Basic Occupational Safety & Health
in the
Construction Industry
Salus Consultancy Services
Engr. Tito L. Brizuela Jr.
Owner
Professional Mechanical Engineer
OSH Consultant
Email: tlbrizuela@gmail.com
09196872229/09267293317
NAME:
TRAINING DATES:
VENUE:
TABLE of CONTENTS
TOPICS
PAGE
Introductory Session: OSH Framework
1
Importance of Safety and Health
2
Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions
12
Construction Site Premises
15
Excavation Safety
23
Tools and Equipment
29
Construction Machinery: Mobile Equipment Safety
33
Construction Machinery: Crane Safety
38
Ladder Safety
44
Fall Protection
46
Temporary Structures
55
Environmental Safety
62
Occupational Health
79
Personal Protective Equipment
100
Demolition and Explosives Safety
107
Routine Site Safety Inspection
112
HIRAC/Risk Assessment
115
Job Hazard Analysis
118
Accident Investigation
122
Communicating OSH
130
Workplace Emergency Preparedness
137
Role of the Safety and Health Officer
143
Employees’ Compensation Program
148
Salient Features of OSH Legislations
152
Development of an OSH Program
160
V022021
INTRODUCTORY SESSION: OSH FRAMEWORK
Absolutely true: Every worker has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHY workplace!
What is the STATUS of occupational safety and health (OSH) in MY workplace?
1. Accidents and injuries result to loss of lives, limbs, time and property
2. Most accidents at work could have been prevented
3. Sound prevention need to be implemented systematically in the national
and enterprise / workplace level
The OSH Framework
Course Title:
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)
Type Of Course: Basic; Mandatory
Methodology: Lecture & discussions, exercises, workshop, presentation and reporting
Duration: 5-Days
Course Description
• Mandatory 40-Hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for Safety Officers 2
• Pursuance with Republic Act No. 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-2018.
Course Objectives
To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and principles of
occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers to develop and implement their
company’s construction safety and health program (CSHP).
Development of a “Quality” Safety Officer.
Emphasize that anyone can become a SO however, the qualities of SO matters. Without “Quality” is
merely like just complying with the requirement and not fulfilling the roles and responsibilities as
indicated in DO198.
What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
Occupational safety and health is a discipline with a broad scope involving three major fields:
▪ Occupational Safety
▪ Occupational Health and
▪ Industrial Hygiene.
OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers - the “Whole Person”. ILO
1
IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
Let us ask ourselves: Why the need for OSH? Because every worker has the right to a SAFE &
HEALTHY workplace!
1. OSH Situationer
2. Roles of Safety Officers
3. Compliance?
4. Career growth
OBJECTIVES:
At the the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the current Philippine OSH situation
2. Describe the OSH situation in their own workplaces
3. Define unsafe or unhealthy acts and conditions
COSH training aims to provide:
1. Protection of life
2. Protection of Property
3. Protection of operation
What is Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)?
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is an interdisciplinary activity concerned with the prevention of
occupational risks inherent to each work activity. The main aim is the promotion and maintenance of the
highest degree of safety and health at work, therefore creating conditions to avoid the occurrence of work
accidents and ill health. The achievement of this desirable state of safe working conditions implies that
employers must perform risk assessment regarding safety and health at work, and must decide if actions
are required and what kind of OSH measures should be implemented. According to the International
Labour Organization, OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers, that is
the “whole person” [3]. Therefore OSH is not only avoiding work accidents or occupational diseases, but
the result of taking actions to identify their causes (hazards existent at workplace) and the implementation
of adequate preventive OSH control measures.
When accidents happen…
There are a lot of effects when an accident happens including increase in tardiness and absenteeism which
the lowers down the morale and productivity of workers and also affects the profit of the company
(summary of the OSH Video from OSHC)
Workplace Risk Assessment
1. Hazards identification
2. Evaluation of Risks and Hazards
3. Control Measures
4. Accident Causation: Risky Workplace and Risky Workers
5. Dangerous occurrences, imminent danger situations
6. Accident Investigation
7. Responses to OSH Issues and Concerns
8. OSH Programming and Legislations
9. Communicating OSH
10. Training of Trainers
11. OSH Inspection
12. Conduct of OSH Inspection
2
Global OSH Data: ILO 2018
• 2.78M men and women die at work per year
• 350,000 death due to accident
• 2.4M death due to work-related diseases.
• 374M non-fatal injuries each year (resulting in more than 4 days of absences from work)
• 160M non-fatal occupational diseases (causing more than 4 days absence)
• Average of 6,400 people die every day due to work-related accidents/ illnesses every year
• 3.94% of global GDP is the economic cost of poor occupational safety and health practices
Furthermore, as estimates show, work-related diseases represent the main cause of death at work,
killing almost six times more workers than occupational accidents. This should highlight the need for a
new paradigm of prevention: one that also focuses on work-related diseases, not only on occupational
injuries. Statistics for diseases will become higher due to COVID-19 infection at work!
Local Scenario: Filipino Workers
1. 41.5 million+ employed Filipinos (January 2018) both in the formal and informal sectors
2. 57% services sector; 25% agriculture;
3. 18% industry sector (mining, manufacturing, construction etc.)
4. 3.5 million government employees
Key Local OSH Data Sources
1. 2015-2016 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
2. Work Accidents/Illnesses Report (WAIR) Summary of mandatory reports of companies
3. NSO Household Survey Data
4. OSHC Database
Locally, the plight of health and safety of the Filipino is somewhat challenging. As a third world country
we have shifted from an agricultural background to an industrial front. As the 21st century unfolds, more
emphasis is placed by the government and private sector on OSH concerns to take us out of that hole into
a brighter future. This is the situation of OSH in the Philippines
Goals:
1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the productivity & sustainability
of any enterprise.
OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES All Industries (Establishments employing 20 and over) except
Agriculture 2003, 2007, 2009
INDICATOR
2003
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Total Cases*
23,265 20,386 17,713 48,957 49,118 50,961
Superficial Injuries and Open Wounds
11,609 10,517 9,045
11,140 12,765 10,042
Fractures
1,927
1,839
1,356
2,082
1,497
1,572
Dislocations, Sprains and Strains
3,336
2,366
2,085
2,460
2,004
2,254
Traumatic Amputations
547
234
194
220
317
228
Concussions and Internal Injuries
1,048
694
589
953
576
880
Burns, Corrosions, Scalds and Frostbites 2,300
2,065
1,781
2,073
1,538
1,509
Acute Poisonings and Infections
221
750
665
229
242
245
Foreign Body in the Eye
1,848
1,565
1,558
1,471
1,253
1,101
Others
430
356
451
7
510
28
Source of data: Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics 2003/2004, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2011
/2012 BLES Integrated Survey, Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013/2014, 2015/201 6 Integrated Survey
on Labor and Employment
3
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
All Industries (Establishments employing 20 and over) except Agriculture 2003, 2007, 2009
INDICATOR
Total Cases*
Work-Related
Musculoskeletal
Disorders
Occupational Dermatitis
Occupational Asthma
Infections
Tuberculosis
Heat stroke, cramps, exhaustion
Cardiovascular Diseases
Deafness
Chilblain, frostbite
Cataract
Acute Poisonings
2003
55,413
2007
47,235
2009
71,894
2011
85,483
2013
171,787
2015
127,973
20,603
13,296
28,574
45,572
88,454
78,716
5,028
6,742
7,825
631
1,454
510
150
634
202
5,965
8,759
6,517
577
854
172
112
284
189
5,644
4,906
3,482
2,921
633
767
320
37
140
192
4,374
3,652
3,773
4,505
1,044
2,030
868
99
309
91
9,381
8,914
6,395
3,670
1,792
1,679
296
268
218
125
6,196
8,363
3,559
3,320
1,078
1,567
309
321
314
N/A
Source of data: Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics 2003/2004, 2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2011 /2012 BLES Integrated
Survey Philippine Statistics Authority, 2013/2014, 2015/2016 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment
Local Statistics: Filipino Workers
Reduction on Occ disease can be due to many
factors as follows:
1. Reporting of organization
2. Effective implementation of programs
3. Not reporting of workers
4. Poor report database
Reduction on Occ disease can be due to many
factors as follows:
COVID-19 Tracker
(as of 19 July 2021 / 1600H) - 557,058
Total Number of Cases
Deaths: 11,829
- Mortality Rate: 2.1%
Recovered: 512,789
- Recovery Rate: 92.05%
Data on OSH Work Alert Accident Report (BWC)
Work-Alert Report
2017
2016
Work-Alert Cases
72
31
Fatal
95
29
Non-Fatal
117
44
Industry
2017
2016
Construction
36
14
Manufacturing
19
4
Services
5
5
4
Percentage of Establishments Employing 20 or More Workers by Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) Policy/Program Implemented and Major Industry, 2015-2016 (n= 28,799)
(Source: Philippine
Statistics Authority,
Integrated Survey on Labor
and Employment)
Labor Inspection Data
OSH INSPECTION RESULTS (BWC)
Role of employers to
comply with the
established OSHS.
Thus, the need for
enforcement. - Birth of
RA11058
Vision 1 Million: Be an OSH Champion
1. A dynamic, holistic, and sustainable program that aims to develop OSH Champions
(advocates) beginning in 2018 until 2022.
2. Program to continue create and raise awareness, understanding and passion for
OSH among Filipinos.
3. Increase the number of OSH advocates will help achieve decent work and
accident and illness free workplaces in the Philippines.
Goals:
1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the productivity & sustainability
of any enterprise.
OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS
1. Low compliance rate to OSH Standard (OSHS)
2. Limited coverage of OSH Standard
3. Absence of strict penalties
4. Fragmented OSH Administration
5. Outdated OSH Standard
5
OSH Compliance and Violations 2018
Source: PSA Labstat updates (Vol. 23 No. 8)
OSH ISSUES AND CONCERNS
1. Low compliance rate to OSH Standard (OSHS)
2. Limited coverage of OSH Standard
3. Absence of strict penalties
4. Fragmented OSH Administration
5. Outdated OSH Standard
Construction Industry Situation in the Philippines:
Facts:
986 – construction establishments
243,490 – hired personnel in construction
104,874 (43.1%) – aged 15 to 30 years old
930 establishments with designated health and safety personnel (2015)
Source: PSA Labstat Sept 2018 (vol. 22 No. 17)
Heinrich's Domino Theory
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage
required for a chain reaction is completed. Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
REMEMBER : ACCIDENTS are caused… so ACCIDENTS can be prevented
Mr. Heinrich’s Survey
88% Unsafe or Unhealthy Acts
10% Unsafe or Unhealthy Conditions
2% Acts of Nature
Therefore:
98% Accidents are Preventable
2% Non-Preventable
The Iceberg Effect on Cost of Accidents
Direct Costs of Accidents – Tend to be the ones that we think of first.
✓ Emergency Medical Care
✓ Injury, sickness, damage to property
✓ Equipment Damage or Material Spoilage
✓ Compensation Payments
✓ Investigations of Legal Authority
✓ Insurance Premiums
Indirect Costs of Accidents - those that are less obvious but they account for more on the overall cost
1) Injured Worker
• lost productivity on day of injury
• lost productivity due to follow-up care
• lost productivity after returning to work
2) Worker’s Crew
completing added work
assisting injured worker
• lost productivity due to inspection
•
•
3) Crew around Accident Site
•
watching events and discussing accident
4) Training Replacement Worker
5) Supervisors
investigating accident
preparing reports
• time with management, owner or regulatory agencies
•
•
INDIRECT COST –Ex: Legal, lost man-h our,
loss of productivity
So Why OSH?
LEGAL REASON FOR OSH is related ,to the compensatory, punitive, and preventive effects of laws, that protect
the safety and health of workers.
ECONOMIC There are powerful economic reasons for decreasing work concerning accidents as well as ill health
and diseases.
MORAL it is morally right to safeguard worker from any kind of harm. It is the duty of all companies to provide
the best care for their employees.
CLEAR POINTS:
Occupational Safety and Health Is important because:
1. It provides safety and health measures in different work environments and sectors.
2. It is an area that is concerned with the safety, health, as well as the welfare of people engage in organization
3. It also increases productivity when employees are healthy and happy.
UNSAFE ACTS & UNSAFE CONDITIONS
Being PROACTIVE is better than being REACTIVE.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the two immediate causes of accidents
2. Explain the differences between the following OSH Concepts:
a) Unsafe Act VS Unsafe Condition
b) Accident VS Incident
c) Hazard VS Risk
3. Relate some examples of unsafe acts and condition to the construction industry
4. Practice identifying unsafe acts and unsafe condition in the workplace
Due to the massive acceleration in the development of construction sector, several injuries, diseases
and other incidents have occurred. In fact the leading causes of fatal accidents in the construction
industry are the following:
•
Excavation Collapse
•
Falls from Heights
•
Electrocution
•
•
Hit by Falling Objects
Accidents Involving Construction Equipment
Why do people get into accidents?
Filipinos have a lot to say when an accident happens. Some of the common misconception about the
occurrence of an accident are the following:
• “Oras na niya!”
(It’s his time)
• “Malas niya lang...”
(It’s his misfortune)
• “Tanga kasi!”
(Imbecile)
• “Ah! Kasama sa trabaho iyan!”
(It’s part of his job)
But, these are not the real causes .... THESE ARE ONLY EXCUSES..
Two Immediate Causes of Accidents: Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions
1) Unsafe Condition
• Physical or Chemical property of a workplace's Environment, Equipment / Machine, Material
• Deviation from standard physical / chemical condition
• Likely to cause injury, illness, relative property damage
• An unsafe condition is any situation or condition (whether physical or chemical in nature) in a
workplace's environment, equipment/machine, or material that is likely to cause injury, illness, and even
property damage.
What will you look for in a construction as a Safety Officer? (Examples of Unsafe Condition)
1. Defective tools, equipment, or supplies
2. Inadequate machine guards
3. Inadequate support and bracing for scaffolds
4. Inadequate warning system
5. Conditions or situation which may lead to fire or explosion
6. Poor housekeeping
2) Unsafe Act
Unsafe act is a performance of a task conducted in a manner that may cause injury, illness, property damage. This
includes improper action or behavior. Unsafe act is also defined as a human action that deviates from standard
practices.
12
Factors Contributing to Unsafe Acts & Conditions
1. Improper Attitude
2. Physical Limitations
3. Lack of Knowledge or Skills
4. Lack of Supervision
5. Unsafe system of work
6. Lack of motivation
7. Non-adherence to OSH
Safety ▪
State of freedom from risks, usually achieved through all measures and arrangements set to
protect workers from injury or ill health.
▪
Freedom from accidents; Freedom from harm, injury and loss
▪
It is the control of Hazards and Accidents in the workplace
Accident versus Incident
1. Accident is unplanned or unexpected occurrence / event that may result in property damage and does
result in an injury or illness to a worker
2. Incident is an unplanned or unexpected occurrence / event that may result in property damage, but
does not result in an injury or illness
3. Incidents are also called “near-misses”
Hazard versus Risk
• Hazard is anything (unsafe act, unsafe condition, substance, material, process, chemical, etc.) that has
the potential to cause harm, damage, or adverse health effect on people
• Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect
if exposed to a hazard
Hazard Statement
1) When we talk about hazard, it is important to create a proper hazard statement
2) Hazard statement is a phrase that describes the nature of the hazard
3) Hazard statement consists of 3 Parts:
a. Who is exposed
b. What is the hazard
c. What are the possible effects of the hazard (injury, illness, property damage, environmental
impact)
Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents (Industrial Hygiene)
1. Identify
2. Evaluate
3. Correct
1. Identify the hazard
▪ Inspection
(before the accident occurs)
▪ Investigation
(after the accident occurs)
2. Evaluate
Determine if what you identified complies with safety standards, by means of
Occ. Health & Safety Standards, OEL, TLV, PEL, NIOSH, others.
3. Correct the hazard
• Engineering control
• Administrative control
• Personal protective equipment
Engineering Methods – eliminate or reduce the hazard through
Initial design specification
Isolation (Place)
Change in Process
Substitution
Ventilation
Administrative Methods - control of employees exposure
Isolation (Time)
Medical Examination
Workplace Monitoring
Scheduled reduced work hours
Increased breaks
SOP’s
Personal Protective Equipment
Use of a protective barrier to protect the worker from the hazard
CLEAR POINTS
1. Unsafe condition is the deviation from the standard physical / chemical condition
2. Unsafe act is the deviation from the standard practices
3. Unsafe condition and acts are not only encountered in the construction industry but also in everyday life
4. Accident results to harm to a person while incident does not result to harm to a person
5. Hazard is anything the has the potential to cause harm, damage, health effect, or environmental impact
6. Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed if exposed to a hazard
7. Accidents are caused and accidents can be prevented
CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
Economy is driven by workers and businesses. The construction industry is one clear index.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the things to consider in ensuring a safe and healthy construction site premise
2. Relate some government regulations to the needed requirements in having a safe and healthy
construction site premise
3. Explain some OSH requirements in construction site premise
This module will give you the important and relevant parts of DO 13 related to construction site premises.
Some parts of DO 13 have already been amended by RA 11058 which will be discussed in the last day.
What are the things to consider in ensuring a safe and healthy construction site premise?
• Strategic planning of location of TemFacils, welfare facilities, entrances/exits, access, staging areas,
parking areas, evacuation area, etc.
• Strategically posted on-site and can easily be understood with labels and legends
Planning for site layout is very crucial for the success for the project. Every project has its unique layout.
Apart from other uncertainties like project designs, environmental effects and time constraints, site layout
planning in itself is a typical multi objective problem.
Advantages of Layout Planning
• Temporary facilities' location will be planned ahead of time
• Effective use of available area
• Avoids unauthorized construction of temporary facilities which are not relevant to the construction
• Minimizes the time and motion of workers by planning where to locate the material laydown area or
equipment positioning in relation with workers' location
Site layout is an important management function which has influence over all aspects of work on
construction site. These aspects also include health, safety and productivity. For managing safety,
organizations must carry out a framework that can reduce the chances of inadequate structures and
facilities.
Perimeter Fences and Gates
• Prevents entry of unauthorized people into the construction site
• Secure the workers inside the construction site
• Protects the public outside the construction site
• To protect the construction equipment from theft
• Protect the property within the construction from vandalism and sabotage
Security Personnel
• Protects the life of people within the construction site and the property by avoiding common threats
such as theft or robbery, property vandalism, etc.
• To minimize damage and help protect and secure the property immediately
• Preventing public from entering the construction area
Temporary Facilities
• Temporary facilities like offices should be constructed in a way that it is not easily damaged by strong
winds or typhoon
• Provide and maintain an adequate weathertight temporary office
• Shall have the necessary basic facilities, like water, light, etc.
Welfare Facilities
1. Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
2. Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
3. Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter
4. Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable
5. In compliance with DOLE DO 13, Section 16: Workers' Welfare Facilities
Traffic Management
1) Organize a construction site so that vehicles and pedestrians using site routes can move around safely
2) Vehicles include construction heavy equipment
3) We must organize a construction site so that vehicles and pedestrians using site routes can move
around safely.
4) Keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart - The majority of construction transport accidents result
from the inadequate separation of pedestrians and vehicles. This can usually be avoided by careful
planning, particularly at the design stage, and by controlling vehicle operations during construction
work.
5) Minimizing vehicle movements - Good planning can help to minimise vehicle movement around
a site. For example, landscaping to reduce the quantities of fill or spoil movement. To limit the number
of vehicles on site:
a) provide car and van parking for the workforce and visitors away from the work area;
b) control entry to the work area; and
c) plan storage areas so that delivery vehicles do not have to cross the site.
6) Visibility - If vehicles reverse in areas where pedestrians cannot be excluded the risk is elevated
and visibility becomes a vital consideration.
Signs and instructions - Make sure that all drivers and pedestrians know and understand the routes and traffic
rules on site. Use standard road signs where appropriate. Provide induction training for drivers, workers and visitors
and send instructions out to visitors before their visit.
Good Housekeeping
1. Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times
2. Through cleanliness of building, yards, machines, equipment,
3. Regular waste disposal, and
4. Orderly arrangement of processes, operations, storage and filing of materials.
Benefits of Good Housekeeping
1. Eliminates accident and fire hazards
2. Maintains safe and healthy work conditions
3. Saves time, money, materials, space, and effort
4. Improves productivity and quality of work
5. Boosts morale
6. Reflects a well-run organization
5 S and Good Housekeeping
• Originally developed by HIROYUKI HIRANO
• A systematic and step-by-step technique of waste elimination from work environment
• Through better workplace organization, visual communication, and general cleanliness
1. Seiri – Sort - Suriin
Identify and eliminate all unnecessary items from the workplace
Decide what you need
Remove unnecessary clutter
2. Seiton (Systematize – Sinupin)
Put all essential materials in a systematic order
Organize layout of tools and equipment
Ensure everything is available as it is needed and at the “point of use”
“A place for everything and everything in place.”
3. Seiso (Sweep - Simutin)
Clean and/or polish the workplace to attain a dirt or dust-free state
Inspecting for defects
Divide areas into zones
Define responsibilities for cleaning
Tools and equipment must be owned by an individual
4. Seiketsu (Standardize - Siguruhin)
Generate a maintenance system for the first three S
Develop procedures, schedules, practices
Regularly audit using checklists and measures of housekeeping
“System should apply to all!”
5. Shitsuke
(Self-Discipline – Sariling-Kusa)
A condition where all members practice the above 4S spontaneously and willingly as a way of life
Solid Waste Management (What is an MRF?)
Materials recovery facility — includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a
composting facility, and a recycling facility
Definition as per RA 9003: An Act Providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program
- In construction, MRF should be used as a laydown area for materials which can still be re-used or
recycled. There should be a separate Garbage Yard for construction wastes with proper segregation.
