becoming a Muslim, is to be clothed by God’s protection to ensure peace .
The greeting Assalamu-Alaikum” means Peace be with you the blessed one.
And the response would be Alaikum Musalam” (and be with you too)
2.
The Qur’an (written by Allah) says that Islam
is a way of life. Every deed, every decision,
every thought a Muslim should think, make and
implement, is based on the Qur’an. Nothings
added or deleted. The Qur’an is the basis of
their actions, the meaning of their existence, the
philosophy of life, their constitution and religion,
their emotional refuge and spiritual essence. The
Qur’an designs the blueprint of their destiny.
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https://www.bitlanders.com/blogs/myfavourite-book-the-holy-quran-201590
3.
The Five Pillars of Islam
“Shahada” (The Testimony of Faith). Anyone who intends to become a
Muslim should pronounce the “Shahada” without delay.
“ASH-HADU ANLAA ILAHA ILLA ALLAH
MUHAMMADAN ABDUHU WA RASUULUH.”
WAASH
HADU
ANNA
The English translation is:
“I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship but Allah, and I bear
witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.”
https//:images_q=tbn%3AANd9GcTKnWn6DEgH4qZLCppnltxvWb9DDP0yGoE7LQ&usqp=CAU
4.
“Salat” (Establishment of Prayers):
Muslims are required by the Quran to pray 5 times daily - daybreak,
noonday, midday, twilight and evening.
In praying, regardless on whether one
is in the mosque or in a congregation, in
the office or in the fields, near an animal
or beside the sea, a believer brings one
to the presence of God. Muslims clean
themselves before going to prayer, God
requires Purity from us. No one impure can be with God, (no matter how one
tries to justify it).
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5.
“Zacat” (Obligatory Charity) is giving
2.5% of the income for charity. Islam
gives to the poorer brothers and sisters
in faith. The objective is to redistribute
income equitably - not only for shortterm needs but also to support in
making a living.
https://www.arabnews.com/node/968331/islamperspective
6.
“Saum” (Fast of Ramadan during the
ninth month of Islamic calendar to commemorate the first revelation of Qur
an to Mohammad). Muslims fast during Ramadan. It is a time for prayer,
devotion and self-restraint. As a secondary goal, it is the time to thank and
appreciate God’s bounties. Fasting is found scientifically to have physical
beneficial effects as well. It starts in the morning till dusk and will be broken
with prayer and meal in the evening (if tar). This practice of prayer without
food and water continues for thirty days.
7.
“Hajj” (Pilgrimage to Mecca) - Muslims’
ultimate act of worship is to perform
Hajj, the going to Mecca- the birthplace
of Mohammed. Hajj aims to achieve
humility, generosity, charity, realization
of equality before God, cultivation of
patience, cooperation, suppressing
anger, accomplishing decency and
chastity, and spiritual experience. This
is done at least once in a lifetime.
8.
https://www.quranreading.com/blog/importance-of-hajjpilgrimage-the-fifth-pillar-of-islam/
“Jihad” (Struggle) is not part of the pillars
of Islam but it is a duty Muslims must
respond. Jihad (struggle or endeavor)
in all forms is a call allowed in Islam.
This should NOT be interpreted as
bloody war only, but any expression of
preserving the Good and destroying the
destroyer of Good (evil). If corruption https://medium.com/@TheSincereSeeker/what-is-jihad-inis a destroyer of Good, it should be islam-b4205ec3479
stopped and the struggle attached to it
is called Jihad. Literally it also means conversion by sword (holy war). If war
is needed to defend the country from the terrorizing invaders then it is too
Jihad.
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9.
Woman’s Place in Islam. The woman
creates heaven in the household. She
is discouraged to nag. It only makes the
house an unpleasant place for kids if
she does. Regardless of income, the
mother should be a person of comfort
and joy. The woman is expected to
submit wholly to her husband and https://en.qantara.de/content/womens-rights-in-islam-canfollows his counsel. If a wife is barren, feminism-be-islamic
it is necessary for the husband to look
for a second wife. This is permitted only under the following conditions:
if the first wife is barren, if she is already on her menopausal stage if she
is suffering from certain sickness that she could no longer provide sexual
pleasure to the husband.
10.
Muslim women are instructed to cover themselves
from the head to toes to avoid temptation and to
maintain purity. In terms of the extent of women’s
dealings, it is totally unacceptable for an unmarried
woman to talk with any man not her kin if she is alone.
Under ordinary conditions, it is impermissible for a
woman to work outside the house. The woman’s
domain is the household and, in the household,
reigns her power. If Muslim women are educated
properly, the influence in the households to their sons
shall be tremendous and we can expect Muslim men
not to be holding guns going to war in the future.
11.
There will be no premarital sex allowed and no extra
sex relationships outside marriage. One very good
example of an exemplary woman and wife is the
Blessed Virgin Mary of the Christians. The Blessed
Virgin is a Muslim. “Behold! The angels said, “O
Mary! God has chosen you and purified you - Chosen
you above the women of all nations.” Qur’an-3:42.
According to Qur’an, the Angel blew life to the sleeve
of Mary and which after conceived a son - Isa (Jesus)
who would also become one great person of faith.
And as such Jesus is a messenger of God and not
God himself.
12.
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On the other hand, the husband’s basic responsibility is to protect and provide
support to his wife or wives and to provide economic sufficiency, emotional
security and physical protection to all his children.
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13.
What is difficult to understand in Islam is the duty to do Jihad if necessary.
Many takes a bloody Jihad on the premise that such an action is the last
recourse and as such is done in the Name of Allah. Many countries are thinking
that if there are bombings everywhere in the world, these are workings of the
Muslims, discerning that the bombers take such an action in the Name of
Allah. Any other groups or institutions, not necessarily always the Muslims,
can do bombings as well. These, we need to be more careful in dropping
conclusions.
14.
In summary, Islam believes in One God and Mohammed as prophet. It also
believes in the sanctity of sacred scriptures like Torah, the Bible and the Qur
an. It also believes in the prophets sent by God like Abraham, Moses, Ismael,
Isaac, and Jacob, Jesus (United Reliigions Initiatives). Muslims believe also
in resurrection and life everlasting. Islam espoused Divine decree saying that
everything happening in a person is with His permission.
Summary
The pillars of Islam include the Shahada, the Zacat, the Salat, Saum and
Hajj. Women’s domain is in the household and their role is to create a sweet
environment for children to grow and husband to rest. The husbands have the
obligation to take care of the family and provide protection and food to all his
children. Jihad is not a pillar of Islam but an obligation to do in the name of Allah.
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Individual work for 5 points. Comment on each pillar of Islam. What is your
idea about each?
Modified True or False. If false, write the correct concept. One point each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Islam means Catholicism.
The women in Islam are allowed to wear sexy wears
and beach wears.
The Shahada is the declaration that Allah is God and
that Mohammad is a Messenger only.
Zacat or Charity is imposed in Islam to generate funds
for war.
Salat or Prayers is done once a week, on a Saturday.
If one takes a fight in the name of Allah, such action is
called Hajj.
Muslims fast during Christmas for 30 days.
The Holy Book of Islam is called Torah.
Everything in the Universe is in the state of Islam.
Is the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Catholics, a Muslim?
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Lesson 2: Hadiths (Muhammad Sayings)
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained the sayings of Mohammad based on customs and practice
of Islam apart from the teachings from Quran, and it's major source of
Islamic Law (Shariah).
Hadiths are Muhammad’s teachings apart from what the Qur an
presents.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Good education is the best legacy for the youth.
Speak always the truth, even if it is not profitable for you.
Whatever you know, share it with others and teach them.
Him who pitied no one, none will pity.
Be not a burden for people.
Do not sit down between two sitting people without first asking their
permission.
Be economical and do not bring yourselves to destitution.
Do not do things, which then make you conscience-stricken. The riches
consist not in quantity of goods, but in the breadth of the soul.
The knowledge is a treasure which key is inquiry.
Step aside from a fool. Avoid intoxicating drinks.
Calmness is a gain; confusion is a loss.
