1
r
e
t
p
Cha
THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
"The study of structure and function of the body"
ANATOMY
Ana means "apart" Tomy means "to
cut"
The scientific discipline that
investigates the STRUCTURE of the
body
Systemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM.
Regional Anatomy- by AREAS.
Surface Anatomy- external features
Anatomical Imaging- involves the use
of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc.
Structural and
Function
Organizational of
the Body
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL
simplest level of the
structural ladder
includes atoms and molecules
Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) & Glucose
2. CELLULAR LEVEL
basic structural and
functional units of an
organism that are composed
of chemical.
CYTOLOGY- study of the
microscopic appearance of
cell
Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell,
Epithelial Cell
PHYSIOLOGY
The scientific discipline
that deals with the
processes or FUNCTIONS of
living things
The Major Goals of
Physiology
1. To understand and predict
the body's responses to
stimuli
2. To understand how the body
part works
3. TISSUE LEVEL
group of cell that perform the
same function
HISTOLOGY- study of tissues
4 TYPES OF TISSUE
1. Epithelial Tissue- covers body
surface; lines hollow organs and
cavities and forms glands.
2. Connective Tissue- connects,
supports and protects body
organs while distributing blood
vessels to other tissue
3. Muscle Tissue- contracts to
make body part move and
generates heat
4. Nervous Tissue- carries
information through nerve
impulses
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
4. ORGAN LEVEL
composed of two or more
tissues that perform the sam
function
Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain,
Skin, Bones, Lungs
PERISTALSIS- movement of
gastrointestinal organs
6. ORGANISM LEVEL
any living thing considered as
a whole whether composed of
one cell such as bacterium, or
of trillion of cells, such as
human.
5. SYSTEM LEVEL
consists of related organs
with a common function
Ex: Digestive System- breaks
down and absorbs food
mouth, salivary gland,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small inestine, large
intestine, gallbladder, liver
and pancreas.
Anatomy and
Physiology of Body
Systems
NERVOUS SYSTEM
generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities
detecs changes in body's
internal and external
environments, interpret
changes and respond.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
achieves physical and
chemical breakdown of food
absorb nutrients
eliminates solid wastes
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
heart pumps blood through
vessels
blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon
dioxide and wastes
leps regulate acid-base
balance, temperature and
water content of body fluid
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
transferred oxygen and
carbon dioxide
helps regulate acid-base
balance of body fluids
air flowing out of lungs
through vocal vocal cords
produces sound.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
gonads produce gametes
(sperm or oocyte) that unite
to form a new organism
gonads also releases hormone
that regulate reproduction
and other body processes
transport and store gametes
URINARY SYSTEM
produce, store and eliminate
wastes
eliminate wastes and
regulates volume and
chemical composition of blood
maintain body's mineral
balance
helps regulate production of
red blood cells
ERYTHROPOETIN
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
returns proteins and fluid to
blood
carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood
contains sites of maturation
and poliferation of B cells and
T cells that protect against
disease-causing microbes
SKELETAL SYSTEM
supports and protects body
provides surface area for
muscle attachment
aids body movements
houses cells that produce
blood cells (flat bones)
store minerals and lipids
(fats) (long bones)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
participates in body
movements
maintain posture
produce heat
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
protects body
regulate body temperature
eliminates some wastes
helps make vitamin D
detects sensation such as
touch, pain, warmth, and cold
store fat and provides
insulation
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
regulates body system by
releasing hormones
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Basic Life
Processes
1. METABOLISM
ability to use energy
Two Phases of Metabolism
1. CATABOLISM (catabol=
throwing down; -ism= a
condition) - breakdown of
complex; produce energy
ANABOLISM (anabol= raising
up) - building up smaller to
complex; uses energy
2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION
refers to the specific
interrelationships among the
parts of an organism and how
those parts interact to
perform
3. REPRODUCTION
formation of new cell for
tissue growth, repair or
requirement
production of new individual
4. RESPONSIVENESS
ability of an organism to
sense changes in the
environment
5. GROWTH
increase in body size; increase
in the number of cells
6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION
changes of an organism through
time
DEVELOPMENT- growth but
also involves differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION- changes in
cell structure and function from
generalized
Homeostasis
Homeo- sameness
Stasis= stand still
"The existence and
maintenance of the balance"
VARIABLE- factor being
regulated
SET VALUE POINT- normal
range
Component of Homeostatic
Control System
RECEPTOR- detects changes
and signal the control center
CONTROL CENTER- analyzes
the information it receives and
determine the appropriate
response
EFFECTOR- receives output
and produce the response
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Feedback System
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
reverse a chage in variable
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
strengthen or reinforce a
change
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
BODY POSITION
have an initial
reference point
standard position
called ANATOMICAL
POSITION
ANATOMICAL
POSITION
RECLINING POSITION
PRONE- face down
SUPINE- face up
facing the observer;
face forward
lower limbs are
parallel and feet are
flat
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Directional
Terms
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper
part
INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower
part
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front
POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back
MEDIAL- inner side
LATERAL- outer side
INTERMEDIATE- in between
SUPERFICIAL- more external
DEEP- more internal
INSPILATERAL- same side
CONTRALATERAL- opposite
side
PROXIMAL- near to the trunk
DISTAL- far to the trunk
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger
PUBIC- pubis
FEMORAL- thigh
PATELLAR- front of knee
CRURAL- leg or shin
TARSAL- ankle
DIGITAL- toe
PEDAL- foot
DORSUM- top of foot
HALLUX- great toe
CRANIAL- skull
FACIAL- face
CEPHALIC- head
FRONTAL- forehead
TEMPORAL- temple
ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye
OTIC- ear
BUCCAL- cheek
NASAL- nose
ORAL- mouth
MENTAL- chin
CLAVICLE- neck
STERNAL- breastbone
AXILLARY- armpit
THORACIC- chest
MAMMARY- breast
BRACHIAL_ arm
ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow
ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm
ABDOMINAL- abdomen
UMBILICAL- navel
COXAL- hip
INGUINAL- groin
PELVIC- pelvis
POLLEX- thumb
MANUAL- hand
PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm
CARPAL- wrist
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
OCCIPITAL- base of skull
SCAPULAR- shoulder blade
VERTEBRAL- spinal column
DORSAL- back
LUMBAR- loin
SACRAL- between hips
OLECRANAL/CUBITALback of elbow
GLUTEAL- buttock
PERINEAL- region of anus &
external organs