Segregation in Construction Sites
- Refers to a solid waste management practice of separating different materials found in solid waste in
order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and
disposal
Fire Protection and Control
Emergency Exits (As per OSH Standards Rule 1940: Fire Protection and Control)
1) At least two exits shall be provided in every floor and basement of every workplace capable of
clearing the work area in five (5) minutes
2) Additional exits shall be provided if the travel distance from any occupied space in a high hazard
occupancy exceeds twenty-three (23) meters
3) At least two exits shall be provided in every floor and basement of every workplace capable of
clearing the work area in five (5) minutes
4) Additional exits shall be provided if the travel distance from any occupied space in a high hazard
occupancy exceeds twenty-three (23) meters
Portable Fire Extinguishers
1) All places of employment shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers for protection against
incipient fires and approved fire extinguishers shall be used
2) Extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or brackets conspicuously located in unobstructed areas
readily accessible in the event of fire
As per OSH Standards Rule 1940: Fire Protection and Control on Portable Fire Extinguishers
A. All places of employment shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers for protection against
incipient fires and approved fire extinguishers shall be used
B. Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in fully charged and operable condition and kept in their
designated places at all times when not in use
C. Extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or brackets conspicuously located in unobstructed areas
readily accessible in the event of fire
D. Extinguishers having group weight not exceeding 18 kilograms shall be installed so that the top is
not more than 1.5 meter above the floor. Those exceeding 18 kgs., except wheeled types, shall be
installed not more than 1 m. above the floor
Construction Safety Signages - In compliance with DOLE DO 13, Section 9
1) Mandatory requirement on the use of PPE prior to entry to the project site.
2) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
3) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
4) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
5) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
may exist which should indicate the name of the contaminant/substance involved and the type of
respiratory equipment to be worn.
6) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used or stored.
7) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.
The OSH standard has the following formula as a guide in determining the sizes of different safety signages:
S > L²/2000
S & L expressed in the same unit of measurement
S = Area of Safety Sign
L = Distance of Observation
Standard Color of Signs (As per OSH Standards, Table 11: Standard Colors of Signs for Safety
Instructions and Warnings in Building Premises)
1) Red Fire Protection. To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus and facilities;
Examples:
- Fire stations and equipment (extinguishers, pumps, buckets, hose, hydrants)
- Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler, piping, etc.)
- Fire protection materials (doors, blankets, extinguishing agents)
- To identify Danger, Stop Signals (red lights placed on barricades at temporary obstruction or on
temporary construction; stop buttons for electrical switches used for the emergency stopping of
machinery; emergency stop bards on hazardous machines such as rubber mills.
2) Green Safety. Designating “safety”
Examples:
- location of first-aid equipment; location of safety and allied devices; safety bulletin boards
3) White Traffic. White, black, or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation of traffic and
housekeeping marking.
4) Yellow Caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against, stumbling,
falling, tripping, and “caught in between”.
5) Orange Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment which may cut, crush, shock or
otherwise injure, and to emphasize such hazards when enclosure doors are open or when gear, belt or other guards
around moving equipment are open or removed, exposing unguarded hazards. Examples:
6) Blue Precaution. To designate caution, limited to warning against starting, use of, or the movement of
equipment which is under repair or being worked upon.
7) Purple Radiation. To designate hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers, such as tags,
labels, signs and floor markers.
Electrical Safety
Causes of Electrical Accidents
1) Contact with live conductors
2) Short circuiting
3) Arcs and sparks
4) Overloading
5) Inadequate grounding
6) Usage of substandard replacement
7) Wet environment
Grounding
- creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current
- when short circuit or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground protecting you from electrical shock,
injury, and death
Signs that Electrical Hazards Exist
1) Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses
2) Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes
3) Circuit breaker that shuts-off a circuit
4) Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
Electrical Shock - the most serious electrical hazard
This happens when you touch a live wire, a tool or a machine with poor insulation. You then become a
conductor. The shock that you feel is the electrical current going through your body.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Although work processes are high risk, but a construction site can be managed to maintain a safe and healthy work
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
environment
Layout plan, perimeter fences, and security personnel are vital to keep the people safe and to keep the property secured
Welfare facilities are needed to promote the health and well-being of workers
A good traffic management plan prevents accidents of people and the public near any construction activities
Good housekeeping eliminates accident and fire hazards
Proper segregation of wastes in construction is needed to comply with RA 9003
Emergency exits and portable fire extinguishers in a construction should comply with OSH Standards Rule 1940
Construction Safety Signages in a construction should comply with DOLE DO 13 Section 9
Electrical hazards should be identified and controlled in the construction site
EXCAVATION SAFETY
Roads traverse the country, bringing people and goods to places. The infrastructure is still construction.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Highlight the hazards of working in an excavation
2. Explain how to protect employees from cave-ins / soil collapse
3. Identify the factors that pose a hazard to the employees working in excavations
4. State the role of a competent person at an excavation site
What is an Excavation? (OSH Standards Rule 1413)
1. Any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth’s surface formed by earth removal
2. Excavation and trenching are among the most hazardous construction operations. OSHA defines an excavation
as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth’s surface formed by earth removal.
Types of Excavation Works
1. Open Excavation
a. An excavation in an open ground and can vary in shape and size
b. Usually wider and is intended for basement floors of buildings
2. Pit Excavation
a. Generally excavated to install manholes, pump stations, or underground tanks to construct pile caps and other
types of foundations
b. Pit excavations are usually four-sided and deeper than the narrowest horizontal dimension at the surface.
3. Trench
a. Is a long narrow excavation which is deeper than it is wide, and open to the surface along its length (no wider
than 15 ft / 4.5 m)
b. To install or maintain underground services
General Requirements Prior to Excavation
1. Carry-out joint site safety inspection with client or owner, consultant, and company representatives
2. Identify and locate underground facilities or utilities, (water, oil, gas pipelines, electric powerlines, telephone
lines, sanitary sewer lines)
Things to Consider Prior to Excavating
1. Soil classification
2. Depth of excavation
3. Proximity of adjacent structures
4. Weather and moisture conditions
5. Sources of vibrations
6. Overhead power lines
7. Underground utilities
Why is Excavation a High Risk?
1. Excavation works are high risk because excavation failures like a soil collapse occur quickly, limiting the ability
of workers to escape.
2. The soil that collapsed can bury or crush any person in its path resulting in death by suffocation or internal crush
injuries
3. Excavation failures are particularly dangerous because they may occur quickly, limiting the ability of workers
(and in some cases others nearby) to escape, especially if the collapse is extensive.
4. The speed of an excavation collapse increases the risk associated with this type of work. The consequences are
significant as the falling earth can bury or crush any person in its path resulting in death by suffocation or internal
crush injuries.
Safety Risks in an Excavation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Soil collapse due to loose rock or soil
Falls (people, materials, equipment, tools)
Electrocution due to contact with above and underground utilities
Being struck by heavy equipment
Adjacent structure which may collapse due to an ongoing excavation work
Workers being trapped in an excavation due to lack of access and egress
Vehicular traffic
Health Risks in an Excavation
Soil collapse is the most feared excavation risk, but other potentially fatal risks may also occur in an excavation
work:
1. Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen (confined space condition in an excavation)
2. Inhalation of toxic gases or fumes
Principal Causes of Soil Collapse
1. Steep cutting angle
2. Super-imposed load
3. Shock and vibration
4. Water accumulation
5. Drying
6. No regular monitoring and inspection!
Tension Cracks
1. Usually form at a horizontal distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the depth of the trench, measured from the
top of the vertical face of the trench
2. These are the parts of an excavation susceptible to forming cracks which may then lead to soil
collapse
Method of Excavation Protection
1. Sloping
2. Benching
3. Shoring or Timbering
4. Sheet Piling
5. Trench Boxes
6. Shotcrete
Types of Soil
1. Solid Rock – Rock formations (Adobe)
2. Type A – Most stable; clay stiff and firm soils -solid soils with substantial cohesion and no water table present
3. Type B – Medium stability; silt and unstable rock; disturbed soil. soils likely to crack or crumble -soil that can be
excavated by hand tools, show signs of cracking after excavating, and possess a low to medium moisture content
(i.e. heavily seamed silty clays, compacted clayey fill, and mixtures of clays and silts)
- Type C – Least stable; gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping soft and
loose soils - soils easily excavated by hand with little or
no cohesion (i.e. sand, gravel, silt, organic soil,
soft and wet clay, and loose fill)
Sloping
Soil Type
Stable Rock
Height / Depth Ratio
Vertical
Slope Angle
90°
Type A
Type B
Type C
¾:1
1:1
1½:1
53°
45°
34°
Benching
A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one
or more series of horizontal steps with rise between steps. 2 Basic Types:
Shoring or Timbering (As per OSHS Rule 1413.01)
Walls of every excavation over 1 m (3 ft) deep shall be supported by adequate shoring or timbering to
prevent collapse, provided that this shall not apply to an excavation:
1. in which a worker is not required to enter for any purposes
2. cut in solid rock
3. the walls are sloped to forty-five degree (45) angle from the vertical or cut to the angle of repose
4. in which a worker is engaged in timbering or other work for the purpose of compliance with this Rule
if precautions are taken to ensure his safety.
5. Shoring is the provision of a support system for trench faces used to prevent movement of soil,
underground utilities, roadways, and foundations
6. Shoring or timbering is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the
maximum allowable slope impractical
7. Shoring systems consist of posts, wales, struts, and sheeting
Parts of a Shoring System
1. Strut – horizontal cross-member of a shoring system that directly resists
pressure from a wale or upright
2. Sheeting – a continuous row of wood or steel sheets in close contact to provide
a tight wall to resist the pressure of the walls of an excavation
3. Uprights – vertical members of shoring that are placed up against and directly
resist pressure from excavation wall
4. Wales – shoring member that is placed against and directly resists pressure
from sheeting or uprights
Shielding or Trench Boxes
1. Intended primarily to protect workers from cave-ins and similar incidents
2. Excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench
should be as small as possible
3. The space between the trench boxes and the excavation side are backfilled to prevent
lateral movement of the box
4. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was
designed to withstand
Removal of Trench Boxes
1. Employees clear of area under shields during removal
2. Shoring removed from the bottom up, SLOWLY!
3. Backfill with removal
Minimum Berm (As per OSH Rule 1413.02)
1. Excavated material shall be kept from the edge of the excavation to
provide a clear berm of a distance not less than one third of the depth
of the excavation
2. Where the disposal area is limited, a berm of reduced width of not less
than 1 m. (3 ft.) may be allowed, provided the materials being
excavated are stable, the shoring is designed to carry the additional
load, and barriers are provided to prevent roll back of the excavated
materials
Tools, Materials, and Machinery (As per OSH Rule 1413.03)
1. Tools or materials shall be kept a minimum of 1 m (3 ft.) away from the edge of the excavation to
prevent being knocked down into the excavation
2. No vehicle or other machinery shall be driven, operated or located near the edge of an excavation at
least a distance one-third (1/3) of its depth
Provision for Barricades (As per OSH Rule 1413.04)
The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2.0 m. (6 ft.) deep shall be barricaded to a height of at
least 1 m (3 ft.) to prevent the fall of workers
Means of Access and Escape (As per OSH Rule 1413.05)
1. Every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) deep shall be provided with means of access and escape in case of
flooding or soil collapse
2. Every excavation shall have at least one (1) ladder in every 16.6 m. (50 ft.) of length or fraction
thereof
3. which shall extend at least 0.83 m. (2’6”) above the top of the excavation to provide a firm handhold
when stepping on or off the ladder
Inspection of Excavation (As per OSH Rule 1413.06)
1. Every part of an excavation over 2 m. (6 ft.) deep where workers work shall be inspected by the
person in charge at least once everyday
2. It should also be inspected after a weather disturbance or earthquake
Competent Person (OSH Rule 1413.07: Supervision and Execution of Timbering and other Work)
1. Timbering or support for any excavation shall be erected, added, altered or dismantled only under the direction
of the project supervisor.
2. Timbering and other support for any excavation shall be of good construction, sound materials, and of
adequate strength for the purpose for which it is used and properly maintained,
3. All struts and bracings shall be properly secured to prevent displacement.
4. Timber giving off toxic saps or substance soluble in water shall not be used for timbering.
Harmful Dust, Gases, Fumes (As per OSH Rule 1413.08)
1. When harmful dusts, gases and fumes are present in an excavation to such a degree hazardous to the safety and
health of the workers, all measures shall be taken either by exhaust ventilation or by other means to free the area
of such contaminants
2. Internal combustion engine shall only be operated in an excavation when provision is made to ensure that the
exhaust gases and fumes are rendered harmless or discharged to a point away from the excavation.
Public Protection and Traffic Control
1. Traffic around the site must be controlled, and barricaded,
2. Signages and/or flag persons are needed to control both vehicular and pedestrian traffic
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Confined Entry
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shaft and tunnel excavations are to be considered confined entry situations and a hazard assessment and risk
control analysis must be undertaken.
Where monitoring of hazardous atmospheres is required, the job site supervisor must be equipped with suitable
testing equipment (i.e. explosive meter, oxygen, and toxic gas detectors) and be trained in proper monitoring
procedures. It is recommended that continuous monitoring devices be used where monitoring is necessary.
Ventilation systems must be put in place to provide a safe atmosphere where they may be a lack of oxygen or
unsafe accumulations of toxic vapors, gases, dusts, or other harmful substances.
The ventilation rate at the work face of the tunnel shall not be less than 2.75 cubic meter per second per square
meter of face area (50 cubic feet/minute per square foot of face area).
First Aid Facilities/Emergency Procedures
Due to the nature of work, it is important that proper first aid supplies be provided at the excavation worksite.
A first aid kit shall be provided at each shaft location. It is recommended that at least one worker on each shift shall
be a certified first aider with CPR training. A basket stretcher and blankets must also be provided at each worksite, as
well as a "parachute-type" full body harness for hoisting a worker to the surface, if necessary.
Sanitary Facilities
Lighting/Electrical Installations
Underground excavations must be provided with a source of electrical illumination for the full
length of the tunnel and at the working face of the tunnel excavation [minimum 25 lux (2.5 foot-candles) of
illumination
Fire Protection
A minimum of two, 2A-10BC rated multi-purpose type fire extinguishers shall be provided in each
shaft and tunnel excavation. Combustible scrap materials such as wood shoring component, shall not be allowed
to accumulate in the excavation. These shall be removed at least daily.
Use of explosives
All blasting operations must be undertaken by a certified blaster who is qualified to handle and use explosives.
Explosives must be stored and transported in accordance with both Transport Canada and Energy Mines and Resources
Canada Regulations.
Access/Egress
Vertical drilled shafts, shored with steel sleeves, are normally provided access by a straight fixed vertical ladder.
Where the ladder exceeds 5 meters (15 feet) in length a rest platform or proper fall protection must be provided. This can
be done by providing a worker with a full-body safety harness secured with a lifeline to a fall-arresting device.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Types of Excavation Works include open excavation, pit excavation, and trench
2. Excavation works are high risk because excavation failures like a soil collapse occur quickly, limiting the ability
of workers to escape
3. There are safety and health risks in excavation works that need to be controlled
4. The causes of soil collapse are steep cutting angle, super-imposed load, shock and vibration, water
accumulation, drying, and lack of regular monitoring and inspection
5. There are several methods to protect and excavation and prevent soil collapse
6. The type of soil should be considered in choosing the appropriate excavation protection
7. Minimum Berm for excavated material is 1/3 of the depth of the excavation
8. Tools, materials, and machineries should be kept at a safe distance away from the edge of the excavation
9. Excavation more than 2 m deep shall be barricaded to a height of 1 m
10. Ladders should be deployed in every 50 ft of length
11. Excavation should be inspected daily by a competent person
12. If there are harmful dusts, gases, or fumes, an excavation should be tested for hazardous atmosphere using a
gas detector
13. There should be public protection and traffic management during excavation works
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT : HAND & POWER TOOLS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the difference between hand tools and portable power tools
2. Learn the hazards associated with hand and power tools
3. Apply safety control measures to avoid the hazards associated with hand tools and power tools
Types of Tools
1. Hand Tools non-powered, Operated manually by bare hands
2. Portable Power Tools are operated through an additional power source
Types of Power Tools
1. Electric Tools - electricity
2. Powered Abrasive Wheel Tool - with a wheel/disc for grinding, cutting, polishing, buffing
3. Pneumatic Tools - compressed air
4. Liquid Fuel - kerosene, gasoline
5. Hydraulic - pressurized liquid fluid/ hydraulic pressure (brakes), hammer drills, impact wrenches
6. Powder Actuated Tools - operate like a loaded gun
Hand Tools - General Hazards
1. Misuse of tools or using tools for wrong tasks (screwdriver as chisel, pliers as hammers)
2. Poor / Improper maintenance
3. Using damaged tools
4. Poor housekeeping and improper storage (slips and trips)
5. Sparks that can ignite fire
6. Dust, flying, falling, and splashing objects
Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches. The greatest hazards posed by hand
tools result from misuse and improper maintenance. Like using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the
screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or other employees.
If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may
fly off and strike the user or another worker.
A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip.
Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads. The heads might
shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.
The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees but the employees
have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining tools.
Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be directed away from aisle areas and
other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than
sharp ones.
Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc., should be worn due to hazards that
may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools.
Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with or around dangerous
hand tools.
Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous ignition source.
Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for safety.
Hand Tools - Control Measures
1. Inspect and remove unsafe hand tools
2. Keep workspace as clean as possible and do not leave tools laying around unattended
3. Saw blades, knives, or other tools be directed away from other workers working in close proximity
4. Tools must be sharp, dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones
5. If wooden handle on a tool such as hammer is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off
6. Wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip
7. Impact tools such as chisels are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads
8. Avoid use of hand tools near flammable substances, spark can ignite a fire
9. Always wear appropriate PPE's
Power Tools - General Hazards and Risks
1. Damaged electrical equipment - electrical shock/burn
2. Fall of worker secondary to electrocution
3. Dust, flying, falling, splashing fragments/objects
4. Fuel vapors that can burn or explode and also give off dangerous exhaust fumes
5. Getting hit by the tool's attachments (Pneumatic tools) and moving parts that can caught-in body parts
6. Noise and vibration
7. Sparks, gases, vapors, heat - fire and explosion
8. Misfires and explosions (powder actuated)
Power Tools - General Control Measures
1. Never carry a tool by the cord or hose
2. Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle
3. Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges
4. Disconnect tools when not in use
5. Observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area
6. Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button
7. Tools should be maintained with care - keep sharp and clean
8. Follow instructions in the user's manual
9. Keep good footing and maintain good balance
10. Tools that are damaged should be removed from use and tagged “Do Not Use”
11. Loose clothing, ties, jewelry can become caught in moving parts
12. Always wear proper PPE for the job
•
•
•
A circuit-protection device (CPD) protects against circuit malfunction by preventing too much current
from passing from the power source through the rest of the circuit. If current flow exceeds a CPD’s
rated max amp, the device will stop the flow by melting, tripping or opening to break the circuit.
Circuit-protection devices:
Fuses
Circuit breakers
Ground-fault circuit-interrupters (GFCI's)
A GFCI is a supersensitive, rapid-action power switch, which breaks a circuit when there is more
than 5 milliamps difference between the hot wire and the neutral or grounded conductors.
Machine Guarding
1. Is a static / fixed protective covering
2. Placed on the moving part of the tool to prevent contact to body parts
3. Also prevents dust, flying particles, or disintegrated cutting disc from
splashing to the worker
4. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels,
chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment
must be guarded. Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded.
For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or
other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts
Circular
are exposed to contact by employees.
Saw
Electric Tools - Specific Control Measures
1. Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations
2. When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place
3. Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations
4. Tools must have a three-wire cord and be grounded
5. Power cord should be double insulated
Safety Switches
The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact "on-off" control
switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger than 2 inches
in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar tools. These tools also may
be equipped with a lock-on control provided that a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn it on
can accomplish turn off.
Powered Abrasive Wheel Tool
1. Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels may throw off flying
fragments
2. Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and sound or ring-tested
3. Failure to ring test could result to a cracked/ disintegrated wheel
4. Wheel can fly-off hitting workers in the area
Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers not only from the
moving wheel surface, but also from flying fragments in case of breakage.
In addition, when using a powered grinder:
a.
Always use eye protection.
b.
Turn off the power when not in use.
c.
Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.
Pneumatic Tools - Hazards and Risks
1. Are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders
2. Main risk: getting hit by one of the tool's attachments
3. tool must be fastened securely to the hose to prevent it from becoming disconnected and fly-off
4. Other hazards include noise and dust
Hydraulic Tools
1. Operated through pressurized liquid fluid / hydraulic pressure (brakes, hammer drills, impact
wrenches)
General Safety Precautions
Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the hazards of falling, flying, abrasive and
splashing objects, or exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases must be provided with the particular
personal equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard.
All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following 5 basic safety rules:
1.
Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.
2.
Use the right tool for the job.
3.
Examine each tool for damage before use.
4.
Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions.
5.
Provide and use the proper protective equipment.
Lock Out Tag Out
lockout is the isolation of energy from the system (a machine, equipment, or process) which physically locks the
system in a safe mode. The energy-isolating device can be a manually operated disconnect switch, a circuit
breaker, a line valve, or a block (Note: push buttons, selection switches and other circuit control switches are not
considered energy-isolating devices)
Tag out is a labelling process that is always used when lockout is required. The process of tagging out a system
involves attaching or using an information tag or indicator
A lockout/tag out program will help prevent:
•
Contact with a hazard while performing tasks that require the removal, by-passing, or deactivation of safe guarding devices.
•
The unintended release of hazardous energy (stored energy).
•
The unintended start-up or motion of machinery, equipment, or processes.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Hand Tools are non-powered and operated by bare hands
2. Portable Power Tools are operated through additional power source
3. Types of Power Tools are Electric, Powered Abrasive Wheel Tool, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Liquid
Fuel
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (MOBILE EQUIPMENT SAFETY)
INTRODUCTION
Heavy equipment or earth moving equipment are the most useful machineries in construction. They serve an
important role in excavation, soil dozing and leveling, ditching and soil compacting, etc.
As this heavy equipment operates, the operator and the people working around it are the most likely to have an
accident due to disoperation of the equipment and unsafe work practices.
We all know that there are too many accidents that might happen with the use of this equipment but most of this
accident can be prevented. The supervisor serves a very important role in preventing such accident by strict
implementing the safety rules and guidelines involve in the operation of earth moving equipment.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1.
Know what is a heavy equipment
2.
Learn the legal basis of heavy equipment safety
3.
Identify the hazards related to heavy equipment operations and the persons at risk
4.
Identify some of the blind spots of heavy equipment
5.
Explain the responsibilities of workers on foot and heavy equipment operators
What is a Heavy Equipment?