Do not hurry in taking decisions and prepare for consequences.
Do not judge anyone from assumptions or if you have doubts.
Exhort every one not to do evil.
If you have to punish the guilty never strike him in the face.
He who wakes up lately closes for oneself the door to prosperity.
Any bribe is a sin and an odious source of income.
He who has flared up should break off immediately.
An inhospitable person is an inferior person.
Repay those who made good to you.
It is a virtuous deed - to forgive the one who offended you, to give to the
one who refused to give to you, to stretch a hand of peace to the one that
quarrels with you.
O man! If you are not satisfied with the small, the great can satisfy you
neither.
Do good deeds without announcing it.
Do not wish death to yourself or to others.
The one who does not thank people will thank Allah neither.
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26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Everything created by Allah is fine, though people not always understand
it.
Allah created diseases, but He also created medicines for them.
Allah is generous and likes generous people.
For everything there is a way. The way to paradise is opened by knowledge.
Do not be lazy to go for knowledge even to distant places because gaining
knowledge is the main duty of a Muslim.
Begin a meal remembering about Allah and be not choosy with food.
Gates to wellbeing are under lock. The key to it is work.
The following features characterize a bad person: he lies in conversation,
does not keep his promises, feeling impunity, and does base deeds.
Pay to a worker for his work before his sweat dried up.
Have ‫ مكيلع مالسلا‬PEACE
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Individual work. Think you are a spiritual teacher. Write five teachings
you wish to share with your students. Based them from your experiences and
observation.
Write 3 from among the sayings of Muhammad that you are already
doing. Give specific examples. 15 points.
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Lesson 3. Hinduism
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. discoursed and articulated Hindu beliefs.
Reflection Activity
Imagine yourself helping one person in need. Imagine a particular help you
do. See how the recipient feels about it. Draw this scene between you and the
recipient of your help. How do you feel? Who do you think is happier, the recipient
of the help or the giver of the help and why do you think so?
1.
Hinduism is a belief in as Supreme Being and adheres to ideas on truth,
dharma and karma. Vedas (sacred scriptures) serve as the source of Truth.
2.
Here are some of the key beliefs shared among Hindus: Truth is eternal. The
pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the Truth is a virtue – the only
Reality and the essence of the universe
3.
Many believers choose to call their faith as Vedic religion. (Smith). According
to the Vedas, Truth is One, but expressed in a variety of ways. Brahman
is Truth and Reality. Brahman is One true God who is formless, limitless,
all-inclusive, and eternal. Brahman is absolute and infinite; real entity that
encompasses every seen and unseen in the universe.
4.
The Vedas are Hindu scriptures that contain revelations received by ancient
sages. It is believed to be without beginning and without end; when all else
is gone, the Vedas remain.
5.
The goal of every Hindu is to achieve dharma. There is no specific definition
of dharma. Dharma could be the right conduct, righteousness, morals, or
duty. If one is sensitive with achieving dharma, given duties and abilities, and
makes it central to his/her life, then the person is doing the right thing. Is it
the right thing to pass students in class if students do not deserve it? If the
teacher allows the student to pass, then he/she will suffer by not doing the
dharma expected.
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6.
Hindus also believe that individual souls are immortal. The individual soul
(atman) is one with Brahman thus like Brahman is neither created nor could
be destroyed. It has been, it is and it will be forever without end. Hindus
believe in reincarnation as well as part of Karma cycle, saying that actions of
the soul in the body will reap the consequences in the next life – the same
soul is transferring in different bodies trying to perfect the dharma. The
Hindus called that process of moving the soul (atman) from one body to
another body as “transmigration.” The kind of body the soul takes in the next
life depends on karma (actions accumulated in previous lives).
7.
The goal of the individual soul is moksha. Moksha, in English is liberation:
the soul’s release from the cycle of death and rebirth. It happens when the
soul is one with Brahman by realizing the Unity Consciousness and its true
nature. A number of paths lead to this realization and unity. One is called
the path of duty; another is the path of knowledge and another is called the
path of devotion or “unconditional surrender to God.” In prayer, the general
invocation is that May the Good will come to us.
8.
Hindus acknowledge that, fundamentally, God is the only One — the
Absolute, formless, Infinite, Boundless and only Reality known as Brahman,
the Supreme, Universal Soul (Hinduism). Brahman is the universe and
everything in it. Brahman has no form and no limits; it is both the Reality
and Truth – a more pantheistic in view of religion. It equates God with the
universe. Hinduism also has myriad gods and goddesses who embody
characteristics of God. Such allows devotees to show and render an infinite
number of ways of worship based on tradition and community traditions and
other considerations that matter.
9.
What can be attractive in this religion is that no one goes to hell – eternal
damnation. The errors of one in this lifetime can always be rectified in the next
lifetimes and depending on the sensitivity of the soul to learn his/her lessons,
the oneness with Brahman can be attained soon or in a million lifetimes over.
Moreover, one who embraces this thought may think about revenge very
seriously. If karma is clear on the person, there would be no incentive for
the person to take action against an enemy as this only weakens and slows
down ones objective of becoming one with Brahman.
Summary
Hinduism’s concept of God and the Universe are the same. God is One
Truth- Infinite and Boundless called Brahman. The soul of man connected to the
Source is Atman. The journey of man is to be one with Brahman, which can be
attained via duty, knowledge and devotion. The soul can continue to perfect itself
by transmigration to different bodies in different lifetime.
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Experiment by pairs or individual if not possible. Wash one t shirt and let it
hang under the sun. Observe what happens to the t shirt after an hour. Write down
what you observe. Check it again after an hour and write down your observations
in comparison to the previous hour observation. Check it again in the afternoon
and write your observation. Then write what causes the observation you observed.
Complete the statements below.
1.
Moksha is ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________.
2.
How is Atman different from Brahman? _________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________.
3.
How can one rectify his/her faults in this lifetime? _________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
4.
Give one way how to achieve Moksha. __________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
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5.
Describe Brahman. ______________________________________
______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__________________________.
6.
How is Brahman different from the Universe? _____________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____________________________________.
7.
What is the belief of Hinduism pertaining to the Atma? ______________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
8.
How is one soul transfer from one body to another named? __________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.
9.
The holy scriptures of Hinduism is found in what writings? ___________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
10.
How does Hinduism describe Truth? ___________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
______________________________.
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Lesson 4. Buddhism
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, learners must have:
1. described and eloquently expressed what Buddhism adheres.
Reflection Activity
Imagine yourself having Php 20,000 in your pocket. You save this for a
birthday gift of a special person in your life. You are walking through the isle outside
of a big mall scanning for the best gift for that someone special. Then you saw a
nicely crafted pearl necklace on the window glass. You love it so much for a gift.
After a while, you saw a mother and a son begging in the nearby coffee shop.
Your heart felt for them. You thought of sharing a portion of that money in your
pocket for food for the beggar. What would you do given these episodes? Did you
help the beggar? Did you buy the necklace? Who was that special person in your
imagination?
1.
Gautama Buddha or Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. Its belief is
on achieving enlightenment (Buddhahood) – a state of bliss. When this is
achieved, the believer experiences Nirvana. One of the teachings of Buddhism
centres on the four noble truths – that there is suffering, that suffering has
causes, that suffering can end and that there are paths to end suffering.
2.
The eight-fold paths to end suffering include the right view of the situation,
correct intention doing certain actions, the right speech, the right action,
the right livelihood, the right effort, the right mindfulness and the right
concentration. The right view requires that the person must have the accurate
understanding of the things surrounding him and of his own views about the
things happening.
3.
The right intention is to do away with wrong harmful plans unto others and
wishes them harm like in hatred and animosity. This is also to avoid negative
attachments to wealth and power, beauty or vanity, to aim for control and
dominance in the exercise of authority. The right speech is to avoid lying misleading statements or standing as a false witness against another. This
also implies avoiding harsh words, demeaning, divisive or gossip.
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4.