DORSUM- back of hand
POPLITEAL- hollow behind
knee
SURAL- calf
PLANTAR- sole
CALCANEAL- heel
Body Planes
& Section
PLANES
flat surface that pass
through the body parts
pertains to cut
SECTION
image/view of the body or
one of its organ
pertains to the view
1. SAGITTAL PLANE
vertical plane that separates
right and left side
A. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN
PLANE- eqaul left and right
side
B. PARASAGITTAL PLANEunequal side
2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
vertical plane that separates
anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions
cut runs from right to left side
or vice versa
3. TRANSVERSE PLANE
horizontal plane that
separates superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) portions
also known as CROSSSECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL
PLANE
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
diagonal cut; angle other than
the right angle (90 degree)
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities
CAVITIES
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal
cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk
contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body:
the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the
abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and
left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum
is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the
esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of
the mediastinum.
The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas,
and the kidneys.
The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and
contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs.
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and
sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Serous Membrane
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these
cavities.
To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ,
imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon.
The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral
serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the
parietal serous membrane.
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes
is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by
the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the
body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction
The thoracic cavity contains
three serous membranelined cavities: a pericardial
cavity and two pleural
cavities.
PLEURAL CAVITY
A pleural cavity
surrounds each lung,
which is covered by
visceral pleura. Parietal
pleura lines the inner
surface of the thoracic
wall, the lateral surfaces
of the mediastinum, and
the superior surface of the
diaphragm. The pleural
cavity is located between
the visceral pleura and
the parietal pleura and
contains pleural fluid
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
The visceral pericardium covers the heart,
which is contained within a connective
tissue sac lined with the parietal
pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which
contains pericardial fluid, is located
between the visceral pericardium and the
parietal pericardium.
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
The abdominopelvic cavity contains a
serous membrane-lined cavity called the
peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum
covers many of the organs of the
abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
The peritoneal cavity is located between the
visceral peritoneum and the parietal
peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
The serous membranes can become inflamed—
usually as a result of an infection.
PERICARDITIS (per′i-kar-dı′tis) is inflammation
of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor′i-s̄) is
inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS
(per′i-t̄-nı′tis) is inflammation of the peritoneum.
MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter-̄z), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect
the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body
wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the
organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have
mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal
(re′tr̄ -per′i-t̄-n̄′̆l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal
glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Parts
& Region
The central region of the body consists of the
HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK.
The trunk can be divided into the thorax
(chest), abdomen (region between the thorax
and pelvis), and pelvis (the inferior end of the
trunk associated with the hips).
The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm,
wrist, and hand.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the
elbow, and the forearm extends from the
elbow to the wrist.
The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot.
The thigh extends from the hip to the knee,
and the leg extends from the knee to the
ankle.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Parts
& Region
The abdomen is often subdivided superficially
into four sections, or quadrants, by two
imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical
—that intersect at the navel.
The quadrants formed are:
right-upper,
left-upper,
right-lower,
left-lower quadrants.
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into
regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal
and two vertical. These four lines create an
imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen,
resulting in nine regions:
epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik),
right and left hypochondriac (hı-p̄-kon′dr̄ -ak),
umbilical (̆m-bil′i-k̆l),
right and left lumbar (l̆m′bar),
hypogastric (hı-p̄-gas′trik), and
right and left iliac (il′̄-ak).
Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as
reference points for locating the underlying
organs. For example, the appendix is in the rightlower quadrant, and the pain of an acute
appendicitis is usually felt there.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the
study of the body by areas.
3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical
imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. The human body can be organized into six levels: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, and organism.
2. The eleven organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive
systems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth,
development, and reproduction.
HOMEOSTASIS
1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the
internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.
2. Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a
few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback
mechanisms are harmful.
BODY POSITION
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides,
and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position.
2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual
position.
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are
useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are
useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
PLANES
1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an
organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an
angle other than a right angle.
BODY CAVITIES
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides
the thoracic cavity into two parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous
membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs.
2. The serous membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral
membranes. The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and
the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples
of retroperitoneal organs.
REFERENCE
Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.
No Copyright Intended.