Any machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover; with minimum operating weight of 1,000 kg and
horsepower rating of 10 HP
Used for:
1. Lifting 2. Excavating 3. Leveling 4. Drilling 5. Compacting 6. Transporting 7. Breaking works
Bulldozer
Machinery for leveling, earth moving, and clearing
Motor Grader
Leveling aggregates, grading wide expanses and roads, preparing roadbeds for the laying of pavement
Wheel Loader
Used for scooping and loading excavated dirt and rocks, and can also be used for carrying loads for short distances
Compactor with Sheep Foot Attachment
Used for compacting work such as roads, road fills, river dikes, dams, and foundations
Dump Truck
Used for hauling excavated dirt and rocks
Excavator
Used for excavation and loading work by an extendible working device and rotating function, while the main
body of the machine itself generally remains stationary
Heavy Equipment Accidents
1. Electrocuted if equipment touches an overhead power line
2. Crushed if vehicle overturns
3. Run over by moving or backing vehicle
4. Crashed on a structure
5. Being flooded
Legal Basis of Heavy Equipment Safety - DOLE Department Order 13, Series of 1998: Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and
Health in the Construction Industry
Section 10: Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment
Pre-construction
1. The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE duly accredited
organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in accordance with a standard
trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in coordination with its
accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE or its
recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
Certified Operators
1. Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment
2. All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment
During Construction
Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment
1) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment
2) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by DPWH for all roads and bridges to be utilized
during transport
3) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer
4) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer
5) The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions are met or complied with:
6) 10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment.
a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment.
b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) for all roads and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer.
Routine Inspection
1. Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the
site
2. The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance, repairs,
tests and inspections for each heavy equipment
3. Such logbook shall be used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment inspection
4. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all
heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set by TESDA in coordination with the Association
of Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
5. a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE accredited professionals in accordance to
standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety
6. standards for equipment certification shall be immediately removed from the work site for restoration or repair until they
meet said standards or requirements.
Always Conduct Pre-shift Inspection:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Check equipment's brakes, horn, back-up lights, back-up alarm, 4-way flashers.
360 degree walk around visual inspecting for any oil leaks or any type of damage.
Clean windows and mirrors thoroughly to provide a clear view.
Accomplish a daily heavy equipment checklist
DO 13, Section 7.2
The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten (10) units of
heavy equipment assigned to the project site
To oversee the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site,
in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance
Safety Concern
1. Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction site doing a wide variety of work
2. Most of these machines operate within close proximity to persons on foot
3. Many people are exposed to hazards associated with these equipment
4. We have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile machines working in the same area at the same
time!
Persons at Risk
1. Equipment Operator 2. Spotters 3. Workers on foot 4. Supervisors and Management People
Heavy Equipment Hazards
1. Moving parts of the equipment
2. Uneven terrain
3. Energized electrical lines
4. Fall
5. Dust
6. Overloaded equipment
7. Unsecured
8. Noise
9. Vibration
10. Improvised attachments
11. Blind spot
Blind Spot
1. This is the area around a vehicle or piece of construction equipment that is not visible to the operator, either
by direct line-of sight or indirectly by use of internal and external mirrors
2. Small heavy mobile equipment have small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large blind spots,
both can cause serious injury or death
3. The taller and wider the machine is, the bigger is the blind spot area
4. Operators, spotters, and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are
Blind Spot - Dump Truck
Blind Spot - Excavator
Blind Spot - Bulldozer
Spotters for Heavy Equipment
1. serves as an extra set of eyes for drivers, equipment operators and individual workers on the site
2. making sure that a truck that’s backing up doesn’t run into anything or anyone
3. A properly trained spotter is needed if:
a. Anytime an equipment operator doesn’t have a clear view of the site
b. Is operating near workers on foot
c. Is operating around energized power lines or equipment
d. Is working on varied terrain
Communication
1. A standardized set of hand signals should be used
2. Operators should always know exactly where all ground based workers are located and make
them give signals before proceeding
3. Spotters should always keep their attention focused on moving equipment and should be in
constant communication with the operator
Spotters Hand Signals
Responsibilities of Workers on Foot
1. Wearing of high visibility vests
2. Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
3. Know the equipment’s blind spots
Responsibilities of Heavy Equipment Operators
1. Safety features of equipment, know how to use and operate safely the equipment
2. Systematic maintenance and repair
3. Pre-operational inspection of equipment
4. Review manufacturer’s operating manual
5. Know where the blind spots are
Instruction To Follow When Working Near Electric Cable
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wear rubber on leather sole shoes
Assign a watchman to prevent unintended contact with the electric cable.
Maintain the specified minimum distance. If the transmission voltage is high, prevent close distance to prevent sparks and
create hazard even if contact is not made.
Always maintain the specified minimum distance especially when operating the backhoe, considering the movement of the
boom.
Transmission Voltage
6.6 kV
33.0 kV
66.0 kV
154.0 kV
275.0 kV
Minimum
Distance
3m
4m
5m
8m
10 m
Action To Be Taken In Case Of Contact With The High Voltage
If a shock occurs because of contact with the cable, operator and co-workers should take the following action:
Disconnect the power switch
The supervisor or person in-charge should immediately turn off the power switch. In case of contact with
a commercial power lines, immediately inform the office responsible and follow their instruction.
Stay Calm
Don't panic. The operator can stay on the machine provided he will not touch the surrounding equipment and frame
Prevent Contact with Equipment
No one should touch the machine or operator until the power source is cut off, to prevent secondary accident.
Before re-starting the work after the accident, make a thorough inspection of the parts which
made contact with the machine, and be sure that all control in the machine are properly working.
CLEAR POINTS
1.
Heavy equipment is a machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover, with minimum operating weight of 1,000 kg and horsepower of 10
HP
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Heavy equipment are powerful machines that are useful in construction, however they are hazardous which may result to various accidents
DOLE DO 13, Section 10 requires all operators to have a TESDA NC and all heavy equipment to have a third-party testing
One additional safety officer must be provided for every 10 units of heavy equipment
The taller and wider the heavy equipment is, the bigger is its blind spot
All heavy equipment operating should have a designated spotter who is properly trained
Good communication between the operator and spotter is vital for the prevention of accidents
8.
Workers on foot and heavy equipment operators both have responsibilities in making themselves and others safe
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (CRANE SAFETY)
Overhead while we travel the streets, we see steel giants, moving to and fro, building each city.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Learn the types of cranes
2. Identify the hazards related to crane operations
3. Know the factors that cause crane accidents
4. Learn the basic crane safety based from OSH Standards, DO 13, and Code of Practice for
Tower Crane Safety
How does a tower crane work?
1. Tower Cranes are seen on almost every major construction site throughout the world
2. These machines are built to lift heavy loads efficiently and safely
3. A modern tower crane consists of three major sections: the base, the tower mast, and the
slewing unit Types of Crane
Telescopic Crane
A telescopic crane offers a boom that has a number of tubes that are
fitted inside each other. Then hydraulic mechanisms extend or retract
the tubes to length or shorten the boom anywhere within the jib's
radius.
Mobile Cranes
This is the most basic type of crane and consists of a steel
truss or telescopic boom mounted on some kind of mobile
platform. This platform could be wheeled, a rail or even a
cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be
raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders
Truck Mounted Crane
These types of cranes are mounted on a rubber tire truck and
provide excellent mobility. The outriggers will extend
vertically or horizontally and are used to stabilize and level
the crane when it is hoisting a load of materials
Rough Terrain Crane
The crane is mounted on an undercarriage that has four
rubber tires and is designed to be use off road. The
outriggers can extend vertically and horizontally to
stabilize and level the crane when it is lifting a large load.
Types of Tower Crane
Hammer type Crane
Is the configuration most often associated with a tower crane.
A long horizontal jib is attached to a vertical tower. One end of
the jib extends horizontally over the worksite, while the other
end has a counterweight. A trolley, which holds the lifting
cable, travels along the length of the jib, and a tower crane can
operate anywhere within the jib's radius. This typically
requires a second crane to assemble and disassemble them at
the worksite. Self-lifting hammer type cranes can insert and
remove sections to their tower and change their height.
Luffing type crane
In tight urban work spaces, there is often insufficient clearance for the jib
to rotate without being blocked by existing buildings. For such spaces, a
luffing jib tower crane is used. While most tower cranes have a fixed
horizontal jib, the operator can raise or lower a luffing jib to allow the crane
to swing in a reduced radius. A luffing jib does not use a trolley like a
hammer type crane, but rather raise or lower the jib as needed for lift closer
to the tower. Because of the added complexity, luffing cranes are more
expensive.
Cranes and Hoists
Crane and Hoist are usually utilized to transfer and carry certain objects, such
as raw materials, products, equipment and etc., from one place to another.
Cranes and hoists are specialized equipment designed to perform lifting and
moving of loads. Their function and methods of operation are not like any
other equipment or machine. They require specific instructions and training
for safe operation and proper maintenance.
Hazards of Crane Operations
1. Structural Failure
2. Overloading
3. Instability
4. Falling or slipping load
5. Electrical Hazards
Important Guidelines to Help Avoid Crane Failures
1. Safety
2. Maintenance
3. Training
4. Planning
5. Supervision
1. Crane Safety
• The most important aspect that the operator, employer, and worker of should learn
• Ensure that all workers and subcontractors comply with all provisions of the OSH Standards and Code
of Practice for Tower Crane Safety from DOLE-OSHC
2. Maintenance
• Erection, dismantling, and transportation, and use of cranes affect its operable condition and lifespan
• Metal parts corrode and electrical parts wear out
• Cranes also naturally want to fall down
• All engineering reports and maintenance records regarding the tower crane should be kept
3. Training
• Operators, riggers, workers erecting and dismantling cranes, and even appointed people responsible for the
lifting operations (foremen, engineers, supervisors) need to be trained not only about technicalities but also safe
operations of crane
• Cranes are designed to stay upright but the fact that accidents continue to happen is proof that many people
are not fully aware of the risks or how to manage them
4. Planning
• This stage is very important since this is to ensure that all parties involved have an understanding of what
they want to do and how they will do it
• There should be close coordination of movements and actions in the site
• Planning will also ensure that the crane is use correctly and that the right crane is use for the job
5. Supervision
• Once a plan is in place, there needs to be effective supervision to ensure that it is strictly followed
• Regardless of pressures of time or money
• Training and Experience play a big factor to ensure proper supervision of crane's safe operation
Contributory Factors that Cause Crane Accidents
1. Poor Management and supervision
2. Lack of knowledge as to the basic duty of care
3. Poor safety attitude
4. Poor or no systems of work or procedures
5. Lack of training
6. Lack of crane knowledge
7. Health, including issues of stress, drugs and/or alcohol
8. The condition of the crane, Crane positioning not levelled, Incorrect outrigger dimensions, Overloading
9. Lack of testing and inspection of cranes
Load Rating Chart - Make sure it is available and the Crane Operator can see it:
1. Rated Load Capacities
2. Telescopic Arm Length and Angle
3. Operating Speeds
4. Special Hazard Warning or Instruction
Inspection and Testing:
1. Third party inspection
1.1. Accredited by DOLE/BWC
1.2. Yearly or after modification, alteration, repairs, transfer or re-install
2. Internal Inspection
2.1. Before using on site
2.2. Monthly Inspection/Maintenance
3. Operator must be trained and certified
Safety Precautions in Crane Operations
1. Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load
2. Never move load over people
3. Never allow personnel to ride on a load
4. Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist
5. Lift, move & lower loads smoothly
6. Do not leave suspended load unattended
7. Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use
8. Use tagline to stabilize and control loads
9. Respond to signals from designated riggers only
10. Maintain safe distance from electrical transmission lines
Load Stability - Capture the Center-of-Gravity
1. When suspended an object will always center itself under the lift point
2. Center the lift above the center of gravity, not the physical center of the object
3. Have you performed a TEST LIFT to verify stability?
Sling Angle
The safest sling angles are greater than 450 from the horizontal
Sling Angle – Spreader Beam
• Distributes load evenly without excessive sling angles
• Requires greater headroom clearance
Never move any part of the crane or load rope into the “absolute limit of approach” or the
area surrounding every live power line unless the power line has been de-energized or
properly insulated
Rigging - this is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine.
Rigging Equipment - Slings
1. Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber
rope, and synthetic web.
Slings Inspection Requirements
Inspect slings and all fastening and attachments:
1. Each day before use
2. Where service conditions warrant
3. Remove them from service if damaged or defective:
4. Broken Wires
5. Bird Caging
6. Abrasion
7. Crushed Strands
8. Corrosion
9. Kinks
Drop Zone
1. When lifting activity and there is risk of falling any materials, a drop zone should be
established, barricaded and controlled.
2. Two signalmen should be assigned where loads are picked up at one point and lowered at
another, such may occur when placing concrete, one signalman to direct the lift and the other to
direct the descend.
MOBILE CRANE OUTRIGGERS SAFETY
The key to lifting a maximum capacity load with a mobile crane is the outriggers. They provide a solid platform for the
crane's safe operation and efficient use. Operators and workers within a crane's radius must always be aware of how critical
the placement and use of outriggers are to the crane's performance. Without this awareness they may place both themselves
and the crane in peril.
Statistics show that at least 50% of crane incidents occur because the mobile crane or outriggers are not set-up properly.
Specific hazards that can cause or contribute to failure or collapse include:
• failure to extend the outriggers fully;
• not extending all outriggers;
• failure to get completely "off-rubber"
• not accounting for poor ground conditions;
• failure to level the crane.
Use the Correct Load Chart:
The purpose of outriggers is to improve the stability of the crane. Accurate use of the "on-outriggers fully
extended" load chart, requires that outriggers be fully extended and they must bring the rig completely offrubber. If the tires are touching the ground, then the "on-rubber" load chart is the only one that can be used.
Manufacturers do not recommend extending only one or two of the outriggers. If outriggers are to be used,
fully extend all of them and get the tires off the ground.
Leveling:
Also be aware that all floats and cribbing must be level. If the outrigger pad is set down on an unleveled float,
the outrigger pad may slide off when under load, causing the crane to tip. Many manufacturers stipulate that
the crane must be within 1% of level before their load chart applies. In a 20-foot span this is only 2 inches
off-level! Past this point, the crane can lose 15% - 20% or more of its rated capacity. So, keep the crane on
solid level footing.
Operators and workers must never take a mobile crane for granted. Plan the work--setting up the crane safely
every time, for every lift!
Competent Person
The competent person must inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and during use,
to make sure it is in safe operating condition. If it needs fixing, take it out of service and don’t use
it until it is fixed
D.O. 13 – On Heavy Equipment
“The General Contractor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer for every ten
(10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective compliance with
the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction project site, in terms of heavy
equipment utilization and maintenance”
Pre - Construction
Section 10.1-a “All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and
certified in accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization/s”
Section 10.1-b “All heavy equipment tested and certified by DOLE or its recognized organizations
prior to commissioning”
During Construction
Section 10.3. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and operators shall
conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with
standards set by TESDA in coordination with the ACEL.
CLEAR POINTS:
1.
2.
Different Types of Cranes presents different types of hazards, Accountability of Responsibility
to Competent Person and workers involved to operation helps to minimize the accidents.
Compliance to Legislations and Code of Practice to Tower Cranes Safety guides management
for safe and smooth facilitation of Cranes/Construction Heavy Equipment.
LADDER SAFETY AND FALL PROTECTION
Zero accidents with ladders is best achieved with the right training and equally sound equipment.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
• Identify safe and unsafe ladder practices
• Describe correct practices when ascending and descending a ladder
• Describe correct practices for using extension ladders Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be done, there is always time to fall”
Safe
Unsafe
Ladder Don'ts:
1. Overreach from a ladder
2. Use the top two rungs
3. Move a ladder while on it
4. Climb while holding a material
5. Share a ladder
Ladder Do's:
1. Instead of overreaching, move the ladder
2. Instead of using the top two rungs, get a taller ladder
3. Instead of moving a ladder while on it, get down and move the ladder
4. Instead of climbing while holding a material, use a toolbelt
5. Instead of sharing a ladder, get a second ladder
Always Remember:
1. Use the right ladder for the job
2. Inspect the ladder before use
3. Set-up the ladder properly
4. Follow the safety rules for climbing and using ladders
Non self-Supporting / Extension Ladders
Self-Supporting / Step Ladder
Ladder Safety Requirements
1. Maintain three points of contact with the ladder at all times
2. Maintain the center line of your body between the ladder’s vertical support rails while working
3. Check bottom of shoes and ladder rungs for grease and dirt
4. Make sure ladder has non-skid pads
5. Ensure spreaders are fully extended and locked
6. Test pullies, springs, rung locks and ropes on extension ladders
7. Store ladders on their side or secure with a chain or cable when stored in an upright position
Telescopic / Extension Ladders
1. A minimum of 36 inches overlap is required
2. Must be secured at the top
3. Must have a clear area where the feet of the ladder will be positioned
4. Must have area secured with cones or barrier tape, or have an attendant
4:1 Rule
Follow 4:1 Rule when setting-up and using extension ladders
“Using the wrong ladder will bring you back down to Earth...THE HARD WAY!”
CLEAR POINTS
1. Use the right ladder for the job
2. Follow proper do's and don'ts in using ladders
3. Maintain 3-point contact when climbing or going down the ladder
4. Follow 4:1 rule when setting-up and using extension / telescopic ladders
FALL PROTECTION
As we ascend to greater heights, we are faced with a risk hiding in the shadows: falling to the ground below.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Highlight the definitions of fall prevention, fall restraint, and fall arrest
2. Explain the requirements of fall protection
3. Recognize the hazards associated with fall protection
4. Know how to inspect and wear personal fall arrest system equipment
5. Know the requirements for anchorage points
What is Fall Protection?
1. A series of steps and safety measures conducted
2. To eliminate or control the injurious effects of an unintentional fall
3. While accessing or working at heights
Anatomy of a Fall
Fall are unexpected and the time it takes to strike a lower level surface is frightfully fast.
1. It takes most people about 1/3 of a second to become aware
2. It takes another 1/3 of a second for the body to react
3. A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
Planning for Fall Protection
Whether you are performing maintenance on equipment at heights, or working at heights on a construction project, you
have to plan your work with the goal of eliminating any chance of a fall.
1. Should be an an integral part of the work planning process, from constructability, to systems installation, to use and
maintenance
2. The workplace cannot be truly safe unless fall protection is incorporated into every phase of the process
3. Planning will keep workers safe and minimize fall exposures
Legal Basis
DO 128-13, Amending Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 1989 OSH Standards\ Rule
1414.12: Fall Protection
1. For supported scaffolds: Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any scaffold 2m (6 feet) or more above
ground
2. Shall be protected by guardrail from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold
3. Open sides and ends shall be allowed when the scaffold distance is 25 cm (10 in) or less from the structure being
worked on
4. For suspended scaffold: Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any suspended scaffold 2m (6 feet) or
more above ground
5. Employers shall provide fall protection for personnel erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds
6.
The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be responsible for determining the feasibility and
safety of providing fall protection\
Hierarchy of Fall Protection
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hazard Elimination - Eliminate the exposure to the fall
Fall Protection System
Fall Restraint System
Personal Fall Arrest System
Let us focus on: Fall Prevention System, Fall Restraint, and Personal Fall Arrest Systems
• Fall Protection Methods
•
•
•
Fall Prevention - A system that will prevent a person from falling to a lower level. Example: Railings
Fall Restraint - A system that will allow the worker to approach a fall hazard and work but
will not allow the worker to fall to a lower level
Personal Fall Arrest System - A system that will protect a person from crashing on to a
lower level after a fall. Example: Full body harness/lanyard
When is Fall Protection Required?
Fall prevention is required for falls onto dangerous equipment. Zero fall distance is allowed.
•
•
•
•
For work on forms or steel reinforcing over 6 feet in height
Fall protection is required for scaffolding over 6 feet in height.
Fall protection required for walking / working surfaces over 6 feet in height in construction
Fall protection is required for vertical ladders without cages over 24 feet
•
No fall protection is required for portable extension ladders
Hazards with working / walking surfaces
▪ Open-sided floors
▪ Holes
▪ Leading edges
Fall Prevention: Guardrail System Requirements
1. Shall be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms
2. Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 100
kg (220 pounds)
3. The height of toprails on supported scaffolds shall be 91 cm (36 in.)
4. Midrail shall be installed at a height approximately midway between the toprail of the guardrail system
and the platform surface
5. Guardrails shall not be rough to prevent punctures or lacerations to personnel and to prevent snagging
of clothing
6. Toeboards shall be at least 15 cm. (6 in.) in height
7. Toeboards may be made of wood, iron, steel or other equivalent material
8. Toeboards shall be securely fastened in place
9. Standard railings for open edges shall be at least 1 meter from the floor level to the upper surface of the
top rail
10. Standard railings shall have posts not more than 2 meters (6.6ft) apart and an intermediate rail halfway
between the top rail and the floor
Guardrail Construction
Safe
Unsafe
Unsafe
Floor Openings / Holes
1. Secured indentified covers
2. Guardrails
Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)
1. Used to protect an employee from hitting a lower level once they have fallen
2. Components include:
a) An anchorage point
Safe
3.
b) Full body harness
c) Deceleration devices
d) Connectors – lanyards, rope grabs, anchorage connectors
When using personal fall arrest systems:
a) If you fall, the impact force to the body has to be less than 1800 pounds, achieved by using shock
absorbing lanyards and a harness
b) Minimize fall distance, the maximum free fall distance can only be 6 feet
c) There can not be any structures below in you fall distance
d) Maximum weight of an individual w/tools is 310 pounds
Fall Distances
Free Fall Distance
The vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment point on the employee's harness between onset of the
fall and just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.
Deceleration Distance
The distance between the location of an body harness attachment point at the moment of activation of the
deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full
stop.
Minimizing Free Fall Distance
Using an anchorage above the D-ring and a standard lanyard may still allow an employee to fall a distance
that may be difficult to rescue from. Using a retractable minimizes forces on the body, and may make rescue
easier (and therefore more timely). Persons using fall arrest equipment should always position their anchorage
point above the D-ring to minimize the free fall distance. The illustration above demonstrates how minimizing
the free fall distance can be achieved. The use of retractable lanyards is always preferred when using fall
arrest equipment because the total fall distance is usually two feet or less.
Calculating Total Fall Distance
This diagram shows the way to calculate the total fall distance. You add the length of the lanyard, plus the
deceleration distance, plus the height of the worker (which generally is the height of the D ring and harness
stretch), plus the safety factor. In the diagram the total fall distance would be calculated to eighteen and half
feet.