The right action and the right livelihood are closely linked. Murder, stealing,
scheming, double-crossing and improper sexual conduct etc. are not
considered pleasant and correct. If people are into these sorts of actions,
very likely their livelihood could also be the wrong livelihood, like selling
weapons for wars, prostitution, children trafficking, trading poisonous goods
and gas, slavery and selling alcohol and illegal drugs that will indirectly and
directly harm others.
5.
Correct effort means that the means to achieve the goals in life are attuned to
what is right and truthful. For example, one aims to land a good job and the
effort is to copy from classmates during exams in college. This person may
pass the exams, graduate from college and land on a job, but the effort used
to land on a job was on cheating. The Buddhist principle assures that if efforts
are not the right ones, the person shall be entangled in suffering.
6.
Correct mindfulness and correct concentration are too closely linked. The
seeker may have the right sense of awareness of his/her person - the body,
the thoughts- and the right spiritual practice to experience transcendence
and enlightenment. All these eight can be categorized as ethics and wisdom.
The correct actions, correct speech and correct livelihood are all categorized
under ethics and the rest under the development of wisdom. (Lopez)
Summary
Buddhism has no reference of a god but strives to attain enlightenment
called Nirvana. It presents four noble truths saying that there is suffering in life,
that this suffering has causes, that this suffering can end and the way to end it is
through the eight-fold path of living. The eightfold path includes the right view, the
right intention, the right speech, the right action, the right livelihood, the correct
effort, the right mindfulness and the correct concentration.
104
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Individual work. 15 points. Reflect on Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. Find
connections among them. What made the three religions similar?
Complete the statements below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The right view is ___________________________________________.
The four noble truths are _____________________________________.
One first truth is that ________________________________________.
The second truth is _________________________________________.
The third truth is ___________________________________________.
The fourth truth is __________________________________________.
What is the cure of suffering? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
8.
The right livelihood means ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
9.
Give one livelihood that is correct and one action that is wrong. _______
________________________________________________.
10.
The state of enlightenment is called ____________________________.
105
Lesson 5. The Book of Tao
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explicated and articulated the seemingly incongruent presentation of life
of the TAO.
Reflection Activity
Read Desiderata, and find which lines follow the thought coming from the
Book of Tao.
1.
The Book of Tao or Tao Te Ching (pronounced as Daodejing) is a compilation
of teachings by Lao Tzu in China. Tao means the origin of all things, the
Universe. One fundamental principle of Tao is that reality contains its opposite
forces all the time called Yin and Yang, two relative aspects of the same thing.
Yin is the subtle energy, calm and soothing and the Yang is the stronger
energy, active and vibrant.
2.
Dark, feminine, north, water, earth, cold, old, even numbers, soft, poor, moon
are associated with Yin, while masculine, white light, active, fire, south, young,
odd numbers, mountains, rich, hard are Yang. Anything providing spirits is
Yin and that providing form is Yang. (Cartwright)
3.
Tao Te Ching centres on living a life of integrity while maintaining goodness.
It contains doctrine on the methods, principles and ways of living. Tao means
the Way.
4.
Quotes of Tao Te Ching explain the principles it teaches. There are eighty
one verses called chapters of the book. I will give the first three chapters and
of the last chapter of the book of Tao. (Translated by McCarroll, Tolbert )
a.
Chapter 1. “Tao (The Way) that can be spoken of is not the
Constant Tao” The name that can be named is not a Constant
Name. Nameless, is the origin of Heaven and Earth; The named
is the Mother of all things. Thus, the constant void enables one to
observe the true essence. The constant being enables one to see
the outward manifestations. These two come paired from the same
origin. But when the essence is manifested, It has a different name.
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This same origin is called “The Profound Mystery.” As profound the
mystery as It can be, It is the “Gate to the essence of all life.”
5.
In this teaching, the teacher is describing the nature of the Profound. It is not
named. It is not spoken, as the Source of all things cannot be spoken and
Nameless. The constant Being that does not change can name any outward
manifestation of things, and when Its Essence is manifested, it bears a
different Name, not the name we are familiar with.
b.
Chapter 2. “As soon as beauty is known by the world as beautiful, it
becomes ugly. As soon as virtue is being known as something good,
it becomes evil. Therefore, being and non-being give birth to each
other. Difficult and easy accomplish each other. Long and short
form each other. High and low, distinguish each other. Sound and
tone harmonize each other. Before and after follow each other as a
sequence. Realizing this, the saint performs effortlessly according to
the natural Way without personal desire, and practices the wordless
teaching thru one’s deeds. The saint inspires the vitality of all lives,
without holding back. He nurtures all beings with no wish to take
possession of. He devotes all his energy but has no intention to hold
on to the merit. When success is achieved, he seeks no recognition.
Because he does not claim for the credit, hence shall not lose it.”
6.
In this teaching, the teacher presents the beauty and the inevitable presence
of the opposites, the Yin and the Yang. The reality is always with the opposites
– day and night, high and low, beautiful and ugly, dark and light, tall and short,
rich and poor, life and death. When the individual embraces that good and
evil come in interplay, the man of Tao (Saint) understands that the good only
becomes good in comparison of the presence of evil. Without evil, the good
is undetermined.
7.
Moreover, the Saint goes through life understanding the complete harmony
of the existence of the opposites and the natural law. He lives without desire
and practice effortlessly (wu-wei) the wordless teaching through his action.
This means, a Saint does not preach, He just lives without words the life
in complete harmony with the natural law without any intension of owning
anything but the Way. He does not claim honor and does not give credit to all
he does. When the Saint is able to achieve success, he aims no recognition
for it and because of it: he never loses it.
c.
Chapter 3. “By not adoring the worthy, people will not fall into dispute.
By not valuing the hard to get objects, people will not become
robbers. By not seeing the desires of lust, one’s heart will not be
confused. Therefore the governing of the saint is to empty one’s
mind, substantiate one’s virtue, weaken one’s worldly ambition
and strengthen one’s essence. He lets the people to be innocent
of worldly knowledge and desire, and keeps the clever ones from
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making trouble with their wits. Acts naturally without desire, then
everything will be accomplished in its natural order.”
8.
This part of the teaching explains why there is greed and chaos in the world.
It is because we adore some people in comparison with others. Others
who were not admired will dislike it, will feel envious and will create chaos.
Moreover, a diamond will not be robbed if no body considers it expensive.
Exorbitant pricing creates robbery. Desires confuse the mind and destroy
the soul. If there is no reason to desire for anything, his ambitions for worldly
things weaken and strengthen his own essence. The teaching advices to
act naturally without desire, for everything will be accomplished in its natural
order, which means you will always get your own due without any trouble.
d.
9.
Chapter 81. “Words of truth are not pleasing. Pleasing words are
not truthful. The wise one does not argue. He who argues is not
wise. A wise man of Tao knows the subtle truth, And may not be
learned. A learned person is knowledgeable but may not know
the subtle truth of Tao. A saint does not possess and accumulate
surplus for personal desire. The more he helps others, the richer
his life becomes. The more he gives to others, the more he gets in
return. The Tao of Nature benefits and does not harm. The Way of
a saint is to act naturally without contention.”
This part of the teaching tells that truth hurts and most sweet words are not
truthful. Perhaps, we can think of a guy trying to win a girl, or a businessman
trying to win a contract or a lawyer trying to persuade the judge playing sweet
words but empty in compassion. The wise speaks nothing and goes away
from arguments and disputes because he knows the subtle truth of the Tao.
Any educated person is knowledgeable about a specific field but he/she may
not know the Way. The Saints is a Man for others helping others more than
accumulating wealth of himself/herself because he/she understands that the
more he/she gives the more he/she gets in return as this is the Law of Nature
– it gives and does not harm. The Saint’s Way is to act naturally without
contention or chaos.
Summary
Tao Te Ching teaches how to live life effortlessly in accordance to the law
of nature or the Way. The Saint or the good man understands the subtle Truth of
the Tao and thus wastes no waste time in desires, arguments, and in wasteful
existence. The Saint enriches himself /herself by helping others.
108
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Group by fours but if impossible work independently. Read articles about
China and extract actions, decisions, behaviors or ways you think are in consonance
with the Tao Te Ching. Read articles about the US and extract actions, decisions,
behaviors or ways you think are in consonance with Tao Te Ching. Write your
observation and present your possible hypotheses formed from your readings. 10
points
I.