Full Body Harness
Full Body harnesses must be inspected by the user before use. A documented annual inspection by a
competent person is required as well. It is the responsibility of each Division/ Section to perform these annual
inspections on their equipment.
1. Need to be inspected before use by the worker, and at least annually (documented) by a Competent
Person
2. Harnesses should never be modified
3. Do not write on or paint harnesses unless material is approved for use
4. Should be taken out of service immediately if defective or exposed to an impact
Harness Fitting
A properly fitted harness is essential to minimize the shock to the body if you were exposed to a fall arrest.
Harnesses do have limitations, if you are over three hundred ten pounds and under one hundred thirty pounds
you will need specialized equipment.
Deceleration Devices
Deceleration devices, also known as shock absorbing or energy absorbing lanyards are designed to slow the
free fall before coming to a stop thereby reducing the impact on the body. Even with these type of lanyards
the force on the body can be up to eighteen hundred pounds.
Any mechanism with a maximum length of 3.5 feet, such as a rope grab, rip stitch lanyard, tearing or
deforming lanyards, self-retracting lifelines, etc. which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy
during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.
Lanyards
Only use the lanyard in accordance with the manufactures recommendations. Do not tie the lanyard back to
itself unless it is design to do so. The clips must be designed for the type of anchorage point you are using.
And as with any synthetic material equipment, do not use against sharp edges or objects.
1. A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the
body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchorage.
2. Must not be tied back to themselves unless specifically designed for such use
3. Should have the appropriate clip for the intended anchorage points
4. Do not knot or wrap around sharp objects
Various types of energy absorbing lanyards
Retractable Lifelines
Retractable lifelines are devices design to lock on the onset of a fall. It works similar to a vehicle safety belt
in that it locks when the line is pulled at a rate faster than normal movement. The length of retractables vary
so you must be aware of the potential swing fall hazards since you can have many feet of line extended out.
Never use energy absorbing lanyards with this type of equipment.
1. Deceleration devices containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted
onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall,
automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.
2. Do not use with energy absorbing lanyards.
Lifelines
The lifeline is used to connect a personal fall arrest system (consisting of a harness and deceleration lanyard)
to an anchor point that cannot be reached by the short lanyard. The lanyard/lifeline connection point in a
sense becomes the anchor point. The lifeline is not intended to stretch to add to the length of a fall.
The lifeline can be made of a flexible line such as a rope or cable, or it can be made of a strap or webbing
material.
Lifelines can hang vertically from an anchor point and horizontally between two anchor points.
Restraint Devices
If guardrails are not feasible then fall restraint is the next best way to work if you are exposed to a fall hazard.
Restraint systems must be installed and used under the supervision of a competent person. Because no free
fall hazard is possible in restraint systems, the anchorage point requirement is one thousand pounds.
1. Provide access but prevent the fall
2. Limit anchorage requirement to 1000 lbs
3. May be more suitable for loading areas,
scaffold erection and dismantling
Use of Restraint Cables
Here are two photographs of actual applications of a fall restraint system.
Planning for a Rescue
Whenever working at heights where there is a potential of hanging from a harness after a fall, a written job
hazard analysis is required. In the JHA, there must be a rescue plan to retrieve someone hanging from a
harness within a short period of time.
The goal of any rescue is to limit the hanging/suspension time of the fallen employee. With a harness, the
suspension time is a maximum of 15 minutes, less is desirable.
The plan should address the fact the worker may be unconscious.
Ensure all the rescue equipment is in place or ready to be put in place.
Ensure everyone is aware of the plan.
1. The rescue plan must be written in the hazard analysis
2. The goal is to rescue the employee as soon as possible and limit the hanging time to no more than fifteen
minutes.
3. Plan for a worker that is unconscious.
4. Ensure all the rescue equipment in the vicinity
5. Call the supervisor or safety officer whenever someone has been in a fall arrest situation
CLEAR POINTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Fall protection is a series of steps and safety measures conducted to eliminate or control the injurious
effects of an unintentional fall while working at heights
A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
Fall protection should be part of the planning process prior to construction
DO 128-13, Rule 1414.12 is the legal basis of fall protection
Fall protection methods are: fall prevention, work positioning and fall restraint, and personal fall arrest
system
Fall prevention includes: guardrail systems and floor coverings
PFAS includes: anchorage point, full body harness, deceleration devices, and connectors
Restraint devices prevents the fall of a worker by providing a short leash so that workers cannot reach
the edge
There should be a rescue plan whenever working with the potential of hanging by a harness
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
Destiny awaits those who take the first step. When done safely, it marks the beginning of an adventure.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the Hazards, Risks, Advantages, and Consequences in using Scaffoldings
2. Know the Basic Concepts of Scaffoldings
3. Learn the Legal Basis of Scaffolding Safety and its General and Specific Requirements
What is a Scaffolding?
This refers to a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or suspended, used for access and/or
working at considerable heights above ground
Hazards in the Use of Scaffoldings
1. Overloading of the scaffoldings
2. Improperly erecting a scaffolding
2.1.
incomplete / incompatible accessories
2.2.
use of improvised accessories
2.3.
erecting on an unstable ground
2.4.
lack of bracings or supports
3. Safe access or standard catwalk not provided
4. Lack of fall protection (Guard Rails)
5. Contact with a live electrical cable, electrocution
6. Fall of person from height
7. Fall of materials and objects from height
8. Collapse of scaffold
Risks in the Use of Scaffoldings
1. Fall of person from height
2. Fall of materials and objects from height
3. Collapse of scaffold
4. Electrocution
Things to consider when selecting a scaffolding system
1. Weight of workers, tools, materials, and equipment
2. Site condition: Ground condition, proximity of electrical cables, vibration
3. Height of scaffold
4. Type of work that will be done
5. Duration of work and weather conditions
6. Requirements for pedestrian traffic
7. Means of access to the scaffold
8. Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
Classification of Scaffoldings
1.
2.
Supported Scaffoldings
1.1. are platforms supported by legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, or
similar rigid support
Suspended Scaffoldings
2.1. contain one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead
structure
1) Supported Scaffoldings types
Wood Pole Scaffold
Mobile / Rolling
Scaffold
Tubular & Coupler Scaffold
Frame Scaffold
2) Suspended Scaffoldings types
Outrigger Scaffold
Gondola
Parts of Frame Scaffoldings
Joint Pin
Main Frame
(H-frame / A-frame)
Ladder / Step Ladder
Catwalk / Platform
Adjustable Base
Plate
Mudsill
Cross Brace
Legal Basis of Scaffolding Safety
As per DO 128-13, Section 1, Rule 1414.02
General Requirements
2.1.1 Every scaffold shall be of good construction
of sound materials and strength for the purpose for
which it is intended;
2.1.2. Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good
condition, the bark completely stripped off, and
not painted or treated in any manner that defects
cannot be easily seen; and
2.1.3. All materials and parts of scaffold not in use
or intended for reuse shall be kept under good
condition and separate from other materials
unsuitable for scaffolds
Specific Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Timber/bamboo Scaffolds – limited to a height of 6 meters from the ground or base. Over 6 meters
height, steel scaffolds shall be used
Manufactured Scaffolds – more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by structural engineer and
approved by appropriate authority
Site fabricated / conventional supported Scaffolds – exceeding 6m in height or a working load of 150
kg/sqm shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer and approved by the appropriate
authority
Suspended Scaffolds – shall be designed and inspected by a structural engineer if site fabricated
No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered except under the supervision of a competent
person
Fall protection equipment and Personal Fall Arrest System – required when working in a height of 2m
and above
All personnel involved in scaffolding activities shall have appropriate training and certification
Competent Person
As per DO 128-13, Section 1, Rule 1414.14: Training and Competency Requirement
a) Competent Person
i) All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold training and assessment
prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
ii) The competent person shall have the following certification:
a) COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organizations.
b) Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
iii) At least 2 years of experience in scaffold erection.
b) Scaffold Erector
i) All scaffolds erectors must undergo the standard scaffold training and assessment prescribed
by DOLE and TESDA.
ii) Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
a) One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety training organizations.
b) Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erector NC II.
Design
1. Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum
intended load
2. Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the maximum intended load
3. All scaffolds designed by structural engineer shall be approved by appropriate authority
3.1. Strength and Stability
4. Any damaged or weakened scaffold members from any cause shall be immediately repaired, replaced or
discarded
5. Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are intended
6. Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures. In the absence of permanent
structures, guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall be used
7. Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the components
fit together without force
8. Shall likewise not be modified in order to intermix them, unless designed by the structural engineer
9. Front-end loaders and similar types of equipment shall not be used to support scaffold platforms unless
they have been specifically designed by the manufacturer for such use. Forklifts shall not be used to support
scaffold platforms
Site Inspection and Preparation
1. Site inspection shall be carried out before actual erection to check ground conditions, overhead wires,
obstructions, changes in surface elevation, and structural support
2. Site preparation shall be performed to ensure that the soil are level and firm, mud and soft soil are replaced
with compacted gravel or crushed stone
3. On sloping grounds, the area where mudsills rest shall be leveled by excavating rather than backfilling
Scaffold Erection
As per DO 128-13, Section 1, Rule 1414.06: Scaffold Erection
1. No scaffold work shall be undertaken without the direct supervision of a competent / qualified person
2. Always maintain the base width to height ratio of 1:4 during erection forstabi_x0002_lity. If the height
exceeds what is allowed, refer to Rule 1414.3.2.7 (Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent
or rigid structures. In the absence of permanent structures guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall
be used)
3. No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the wind velocity exceeds 48 kph.
4. For erected scaffold, additional precaution shall be considered during typhoon
5. No other work shall be allowed to commence below the scaffold during erection phase
Footings
1. Standards require that every scaffold should have footings, sills or supports that are sound, rigid and
capable of supporting twice the maximum load to which the scaffold may be subjected without settlement
or deformation
2. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose bricks shall not be used to support scaffolds
3. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2. Strength and Stability of Scaffolds: The footing, sills or anchorage for
scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying twice the maximum intended load without settling
or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or concrete blocks shall not be used
to support scaffolds;
Base Plate with Leveling Screw
1. Distribute weight on mudsill and prolong plank life
2. Attach scaffold to mudsill and prevent movement due to impact, vibration or uplift due to improper
loading
Mudsills
1. Use 2” x 10” planks for mudsills
2. Lay planks under at least two posts, either along the scaffold or across its width
3. Center scaffold baseplates on the mudsill and extend mudsills two feet past the last scaffold frame
4. Use leveling screws to compensate for uneven ground and to ensure that scaffold is level and plumb
Frame Scaffolding
1. Restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent when higher than 4:1 ratio
2. Must be capable of supporting 4 times the maximum intended load
3. Plumb and level scaffold frames until connections can be made with ease
4. Do not force members to fit
5. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2.7: Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures. In
the absence of permanent structures guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall be used
6. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2.8: Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be
intermixed unless the components fit together
7. without force and the scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained by the user. It shall likewise not be
modified in order to intermix them unless designed by the structural engineer;
8. Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the
components fit together without force
Scaffold Platform Requirements
DO 128-13 Rule 1414.2.2: Specific Requirements:
2.2.9. Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds shall be fully planked or decked between the front
uprights and the guardrail supports.
2.2.10. Each platform unit (e.g, scaffold plank, fabricated plank fabricated deck, or fabricated platform)shall
be installed so that the space between adjacent units and the space between the platform and the uprights is
no more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide.
2.2.11. Each scaffold platform and walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide.
2.2.12. Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or equivalent means shall
extend over the centerline of its support at least 6 inches (15 cm)
Stair Access
DO 128-13 Rule 1414.6.2
6.2 Material and Personnel Access
6.2.1. Scaffold with one section height shall be provided with safe access.
6.2.2. Supporting members used in the construction of runways, ramps,
stairs and ladders shall be securely fastened and braced.
6.2.3. When hooked-on ladder is used, a rest platform with a minimum width of 60cm (2 ft)shall be provided
every 4m in height.
6.2.4. Ladders used for access shall protrude at least 1m above the landing place.
6.2.5. When major components are removed for the purposes of access it shall be designed.
Scaffold Inspection and Tagging
DO 128-13 Rule 1414.07: Scaffold Inspection and Tagging.
All scaffoldings shall be inspected prior to use. Inspection and tagging shall be performed by a qualified or
competent person as the case may be. All manufactured scaffolds shall follow the manufacturers'
recommendations.
Scaffold Inspection and Tagging
1. All scaffoldings shall be inspected prior to use
2. Inspection and tagging shall be performed by a qualified or competent person
3. Inspections should be carried out daily and every shift
4. All scaffold identification tags shall be of a solid green, yellow, or red color with black lettering
5. All scaffold tags shall be hanged in every scaffold access points
6. Direct connections shall be evaluated by a qualified or competent person who shall confirm, based on the
evaluation, that the supporting surfaces are capable of resisting the loads to be imposed. (DO 128-13 Rule
1414.07: Scaffold Inspection and Tagging)
Green tags shall be hanged at each scaffolds access that
have been inspected and are safe for use
Yellow tags shall be placed whenever special requirements for safe use are required. Situation requiring
yellow tags may include whenever scaffold has been modified to meet work requirements, and as a result
could present a hazard to the user. Situation requiring Yellow tags shall be closely supervised
Red “DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE” tags shall be used during erection and dismantling when the
scaffold is left unattended or when scaffold is inspected to be unsafe or defective
Clearance from Power Lines
Insulated Lines Voltage
Less than 300 Volts
300 Volts to 50 KV
More than 50 KV
Minimum Distance
3 feet (0.9m)
10 feet (3.1m)
10 ft (3.1m) plus 0.4in (1cm) for each 1 KV over 50 KV
Un-insulated Lines Voltage
Minimum Distance
Less than 50 KV
10 ft (3.1m)
More than 50 KV
10 ft (3.1m) plus 0.4in (1cm) for each 1 KV over 50 KV
Suspended Scaffoldings
1. Suspended scaffold and its accessories should be able to withstand 6 times its maximum intended load
2. Outrigger beams and accessories shall rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least 4 times the
maximum intended load
3. Must be attached to the roof, tied to secured anchorage, or secured with counterweights
Counterweights:
1. made of non-flowable material
2. Secured and not removed until scaffold disassembled
Suspension Ropes
1. Support at least 6 times maximum load
2. Protected from friction during direction changes
3. Replace if there are physical damages like kinking, flattening
Proper Use of Scaffoldings
DON'TS
1. Never overload
2. Do not erect, move, dismantle and alter near power lines
3. No barrels, boxes, ladders on top of scaffolds
4. Do not use platform covered with mud/debris
DO'S
1. Repair in place or replace damaged components
2. Prohibit work activities during high winds
3. Remove whole scaffold from service until repaired
4. Maintain safe clearance from electrical cables
Good housekeeping practices to avoid these situations:
Rusting Couplers
Contributing factor: Drum has no drain holes, accumulating rain water, drum not painted promoting rust
Corrective Actions
1. Storage drums for couplers to have their bottom drilled with drain holes
2. Metal drums if used for storage should be cleaned, painted and labeled
3. Retain adequate quantity of drums
4. Sort out and isolate corroded couplers/components, clean and treat them anti-rust solution.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Scaffolding is a temporary or movable platform used for access and/or working at considerable heights
above the ground
2. Scaffoldings are useful in construction but they pose hazards and risks which may result to accidents
3. Classification of scaffoldings: supported and suspended
4. Legal basis of scaffolding safety is DOLE DO 128-13
5. Every scaffold shall be of good construction and sound materials
6. Timber/bamboo scaffold is limited to a height of 6m
7. Manufactured and site fabricated/conventional scaffolds exceeding 6m in height shall be designed and
inspected by the structural engineer
8. Suspended scaffolds shall be designed by a structural engineer
9. Persons involved in scaffoldings should be either competent or scaffold erector (qualified)
10. Supported scaffold shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum intended load
11. Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the maximum intended load
12. Scaffoldings should be inspected and tagged prior to use
13. Remember the safe clearance of a scaffolding used near power lines
14. Do not move mobile scaffoldings while a person is on it
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
As we do our jobs each day, the way we address a hazard determines our work for tomorrow.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lecture, the participants would be able to:
1. Identify the different environmental hazards;
2. Identify the specific measuring equipment for particular hazards; and
3. Discuss the fundamental concepts of IH and describe the functions of an industrial hygienist and roles of Safety Officer in
Environmental Safety.
An environmental hazard is a substance, state or event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment and/or
adversely affect human's health
Industrial Hygiene
The science and art devoted to the Identification, Evaluation, and Control of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from
the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers
or citizens of the community.”
3 BASIC STEPS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
1. Identify the Hazard
(Alamin, Kilalanin)
2. Evaluate the Hazard
(Suriin, Sukatin)
3. Control the Hazard
(ituwid, itama, ayusin, sugpuin, panatilihin, nasa tamang oras ng pag-maintain ng mga equipment, maglagay ng
mga barrier, palitan ng mababang lebel o mas safe na kemikal na gagamitin, pagpapasailalim sa training/orientation sa mga trabahador, ang
pagta-trabaho sa tamang oras, pag schedule ng mga tao para maiwasan ang pagpupuyat at pagod sa trabaho, pagpapalit ng mga sirang gamit o
equipment, pagbigay ng mga work instructions sa mga tao, panatilihin malinis at maayos ang kapagiligiran)
Hazard Statement - Is a phrase that describes the nature of the hazard. It will also be determined by the application of the
classification criteria.
Health hazard (OSHA)..means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in
accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term 'health hazard'
includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins,
nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
According to medical dictionaries:
a.
Any agent or activity posing a potential hazard to health
b.
Any organism, chemicals, circumstances and conditions in the workplace that pose significant discomfort and cause illness or impair the health of the
worker.
PHYSICAL HAZARD
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Inadequate Illumination
4. Temperature Extreme
5. Abnormal Pressure
6. Radiation
I. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
1. NOISE – is harmful and unwanted sound, characterized by 3 parameters:
•
Frequency - measured in (Hertz) cycles per second
•
Loudness - intensity of the sound, measured in Decibel (dB)
•
Duration – length of exposure (continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing / waning)
Permissible Noise Exposure Level (OSHA 1981) – maximum sound level for a given amount
of time, where a worker need not wear hearing protection, provided
Ear anatomy
Duration / day
Sound Level
Hours
8
6
4
3
2
1-1/2
1
½
1/4
Decibels dBA, slow response
90
92
95
97
100
102
105
110
115
Ref.: Table 8b (Permissible Noise Exposure, OSH Standard)
Adverse health effects of noise
• Elevation of the hearing threshold or minimum level of perceptible sound
• Traumatic damage to the middle and inner ears
• Rupture of the eardrum
• Acoustic Trauma (Explosion, gunshot) - Deafness
• Temporary Threshold shift (New Year’s fireworks)
• Tinnitus
• Poor communication
2. VIBRATION
• It is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
• Usually refers to the inaudible acoustic phenomena, which are recognized by the tactile experience of touch and feeling.
• It is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction.
• Continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard
• Affects the body through direct contact
SOURCES OF VIBRATION:
• Segmental vibration: Chain Saw, Portable Grinder, Jackhammer, Polishers, hand held power tools,
• Whole Body Vibration: Tower Crane, Cars, Buses, Train, places with floor mounted machines
Health Effects of Vibration
•
Inflammation of joints and muscles (wrist, elbow, shoulder)
•
•
Vibration white finger
Generalized fatigue
3. ILLUMINATION GENERAL
LIGHTING
Sometimes referred to as ambient light fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of an area.
LOCAL LIGHTING – NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
Type of lighting which illuminates a relatively small area without illuminating the general surroundings significantly.
Visibility of a workplace as a result of light:
▪ The source of light is either natural or artificial
▪ It is measured in lumens or lux
Importance of Illumination – it is important that we see what we are doing. There are recommended illumination standards based on
the visual demands of different activities. Below is a summary of illumination required based on activity. (Please refer to the table of
Illumination Levels in the OSHS for the complete listing, see below)
VISUAL FATIGUE
•
•
•
•
•
Double vision
Headache
Painful irritation
Production of excess tears
Redness of eyes
4. Temperature Extremes - its either HOT or COLD
Factors affecting Heat Exposure:
•
THERMAL FACTORS
Temperature & Humidity
•
PHYSICAL WORKLOAD
Light, Moderate, Heavy & Very Heavy
•
WORK-REST REGIMEN
Heat & Cold Stress
HEAT STRESS –
Heat stress is a combination of physiological environmental forces or loads, which exert a strain upon the human body
as our systems try to compensate. Working under hot temperature put stress on our body’s cooling system. When the heat is
combined with other stresses such as hard physical work, loss of fluids, fatigue or some medical conditions, it may lead to heatrelated illness disability and even death. This can happen to anybody-even if you are young and fit.
Construction works and oil and gas well operations, asbestos removal are some of outdoor operations conducted in hot
weather and direct sun that could increase the risk of heat-related illness in exposed workers.
When the workplace heat causes the body’s temperature to go higher than 37.5C, like in the following exposure
settings:
a) High temperature
b) High humidity
c) Poor ventilation
d) Multiple heat sources
Thermoregulatory Mechanism
A defense system of the body where heat is first removed from the organs producing it (metabolic heat)
to the skin by the blood to maintain a temp of 37C (+/- 0.5C) by SWEATING. It enhances:
1. Conduction – transfer of heat through direct contact (from a warm to a cool area)
2. Convection – thru air currents
3. Radiation – outward transfer of heat from a high temp level to lower temp level
4. Evaporation – conversion of liquid to gas
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Skin Anatomy
Acute Health Effects of Heat
Prickly heat - immature sweat glands
•
•
•
•
•
Heat fatigue - bad mood (water loss)
Heat cramps - muscle spasm (loss of water + salts)
Heat exhaustion - fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting (loss of water +
salts + electrolytes)
Heat stroke - overheating, seizures (failure of thermoregulatory system)
COLD STRESS –
Cold stress occurs by driving down the skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature (core temperature). This may lead to serious
health problems, and may cause tissue damage, and possibly death. (Reference: OSHA, US)
What are the risk factors that contribute to cold stress?
Some of the risk factors that contribute to cold stress are:
1.
2.
3.