Choose the best answer on the following items.
1.
The book of Tao means
(a) the Way
(b) the Truth
(c) the Life
(d) the Good
(e) the Perfect
2.
The objective and essence of life is
(a) to see the truth
(b) to live effortlessly in accordance to the laws of Nature
(c) to exist in complete prayer and meditation and devotion to
one true God
(d) to fight for the right of others and of the family
(e) to avoid arguments and live without any problems
3.
One fundamental truth presented in Tao is that
(a) we can be effortless in our work
(b) we are always confronted with the opposites in
every situation
(c) it is not good to price diamond very expensively as this
will not allow the poor to buy it
(d) the named is the Nameless and is ordinary
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4.
5.
(e) none of the above
Words of truth are not pleasing. Pleasing words are not truthful.
These teachings mean
(a) we should be always upfront to tell the truth
(b) that we should be careful with promises
(c) that the untruth can be twisted by saying it rudely
to sound true
(d) truth is a combination of both Yin and Yang and if it is
only Yin or Yang alone, it may not be the truth
(e) none of the above
Spontaneity in Tao means
(a) doing what is supposed to be done
(b) doing things that are pleasant
(c) doing what is called upon by the authority
(d) doing things because they please me
(e) all of the above.
II. By not adoring the worthy, people will not fall into dispute. By not valuing the
hard to get objects, people will not become robbers. Explain this teaching in
the context of cheating in the classroom or possible corruption in the high
tables. (5 points)
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Lesson 6. Christian Faith
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. described Christianity and its Faith.
Reflection Activity
Read the Nativity of Jesus. Make a poem as a gift for the newborn king.
1.
Christianity main points include Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as
the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus upon death, descended into hell,
resurrected, and ascended into heaven. The Catholics believe on the holiness
of the Catholic Church and the communion with Saints at the end of time.
2.
In Christianity, Jesus is believed to be the Son of God and the second
Person of the Holy Trinity. Christians believe that through his crucifixion and
subsequent resurrection, God offered humans salvation and eternal life.
Christ’s second coming, is the Day of Judgement and salvation of the faithful.
3.
Jesus’ name in Hebrew was “Yeshua” which translates to English as Joshua.
In Islam, it is Isa. Christians believe God sent his son Jesus, the messiah, to
save the world.
4.
In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance
with the belief that she conceived Jesus miraculously through the Holy Spirit
without her husband’s involvement. The Gospel of Mark (6:3) and the Gospel
of Matthew (13:55-56) mention James, Joseph/ Judas/Jude and Simon as
brothers of Jesus, the son of Mary. The same verses also mention unnamed
sisters of Jesus. However, the Catholic faith emphasized that even non-kin
individuals in their village are called brothers.
5.
Yahweh is the principal name in the Old Testament by which God reveals
himself and is the most sacred, distinctive and incommunicable name of
God. Depending on the specific denomination of Christianity, practices may
include baptism, Eucharist (Holy Communion or the Lord’s Supper), prayer
(including the Lord’s Prayer), confession, confirmation, burial rites, marriage
rites and the religious education of children.
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6.
The Catholics pray the Rosary as a powerful manner to attain devotion to
God and Mary. Mary is considered almost synonymous in power with Jesus
as shown in the twin hearts of Jesus and Mary images. The Non Catholics
do not practice praying the rosary because Mary is a human being only and
Jesus is God becoming man to save the world from damnation.
7.
The Catholics get instructions from the Vatican, the Holy Pope. He is
considered as the current day Peter, Jesus apostle, whose name called
the Rock upon which the Church of God is being built. The instructions and
teachings are presented during the Holy Celebration of Mass. The Catholics
practice confession as a means of cleansing and asking for forgiveness. The
Non Catholic Christians do not receive orders from the Holy Father but form
a number of bible study groups or open bible schools for the members to
understand the words of Jesus and how these can be appreciated today.
8.
The Mass consists of four parts – the Entrance where believers raise their
hearts in longing for God. The second part occurs in Gospel reading, where
God comes down and speaks to the congregation though the readings of the
epistle and the gospel. The third part of the mass happens in the offering part
where the believers offer themselves and their fruits of work to God. And the
last part is the communion and the giving of Peace to all believers. The going
up of the spirits of believers and the coming down of God to His congregation
(M) is the magic of the word Mass.
9.
The Christians encourage giving a portion of their incomes to the church they
belong and named it as tithes. This amount is used for many projects and
endeavours of the church like building a physical church, helping the poor,
helping victims of calamities etc.
10.
The Christian thought dominates among many countries in the world, but
many countries opted to take separation of the Church and the State in running
the affairs of the communities. In many cases, what the State considers legal
may not sound moral to the believers. For example same sex marriage and
abortion, where are already accepted as legal in some countries but remain
immoral in the perspective of Christian religion.
Summary
Christianity centres on Jesus as the Son of God, who was born without sin
through Mary. The Christians also believe on the descent of the Holy Spirit and the
forgiveness of sins in a confession for the Catholics. All denominations believe in
judgment and life everlasting.
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Individual work: Reflection: Reflect very intently, how come one woman
gives birth without going through the usual course of sexual relations with a man?
Would there be any scientific explanation to this? (5 points)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
With the religions presented to you, discuss the source of war, conflict
and immorality happening in the world. Would this indicate that religions
fail? 10 points.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
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https://bit.ly/2DTXM2R
UNIT 7
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES AND
RESPONSES
Unit Outcomes:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. examined environmental issues prevalent
in our society;
2. proposed or developed solution to combat
environmental issues;
3. appreciated
the
importance
of
environmental preservation of for global
sustainability.
Introduction
As globalization and industrialization made the world borderless and
homogeneous, it also brought hazard to the environment in many ways that it
became a global concern. Homogeneous that products are travelled across
land and seas using fuel to run ships, train, plane, and other vehicles to reach
worldwide markets. Then, the increasing consumption of products resulted to used
of chemical (GMOs) to meet the growing demand of the market. Thus, these
rose to degradation, pollution, acidity and toxicity of land and water resources and
many other environmental issues.
With it, this module will let you find out the pressing environmental issues
as globalization is taking over the world. Also, presented here are the responses of
the government and non-governmental organization to combat the environmental
dilemma. Further, you are expected to create an initiative to protect and save our
mother earth for future sustainability. Sound heavy right? But together we can
save our earth from devastation.
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Lesson 1: Global Environmental Issues
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, learners must have:
1. articulated the global environmental issues brought by rapid globalization;
2. created your environmental advocacy campaign.
Fun Quiz!
Identify environmental pollutants prevalent in our community. Use the table
below to express your ideas.
School
Home
Market/plaza
Environmental
pollutants
With these environmental pollutants, what environmental issues it may
create? In the next topic we will discuss the global environmental issues prevailing
in this contemporary global period.
Introduction
Human activities or actions toward meeting their demands and needs
across the world has affected the environment in a negative way. According to
Saul, the amplified levels of innovation and technological advancements powered
by the rapid pace of globalization in the 21st century, has caused a stir within
environmental virtue (2005).
Due to globalization and increased transnational trade, environmental
problems have become inevitable at any part of the world because of the active
integration among countries. According to O Neill, economic globalisation has
further accelerated and reconstructed the process of environmental deterioration
115
(2009). In addition, statistics show that, per year, an estimated 55 billion tons of
minerals, metals, fossil energy and bio mass are extracted from the earth due to
industrialism, and overall, we use 50 per cent more natural resources than the
planet can supply (Worldcounts, 2014).
Global Environmental Crisis
The environment or the ecosystem is considered as the life support of the
planet earth, however due to rapid urbanization and globalization, it has highly
damaged the earth. Subsequently, the world is being confronted with complex
environmental problems that need to be addressed. global environmental problems
are classified into:
•
•
•
•
Greenhouse effect, Global Warming and Climate Change
Biodiversity loss
Transboundary pollution
Depletion of Ozone layer
Greenhouse effect, Global Warming
https://www.google.com/search?q=global+
warming&rlz=1C1RUCY_
enPH854PH858&sxsrf
According to a report put forward by the
European Environmental Agency (EEA), there
have been a significant increase in the global and
European annual mean air temperatures. There is
strong evidence that greenhouse gases emissions,
mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) is provoking the earth’s
surface temperatures to rise (Global Warming), and
the result of this increase in temperatures lead to
the global environmental issue of climate change.
That is, impact of the rising temperatures and its
side effects such as melting glaciers and destructive
rainstorms pose a long-term threat with drastic
changes in climate and average temperature and
precipitation. (Kennedy & Lindsey, 2015).
Biodiversity Loss
According to O’Neill, the issue of Climate Change is expected to be the
principal cause of biodiversity loss and other problems such as desertification and
transformation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems (2009). Furthermore, within the
same 40year period, there has been a doubled growth in human population, a 76%
loss of freshwater wildlife and a 39% loss of terrestrial wildlife and marine wildlife.
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https://www.google.com/
search?q=loss+of+biodiversity&tbm=isch&ved=
The issue of biodiversity loss develops
from factors such as extensive clearing and
burning of woodland, the haphazard use of
pesticides, overharvesting of animals and
plants, harmful farming and fishing practices,
urbanisation and so on. Emerging research
suggests that the increased proportion of
extinction will further accelerate and the
loss of species and the disruption of the
ecosystem will have a damaging effect on
human health (Anand, 2013).
Transboundary Air Pollution
Globalization, free trade and the
interconnectivity among nations with regard
to the geographical borderless nature of
countries has meant that there are shared
substantive growth among many economies.
However, as economic growth is shared, so
are environmental hazards.
There are various examples of
transboundary
environmental
issues
https://www.google.com/
search?q=transboundary+air+pollution&tbm
including long range transboundary air
pollution such as acid rain, pollution of water bodies and worldwide trade in
hazardous wastes (O’Neill, 2009). Transboundary air pollution is air pollution
generated in one country and affecting other countries. It contributes to summer
smog and acidification, soil and water eutrophication and the dispersion of
dangerous elements (EEA, 1998). The principal sources of transboundary air
pollution consist of industrialization, energy use and transportation including both
local transportation and international shipping . The 1986 Chernobyl disaster which
took place in Ukraine when a nuclear reactor exploded, and radioactive gases were
released into the atmosphere is a vivid example of transboundary air pollution that
led to devastating effects in Ukraine and neighbouring countries (World-Nuclear,
2016).
Depletion of Ozone Layer
According to Clapp and Dauvergne, various scientists in 1974 made a
unique discovery that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which is also considered
as a greenhouse gas, were drifting into the atmosphere and causing a gradual
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https://www.google.com/search?q=
transboundary+air+pollution&tbm
depletion of the ozone layer. A depletion of the isothermal
layer which protects humans against the adverse effects
of the ultraviolet sun rays. Scientists found out that an
exhausted ozone layer could cause devastating effects
such skin cancer conditions and cataract, reduce the
disease immunity in humans and weaken the productivity of
plants (2011). There are several other global environmental
problems that we are faced with in the 21st century such as
desertification (caused by over cultivation, overgrazing, and
deforestation and so on), overpopulation, waste disposal,
ocean acidification, genetic engineering among others.
Summary
It’s a fact that globalization has its downside Greenhouse effect, Global
Warming and Climate Change, Biodiversity loss, Transboundary pollution, and
Depletion of Ozone layer are major environmental issues.
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Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
With the environmental issues mentioned in the module, kindly examine
them using the template below.
Environmental
Issues
Cause/s
Effect/s
I. This will be done with the use of social media. Create you advocacy
through picturing yourself doing initiatives addressing environmental
issues. Post on facebook with #ImOneForEnvironmentalSustainability.
119
II. Observe the local area close to you. What environmental issues can you
identify? List as many as you can.
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________.
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Lesson 2: Global Policy Response and Sustainable Development
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. discussed some global policy response against environmental issues;
2. examine the challenges encountered towards environmental response
and sustainable development.
Fun Quiz!
Describe the photo below briefly, tell what you can do about it as person,
leader and entrepreneur.
https://www.google.com/search?q=global%20environmental%20problems%20pdf&tbm
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________.
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Environmental Decisions
Environmental problems are mainly caused by human actions. The role of
humans is, therefore, vital because it is their attitude that has shaped the presentday environment. Clearly it is only through a transformation in attitude that people
can take initiatives in influencing the conditions of the environment. Decisions
affecting the environment may be made by an individual, a family, a society,
consumers, industries or the government.
Decisions affecting the environment may be made by an individual, a
family, a society, consumers, industries or the government. In the 20th century,
technologically advanced societies regarded a steadily improving standard of living
for their people based upon economic growth and industrial development as their
main goal. Environmental considerations had a low priority.
The illustration below describes the effective environmental decision making
which involves consideration of innumerable issues. Such as ecological, economic,
social and technical aspects. Also various alternatives in policies, actions and
practices to contemplate for taking a decision.
Thus, numerous global collective actions are taken due to the undeniable ill
effects of human actions towards the ecosystem and among the lives of the human
race. In this part of the module we will discuss some of the global policies about
environmental issues responses.
http://27.122.21.154/TISER/documents/pastep/ssd-nce-1-3-environmental-issues- student.pdf
Figure 2
122
Global Environmental Policies
In this part, discussed are global environmental issues responses.
The United Nation as the leading international organization in response to global
environmental issues even finds it challenging to address (Linner&Selin, 2013). To
highlight the global need to response for global environment problems it hosted the
conference on “Human environment” (Stockholm conference) on June 5-16, 1972
(UN, 2018).
Another response was the strategic plan known as “Agenda 21” at the
United Nation conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) at Rio de
Janeiro in June 1992. Agenda 21 addresses various themes within the concept
of sustainable development. Agenda 21 covers subjects such as the protection
of the atmosphere, combating deforestation, poverty eradication, toxic chemicals
and waste management, sustainable agriculture and development. Albeit the
responsibility of governments for the implementation of Agenda 21, international
cooperation is needed to assist and complement.
In June 2012 a forty years of summit on global action plan of sustainable
development was organized to ensure continued commitment for environmental
issues. The United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development at Rio de
Janeiro focused on a green economy in the context of sustainable development
and poverty eradication and secondly, the institutional framework for sustainable
development (as cited in Linnér & Selin, 2013:971).
While in Vienna in 1985, The Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer was considered a milestonein international collective action towards global
environmental problems. This Vienna convention is considered to have set a
significant benchmark as it was the first-time government concurred in principle to
deal with a global environment issue before its impact or effects (Anand, 2013).
Moreover, Montreal Protocol convention on substances which exhaust the ozone
layer has achieved great results as it has led to the elimination of the manufacturing
of harmful ozone depleting substances.
Similarly, The Kyoto Protocol is another remarkable global agreement
related to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits
to participate, involved and abide the globally binding emission reduction targets.
Adopted in Kyoto, Japan on the 11th of December, 1997 and enacted on the 16th
of February, 2005. It pursued to institute three primary objectives: conservation
of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources
On 1 January, 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development were adopted by world leaders
in September 2015 at a historic UN Summit officially came into force. Over the
next fifteen years, with these new Goals that universally apply to all, countries will
123
mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate
change, while ensuring that no one is left behind.
Figure 3. Graphical representation of data acquired from the International
Agreement Database. The graph illustrates the development in the ratification of
numerous environmental treaties, protocols and agreements from the period of
1850 to 2016.
Challenges Towards Global Environmental Response
The critical need for cooperation among actors (national government,
institutions, non-governmental organizations) of global environmental issues is
significantly important to succeed in the implementation of various frameworks
and agreements.
The challenge of accountability according to Bowen et al (2017) exist as
problems despite of the global cooperation by all the actors. Najam and Halle (2010)
cited that involved should be evaluated based on a measurable implementation of
obligation and objectives not only based on their statements of goodwill. Thus, to
Bowen et al (2017) accountability requires the consideration of four distinct forms:
•
•
The normative behavior for actors,
The connection between actors “ held to account” and actors who “hold to
account”
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•
The evaluation of the behavior of those held to account and how those “held
to account” are responsible for their actions along with how sanctions are
advocated.