Wetness/dampness, dressing improperly, and exhaustion
Predisposing health conditions such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and diabetes
Poor physical conditioning
Cold stress causes the body’s temperature to go lower than 36.5C as in ice plants, Broadcast Industry, Semiconductor Industry, Food processing
plants, Ice Cream plants, Deep sea diving, Laboratories. Thermoregulatory mechanism to raise temperature is by CHILLING /SHIVERING.
Health effects of Cold
• Hypothermia, Chills (also another normal thermoregulatory mechanism)
•
Frostbite – medical condition where cold temperature constricts blood vessels, impedes blood flow to fingers, thus resulting in
tissue and cell death
Prevention & Treatment
• Transition rooms where temperature is higher than the cold room
•
•
Rest breaks, warm food and drink
Thermal clothes
Prevention & Treatment
• Tool redesign
•
•
Rest breaks, maintenance of equipment / tools
Gel-filled gloves, padded clothing, handles with dampers
ABNORMAL PRESSURE
This is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, which may be affected by changes in altitude or artificially
induced work conditions.
Pressure is defined as the force exerted against an opposing fluid or thrust distributed over a surface,
expressed in force or weight per unit of area (like pounds per square inch or “psi”. Critical injury and
damage can occur with extremes of pressure. We perceive pressure in relation to the earth’s
atmosphere—at sea level, about 14.7 psi.
As altitude above sea level increases, atmospheric pressure decreases
altitude = pressure
and
altitude  pressure
Pressure changes cause body stress. In human physiology studies, the typical unit of measure is in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
When pressure decreases, air expands and when pressure increases, air compresses
pressure = air expands and  pressure = air compresses (becomes compact)
Physiologic loss of hearing both is experienced as one increases altitude, and as one decreases altitude
because inside the middle ear, this expanding air pushes the eardrum outward; or the vacuum created
during compressing air pulls the eardrum inward. It has been recognized as from the beginning of caisson
work (work performed in a watertight structure) that men working under pressures greater than at a
normal atmospheric one, are subject to various illnesses connected with the job.
Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressures) environments are also encountered by divers operating under
water, whether by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures supplied by compression from the surface (Muro-ami
divers).
Occupational exposures occur also in building the foundation of bridges in bodies of water, or tunnels
using Caisson method, where a compressed gas environment is used to exclude water or mud and to
provide support for structures.
RADIATION
The motion of electrically charged particles produces electromagnetic waves. These waves are also called
“electromagnetic radiation” because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. They travel
through empty space as well as through air and can penetrate some other substances. Radio waves,
microwaves, visible light and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves.
IONIZING RADIATION A radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient
energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.
Definition: Ionizing Radiation is when the radiation has enough energy to ionize other atoms (i.e.,
remove negatively-charged particles called "electrons") in its path. (Ref.: OSHA, US)
Occupational settings with ionizing radiation sources include:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Medical and dental offices (e.g., X-rays).
Hospitals and outpatient treatment centers, including specialty departments in:
o Radiology (e.g., medical X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans).
o Nuclear medicine.
o Radiation oncology.
o Interventional fluoroscopy or radiology.
o Cardiac angiography.
Nuclear power plants (reactors) and their support facilities.
Nuclear weapons production facilities.
Industrial operations (e.g., radiography equipment for testing materials or products).
Research laboratories (universities, colleges, and other scientific institutions).
Veterinary facilities.
Manufacturing settings and construction.
What are the Sources of Ionizing Radiation?
1.
Radioactive materials and radiation-generating machines.
2. Radioactive materials can be naturally occurring (such as uranium and radium found in the earth) or manmade in an
accelerator or reactor.
3. Radiation-generating machines, such as medical X-ray machines, produce ionizing radiation electronically and stop
producing radiation when turned off. Equipment that contains radioactive material, such as some industrial radiography
equipment, cannot be turned off because the radioactive source emits ionizing radiation. These sources must be
shielded (i.e., surrounded by a material that can block radiation) to prevent or reduce radiation exposure.
Ionizing radiation particles (e.g., alpha, beta) or high-energy photons (gamma rays, X-rays) can travel different
distances and interact with the atoms of absorbing materials in their paths, causing excitation or ionization of the atoms.
As shown in the graphic and table below, while alpha and beta particles are not very penetrating through other
materials, gamma and X-rays are quite penetrating, as are neutrons.
The illustration shows the penetrating power of different types of ionizing radiation, ranging from the least penetrating
alpha particles to the most penetrating neutrons.
Source: OSHA, U.S.
Radiation dose can be grouped into two categories based on the duration (length of time period) of exposure to the
radiation source:
1.
2.
Acute dose occurs in a matter of minutes, hours, or a few days.
Chronic dose is continuous or intermittent exposure to radiation occurring over a long period of time.
All workers should know how to recognize radiation caution or warning symbols, which are posted to alert people
about the health hazards of radiation sources. The international, three-cornered symbol (trefoil) of radiation can be
magenta, purple, or black, on a yellow background. Another international radiation warning symbol with radiating
waves, a skull and crossbones, and a running person, can be used as a supplemental symbol for dangerous (i.e., life
threatening), high-activity radiation sources.
NON-IONIZING RADIATION refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to
ionize atoms or molecules that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
2. Infrared (IR) Radiation
3. Laser Radiation
4. Microwave Radiation
Effects of Non-ionizing radiation Ozone may be produced as a result of electrical discharges or ionization of the air surrounding
non-ionizing radiation sources, e.g. UV, high power laser, microwave and short duration exposure in excess of a few tenths ppm
can result in discomfort (headache, dryness of mucous membranes and throat).
II. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Chemicals are important in daily operations, including the life of a person. They exist as solids, liquids and gases. Their presence
and use in the workplace are synonymous with growth and production. However, chemicals can still cause reactions when these
come in contact with objects, people and/ or other chemicals. It is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to substances
in the workplace. Occupational health hazards also arise from contact with chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases, dusts,
fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given substance depends on the magnitude
and duration of exposure.
Routes of Entry into the body:
A. Dermal Absorption/ Injection (Skin)
Important “accidental” route of entry, health effects of chemicals
• Localized irritation
• Generalized reaction (sensitization or allergic reaction)
• Absorption and vascular dissemination
• Increase absorption with increased temperature and perspiration
B. Ingestion
• Accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area
• Smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands
• Ingestion of inhaled materials
C. Inhalation
Most “important” route of industrial chemical exposure
Determinants:
• Concentration in the air
• Duration of exposure
• Amount of air inhaled
D. Optical (Eye) Contamination
Chemicals enter the body thru direct contact with the conjunctiva, then it passes into the canals that drain
tears from the eye
Vapors
A substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or solid. Occupational
exposure is from:
• Degreasing of metals
• Printing
• Dry-cleaning
• Painting
• Laboratory Analysis
Mist
A water in the form of particles floating or falling in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth and approaching the form
of rain. Occupational exposure is via:
• Wastewater treatment
•
•
•
Acids from electroplating
Oil mists from cutting & grinding operation
Mist from Spray painting operation
Fumes
Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air:
• Soldering operation
• Welding
• Lead-battery making
• Mining operation
Dust
Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
Dust are classified according to size:
• Total Dust – all dust particles in the area
•
Respirable Dust – fraction of total dust which passes through a selector which can be inhaled and deposited in the lungs
EXAMPLES OF DUSTS OR PARTICULATES
SILICA DUST
Building
materials such as
stone, bricks &
concrete
METAL DUST
Leaded paint Grinded
metal
ASBESTOS DUST
Thermal & acoustic insulation Fire
resistant walls & partitions Asbestos
cement sheets & flooring
WOOD DUST
Flooring Wood
fixtures
1.
2.
3.
Control of chemical hazards:
At the Source
•
Substitution the chemical
•
Changing the process
•
Enclosing the source
Along the Path
• Applying dilutional
ventilation
• Good housekeeping
• Improving general
ventilation
At the Receiver
Enclosing workers in control
rooms
•
Rotation of workers
•
•
•
•
Isolation of the source
Wetting of dusty work
Installing local exhaust
•
Increasing distance between the source
and the receiver
•
•
Training and Education
Use of PPE
IV. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Ergonomics is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems arising from work and the working
environment. Ergos- work; Nomos- natural way
• Ergonomic hazards cause pain and fatigue from various sources.
•
Lead to low productivity and output (mental and physical performance)
The ILO defines ergonomics as “... The application of human biological science in conjunction with the engineering sciences to
achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man, and his work, the benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and wellbeing.” “Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to the people who work in them”
Ergonomic hazards can be seen in:
• Poor workplace design – cramped leg area, crowded worktable, distant work materials
•
•
•
•
•
Awkward body postures – prolonged sitting, twisted body while bending
Repetitive movements – sewing, cutting, stamping
Static posture – prolonged standing without motion
Forceful motion – extreme pulling and pushing
Manual handling – improper carrying of materials, use of pliers.
In a broad sense, the benefits that can be expected from designing work systems to minimize ergonomic stress on workers are as
follows:
• More efficient operation;
• Fewer accidents;
•
•
•
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Lower cost of operation;
Reduced training time; and
More effective use of personnel.
Components of Ergonomics:
Job (trabahong ginagawa)
a. The task needed to achieve a result
b. Governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
c. Requires learning, training and skill
Workstation (lugar na pinag-tatrabahuhan)
a. Place of deployment where duties are carried out
b. Where equipment, machines, tools are located
Tool (kasangkapan). These are:
a. Powerful, fast and tireless
b. Enables man to accomplish his job with less effort
c. An extension of the workers body
d. Enables him to handle less-structured equipment
Man (manggagawa)
a. An integral part of the man-machine-system.
b. Intelligent, adaptive and versatile
c. Man (with his limited capacity to adapt) adjusts to the job, workstation and tool, so he ends up with injuries (Musculoskeletal disorders or MSD’s).
Signs or symptoms (injuries) or MSD (musculo-skeletal disorders) of ergonomic hazards:
a. Wearing of wristbands
b. Shoulder turning
c. Arm stretching
d. Absenteeism, increase clinic visit
e. Regular Intake of pain-relief medication
III. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Biologic hazards are the cause of infectious disease that can originate from people, animals and plants. They are characterized by 2
parameters: 1) can reproduce or replicate; 2) living or dead organisms. They come in the form of Bacteria, Viruses, Molds, Fungi
& Parasites even Plants..
They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain occupations such as medical professions, food preparation
and handling, livestock raising, etc.
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious and parasitic which can also result from exposure to
contaminated water, insects, or infected people. Occupational exposure is via:
•
Poor sanitation and housekeeping
•
•
•
Hospital works/Medical Activities
Removal of industrial waste and sewage
Poor personal cleanliness
They transfer communicable diseases like:
•
•
•
•
Tuberculosis
AIDS
Hepatitis A, B, C, E
Chicken pox
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
URTI
Sore eyes
STD
Rabies
Lice
Snake bite
Skin Diseases
Control of Biologic Hazards is by:
• Engineering – Isolation rooms, containment and appropriate ventilation system
•
•
Administrative – Reverse isolation, medical check-up sick leave, Vaccination, medications
PPE – masks, gloves, glasses
Methods of Identifying Hazards:
1. Walk-through/ocular inspection – this is necessary in identifying the potential hazards and determining the critical
conditions in the workplace. It will be good to make a checklist for inspection.
2. Review of the process involved – The identity of the chemical intermediates formed in the course of an industrial process
and the toxicological properties of these intermediates may be difficult to establish. Undesirable chemical by-products such
as carbon monoxide resulting from the incomplete combustion of organic material may be formed.
3. Knowing the raw materials, by-products and finished products – Knowing about the raw materials used and the nature
of the products manufactured will help you determine the specific contaminants to which workers are actually exposed.
Possible impurities in raw materials such as benzene in some solvents should be considered.
4. Gathering workers’ complaints – the actual chemicals or substances handled may be determined by interviewing the
workers. More so, their complaints can also be gathered and assessed in the clinic record.
5. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of important health, safety and toxicological information on the chemical or the mixture
ingredients.
2
The SDS should conform to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of
chemicals. The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and communicating its
hazards. It is a basis for establishing a comprehensive national chemical safety program, and a
comprehensive approach to defining and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels
and safety data sheets.
The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
held in Brazil in 1992.
In Brazil, (1992) an International mandate to harmonize New Chemical / Product Labeling was Adopted
at the UN Conference on the Environment and Development: “A globally-harmonized hazard
classification and compatible labeling system, including material safety data sheets and easily
understandable symbols, should be available, if feasible, by the year 2000.”
DO 136-2014
Guidelines for the implementation of Globally Harmonized Systems (GHS) in chemical safety
program in the workplace.
Employers must:
▪ Dec 1, 2013
- Train employees on new
labels & SDS
▪ June 1, 2016 - Update labels, complete
training & update HazCom program
Chemical manufacturers, distributors,
importers
▪ June 1, 2015 - Comply with provisions of
rule – except can continue to…
▪ December 1, 2015 - ship under old system
until this date
Safety Data Sheet (Global Harmonization System) – as the biodata of a chemical, it contains:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chemical Product / Company Details
Composition, Information on Ingredients
Hazards Identification
First Aid Measures
Other Information
EVALUATION OF HAZARDS
WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT
is the direct measurement of hazards, environmental stresses and their hazardous effects on the workers’ health.
Purpose of Work Environment Measurement (WEM) :
1. Determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents;
2. Predict the harmfulness of new facilities, processes and methods;
3. To monitor worker’s exposure to hazards;
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of control measures adopted for improvement;
5. Maintain a favorable working condition.
Rule 1070 of OSHS “Occupational Health And Environmental Control”
1. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
2. Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
3. Work Environment Measurements (WEM) should be done annually
DO 160-16: Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting Organizations to Provide WEM Services
1. Establishments shall only seek WEM services from accredited WEM Providers Otherwise, the WEM shall NOT be regarded
as compliant to Rule 1077 (Working Environment Measurement) of the OSHS
2. NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or provide WEM services unless the requirements of this rule are complied
with
Accepted Standards:
1. Occupational Safety and Health Standards
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH (Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Biological
Exposure Indices (BEI))
3. Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)
4. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Equipment used for environmental monitoring
Physical agents:
1.
Noise/sound (sound level meters, -waveband analyzers)
2.
Light (photometer, illumination meter)
3.
Heat (Wet bulb globe thermometer)
4.
Radiation (radiation survey meter)
Light meter
Noise meter
Heat Stress WBGT
Radiation meter
Recommended Illumination Levels
1. A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, warehouse, concrete placement, excavation and waste areas, access ways
2. A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms, General construction plants and shops, Carpentry
shops, barracks or living quarters, tunnel and shaft heading during drilling
3. A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent reading and writing for filing and mail sorting.
Lunch room, Locker room, Rest room, Shower room.
4. A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine woodworking, welding, Core Making, Shearing, Stamping, Punch press,
Spinning, Woodworking, Planing, First aid station, accounting, drafting, stenographic work.
5. A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg; proofreading in printing plants. Chipping, Grinding,
Fine core making, Machine shop bench work
C. Comparison of measurement results with standards
Laboratory analysis results are compared with the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). These are exposure guidelines that have been
established for airborne concentration of many chemical compounds. Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause
adverse effects to humans. There are three categories of TLVs:
1. Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8- hour workday or 40-hour
workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects.
2. Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for 15
minutes without suffering any harm. Not to exceed 4 exposures in one day.
3. Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure; otherwise, the
exposed workers might be vulnerable to serious risks.
Evaluation
The measurement data will be compared with existing standards or guidelines:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) guideline used by ACGIH
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) -standard used by OSHA (DOL)
• Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) guideline used by NIOSH - the new PEL (CDCP)
• Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
Action Level
• The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which requires medical surveillance, increased
industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH and OSHA)
• Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV
The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend on the
following:
• Nature of the material involved
• Duration of exposure
• Intensity of exposure
• Individual susceptibility
Control of Hazards
1.
2.
3.
Engineering - provide or construct physical barrier or guard, Requires a physical change to the
workplace, material or machines
Elimination - eliminate the hazard at the source
Substitution - provide an alternative that is capable of performing the same task & is safer to use.
Isolation and Containment – keeps hazard (chemical) away from the worker
Automation – using technology i.e. robots instead in handling or using hazardous materials
Ventilation – method of removing or diluting air contaminant, i.e. local exhaust ventilation
Administrative - develop policies, procedures, practices & guidelines. Provide trainings, instructions &
supervision about the hazard
PPE - Personal equipment designed to protect the individual from the hazard. Control that requires the
worker to wear a barrier - it’s the last resort
Hierarchy of Controls
Control Measures Mitigating Hazards at the Source
• Eliminate the source
• Substitution using a less harmful or less hazardous chemical or
• process
• Containment – enclose sources or the employee, or the source and some employees
together rather than all employees, use machine guards
• Modification of the source or process
• Automation – use robotic, remote or computer aided products
• Isolation – place the source in a different location to the employee
• Local Exhaust Ventilation – using ventilation to capture contaminant at the source to prevent
it from dispensing
VENTILATION
The process of supplying and removing air by natural or mechanical means to and from any space
1.
General or Dilution
• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation
2. Local Exhaust Ventilation
• Enclosure hood
•
•
Capturing hood
Receiving hood
General Ventilation – is classified into mechanical ventilation which utilizes fans and blowers and natural ventilation which
uses natural airflow (wind) caused by difference in temperature, room air pressure through open doors or windows, roof
ventilators, and chimneys, etc.
Natural Ventilation – utilizing roof ridge opening
Dilution Ventilation - using fresh air supply, a fraction of air is introduced into the workroom such that airborne contaminants
or heat are diluted to levels not harmful to health.
General Exhaust Ventilation (Mechanical Ventilation) – utilizing supply and exhaust fans
General ventilation is used when:
- Only small quantities of air contaminants are released into the workroom at fairly uniform rates.
- There is sufficient distance between the worker and the contaminant source to allow sufficient air movement to dilute the
contaminant to safe levels.
- There is no air cleaning device to collect or filter the contaminants before the exhaust air is discharged into the
community environment (no dust collector used).
- There is no corrosion or other damage to equipment in the workroom as a result of contaminated room
air (no. scrubber used).
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) - Local exhaust ventilation system incorporating hoods, ductworks, air cleaning device, fans
and blowers and exhaust ducts is commonly used in industrial ventilation.
Common errors in applying extraction are:
1. the effectiveness of small hoods is usually overestimated – be realistic
2. the hood is usually too far away from the process
3. the hood doesn’t surround the process enough
4. inadequate airflow
5. failure to check that the extraction continues to work
6. workers are not consulted, so they don’t understand the importance of extraction and do not use it properly
Purpose of Ventilation
• Ensure condition of thermal comfort
•
•
To renew the air in the workplace.
Prevent generation of hazardous air contaminants in the workplace.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS (also called work practice controls) are used in the workplace to reduce or limit the
exposure to a specific hazard. This kind of hazard control works by changing how work is done when elimination, substitution,
or the use of engineering controls is not enough.
Control/limit of EMPLOYEES exposure ;
• Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas
•
•
•
Increased breaks
SOP’s
Isolation (Time)
• Medical Exams
Training
Workers should be trained to identify hazards, monitor hazard exposure, and safe procedures for
working around the hazard. Additionally, employees should know how to protect themselves and their
co-workers.
• Education of Supervisors
Procedures
The steps in a job process may need to be rearranged or updated to keep the worker for encountering
the hazard. Developing standardized safe work practices is an important step.
• Reduction of work periods
• Adjusting work schedules
• Job Rotation
Housekeeping
Sustaining a clean and clutter-free space will greatly reduce the risk of injury and can minimize the
severity of an accident.
Signs
Wall signs and floor signs can be posted or installed to enforce administrative controls. Visual cues can
remind workers which areas are prohibited from entering, when breaks need to be taken to limit heat
exposure, and much more.
Personal Protective Equipment
▪ barrier aids in controlling individual exposure to hazards.
▪ MINIMIZES SEVERITY when contact to hazard.
▪ Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are installed
▪ To supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and repair
▪ During emergencies
▪ It is the last line of defense
CLEAR POINTS
1. Industrial Hygiene is the identification, evaluation, and control of environmental hazards in the
workplace.
2. Safety Data Sheets provides information for Identification, Evaluation, Control of Chemical
Hazards.
3. Work Environment Measurement is needed for proper evaluation of Environmental Hazards.
4. Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects to humans.
5. All hazards can be controlled (Engineering, Administrative & PPE), some situations will require
more than one control measure to obtain optimum results.
6. As Safety Officer, we need to understand the Identification & Evaluation of Hazards for
appropriateness of Controls to be recommended.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
An inspection a day keeps the accident away.
OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
• Explain the basic concept of occupational health
• Identify health effects of common hazards in construction work
• Recommend appropriate health interventions to prevent and control occupational or work-related health problems
• Rule 1960 of OSHS; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES Occupational
Health Defined (ILO / WHO)
“The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations by…
• PREVENTING workers from getting sick,
•
•
PROTECTING workers from health risks,
PLACING worker in tasks adapted to his ability.”
Workplace Hazards
1. Safety Hazard
Something that has a potential for harm or injury
a) Tripping, falling and slipping hazards. (Poor Housekeeping)
b) Mechanical hazards
c) Electrical hazards
d) Fire
e) Material Handling
2.
Health Hazard
Something that has a potential to cause illness or ill health
a) Physical Hazards
b) Chemical Hazards
c) Biological Hazards
d) Ergonomic Hazards
Safety hazards encompass any type of substance, condition or object that can injure workers. Many types of workplaces they can
include spills on floors, walkways blocked by cords or boxes, falls from heights, machinery with moving parts, confined spaces and
electrical hazards such as frayed cords.
BASIC CAUSES ILLNESS / INJURY (WORK-RELATED ILLNESS / INJURIES)
Workplace Factors
1. Exposure duration or the length of time of being vulnerable to work hazards.
Constant exposure to amounts, which have low levels in the workplace over a prolonged period of time, increases the risk of disease
after a latency period (the interval between exposure to a hazard(s) and the clinical appearance of disease);
2. Magnitude, level or dose of exposure. As the concentration or amount of a hazard is increased the likely it can do more harm.
3. Timing of exposure. This is related to exposure duration. A worker who is exposed to a hazard continuously or for several
periods in a day is more at risk than those with less exposure
4. Multiplicity of exposure. Exposures to mixtures of hazards or several chemicals at the same time can cause synergistic or
cumulative effects.
Personal Factors
1. Age is an important factor since elderly and young workers have poor metabolic processes, which allow a buildup of toxic
substances. In a normal adult, these substances can be easily neutralized.
2.
Sex is a very important consideration, too. A hazardous agent may be toxic to female workers and not toxic to male workers
or vice versa. For pregnant women, some toxins may cause developmental problems in the fetus. Lead and mercury have been
documented to cause neurological defects in the offspring of exposed pregnant women. In both men and women, other toxins may
affect their reproductive systems.
3.
The genetic make-up of a worker should also be considered because those with history of allergies will find it difficult to
work in an environment where their allergies would likely flare up. Also those with enzyme deficiencies may not be able to handle
toxic substances that enter the body.
4.
Your medical history is important to identify previous illnesses, which may be aggravated by substances, or agents found
in the workplace. An anemic (weak and pale) worker who will be employed in a company using lead may continue suffering from
anemia (condition characterized by an abnormally low number of red blood cells in the circulating blood) due to lead exposure. A
worker diagnosed with a liver disease should be closely monitored if he/she would be working with solvents since which may
compromise the liver functions.
5.
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, drug abuse, among others can
alter a worker’s natural defense mechanisms and increase the chance of developing ill-effects. For example, higher risk of liver
disease in a worker exposed to solvents and a history of alcohol consumption; or increased risk of hypertension in a worker with
occupational stress who is also eating high salt and high fat diet. The risk of lung cancer is much greater in workers who have
workplace exposure to asbestos fibers and who also
Monitoring
1. Surveillance in occupational health practice covers periodic, systematic and continuous hazard assessment and medical
examination.
2. Surveillance data will provide trends or emerging patterns in workplace hazards and illnesses.
3. Surveillance has to be followed by preventive action (appropriate control measures) and evaluation of the effectiveness of
intervention.
4. Surveillance is conducted to meet regulatory requirements.
Types of Monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental (Work Environment Monitoring)
2. Biological (Blood, Urine, Stool, Chest X-ray, Tissue cultures)
3.
Medical Surveillance (Employment Medical Examinations)
WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT is the direct measurement of hazards, environmental stresses and their hazardous
effects on the workers’ health.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING is a way of assessing chemical exposures by measuring the chemical or its breakdown products
in a biological sample (usually urine, blood or breath).
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE - is the systematic assessment of employees exposed or potentially exposed to occupational
hazards. This assessment monitors individuals for adverse health effects and determines the effectiveness of exposure prevention
strategies.
Pre-employment (Entrance), Periodic Examinations, Special Examinations, Transfer Examinations, Separation Examinations
Monitoring Strategies
Physiological - related to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms
and their parts. Medico-Physiologic - Medical
Rule 1960: Occupational Health Services : Health Programs shall include:
1. Entrance or Pre-Employment
2. Periodic
3. Special examination
4. Transfer examination
5. Separation examination
Medical Surveillance
1. Pre-employment or Entrance Exam
1.1. Medical history
1.2. Physical examination
1.3. Medical history and P.E.
1.4. Baseline blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
2.
Periodic examination - Annual Medical Examination Same as pre-employment
3.
Special examination
• X-ray of affected body part
• CT-scan of affected body part
• Other appropriate laboratory examinations
• May include random Drug Testing; Biological Monitoring, COVID-19 Testing
4.
•
•
•
Transfer examination:
Base line health status prior to transfer.
comorbidity cases
results will determine the transfer.
In medicine, comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional conditions often co- occurring
(that is, concomitant or concurrent with) with a primary condition. Comorbidity describes the effect
of all other conditions an individual patient might have other than the primary condition of interest,
and can be physiological or psychological. In the context of mental health, comorbidity often
refers to disorders that are often coexistent with each other, such as depression and
anxiety disorders.
5. Separation examination:
• Medical history and PE.
• Blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
*done prior to resigning/retiring.
Biological Monitoring
• Measurement and assessment of agents or their metabolites either in tissues, secreta,
excreta, expired air, or any combination.
• Assessment to overall systemic exposure to chemicals by measurement of the
chemicals or their metabolites in blood, urine or breath.
• Evaluates exposure compared to reference.
✓ Biological exposure
✓ Chemical absorbed- acute/chronic
Purpose of Medical Surveillance
Primary - Prevention of illness.
- Aims of Occupational Health (WHO, ILO)
Secondary - Early detection of work-related health problems and determining its cause.
Example of Hazards in Construction Industry
OCCUPATIONS
Carpenters
HAZARDS
Wood dust, heavy loads, repetitive motion
TARGET ORGAN SYSTEM
Lungs, Musculo-Skeletal System (Disorders)
Electricians
Heavy metals in solder fumes, asbestos dust,
awkward posture
Red Blood Cells, Kidneys, CNS (Brain), MusculoSkeletal Disorders
Painters
Solvents, paint additives, toxic metals in
pigments
CNS Depression (Narcosis), Reproductive System,
Liver, Pulmonary Edema (Lungs)
Demolition workers
Asbestos, noise, lead, dust
Asbestosis, Mesothelioma, Lung Cancer (Lungs)
Solvents from adhesives, awkward postures
CNS Depression (Narcosis), Reproductive System,
Liver, Pulmonary Edema (Lungs), MSD’s
Cement, awkward posture, heavy loads
Irritation of Respiratory Tract, Skin and/or Eyes,
Pneumoconiosis, MSD’s
Pipefitters, plumbers
Lead fumes and particles, asbestos
Red Blood Cells, Kidneys, CNS (Brain)
Drillers
Noise, vibration, dust
Ears,
HAVS,
Pneumoconiosis
Truck and equipment
operators
Noise, vibration, engine exhaust
Highway and street
construction workers
Asphalt emissions, heat, engine exhaust
Welders, solderers
Welding emissions, metal fumes, lead
Tile setters
Masons
Disorders
of
spine,
Ears, Disorders of the spine, Skin, Circulatory System
Ears, Disorders of the spine, Skin, Circulatory System
Red Blood Cells, Kidneys, CNS (Brain), MSD’s
(https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xvi-62216/construction/item/518-health-and-safety-hazards-in-the-construction-industry)
Narcosis (depresses the normal function of CNS-sensory, integration, and motor-most functions of the body and
mind) Headache, dizziness, drunken feeling, disorientation, confusion, loss of consciousness, short term memory,
Mesothelioma (a malignant growth in the pleural lining of the lung)
Pneumoconiosis (accumulation of dust in lungs)
the
HEALTH HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION
Physical Hazard
Biological Hazard
Chemical Hazard
Ergonomics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
Noise
Vibration
Radiation
Illumination
Temperature Extremes
Radiation
Abnormal Pressure
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Insects
Dusts
Gases
Vapors
Fumes
Mists
2.
3.
Non-Recovery of the
body
Repetitive Nature of the
work
Uncomfortable working
stations
CHEMICAL HAZARD is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace. These hazards
can cause physical and/or health risks.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can affect
human health.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS are physical factors in the environment that may cause musculoskeletal injuries.
*Improper Lifting, Twisting, Excessive Standing/seating of the body
TYPES OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS
I.
NOISE
It’s harmful and unwanted sound (e.g. Noise from Construction Industry)
Early Signs Hearing Loss
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy environment
• Need to be near or look at the person speaking to help understand words
• Complaints that people do not speak clearly
• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
Adverse Health Effects of Noise Acute
Effects:
1.
Acoustic Trauma (explosion, gunshot)
• It is an injury to the inner ear that's often caused by exposure to a high-decibel noise. This injury can occur after
exposure to a single, very loud noise or from exposure to noises at significant decibels over a longer period of time
2.
Temporary Threshold shift (Disco)
• It is a temporary shift in the auditory threshold. It may occur suddenly after exposure to a high level of noise, a
situation in which most people experience reduced hearing.
3. Tinnitus
4. Poor communication
Chronic or Long term effects:
1. Permanent Threshold shift
2. Noise induced hearing loss
3. Psychosomatic effects
Psychosomatic means mind (psyche) and body (soma). A psychosomatic disorder is a disease which involves both mind and body.
Some physical diseases are thought to be particularly prone to being made worse by mental factors such as stress and anxiety.
Causal relationships have been discovered between noise and psychological effects such as annoyance, psychiatric disorders,
and effects on psychosocial well-being.
Control Measures for Noise
• Engineering Control – Purchase new equipment / PMS Isolation / damping
•
•
II.
Administrative Control – Job rotation / breaks / shifting
PPE – Ear plugs / ear muffs
EXTREME OF TEMPERATIURES: HEAT Thermoregulatory Mechanism
The body’s attempt to maintain a temperature of 37.0ºC (+0.5ºC) at all times, in the response to change of outside
temperature
Adverse Health Effects of Heat Stress
1. Heat Cramps – are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur during heavy exercise or strenuous
activity in hot environments.
2.
Heat Exhaustion – a condition whose symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse, a result of your body
overheating; Cold, pale, clammy skin, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dizziness, weak pulse, fainting.
3.
Heat Stress – is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature:
the body’s temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable to cool down; High Body
Temp (39°C or 103°F), Hot, Red, Dry or Damp Skin, Fast & Strong Pulse, Losing Consciousness.
Control Measures for Heat Stress
•
•
•
Engineering Control – Isolation by Providing Temporary Tent / Shelter, Provision of Drinking Stations adjacent to
work areas
Administrative Control – Job rotation, Establish work-rest schedule, breaks, Instructions to Increase in Fluid Intake,
Medical Surveillance
PPE – Cotton Long sleeves uniform, UV Protection Eyewear
LABOR ADVISORY NO. 3-16 – Safety and Health Measures
to Prevent and Control Heat Stress at the Workplace
III. EXTREME OF TEMPERATIURES: COLD
Adverse Health Effects of Heat Stress
1. Frostnip – The mildest form of freezing injury, it occurs when the top layers of skin freeze (usually ear lobes, noses,
cheeks, fingers or toes). The affected area turns white and may feel numb; the top layer of skin feels hard but the deeper
tissue still feels normal (soft).
2.
Frostbite – Freezing of the deep layers of skin (usually fingers, ears, nose, hands, feet, toes). Skin turns pale, numb
and hard.
3.
Hypothermia – Body loses heat faster than it can produce it. It is sneaky and often kills before people are aware of the
danger. Symptoms include shivering, poor body coordination, being groggy or having slurred speech and the inability
to think or pay attention.
Control Measures for Heat Stress
• Engineering Control – Isolation by provision of Heated Shelter / Temporary shelter or break areas
• Administrative Control – Job rotation / breaks / Shifting/serving hot foods / Medical Surveillance
• PPE – Cotton uniform, Jackets, Raincoat, Gloves, etc.
IV.
V.
VIBRATION
Physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources.
Segmental Vibration Adverse
Health Effects:
1. Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
2. Tingling
3. Numbness
4. Blanching of fingers
5. Pain
Whole Body Vibration
Adverse Health Effects:
1. Fatigue
2. Irritability
3. Headache
4. Disorders of the spine
Control Measures for Vibration
1. Engineering Control – Purchase new equipment / PMS Rubber Dampening Pads, Vibration damping seats
2. Administrative Control – Job rotation / breaks / Shifting// Medical Surveillance
3. PPE – Anti-Vibration Gloves
Illumination
Excess or Inadequate Illumination can be describe as the following:
Recommended Illumination Levels
Area of Operation
Min Lighting Level (lux)
Chipping, Grinding, Fine core making, Machine shop bench work
1000
Fine inspection, fine woodworking, welding, Core Making, Shearing, Stamping, Punch press,
Spinning, Woodworking, Planning, First aid station.
500
Lunch room, Locker room, Rest room, Shower room.
300
General construction plants and shops, Carpentry shops, barracks or living quarters, tunnel and shaft
heading during drilling
100
Passageway, corridor, warehouse, concrete placement, excavation and waste areas, access ways
50
Reference: Title 29 of CFR (Code of Federal Regulations, CFR, section 1926.56, OSHA)
Adverse Health Effects of Illumination
Visual Fatigue
Painful Irritation
Double Vision
Conjunctivitis
Headaches
Lacrimation
Control Measures for Illumination
• Engineering Control – Improve illumination by:
o Adding: natural light sources, artificial light sources
o Reduce: isolation or enclosure
• Administrative Control – eye examination
General Lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as ambient lighting, general lighting
radiates a comfortable level of brightness, enabling one to see and walk about safely. A basic form of lighting that
replaces sunlight, general lighting is fundamental to a lighting plan
Local/Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks such as reading, sewing, cooking, homework, hobbies, games,
or balancing your checkbook.
VI.
PHYSICAL HAZARD: RADIATION
Radiation is energy that travels through space in the form of electromagnetic waves or sub-atomic particles.
There are two main types of radiation: IONIZING and NONIONIZING. Ionizing Radiation (as
wave/particles) produces electrically charged particles or ions when it interacts with material.
Ionization is the result of a collision between ionizing radiation and matter.
Non-Ionizing Radiation produces changes in the human body mainly through thermal effects. Extremely Low Frequency
Radiation (ELF), Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation, Infrared Radiation (IR), Visible Light Radiation, Laser
Hazards.
Adverse Health Effects of Radiation
1. UV Keratitis
2. Cataract
UV Radiation Exposure / Welding Arcs
Welding arcs give off radiation over a broad range of wavelengths - from 200 nm (nanometers) to 1,400 nm (or 0.2 to 1.4 µm,
micrometers). These ranges include ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200 to 400 nm), visible light (400 to 700 nm), and infrared (IR)
radiation (700 to 1,400 nm).
UV Radiation is divided into three ranges - UV-A (315 to 400 nm), UV-B (280 to 315 nm) and UV-C (100 to 280 nm). UV-C and
almost all UV-B are absorbed in the cornea of the eye. UV-A passes through cornea and is absorbed in the lens of the eye.
Some UV radiation, visible light, and IR radiation can reach the retina.
Keratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the clear dome on the front surface of the eye, becomes inflamed. S & Sx is pain,
impaired eyesight, photophobia (light sensitivity), red eye and a 'gritty' sensation
Control Measures for Radiation
•
•
•
VII.
Engineering Control – Isolation of workshops
Administrative Control – Job rotation / shifting / breaks
PPE – Welding Mask, Spectacles, Welding Apron, etc.
PHYSICAL HAZARD: PRESSURE
This is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, which may be affected by changes in altitude or artificially
induced work conditions. Construction of tunnels and bridge foundations below the water table requires laborers (known as
sandhogs) to work in pressurized environments to keep out the water. “Caisson disease” (decompression sickness) was first
observed in these workers.
Adverse Health Effects from Abnormal Pressure
1. Headaches – low barometric/atmospheric pressure can cause headaches or migraines by creating a pressure difference
between the atmosphere and the air-filled sinuses. The problem is exacerbated when the sinuses are congested or blocked for
any reason.
2. Joint Pain – link between changes in barometric pressure and ambient temperature and changes in knee pain severity. It's
not clear why a falling barometer would exacerbate joint pain and arthritis, but studies such as this one confirm that they do.
It could be that barometric pressure affects the viscosity of the fluid that lines joint sacs, or it could be that it triggers the pain
responses in the nerve endings of the joint.
3. Blood Pressure – our blood moves through our bodies using a pressure system created by the heart. So it makes sense that this
pressure would be affected by the pressure in the air around us, when the barometric pressure drops, so does your blood
pressure. For some, this might mean a feeling of dizziness or even blurred vision.
4.
Acute decompression syndrome (Caisson’s disease) – is an acute neurological emergency in divers. It is caused due to
release of nitrogen gas bubbles that impinge the blood vessels of the spinal cord and brain and result in severe neurodeficit
(abnormally weak function of the nervous system).
Unusual Fatigue, Skin itch, pain joints and/or muscle of the arms, legs or torso, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, paresthesia’s, paralysis, and
shortness of breath.
Construction of tunnels and bridge foundations below the water table requires laborers (known as sandhogs) to work in
pressurized environments to keep out the water. “Caisson disease” (decompression sickness) was first observed in these
workers.
Control Measures for Pressure
Pressure
• Pre-employment screening
•
•
•
•
•
Training (pre-event)
Scheduled work duration
Exercise (during event)
Medical monitoring / medications
Rehabilitation (post-event)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS
3 Types
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Routes Of Entry Into The Body
1. Inhalation
2. Ingestion
3. Skin Contact
4. Eye Contamination
Workers can be exposed to chemicals in liquids, gases, vapors, fumes and particulate materials. Chemical hazards include acids,
pesticides, carbon monoxide, flammable liquids, welding fumes, silica dust and fiberglass fibers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Gases are substances in gaseous state are airborne at room temperature. Examples are chlorine, hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
Vapor results when substances that are liquid at room temperature evaporate. Examples are the components of organic
solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and xylene.
Mist is fine particles of a liquid float in air (particle size of 5 to 100 um approximately. Examples: nitric acid and sulfuric
acid.
Dust is solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by mechanical actions and fine particles float in air (particle
size of about 1 to 150 um). Examples are metal dusts and asbestos.
Fume is a gas (such as metal vapor) condensed in air, chemically changed and becomes fine solid particles, which float
in air (particles size of about 0.1 to 1 um). Examples are oxides generated from molten metal such as cadmium oxide,
beryllium oxide, etc.
Adverse Health Effects from Chemical Exposure
Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
ACUTE
Occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure
CHRONIC
Represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems
Many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease
Absorption of phenol through the skin creating a chemical burn
Inhalation of formaldehyde causing irritation to mucus membranes
Inhalation of lead causing damage to the kidneys
Inhalation of asbestos causing cancer to the lungs
Toxicity is the intrinsic capacity of a chemical agent to adversely affect an organism, including humans.
Chemical Hazards Adverse Health Outcomes As stated in Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Toxicological Information section:
• Neurologic (brain, nerves)
• Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
• Hematologic (blood)
• Respiratory (airway, lungs)
• Renal (kidneys)
• Urologic (bladder)
• Gastrointestinal (stomach, intestines)
• Dermatologic (skin)
•
•
Teratogenic (birth defects)
Carcinogenic (cancer)
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Sources / Exposure
Paints
Varnishes
Adhesives
Preservation agents
DUST: Cement
Sources / Exposure
Routes of Entry
Inhalation of vapors
Skin absorption
Health Effects
Narcosis (depresses the normal function of CNS)
Headache, dizziness, drunken feeling, disorientation,
confusion, loss of consciousness, short term memory
Reproductive: Infertility
Liver : Cirrhosis, Cancer
Respiratory : Pulmonary Edema
Kidney : Glomerulonephritis
Skin Effects : Irritative effects
Routes of Entry
Health Effects
Cement Mfg.
Inhalation
WET POWDER
Construction
Skin Absorption
Skin - irritation
Eyes – abrasion, irritation
DRY POWDER
Eyes – irritation
Respiratory Tract – irritation, small airway
disease, pneumoconiosis (accumulation of dust in
lungs)
(https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/organsolv/default.html)
CONTROL measures for chemical hazards
Chemical safety is the practice of handling chemicals in a safe manner, minimizing the hazard to public and personal health.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ensure appropriate/correct environment where chemicals are being used and stored (good ventilation, with exhaust system,
etc.)
Read and understand the SDS*- a guide used to control/manage chemical hazards.
Only trained chemical handlers are allowed to handle chemicals
Know and understand the Health Impact and HAZARD of Chemicals being handled;
Be focused and implement correct handling, storage and use of PPEs
Engineering Control
Isolation / Proper Enclosure of Work Area, Proper Application of Local Exhaust Ventilation System and General Ventilation
System
Administrative Control
Shifting / Proper Labeling, Orientation of SDS in chemicals exposed, Biological Monitoring
PPE
Safety Data Sheets (under No. 7 & 8)
Section 7 – Handling and storage provides guidance on the safe handling practices and conditions for safe storage of chemicals,
including incompatibilities.
Section 8 – Exposure controls/personal protection indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective
equipment (PPE) measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
1. TUBERCULOSIS
➢
When a person with contagious TB disease coughs, sings, sneezes, or laughs, TB germs can be forced from the
➢
➢
➢
lungs into the air
Another person MAY breathe in the bacteria
If the bacteria make it into the lungs and are not killed by the body’s immune system, the person becomes “infected”
DOLE - Department order no. 73-05 “Guidelines for the implementation of policy and program on Tuberculosis
prevention and control in the workplace”
2. HIV / AIDS
• HIV is the virus which causes AIDS.
•
AIDS is a serious and usually fatal condition in which the body’s immune system is severely weakened and cannot
fight off infection.
DOLE – Department Order NO.102-10 Guidelines for the implementation of policy and program on HIV/AIDS prevention and
control in the workplace
ELISA, which stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is used to detect HIV infection
HIV can enter the bloodstream
• During unprotected sex
• Through transfusions of contaminated blood or blood products
• Puncturing of the skin by needle or sharps infected with HIV
• From an HIV positive mother to her baby
3. HEPATITIS B
This is a general term referring to inflammation of the liver from risk factors: Infectious- Viral,
bacterial, fungal, parasitic
Non-Infectious - alcohol, auto-immune, drugs and metabolic disease
HBV is NOT transmitted by casual contact in the workplace It is NOT
spread through contaminated food and water
that is Hepatitis A
Mode of transmission:
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth (vertical transmission)
• Blood (Contaminated)
4. COVID-19 What is
COVID-19
•
is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease.
Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.'
Most at Risk Workers and Vulnerable Group
• Employers are highly encouraged to allow these workers to do work from home arrangement. Work Agreements should
be developed to detail the deliverables from these employees and there shall be no diminution in wages or benefits.
• Employees at higher risks:
• >60 yrs. old employees
• With
pre-existing
illness
i.e.
hypertension,
diabetes,
cancer,
or
with
immunocompromised health status
• Pregnant women
How does COVID-19 spread?
•
Primarily through close contact with someone who is infected, and
• By touching contaminated objects and surfaces.