Accountability is therefore one reason why global environmental problems
is difficult to address through political actions.
The challenge of diversity is another concern, the variety of political actors
involved in the efforts to combat environmental issues is a huge test that need to
be harmonized. As noted by Bowen et al (2017) conflicting interest and behavior of
actors either promote or hinder a change in global policy towards the goals.
Lastly, the challenge of compromise. In the implementation of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) according to Bowen et al, it is inevitable that tension
will arise into which will recognize the need for trade-offs or compromise. Achieving
the goals of SDGs for example is serious challenge because multiple goals or
targets are interrelated with each other that the realization of one goal may depend
on the other, that is meeting one target may mean the compromise another goal.
Summary
To respond on global environmental issues, the action must begin with as
“think global, act local.” People need to develop an understanding of the global
context within their actions towards the environment. With this global response and
collaboration led by various organizations were conducted. Several conferences
and agreements were involved by hug number of participants. However challenges
were confronted in the implementation such as actors’ accountability, diversity and
comprise they need to address.
125
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Study the article below and explain how the Sepik River ecosystem might
become unbalanced.
Weeds Threaten Mighty Sepik
AUCKLAND: One of the world’s few great river systems
to remain in a near pristine state, Papua New Guinea’s Sepik
River, is under threat from introduced weeds, according to a new
report.
“The Sepik River: A Natural History” was published last week
by the South Pacific program of the World Wide Fund (WWF) for
Nature. The report calls the Sepik, with more than 1,500 lakes
and dozens of major tributaries and landforms, one of the world’s
most significant river systems. Its catchment extends for more
than 77,700 square kilometres and is navigable for about 500km
from its mouth on the northern coast. Biologically, it is among
the most diverse and least described ecosystems on earth.
“There are no large mining projects, no industrial plants and no
large timber extraction projects operating within the region and,
compared to other areas of New Guinea, much of the area has
a low rate of population growth,” it said. “The Sepik has yet to
suffer the blows that accompany rapid development.” However,
water weeds, mostly from South America, are one of its biggest
threats. Salvinia molesta, a weed capable of doubling its size
every two days, was introduced by a missionary who threw the
contents of a fish tank into the river.
By August 1977, 32 square kilometres of the river were
covered with Salvinia. By 1979 it had spread to 79 square
kilometres. A beetle introduced to combat the pest had
spectacular results but it did not completely eradicate it and
the WWF said the weed will now always be a component of the
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river. Water hyacinth, a beautiful blue flowering plant from South
America notorious for its ability to clog up waterways, is now
under control, thanks to a weevil. But a species known as the
“Giant Sensitive Plant” is encroaching near the Sepik and poses
a major threat as there are no known means of control. “Weeds
pose some of the most serious threats to the environment and
human inhabitants in the Sepik catchment. Several species that
are already in PNG have the potential to invade large areas of
the Sepik flood plains where their effect would be catastrophic,”
the report said. The National August 16, 1999.
http://27.122.21.154/TISER/documents/pastep/ssd-nce-1-3-environmental-issues- student.pdf
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
I. In your own way how can you help reduce environmental problems
caused by rapid globalization?
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
II. Select an environmental issue, (for example excess logging,) and examine the
role of governments, individuals and businesses in contributing to the problem.
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
127
https://bit.ly/3fSFXyx
UNIT 8
GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
Unit Outcome:
At the end of this unit, the learners must have:
1. articulated key concepts and contemporary
issues related to global demography, global
migration and global citizenship.
Introduction
Demography or the study of population is extremely important to sociologists
and other social scientists. The study of population and its trends would give
direction towards the formulation of plans for education, employment, housing,
transportation and communication, health, recreational needs and other forms of
social services. Vital information on the composition of population would provide
information to the business and industrial firms regarding the demands for products
and services. Policy makers will also be able to formulate guidelines in meeting the
needs of the various sectors of the society.
A population’s composition may be described in terms of basic demographic
features – age, sex, family and household status – and by features of the population’s
social and economic context – language, education, occupation, ethnicity, religion,
income and wealth. The distribution of populations can be defined at multiple levels
(local, regional, national, global) and with different types of boundaries (political,
economic, geographic).
A population that grows too slowly faces the danger of extinction while a
population that grows too rapidly may result to mass migration, cultural diffusion or
displacing population in other territories. The different issues related to population
are important because they help shape the quality of life in a given society and the
128
world as a whole; thus, the study on global demography.
Lesson 1. Global Demography
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. articulated important terms and concepts related to demography;
2. evaluated sources of demographic data, elements of demography and
stages of demographic transition and causes of rapid population growth;
3. assessed impacts of overpopulation to different aspects of society.
Fun Quiz!
Let us activate your minds by listing down as many ideas/concepts that you
can relate to the photos above.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
129
Demography – The Scientific Study of Population
Since you have successfully listed ideas and concepts related to demography
and population, it is now the high time to acquire more information about the topic.
The roots of statistical demography may be found in the work of the
Englishman John Graunt who was regarded as the founder of demography. He
was one of the first demographers and perhaps the first epidemiologist, though by
profession he was a haberdasher.
John Graunt
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Graunt
In search of statistical regularities, Graunt made an estimate of the malefemale ratios at birth and death-birth ratios in London and rural communities. He
was also able to construct the first mortality table.
Demography is the scientific study of population. It comes from the Greek
word demos and graphone, meaning “measuring people.” A demographer or a
person who engaged in social planning, market research, insurance forecasting,
labor market analysis, economic development and so on conducts studies on human
population which is defined as follows: (1) the area of sociology that includes the
size, growth, demographic characteristics, composition, migration, changes and
quality vis-a-vis economic, political and social systems; (2) the number of persons
occupying certain geographic area, drawing subsistence from their habitat and
interacting with one another.
He also communicates population facts using information on birth and
death, the basic elements of life.
Demography studies the population’s size, composition and distribution
across space – and the process through which populations change. Births, deaths
and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change.
For most of the 19th century, demographic studies continued to emphasize
the phenomenon of mortality; it was not until demographers noted that a considerable
decline of fertility had taken place in the industrialized countries during the second
half of the 19th century, that they began to study fertility and reproduction with
as much interest as they studied mortality. During the period between the two
world wars, demography took on a broader, interdisciplinary character. In 1928 the
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population was founded.
130
Sources of Demographic Data
1.
Census - a census is a population count where the demographic,
economic and social data of every individual of a given time are collected,
tabulated, compiled and published. It provides the statistics of population
data for sample surveys and studies and guides the government and
nongovernment administrations in economic and social planning.
2.
Vital Statistics System – refers to events that deal with an individual’s life
from birth to death and those in between, such as marriage annulment,
adoption, separation, divorce and other events and changes in his/her
status.
3.
Sample Surveys – conducted by private and public institutions to obtain
data and information on matters not covered by the census or vital
statistics system.
Elements of Demography
1.
Birth rate – the yearly count of live births per 1000 population; gives data
on a society’s reproductive patterns.
2.
Total fertility rate – the average count of children conceived; can project
a society’s future population growth.
3.
Death rate - the yearly count of deaths per 1000 population; gives data
on a society’s mortality patterns.
4.
Life expectancy – the average number of years a person is expected to
live.
5.
Growth rate – differences between births and deaths plus the differences
between immigrants and emigrants per 1000 population.
Global Demographic Transition
Demographic transition pertains to an observed pattern in changing vital
statistics (birth rate and death rate).
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Stages of Demographic Transition
1.
Pre-transition Stage – is the first stage of demographic transition which
occurred in the 18th century. It is characterized by high birth and death
rates with minimal population growth.
2.
Transition Stage – is the second stage which took place in the 18th and
early 19th centuries. It was the stage of declining death rate and the era
of the Industrial revolution and population explosion.
3.
Post-transition stage – is the third stage which took place in the late 19th
century. It is characterized by low birth and death rates with minimal
population growth.