COVID-19 Detection
COVID-19 RT-PCR test is a “real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)” test for the qualitative
detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory specimens (such as nasal, nasopharyngeal or
oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal
aspirate) collected from individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider
Engineering Controls Against COVID-19
• Quarantine facilities
• Physical barricades
• Disinfection of sites/vehicles
• Sanitizing foot-baths
• Vaccine
Administrative Controls against COVID-19
• Physical distancing protocols
• RT-PCR or Rapid Testing
• Quarantine procedures (14 days)
• Government Guidelines
• Proper hand washing
• Work-from-home
• Temperature scanning
Ergonomics
“The science of adapting the workplace, job, and tool to the worker, not just the other way around
We can optimize HUMAN WELL-BEING by proper implementation of Human Biological Science and Engineering
Science
RISK FACTORS:
• Static posture, Awkward posture, Extreme range of motion
• Forceful exertion
• Repetitive movement
HEALTH EFFECTS:
• Low back pain
• muscle strain, soreness and damage
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, De Quervain’s disease
• Hand-arm vibration syndrome
• Psychological-affecting/arising in the mind-related to mental and emotional state of person.
CONTROL measures for ergonomic hazards Engineering methods
• Workplace or Tools
• Modification
Administrative Control
• Take regular breaks, from work,
• Alternate work tasks,
• Regular stretching
Substance Abuse
RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation of a “Drug-Free Workplace Policy
and Program” for the Private Sector
Top 3 major drugs of abuse: Shabu, Marijuana, Rugby
Impacts of Alcohol and Drugs at Work - Physical, Mental, Safety and Productivity
Section 12. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) PROGRAM
b) For medium to high risk establishments with 10–50 workers and low to high risk establishments
with 51 workers and above. – The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer,
must include at least the following:
1.
Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;
2. General safety and health programs, including:
3. Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC),
4. Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational
and work-related
diseases, and
5. First aid and emergency medical services;
6. Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
7. Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
8. Healthy lifestyle;
CLEAR POINTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
The purpose of medical surveillance in occupational health is to Identify, Evaluate and Control
Occupational Illnesses in the workplace.
We can refer to Safety Data Sheet on the health effects and control of chemicals used in the
workplace.
Occupational diseases and work-related illnesses can be prevented
Development of Company policies and programs are important to promote, protect and monitor
workers’ health in compliance to Laws, standards and guidelines exist to promote health and
well-being of workers; serves as legal basis for putting up a health program
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Seen as the last resort in controlling hazards, we now discuss the familiar term called PPE.
OBJECTIVE:
1. The participant is expected to know the functions of PPE, the different types and their limitations.
2. They are also expected to know the components to prepare a PPE Program to serve as a guide in
managing PPE’s.
If the hazard cannot be removed, and a worker is needed for the operation (or equipment), then the last
resort is to put a barrier between the worker and the hazard – thus the PPE. Actually, PPE can be used in
conjunction with engineering controls and administrative methods.
Uses of PPEs
1. Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are installed
2. To supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and repair
3. During emergencies
4. It is the last line of defense
However, PPEs protective devices have one serious drawback - they do not reduce or eliminate the
hazard. The fact that a protective device may become ineffective when the wearer lacks sufficient
knowledge on how to use it, adds to the limitation of these PPE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Head protection – hardhat, cap, visor
Foot protection – safety shoes, boots
Hand protection – gloves
Eye protection – goggles or safety glasses
Hearing protection – ear plugs or ear muffs
Respiratory protection – SCBA, mask
The use of this should be confined to certain situations:
1. Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls installed.
2. Where engineering controls are not practicable.
3. To supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and repair.
4. During emergencies
PPEs vary in design, equipment specifications, application and protective capability. Proper selection
depends on the toxic substance involved, conditions of exposure, human capabilities and equipment fit.
In this module though, we will be giving particular attention to respiratory protective equipment.
During exposure to hazards, as a last resort, workers turn to protect themselves with a barrier – called
Personal Protective Equipment or PPE. The degree of risk depends on the severity of the hazard, and the
degree of exposure. PPE is the last line of defense in Industrial Hygiene control; it does not eliminate the
hazard; it aids in controlling individual exposure.
What is personal protective equipment?
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure
to serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with
chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
Eye and Face Protection
Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose danger to their eyes and face. OSH Standards requires
employers to ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposed to eye or face hazards
from flying particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, potentially
infected material or potentially harmful light radiation.
Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others
result from wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that their
employees wear appropriate eye and face protection and that the selected form of protection is appropriate
to the work being performed and properly fits each worker exposed to the hazard. Spectacles, Goggles,
Head Protection
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury can impair
an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect an
employee's head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and penetration hazards as well as from
electrical shock and burn hazards.
Hard hats are divided into three industrial classes:
• Class A - hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200
volts).
• Class B - hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock
and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by
flying/falling objects.
• Class C - hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical
hazards.
Foot and Leg Protection
Employees who face possible foot or leg injuries from falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating materials
should wear protective footwear. Also, employees whose work involves exposure to hot substances or corrosive or
poisonous materials must have protective gear to cover exposed body parts, including legs and feet. If an employee's feet
may be exposed to electrical hazards, non-conductive footwear should be worn. On the other hand, workplace exposure
to static electricity may necessitate the use of conductive footwear.
Hand and Arm Protection
If a workplace hazard assessment reveals that employees face potential injury to hands and arms that cannot be eliminated
through engineering and work practice controls, employers must ensure that employees wear appropriate protection.
Potential hazards include skin absorption of harmful substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises,
abrasions, cuts, punctures, fractures and amputations.
Body Protection
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be
eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls,
must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In
addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace
hazards that could cause bodily injury:
Temperature extremes; Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot
liquids; Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials; Hazardous
chemicals.
Hearing Protection
Determining the need to provide hearing protection for employees can be
challenging. Employee exposure to excessive noise depends upon a number of
factors, including:
The loudness of the noise as measured in decibels (dB). The duration of each
employee's exposure to the noise. Whether employees move between work
areas with different noise levels. Whether noise is generated from one or
multiple sources.
EARPLUGS
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly
into the ear canal. Discuss
EARMUFFS
A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the outer ear,
covering it completely and blocking out the noise.
Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)
Is a rating system used to determine the effectiveness of hearing protection devices to decrease sound
exposure within a given working environment.
Formula:
• Earplugs - Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
• Earmuffs - Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
Example of Using the NRR : For Earplugs:
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
PROCEDURE
1. Noise level: 95 dB(A)
2. NRR of hearing protectors: 33 dB
3. Subtract 7 dB from the NRR: 33 dB - 7 dB = 26 dB
4. Multiply by 1/2: 26 X 1/2 = 13 dB
5. Subtract 13 dB from the Approximate Noise Protective Level: 95 dBA - 13 dB = 82 dB
Respiratory Protection
When employees must work in environments with insufficient oxygen or where harmful dusts, fogs, smokes,
mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or sprays are present, they need respirators. These health hazards may cause
cancer, lung impairment, other diseases, or death.
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are inhaled by the worker.
• Filter- type
• Cartridge- type
Respirator Filter Definition NSERIES FILTERS
Filters restricted to use in an atmosphere free of oil aerosols
R-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or
intermittent use)
P-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re- used for not more than 40
hours or 30 days whichever comes first
Air Supplying
Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air also known as - (Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus [SCBA]) Used in:
• Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
• Concentration of contaminant is high
• Fire-fighting
Criteria for Selection of Respirators
• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of comfort
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage
What can be done to ensure proper use of personal protective equipment?
All personal protective equipment should be of safe design and construction, and should be maintained in a clean and reliable
fashion. It should fit well and be comfortable to wear, encouraging worker use. If the personal protective equipment does not fit
properly, it can make the difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed. When engineering, work practice, and
administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective
equipment to their workers and ensure its proper use. Employers are also required to train each worker required to use personal
protective equipment to know:
• When it is necessary
•
•
•
•
What kind is necessary
How to properly put it on, adjust, wear and take it off
The limitations of the equipment
Proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the equipment
If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program should address the hazards present; the selection,
maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness.
Options for Control
Determination of Control Needs
• Know the hazards in the workplace associated with specific jobs
•
•
Consider normal operations, maintenance activities, foreseeable emergencies
Know the risk to persons doing those jobs
1. Hazard Identification
• Agent
• Physical Characteristic
2. Risk Evaluation - For any particular job, know:
1. Nature and degree of exposure
2. Magnitude of exposure
3. Increased level of exposure
4. Length of exposure
5. Frequency of exposure occurrence
6. Related circumstances
7. Result of exposure
8. Local or systemic effect
Control Options selected should:
• Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level
•
•
Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts
Role of Management
1. Development of PPE Program
2. Implementation
3. Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
4. Revision, refinement
Industrial Hygiene Control
1. Engineering
2. Administrative
3. Personal Protective Equipment
It should be supported by a written procedure and controlled by
a responsible person
Limitations of PPE
It does not reduce or eliminate the hazard. PPE is
provides no protection if it is Defective, Used incorrectly,
incorrect Size, wrong Type. The wearer may be exposed
to the hazard without knowledge of it. Protection
provided to the wearer only
PPE Program is composed of the following elements:
(SHRIMP DISC FC)
Selection
Short- or long-term effect
Reversibility or otherwise
Acceptable level of exposure
Standards
Accurate measurement
Variations in concentration of contaminant
Overall level of risk to the worker
Fitting
•
•
Route of Entry
Effect from exposure
1. Health Aspects
2. Issue
3. Proper Use
4. Compatibility
5. Maintenance
6. Disposal
7. Information & Training
8. Supervision
9. Reviews
10. Checklist
DEMOLITION and EXPLOSIVES SAFETY
Prevention of accidents is the motivation for skilled demolition and safe use of explosives. Demolition is the complete or partial
dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled methods or procedures. Safe Demolition Requires Adequate
Planning (Rule 1417 OSHS)
OBJECTIVES:
At the close of the session, the participant is expected to:
1. List the hazards related to demolition activities; and
2. To cite control methods to be free from its dangers.
3. Know the Regulatory Requirements during demolition activities
Introduction
Prior to permitting employees to start demolition operations, an engineering survey of the structure shall be made by a
competent person to determine the condition of the framing, floors, and walls, and possibility of unplanned collapse of any
portion of the structure.
1.
2.
Any adjacent structures where employees may be exposed shall also be similarly checked.
The employer shall have evidence that such survey has been performed.
What is DEMOLITION?
1. Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned or controlled methods or procedures.
2. Safe Demolition Requires Adequate Planning (Rule 1417 OSHS).
OUTLINE
1.
Demolition Planning
2.
Hazards Associated with Demolition
3.
Demolition Techniques
4.
Demolition Methods
5.
Demolition Regulatory Requirements
6.
Explosive Proper Handling
Prior To Start Any Demolition Activities Adequate Safe Planning Is Required Why Plan?
1. Identify the Hazards
2. Meet Legislative Requirements
3. Ensure Appropriate Equipment
4. Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
5. Determine Appropriate Methods of
6. Demolition
7. Determine Cost of Demolition
Key Areas for Planning
1. Type of Construction
2. Type of Structure (Height, Use)
3. State of Structure
4. Structural Hazards
5. Hazardous Substances
6. Location of Services
7. Access and Egress
8. Suitable of Site for Equipment
9. General Conditions of Adjoining Structures
Demolition Technique
1. Sequential – gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction
2. Induced – key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the structure to collapse.
Methods of Demolition
1. Manual – use of hand held tools
2. Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
3. Explosives – use of explosives
Hazards Associated with Demolition:
1.
Falls
1.1. Falling through fragile roofing material
1.2. Falling through openings
1.3. Falling from open edges
1.4. Falling out of elevating work platforms
1.5. Failure of equipment
1.6. Falling from roof or other elevated area
2.
Lift shafts
2.1. Collapse of flooring
2.2. Collapse of ground
2.3. Tripping over debris
3.
Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
3.1. Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)
3.2. Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
4.
5.
Use of equipment (crane lifting loads) - Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)
Manual Handling
5.1. Using equipment
5.2. Operating equipment
6.
Manual Demolition
6.1. Lifting material
6.2. Cleaning up
6.3. Loading trucks/bins
7.
Hazardous Substances –
7.1. Lead - lead based paint, tanks containing lead base petrol –
7.2. Asbestos - sprayed coating, isolation materials, fire resistant wall/partitions, cement sheets, flooring materials –
7.3. PCBs - stones, bricks and concrete aggregates
8.
Dangerous Goods – Flammable liquids/vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space
9.
Noise and Vibration
9.1. Equipment
9.2. Falling debris
9.3. Explosives
10. Electric Shocks - Live wires from structures
11. Fires and Explosion
11.1. Flammable materials
11.2. Welding or cutting
11.3. Leaks of explosives gases from accidental damage of pipes
11.4. Arson especially when the site is unattended
12. Equipment 12.1. Electrocution
12.2. Plant Failure
12.3. Dropping material
12.4. Equipment striking persons
12.5. Noise and Vibration
12.6. Flying particles Dust and other airborne
12.7. hazards
12.8. Falling objects onto operators
12.9. Structural collapse of floors
12.10. Welding and cutting hazards
12.11. Falls
OSHS Rule 1417 – 1418
1. Structures over 6m high must be under the supervision of a competent person
2. The area is strictly for demolition workers only (Demolition area - w/in a distance equal to 1.5 x H of structure)
3. If the above distance is not possible, the structure shall be fenced all around
4. Danger signs must be posted around the structure
5. All electrical services must be ensured to have been cut – off
6. Demolition should proceed storey by storey, in a descending order; work on the upper floors should be completely
over before removing the supporting members on the lower floor
7. No part of the structure shall be overloaded w/ debris or any other material
8. Stairs (including all railings), passageways & ladders must be demolished last.
Controls needed
1. Engineering (Elimination, Isolation, Substitution)
1.1. Install screen on equipment to protect from dust and noise
1.2. Install barriers and fences
1.3. Mark off hazardous areas
1.4. Disconnect services to the demolition site
1.5. Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of fire or explosion
1.6. Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities
1.7. Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting, where there is a risk of fire
1.8. Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work platforms)
1.9. Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and fixed platforms
1.10. Use shoring and bracing to support loads
2. Administrative Tools
2.1. Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard
2.2. Implement and document safe working procedures for all hazardous tasks
2.3. Train and instruct all personnel
2.4. Identify hazardous substances prior to work
2.5. Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
2.6. Implement procedures
3. Personal Protective Equipment
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
Hard Hats
Full Body Harnesses and Lanyards
Boots
Gloves
Respirators
Hearing Protectors
EXPLOSION - An Explosion is:
1. a sudden increase in volume and
2. release of energy in an extreme manner,
3. usually with the generation of high temperatures
4. and the release of gases
5. shock wave (also spelled shockwave), is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of
sound in the medium.
6. Shock wave, strong pressure wave in any elastic medium such as air, water, or a solid substance, produced by
supersonic aircraft, explosions, lightning, or other phenomena that create violent changes in pressure.
Explosion - proper handling
1. By Competent Person
2. Precautions from: Smokes, matches & open flames, Radio Frequency for Electrical Detonators
Transport of Explosives
1. Vehicles shall have tight doors covered w/ wood
2. Explosives and Blasting implements shall not be transported with other materials
3. Transport permit required by law
Storage
1. All explosives must be accounted for
2. Follow manufacturer’s instruction
3. Detonators should be stored in a separate magazine
4. Storage should be fire and bullet resistant
Proper Use
1. Operation between Sunup and Sundown
2. Precaution on the use of f mobile radio transmitting equipment.
3. Suspension of operation during electrical storm
After Blasting
1. Disconnect firing line from blasting machine
2. Allow dust and smoke to subside
3. Inspect if all charges have been exploded
Demolition Safety Tips
Demolition work involves many of the same hazards that arise during other construction activities. However, demolition also involves additional
hazards due to a variety of other factors. Some of these include: leadbased paint, sharp or protruding objects and asbestos containing material.
• Brace or shore up the walls and floors of structures which have been damaged and which employees must enter.
• Inspect personal protective equipment (PPE) before use.
• Inspect all stairs, passageways, and ladders; illuminate all stairways.
• Shut off or cap all electric, gas, water, steam, sewer, and other service lines; notify appropriate utility companies.
• Floor openings used for material disposal must not be more than 25% of the total floor area.
All of these require careful planning. Why plan? The key areas for planning are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Type of Construction
Type of Structure (Ht., Use)
State of Structure
Structural Hazards
Hazardous Substances
Location of Services
General Conditions of Adjoining Structures
Access and Egress
Suitability of Site for Equipment
Demolition technique may be conducted by sequential and induced. Sequential is the gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its
construction while induced is weakening of key structural members causing the whole part of the structure to collapse. Method of demolition
can be done manually, mechanical by use of heavy equipment, wires, and chain, power shear, or by explosives.
Generally procedure for demolition are:
•
•
•
•
•
All utilities shut off
All glasses removed
Shoring or other measures implemented
Protection of workers from fall
Stairs to be demolished last
CLEAR POINTS
1. Risk from Hazards in Demolition in Safety can be mitigated by proper planning prior to the start of Demolition and
applications of Controls (Engineering, Administrative, PPE)
2. Compliance to Regulatory Requirements during demolition activities facilitates Safe Demolition Activity.
ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION
Routine Site Safety Inspection is a daily task to keep ones’ construction site free from hazards.
OBJECTIVES
Participants are expected to:
1. Understand the keys for effective inspection
2. Discuss the concept of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control.
3. Apply concept of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control in Routine Site Safety Inspection.
Safety Inspection is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a health and safety problem.
Reasons Of Workplace Inspection
1. Identify and/or eliminate hazards
2. Assess the potential losses from the Hazards
3. Select control measures designed to eliminate or reduce the hazards to an acceptable level
4. Monitor the effectiveness of control measures
5. Review compliance with established standards
Keys To Effective Inspection
1. Create checklists
2. Schedule your inspections and inspect on schedule
3. Focus on one hazard at a time
4.
5.
6.
7.
modify checklists as needed
Follow-up corrective action
Communicate and involve employees
Acknowledge participation
Creating Checklists:
1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area.
2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that need to be checked, and note the locations of the
hazards already listed.
4. Have employees your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and identified the locations of each one.
Written Records:
1. Previous inspection reports
2. Job Hazard Analysis
3. Maintenance records
4. Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
5. Accident investigation reports
6. Work environment monitoring
Scheduling:
1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection.
2. Inspect as often as possible.
3. Make sure each inspection is thorough.
4. If conditions don’t improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase inspection frequency.
5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections.
6. Stick to the schedule.
Conducting the Inspection
1.
Stay on the task, don’t be pulled away by phone calls or meetings.
2.
Take notes, pictures, record measurements
3.
Complete and specific remarks make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and safety resource
Hazard Recognition
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Ergonomic
4. Safety Hazard
Absence of the PPE is not a hazard, the reason why the PPE was required in the first place is the hazard.
Recommending Corrective Actions
1. Aimed toward eliminating or reducing the hazard
2. Priority-based
3. Must be SMART
Specific
Specific action that needs to be done and how will you know it is being done.
Measurable “How will you know it meets expectations?" and defines the objective using assessable terms (quantity,
quality, frequency, costs, deadlines, etc.). It refers to the extent to which something can be evaluated
against some standard
Attainable
Achievable answers the questions "can the person do it?" "Can the measurable objective be achieved
by the person?" "Does he/she have the experience, knowledge or capability of fulfilling the
expectation?" It also answers the question "Can it be done giving the time frame, opportunity and
resources?
Relevant
Relevant answers the questions, "should it be done?", "why?" and "what will be the impact?" Is the
objective aligned with the company’s implementation and strategic plan?
Time bound
Time-oriented answers the question, "when will it be done?" Sometimes a
task may only have an end point or due date
Patterned as: (format of Re Entry Program)
1.
3.
5.
7.
What to do
Who is responsible
When is it due
What to expect
2.
4.
6.
8.
(Action Plan)
(Accountability)
(Target Date)
(Output)
Follow-up Corrective Actions
1. It’s the best way to ensure that recommendations are carried out.
2. Evaluates Effectiveness of Recommended Control.
Hazardous Material What Items Need to Be Inspected?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Environmental factors - illumination, dust, fumes, gases, mists, vapors, noise, vibration, heat,
radiation sources
Hazardous supplies and materials - explosives, flammables, acids, caustics, toxic or nuclear
materials or by-products
Power source equipment - steam and gas engines, electrical motors
Electrical equipment - switches, fuses, breakers, outlets, cables, extension and fixture cords,
grounds, connectors, connections
Hand tools - wrenches, screwdrivers, hammers, power tools
Personal protective equipment - hard hats, safety glasses, safety shoes, respirators, hearing
protection, gloves, etc.
Personal service and first aid facilities - Drinking fountains, wash basins, soap dispensers, safety
showers, eyewash fountains, first aid supplies, stretchers
Fire protection and emergency response equipment - alarms, water tanks, sprinklers, standpipes,
extinguishers, hydrants, hoses, self-contained breathing apparatus, toxic cleanup, automatic valves,
holes, phones, radios
9. Walkways / roadways - ramps, docks, sidewalks, walkways, aisles, vehicle ways, escape routes
10. Elevators, electric stairways, and manlifts - controls, wire ropes, safety devices
11. Working surfaces - ladders, scaffolds, catwalks, plat-forms
12. Material handling equipment - cranes, trollies, conveyors, hoists, forklifts, chains, ropes, slings
13. Storage facilities and area both indoor and outdoor - bins, racks, lockers, cabinet, shelves, tanks,
closets
14. Structural openings - windows, doors, stairways, sumps, shafts, pits, floor openings
15. Building structures - floors, roofs, walls, fencing, columns
16. Miscellaneous - any item that do not fit in preceding categories
Summary
An Inspection Program becomes effective through routine inspection and Follow-up on corrective
actions.
CLEAR POINTS
The Keys for Effective Inspection are;
1. Create checklists
2. Schedule your inspections and inspect on schedule
3. Focus on one hazard at a time
4. Modify checklists as needed
5. Follow-up corrective action
6. Communicate and involve employees
7. Acknowledge participation
8. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC) are useful to prevent or control
accident/illness at the workplace and for classification of risk level of establishments.
9. Application of HIRAC in Routine Site Safety Inspection makes a valuable output in organization for OSH
management.
RE-ENTRY FORM
ACCOMPLISHING a RE-ENTRY PROGRAM
Hazard
Madilim sa Elevator
Shaft at maaring may
madapa o mahulog
(Unsafe
Condition:
Low illumination Physical Hazard)
Action Plan
Accountability
Target Date
Output
Engr ControlMagkabit ng
karagdagan ilaw sa
shaft
Operations Dept.
Feb. 21, 20XX:
Prior to start to work
Maliwanag na lugar
na pinagtratrabahuan
Admin ControlMaglagay ng
“Warning Signs”.