After World War II, another demographic transition occurred with Asia, Africa
and Latin America experiencing population explosion. There was “baby boom” in
the developing countries and in the West. During this stage, there was increase in
food production as a result of “Green Revolution” and improved public health care.
Infant mortality declined and life expectancy increased.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781829/
Figure 4
The global demographic transition began in the nineteenth century in the
now economically developed parts of the world (the North) with declines in death
rates. Large reductions in birth rates followed in the early part of the twentieth
century. These transitions are now more or less complete. But, as shown in Table
1, trends for the two principal regions in the North are expected to diverge between
2005 and 2050: an increase from 0.33 to 0.45 billion in Northern America, and a
decline from 0.73 to 0.66 billion in Europe. In fact, several countries in Europe (e.g.
132
Russia) and East Asia (e.g. Japan) face significant population declines as birth
rates have fallen below death rates.
Causes of Rapid Population Growth
Population change in a country is caused by three basic components: birth,
death and migration. Birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a
specified population and time. It is directly affected by fertility which refers to the
actual number of children born to a woman or group of women. If high fertility is not
matched with mortality, overpopulation is bound to happen.
On the other hand, the ratio between deaths and individuals in a specified
population and time is known as death rate. A decline in mortality and a more
stable birth rate means a rise in population.
Migration which is another cause of population growth refers to the
movement of people from one place to another with the intention of finding a
permanent residence.
It was observed that most people migrate because of economic reasons.
A person usually leaves his locality to look for a better and higher paying job that
would improve his economic status.
The Perils of Overpopulation
Urbanization and industrialization are considered by development planners
as indicators of a developing society but they disagree on the role of population
growth or decline in modernization.
A British scholar, Thomas Malthus, wrote “An Essay on the Principle of
Population” in 1798, where he warned that population growth will inevitably exhaust
world food supply by the middle of 19th century.
Malthus’ prediction was off base but in 1960s,an American biologist, Paul
R. Ehrlich. and his wife Anne, revived it when they wrote “The Population Bomb,’
which argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and the 1980s will bring about global
environmental disasters that would lead to food shortage and mass starvation. In
addition, they proposed that United States should work on reducing the population
growth rate to zero by taking the lead in the promotion of global population control
through chemical castration, through implementation of policy that would demand
tax for an additional child and luxury tax on child-related products, giving of
monetary incentives to men who would agree to be sterilized after two children
133
and by building a powerful Department of Population and Environment.
The global population increase was at its height at 1.8% per year between
1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.06 percent annual growth rate between 1965 to 1970.
This happened when nations were finally able to recover from the devastations
brought by the World War II.
The argument which states that “by limiting the population, vital resources
could be used for economic progress and not to feed more mouths” became the
government’s basis for “population control” programs worldwide.
Population Growth and Food Security
It is estimated that by 2050, global population will reach 9.5 billion and will
increase to 11.2 billion by 2100. Ninety-five percent of this population growth will
happen in the developing countries, with demographers predicting that by middle
of this century, several countries will have tripled their population. Considering the
given scenario, feeding the population will be an immense challenge.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warns that for the countries
to mitigate the impact of population growth, food production must be increased
by 70%. FAO also recommends that countries increase their investments in
agriculture, craft long-term policies aimed at fighting poverty and invest in research
and development.
The United Nations (UN) also suggests that countries develop a
comprehensive social service program that includes food assistance, consistent
delivery of health services and education especially for the poor.
Interesting facts about Philippine Population:
* The current population of the Philippines is 109,698,807 as August 1, 2020, based
on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
* The Philippines 2020 population is estimated at 109,581,078 people at mid-year
according to UN data.
* The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.41% of the total world population.
* The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by
population.
* The population density in the Philippines is 368 per Km2 (952 people per mi2).
* The total land area is 298,170 Km2 (115,124 sq. miles)
* 47.5 % of the population is urban (52,008,603 people in 2020)
* The median age in the Philippines is 25.7 years.
134
Summary
Global demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration of
various social scientific data. Demography is the scientific study of population. It
comes from the Greek word demos and graphone, meaning “measuring people.”
A demographer or a person who engaged in social planning, market research,
insurance forecasting, labor market analysis, economic development and so on
conducts studies on human population.
Demography studies the population’s size, composition and distribution
across space – and the process through which populations change. Births, deaths
and migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change.
Population change in a country is caused by three basic components: birth,
death and migration.
The different issues related to population such as rapid population growth,
overpopulation, migration and food security are important because they help
shape the quality of life in a given society and the world as a whole; thus, the study
on global demography.
135
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
Let us try to apply what you have leaned from the topics discussed.
1.
Identify three couples with the most number of children within your
barangay. If possible, conduct a short interview as to their way of living
and other issues and concerns related to their family size.
2.
Showcase you creativity by making your very own family tree. Interview
your parents and try to trace your family connections as far back as you
can. Try also to trace if your family of the family or your parents have
moved from one place to another. Ask for their reasons of moving.
Note: These requirements are due 2 weeks after the lecture.
Let us assess your opinion and writing skills by doing the following activity.
The U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA) projected that the pandemic-driven
disruptions in access to contraception could lead to millions of unplanned
pregnancies.
With the above projection, write an essay (not more than 300 words)
discussing the effects of unplanned pregnancies to Philippine population and
economy.
Note: Please use Arial 12 and observe 1.5 spacing. Deadline of submission
via email: 3 days after the lecture.
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Lesson 2. Global Migration
Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. explained the reasons for the migration of people;
2. discussed the effects of global migration on the economic and well-being
of the state;
3. described the characteristics of a global citizen;
4. determined the challenging issues on integration and citizenship.
Fun Quiz!
I.
Are you fond of travelling? Let us activate your minds by answering the
questions below:
1.
2.
3.
What can you say about the pictures above?
What places have you visited within the province of Iloilo? Within or
outside the country?
How would you compare it to your place of origin?
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II. Identify what country does each photo below represent?
https://www.boredpanda.com/spring-japan-cherry-blossomsnational-geographic/?utm_source=int.search.myway&utm_
medium=referral&utm_campaign=organic
1. ____________________
https://unsplash.com/images/travel/
statue-of-liberty
2. ___________________
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/eiffeltower
3. ____________________
4. ___________________
https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.
jsp?cid=2469608
https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/thailand-iconsset_3910247.htm#page=1&query=thailand%20
symbol&position=2
5. ____________________
6. ___________________
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4.
If given a chance to migrate in one of these countries, what would be your
choice? Why?
Since you have comprehensively answered my questions and correctly
identified the different countries being asked, let us now move on and acquire
more information about our topic on global migration.
What is Migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the
intention of finding a permanent residence.
Though the main factor for migration of people is economic consideration,
demographers also identified the push and pull factors. The push factor means that
people are pushed away from their homes due to natural calamities such as floods,
famine, loss of jobs or political oppression. The pull factors are those reasons
which invite people to a place due to promising and extensive opportunities for a
better life.
Two (2) Types of Migration
There are two types of migration. First is internal migration which refers to
the people moving from one area t another within one country while the other type
is known as international migration where people cross borders of one country to
another like:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
those who move permanently to another country (immigrants);
workers who stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 6 months
in a year);
illegal immigrants;
migrants whose family members have petitioned them to move to the
destination country; and
refugees and vagabonds or those who are “unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.”
Demographers estimate that 247 million people are currently living outside
the countries of their birth. Ninety percent (90) of them moved for economic
reasons while the remaining ten (10) percent were refugees and asylum-seekers.
The top three (3) regions of origin are Latin America (18 percent of the global total),
followed by Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16 percent), and the Middle East
and North Africa (14 percent). On a per country basis, India, Mexico and China
139
are leading, with Philippines, together with Afghanistan, ranking 6th in the world.
The top 10 country destinations of these migrants are mainly in the West and the
Middle East, with the United States topping the list.
Fifty percent (50%) of global migrants have moved from the developing
countries to the developed zones of the world and contribute from 40 to 80 percent
of their labor force.
Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries
Even if 90 percent of the value generated by migrant workers remains in their
host countries, they have sent billions back to their home countries. Remittances
make significant contributions to the development of small and medium-term
industries that help generate jobs. It likewise changes the economic and social
standing of migrants as shown by new or renovated homes and their relatives’
access to new consumer goods. The purchasing power of the migrant’s family
doubled and makes it possible for their children to start or continue schooling.
On the other hand, global migration may result to “siphoning” qualified
personnel and removing dynamic, young workers or often been referred to as
“brain drain.” Furthermore, the loss of professionals in certain key roles, such as
doctors and nurses, has been detrimental to the migrant’s home countries. In
2006, some 15% of locally trained doctors from 21 sub-Saharan African countries
have emigrated to the United States or Canada.
In line with this, there are many restrictions for labor migration and many
of these are related to the Westphalian conception of the nation-state. According
to Shamir (2005), the loss of the part of a country’s workforce is one of the major
reasons for the state to control migration. He added that conflicts between local
residents and migrants may surface due to influx of migrants. Moses (2006) another
concern of the state in regulating migration is terrorism.
Governments are aware of this long-term handicap, but have no choice
but to continue promoting migrant work as part of state policy because of the
remittances’ impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The Problem on Human Trafficking
Human trafficking, another – often times involuntary – form of migration,
is an important international issue. The UN defines human trafficking as, “the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means
of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
140
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving
or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having
control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (UNODC.org)
The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation listed human trafficking
as the third largest criminal activity worldwide. In 2012, the international Labour
Organization (ILO) identified 21 million men, women and children as victims of
forced labor, an appalling three (3) out of every 1,000 persons worldwide. Ninety
percent of the victims (18.7 million) are exploited by private enterprises and
entrepreneurs; 22 percent (4.5 million) are sexually abused; and 68 percent (14.2
million) work under compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing, infrastructure and
domestic activities. Human trafficking has been very profitable, earning syndicates,
smugglers, and corrupt state officials profits of as high as $150 billion a year in 2014.
Governments, the private sector and civil society groups have worked together to
combat human trafficking, yet the results remain uneven.
Integration
Integration is the final issue as to how migrants interact with their new
home countries. Migrants unwittingly reinforce the tension by “keeping among
themselves.” The first-time migrant’s anxiety at coming into a new and often
“strange” place is mitigated by “local networks of fellow citizens’ that serve as the
migrant’s safety net from the dislocation of uprooting oneself.
Democratic states assimilate immigrants and their children by granting them
citizenship and the rights that go with it (especially public education). However,
without a solid support from their citizens may just be a formality. Linguistic
difficulties, customs from the “old country” and of late differing religions may create
cleavages between migrants and citizens of receiving countries, particularly in the
West.
Governments and private businesses have made policy changes to address
integration problems, like using multiple languages in state documents (in the case
of the United States, Spanish and English). Training programs complemented
with counselling have complemented with counselling have also helped migrant
integration in Hamburg, Germany, while retail merchants in Barcelona have bought
in migrant shopkeepers to breakdown language barriers while introducing Chinese
culture to citizens.
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Citizenship
Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of
a sovereign state as a member of or belonging to the state. Each state is free to
determine the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and
the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn. Recognition by a state
as a citizen generally carries with it recognition of civil, political, and social rights
which are not afforded to non-citizens.
In general, the basic rights normally regarded as arising from citizenship are
the right to a passport, the right to leave and return to the country/ies of citizenship,
the right to live in that country and to work there.
Some countries permit their citizens to have multiple citizenships, while
others insist on exclusive allegiance. A person who does not have citizenship of
any state is said to be stateless, while one who lives on state borders whose
territorial status is uncertain is a border-lander.
Nationality is often used as a synonym for citizenship in English although the
term is mainly – notably in international law – understood as denoting a person's
membership of a nation (a large ethnic group).
Transnationalism
The heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding
economic and social significance of boundaries between nation states paved way
to a scholarly research agenda and social phenomenon known as transnationalism,
a term popularized by the writer Randolph Bourne in the early 20th century to
describe about relationships between cultures.
With the aim of reducing costs, transnationalism as an economic process,
led to the global reorganization of the production process, in which various stages
of the production of any product can occur in various countries.
It was in the latter half of the 20th century by the development of the internet
and wireless communication, when economic transnationalism, commonly known
as globalization, spurred. During this time, there was also a reduction in global
transportation costs caused by containerization. Multinational corporations are
considered as a form of transnationalism. Multinational corporations seek to
minimize costs, and hence maximize profits, by organizing their operations in the
most efficient means possible irrespective of political boundaries.
142
Transnationalism is a part of the process of capitalist globalization for its
concept refers to multiple links and interactions between and among people and
institutions across the borders of nation-states.
What is a Global Citizen?
According to Oxfam, a Global Citizen is someone who:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a
world citizen.
respects and values diversity.
has an understanding of how the world works.
is outraged by social injustice.
participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to
the global.
is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable
place.
takes responsibility for their actions.
To be an effective Global Citizen, one must be flexible, creative and proactive.
He/she needs to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think critically,
communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups. These skills
and attributes are increasingly recognised as being essential to succeed in other
areas of 21st century life.
Summary
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the
intention of finding a permanent residence. There are many economic, social and
physical reasons why people emigrate and these can be classified into push and
pull factors. The push factor means that people are pushed away from their homes
while pull factors are those reasons which invite people to a place due to promising
opportunities. Migration can be classified into internal migration which refers to
the people moving from one area to another within one country and international
migration where people cross borders of one country and stay in the host state
for some minimum length of time. Migration has positive and negative impacts
on countries of origin and host countries. Developing countries benefit from
remittances. It also uplifts the social and economic status of the migrant’s family.
Unemployment rate decreases in the countries of origin. On the other hand, working
abroad has detrimental effect to the country’s economy because it causes brain
drain. Some of the advantages of migration on host countries are economic growth
can be sustained, job vacancies can be filled, cheap labor costs and services to
143
the elderly can be maintained. Some issues related to global migration are human
trafficking, integration, transnationalism and global citizenship.
144
Name:
Curriculum and Section:
Subject:
Unit No.:
Score:
Date:
Let’s Do This!
I.
Let us now apply what you have learned by doing the following activity.
1.
Do a survey in your neighbourhood and identify families with member/s
(parent/s, children, uncle, aunt, cousin) who are OFW or immigrants.
Make a list indicating the places where they work/migrate and for how
long they have been there. (It is advisable that the survey be conducted
online).
With your list, check how the members of the family with member/
relative abroad dress, the structure of their houses, the things/properties
they own.
In class, share the results of your survey with your classmates and
determine the differences in terms of lifestyle/standard of living of those
with family member/relative abroad with those with none.
2.
Interview an OFW (former OFW or presently working abroad) using the
following guide questions:
-------
3.
How long have you stayed abroad?
What are the purposes of your stay there?
What were your most unforgettable experiences there? How will
you describe them, good or bad?
How will you compare the Philippines with other countries?
Do you want to go back abroad (for former OFWs) in the future?
Are you satisfied with your present employment or do you have
plans of applying in other countries?
Conduct a research on the top 10 multinational corporations and list
down if which among those multinational corporations have offices in the
Philippines. Identify their products/services.
145
Note: Additional questions could be asked during the course of the
interview. The interview should be done online (Skype, FB messenger).
Kindly include screenshots, videos of your interview. Outputs must be
submitted within 2 weeks.
II. Write a brief photo essay based on the photo above.
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.
146
I. Determine whether the following items belong to push or pull factors
of migration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
More job opportunity ___________________________
War/Violence ________________________________
The promise of a better life _____________________
Overpopulation _______________________________
Active religious persecution _____________________
Natural Disasters _____________________________
Low wages __________________________________
Attractive nature ______________________________
More jobs ___________________________________
Better working conditions _______________________
II. Essay
1.
2.
How does global citizenship affect our world?
Write an essay (not more than 300 words) about human trafficking
using the key terms from the image below.
Note: Please use Arial 12 and observe 1.5 spacing. Deadline of submission
via email: 3 days after the lecture
147
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