Magbigay ng
kaalaman sa
pangangalaga ng mata
Operations and
Safety Dept.
Feb. 25, 20XX
Dagdag Paalala sa
Kaligtasan
PPENot applicable
Warehouse Dept.
Feb. 21, 20XX:
Prior to start to work
No PPE
applicable for
dark areas
HIRAC - Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Control
RISK ASSESSMENT is a term used to describe the overall process or
method where you:
1. Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause
harm (hazard identification).
2. Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk
analysis, and risk evaluation)
3. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the
risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control).
L
I
K
E
L
I
H
O
O
D
SEVERITY
3
2
1
3
H
H
M
2
H
M
L
1
M
L
L
When to Create HIRAC?
Every activity / task should have a corresponding HIRAC, prioritizing the following considerations:
1. High Frequency of Accidents
2. Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3. History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4. Potential for Serious Harm
5. New Jobs or New Equipment
6. Changes in Procedures or Standards
LIKELIHOOD (PAGKAKATAON)
Likelihood Score
1 - Unlikely
2 - Likely
3 - Very Likely
Likelihood Description
Probability
Unlikely that this consequence from the hazard will occur at this workplace
or at the company at any time. (N=0)
Has occurred in the workplace or at the company previously.
(N=1)
Has occurred several times in the workplace or at the company and is
very likely to occur at some time on this
site. (N>1)
1%-25%
26% - 70%
>71%
SEVERITY (GAANO KATINDI)
Severity Score
Safety and Health
Description
Property Damage
Description
1 - Low
No injury to minor
discomfort;
First aid treatment; Near Miss, or
Medical Treatment
No damage or
slight damage
≤PhP10,000
2 - Moderate
Injuries resulting to Lost Time
Incident, or Temporary Total
Disability
Moderate damage,
PhP10,001 to
PhP500,000
3 - High
Permanent Partial Disability
(PPD),
Permanent Total Disability
(PTD), or Fatality
Extensive damage,
>PhP500,000
Environmental Impact
No measurable impact, minimal environmental
disturbance in work area. Minor non-conformance of
procedures, No complaints
Temporary or minor reversible impact. Contained at
the site. Minor noncompliance to legal requirements or
procedures, Single complaint from general public.
Permanent damage with external impact. Medium
term clean up or correction. Large number of
complaints. Regional or national media coverage.
Notice of violation with penalty. Order to cease
operation.
RISK MATRIX
SEVERITY
L
I
K
E
L
I
H
O
O
D
RISK SCORE
High
Medium
Low
3
2
1
3
H
H
M
2
H
M
L
1
M
L
L
Risk Control Measure
Requires intervention to reduce residual risk to a lower level prior to work activities starting.
Residual risks can be controlled to acceptable levels using a combination of Engineering,
Administrative, or PPE
Consider new controls to be implemented to manage residual risk by implementing controls
based on any level of the hierarchy of controls
Risk acceptable
Residual risk does not warrant the application of further controls
ACCOMPLISHING HIRAC FORM
1. Hazard Identification
Hazard(s)
Madilim sa
Elevator Shaft
at maaring may
madapa o
mahulog
(Physical
Hazard)
Possible Effects
Minor
Illness/Injury to
Permanent
Partial/Total
Disability or
Fatality
2. Risk Assessment
(Evaluation)
Probability
3
Severity Risk
3
(9)
High
3. Risk Control
Proposed Control Measure (s)
Engr ControlMagkabit ng karagdagan ilaw sa shaft
Admin ControlMaglagay ng “Warning Signs”.
Magbigay ng kaalaman sa
pangangalaga ng mata.
PPENot applicable - remember that the
barrier you recommend should control
the risk/hazard. Bear in mind that
there is no barrier for darkness
(walang panangga sa kadiliman)
Communicating Inspection Results
• Discuss them at safety meetings
• Post the complete checklists
• Post maintenance requests
Inspecting for Chemical hazards
• Check containers and labels – SDS
• Use recommended Personnel Protective Equipment
• Observe proper ventilation, specially in chemical storage, transfer areas and workstations
• Have necessary emergency equipment available and a trained staff to use it
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Every valuable HIRAC is achieved with a Job Hazard Analysis or JHA. It is a collective effort that focuses
both on the different jobs in a company, and a group of people tasked to identify them.
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this module, the participant will be able to list the steps for a Job Hazard Analysis, and cite guides in
observing different job procedures.
Accidents can occur when:
1. Work is performed incorrectly
2. Workers use hazardous materials
3. Work under hazardous conditions
The process of determining the hazards associated with a job is often referred to as a JHA or a Job Hazard Analysis.
Hazards that present risks to:
1. Environment
2. Safety
3. Health
For proper ESH management all jobs should include a JHA
JHA involves the following steps:
1. Identify basic steps of a job
2. Determine associated hazards
3. Make recommendations to control the hazards
Uses of a JHA
1. Create / improve SOP’s
2. Guide in observing employee performance
3. Accident investigation
4. Safety inspection
Prioritizing JHA’s
1. High Frequency of Accidents
2. Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3. History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4. Potential for Serious Harm
5. New Jobs
6. Changes in Procedures or Standards
JHA Team
1. Supervisor
2. Employee most familiar with the job
3. Other employees who perform the job
4.
Watch carefully when conducting a JHA
Experts or specialists (maintenance, occupational hygienists, ergonomists, engineers)
Step 1. Identify the Basic Job Steps -Watch carefully as a worker performs the entire job at least once
1) As the operator performs the job again, list the individual steps on the left-hand column.
2) Using simple action phrases that are short and to the point
3) Steps should always be numbered to indicate the order
Problem: Most common error: describing the job in too much or too little detail.
Solution: List the steps in a way that you would instruct someone to do the task.
Step 2. Determine the Hazards: - Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an injury or
illness, or harm to the environment.
Hazard Guide:
1) The method or physical actions required for that specific step.
2) The materials used.
3) The machine / equipment used.
4) The environmental conditions under which the step is normally performed.
Physical Action:
1) Force (weight)
2) Frequency (repetition)
3) Posture (prolonged)
4) Position (distance)
Materials (Chemicals)
1) Corrosive
2) Flammable
3) Is the MSDS available
4) Volatile
Equipment
1) Mechanical hazard
2) Electrical hazard
Conditions
1) Noisy environment
2) Temperatures extremes
3) Vibration present
4) Poor or high Illumination
5) Pressure (atmospheric force)
6) Prolonged hours
"What if” Questions
1) Anticipate hazardous situations
2) Abnormal operating conditions
3) Incorrect or out of sequence
4) Additional attachments
5) Replacements / alternatives
6) Consequence
Step 3. Recommend Corrective Actions Physical Actions
• Modifying
1) Rearranging
2) Combining actions
3) Change the process
4) Training
5) Use of PPE
Materials
1) Substitution of materials
2) Machine guarding
3) Safeguarding
4) Limit employee exposure
5) Use of PPE
Equipment
1) Installation of machine guards
2) Use automatic safeguard devices,
3) Replacement of equipment.
4) Training, experience, skills
5) Use of PPE
Work Area Conditions
1) Improved housekeeping procedures
2) Installation of additional lighting
3) Use ventilation system
4) Noise reduction systems
5) Vibration damping
6) Use of PPE
7) Relocation (isolation by place)
8) Rescheduling (isolation by time)
9) Redesign the work area.
10) Height
11) Weight
12) Distance
Using A Job Hazard Analysis
1) Developing or updating SOP’s
2) Training employees
3) Observing employee performance
4) Conducting inspections
5) Investigating accidents
Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the job in the safest & healthiest
way possible.
Employee Training
1. Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
2. To point out particular job steps or hazards that require special precautions.
3. Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
4. Increase awareness on hazards
Employee Observations
1. Guide in employee performance observations
2. Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
3. Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
Inspections
When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify hazardous conditions that may need to be
included.
Accident Investigations
1) To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
2) To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
JHA’s - a simple step to safety
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Operation Title:
Dept./Division:
Project Mgt. Department
Job Location:
Worksite
Steps In Manual Cutting of Steel Bars
Employee Position:
Safety Officer
Performed by:
Illuminada de Luna
Incident:
Hand Injury
Verified By:
Pedro Santos
BASIC JOB STEP
EXISTING & POTENTIAL HAZARD
RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE ACTION
1.
1.1 Cut from sharp edges of steel bar
Get a Steel Bar
2. Measure the steel bar
3. Cut the steel bar
2.1 Finger cut while conducting measurement
3.11metal splinters hitting the eye
3.2 pinch injury while finger is caught in
between the cutting tool equipment
1.1.A Engg.: N/A
1.1.B Admin: work instructions
1.1.C Ergo: proper sitting posture
1.1.D PPE: N/A
1.1.A Engg.: Use measuring tape
1.1.B Admin: Training in measuring
1.1.C Ergo: observe proper sitting procedure
1.1.D PPE: wear gloves
2.1.A Engg.: use sharp cutting tools
2.1.B Admin: proper work procedure
2.1.C Ergo: observe proper tool handling
2.1.D C PPE: g l o v e s
3.1.A Engg.: Substitute with cutting machine
3.1.B Admin: Training on use of cutting machine
3.1.C Ergo: observe proper work postures
3.1.D PPE: wear gloves
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Construction site related accidents are considered serious but these can be eliminated once analyzed.
Suffice it to say that Accidents rank the fifth leading cause of death in the Philippines (June 2015 The
Medical Grind Medical News) worldwide. Employee safety records speak of man-hours worked safely,
while Lost Time, on the other hand, is the technical term for an accident. It can maim or kill a worker
and put a halt to the construction project.
OBJECTIVES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Learn the accident causation theory
Discuss the importance of accident investigation
Enumerate the types of accidents to be reported
Document and make recommendations based on the investigation
Accidents are the result of Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Condition. Identifying the causative factors can prevent recurrence and
save valuable lives.
1. Accident is unplanned, uncontrolled and undesirable.
2. Disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or damage to property.
3. Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
Accident Causation:
1. Refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident.
2. For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors in any workplace injury or accident is the
key.
1.
MAN
1.1. Workforce
1.2. Management of the workforce
1.3. Policies
1.4. Behavior
2.
MATERIAL
2.1. Used or Worked or made
3.
METHOD
Accident Investigation
1. A methodical effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.
2. An inquiry as to how and why the accident occurred in order to explore actions that should be taken to prevent or
minimize recurrence of the accident.
Important Feature of an Accident Investigation - Formal Policy requiring the proper and consistent reporting of all accidents
is one of the most important principles of any accident investigation program
PURPOSE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1. To establish all facts
2. To draw conclusion
3. To make recommendations
4. To prevent recurrence
Investigations are conducted to:
1. Prevent recurrence
2. Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
3. Improve Supervisor’s Management Approach
4. Maintain employee awareness - HSE
Prevention is the reason for conducting an Accident Investigation
Unless the unsafe acts/conditions are:
1. Identified,
2. Eliminated or
3. Controlled… similar mishaps will occur.
All accidents must be investigated:
1. LTA
2. Non-LTA
3. Property Damage
4. Near Accident or Miss (Near Miss?)
TYPES OF ACCIDENT TO BE REPORTED
1. Fatal accidents
2. Accident causing injury or illness
3. Diseases
4. Dangerous occurrences
5. Near Miss – is a circumstance where injuries or property damage did not occur, but the potential exists for those
undesirable events.
The Supervisor should take responsibility in conducting the investigation
1. More familiar with the people involved
2. Has better understanding of the operation
3. Has personal stake in accident investigation
4. Knows the employees best
Investigate the following:
1. Incidents and Accidents
2. Medical Cases
3. Damage to property
4. Injury
5. Theft
Accident Investigations are usually considered a Supervisors responsibility. Advantages of Supervisors over other
investigators:
1. More familiar with the people involved
2. Better understanding of the operations and equipment
3. Personal interest in Investigations
Team Effort – investigate as a team, it increases the chance of identifying the cause, reduces backyard
blindness and bias.
Managing the Accident Scene
Two Priorities:
▪ Care & Treatment of the Injured
▪ Elimination or control of Remaining Hazards
Care & Treatment of Injured
Supervisors can increase their ability to respond to
Medical Emergencies by:
1. Training in First Aid
2. Drills under normal and abnormal conditions
3. Liaison with hospitals
Controlling Remaining Hazards - If a hazardous environment or toxic materials exist:
1. Notify necessary personnel
2. Provide PPE to potentially exposed
3. Refer to MSDS
Isolate the site
1. To protect people from further injury
2. To preserve evidence and valuable clues
Investigate immediately, because:
1. Operations are disrupted
2. Memories fade
3. Employees are at risk
Steps in Conducting the Investigation
1. Gather information
2. Analyze the facts
3. Make recommendations
Step 1. Gather Information (Preliminary Facts). NOI, POI, DOI, TOI
Sources of Information
1. Witnesses
2. Physical evidence at the scene
3. Existing records
Witnesses (these satisfy the 5 senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste)
1. Victim and onlookers
2. Those who heard what happened
3. Saw area prior to incident
4. Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances
A Healthy tip in asking Questions
When you ask questions, pretend you are blind, and you want a description, which you can picture in your imagination.
Physical Evidence
These are the objects that the witness saw, heard, felt, tasted and smelled. Provides information about an accident that witnesses
may overlook or take for granted. In absence of the objects, there are 2 additional tools that serve as physical evidence:
a. Sketches
To record details at the accident site for later study Include everything that could be important:
1. Floor plan from overhead view
2. Location of involved man, machine, tool
3. Size/location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)
b. Photographs – these tools capture (take pictures in .raw format)
1. detail
2. color differences
3. complex shapes difficult to recall
When taking Photographs, follow some tips
1. General area
2. Detailed shots
3. Show scale on small objects
4.
5.
Indicate reference point
Better to take too many than too few
Examine Materials, Machines, Environment for:
1. Physical condition
2. Position of switches/levers
3. Reading of gauges
Step 2. Analyze the Facts
This is done to determine the usefulness of information gathered. One simple approach is to compare
what you have found out with the corresponding standards. Determine which factors meet the given
limits (OSHS), and which do not. This is called Change Analysis – it compares how a job was actually
performed with the way it should have been performed
How the task was done
These are the information you
gathered:
1) Witness statements
2) Physical evidence
3) Existing records
How it should be done
These are the standards:
Minimum and maximum
Complied / Not complied
If YES, put an
, meaning
this IS NOT one of the causes
If NOT, put a
,
Means this IS one of the causes
FIND ROOT CAUSES:
▪ Determined the direct and contributing factors, dig deeper!
▪ If employee error, what caused that behavior?
▪ If defective machine, why wasn’t it fixed?
▪ If poor lighting, why not corrected?
▪ If no training, why not?
Step 3. Recommend Corrective Actions
• Specific
1. Engineering method
• Measurable
2. Administrative method
• Attainable
3. Personal Protective Equipment
• Realistic
• Time-bound
Prepare investigation report:
1) Background Information
a) Where and when the accident occurred
b) Who and what were involved
c) Operating personnel and other witnesses
2) Account of the Accident (What happened?)
a) Sequence of events
b) Extent of damage
c) Accident type
d) Agency or source (of energy or hazardous Material)
3) Discussion (Analysis of the Accident - HOW; WHY)
4) Direct causes (unsafe acts, energy sources; hazardous materials)
5) Contributing causes (personal or environmental causes)
6) Root causes (management policies; system procedures; inadequate trainings)
7) Recommendations (to prevent recurrence)
Mandatory Reports: OSHS Rule 1050 Notification and Keeping of Records of Accident and/ or Occupational Illness
1053.01 Notification - All work accidents or occupational illnesses resulting in disabling conditions or dangerous occurrence
shall be reported by the employer to the Regional Labor Office
Actual Loss Measurements (injuries):
• Disabling injury frequency rate (FR)
• Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR) (DOLE/BWC/IP-6)
• 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
•
•
•
•
•
Submitted on or before January 20 of the following year with or without accident
Disabling injury severity rate (SR)
Disabling injury index
Serious injury frequency rate (FR)
Non-LTI frequency rate (FR)
Disabling Injury FR =
# of disabling injuries
employee hours of exposure
Disabling Injury SR =
total days charged
employee hours of exposure
Disabling Injury Index =
x 1,000,000
x 1,000,000
(disabling injury FR) x (disabling injury SR)
1,000
AEDR Computations.
Assume:
• # of Disabling Injuries = 10
• Total Emp-Hr Exp = 200,000
FREQUENCY RATE:
Frequency Rate (FR) = No. of disabling injury X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Frequency Rate (FR) = 10 X 1,000,000
200,000
Frequency Rate (FR) = 50
•
•
Assume:
Total days lost = 200
Total Emp-Hr. Exp = 200,000
SEVERITY RATE:
Severity Rate (FR) = Total days lost X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Severity Rate (FR) = 200 X 1,000,000
200,000
Severity Rate (FR) = 1,000
Other Requirements:
The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage of being in
imminent danger
STAGE OF IMMINENT DANGER
DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES
1. Damaged Pressure Relief Valve
Explosion of boilers
2. Increase temperature of tank due to hot work & absence of
inert gas inside tank.
Explosion of a storage container
3. No proper enclosure of the workplace & absence of machine
guard
Bursting of a revolving wheel, grinding stone
4. Outriggers of crane are not placed on stable ground
Collapse of a crane, hoist and other equipment
5. Oxygen acetylene gas cylinders exposed to excessive
heat
Explosion or fire causing damage to the structure
6. Defective over-current protective device
Electrical short circuit or failure of
electrical machinery
CLEAR POINTS:
1. Accidents disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or damage to property.
2. Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
3. Primary causes of accidents are unsafe/unhealthy acts & conditions
4. Basic procedures in the conduct of accident investigation must be followed
5. Results of accident investigation must be documented properly and thoroughly.
6. Make recommendations based on the investigation.
7.
Dangerous occurrences in the workplace must be addressed.
COMMUNICATING OSH
Many successful meetings begin with a simple checklist or agenda, and the ability to talk and listen.
COURSE OBJECTIVES (Training of OSH Trainers)
1. Explain the roles of safety officers in the conduct of OSH trainings;
2. Enumerate and discuss the stages of the training cycle;
3.
4.
Discuss basic presentation and facilitating skills; and
Prepare a training plan for their company.
Communication:
1. The process of communication is what allows us to interact with other people;
2. Without it, we would be unable to share knowledge or experiences with anything outside of ourselves.
3. Communication is what we do to give and get understanding.
What is the importance of Communication in OSH?
Communication is the key to a healthy, safe and productive workplace. It is needed to ensure roles and directions are
understood; to warn against dangers; to avoid unsafe practices; to promote critical emergency response and particularly to learn
about (and from!) the concerns and hazards that workers encounter.
The Communication Equation
50% of Message - What you see or feel
- Facial expression
- Dress and grooming
- Posture
- Eye contact
- Touch
- Gesture
40% of the Message - What you hear
- Tone of voice
- Vocal clarity
- Verbal expressiveness
10% of the Message – Words
Understanding Communication
1.
2.
SENDER - Asserting or Expressing (Sending)
RECIEVER - Listening to others (Receiving)
Barriers to communication can lead to misunderstanding and confusion
Environment
1. Cultural Differences
2. Values and Attitudes
3. Generation Gap
Channels
1.
2.
3.
Language
Noise
Hearing
GENERATION GAP & ATTITUDE - Adapt to the situation and be professional
Communicating OSH
“How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace?”
Communicate OSH Program:
Identify unsafe or unhealthy acts and conditions.
- OSH awareness
- Conduct OSH trainings
- Motivation of workers
Conduct HIRAC
-
Proper communication to all workers and employers
Workers will take part and help implement OSH program\
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace? OSH Program
Implementation
• Clients and Stakeholders
• DOLE & other government agencies
Employers respond to:
1. Compliance requirements
2. Status of compliance
3.
4.
5.
Costs
Productivity indicators
”Need to know” and what can be done
6.
Efficient, effective way to implement OSH
Workers respond to:
1. How to keep themselves safe and healthy
2. Linking OSH to their productivity
3. Contributing to the achievement of the company
Safety Officers as OSH Trainers: Training of Trainers on OSH
Great work = Safe work
DO 198-18 SECTION 14: Safety Officer (DO13 Section 12: Safety and Health Information)
Duties and Responsibilities of a Safety Officer
1. Oversee the overall management of the OSH Program in coordination with the OSH Committees;
2. Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with the participation of
supervisors and workers.
3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at anu time whenever work is being performed
or during the conduct of an information and OSH reports as required by the OSH Standards; and
4. Issue work stoppage order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided by the OSH
Standards.
LABOR ADVISORY O4-20I9 - APPOINTMENT OF SAFETY OFFICER SAFETY OFFICER
The Safety Officer shall be certified by the company's Human Resource (HR) unit/section based on the qualification
requirements such as completion of the prescribed training and minimum years of OSH experience as provided for under Section
14. Thus, the appointment of its own safety officers and the appropriate category level of Safety Officer ( i.e. Safety Officer 1,
Safety Officer 2, Safety Officer 3 and Safety Officer 4) shall be issued by the company.
DO 198-18 SECTION 16: Safety and Health Training (Workers’ OSH Seminar)
The Mandatory 8-hour Module conducted by the Safety Officer of the workplace as prescribed by the OSH Standards
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH committee;
Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with the participation of
supervisors and workers;
Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed
or during the conduct of an accident investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the
OSH standards and
4.Issue Work Stoppage Order (when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided
Safety Officers as OSH Trainers
Training of Trainers on OSH
Safety and Health Promotion, training and education provided to workers
Training Title
No. of Employees in
Date
attendance
Mandatory 8-Hour OSH
Training for workers
Skill Development Trainings
Risk Assessment
WEM
Safety Training for Executive,
Managers & Supervisor
Conduct of Safety Meetings
Toolbox Meeting
OSH Committee Meeting
Department OSH Meeting
Date
Toolbox Meetings or Talks
1. Toolbox talks should focus on a single topic and be held regularly for greatest impact.
Allow safety officers and workers to explore the risks of specific health and safety issues in the workplace and think of ways to deal with them.
Safety Briefings
1. Useful way to keep health and safety forefront in the minds of workers and make them aware of the current risk and
hazards.
2. Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers that help foster good safety and health culture
Tips for Effective Toolbox Talks
1. TALK DIRECTLY to your audience
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keep it BRIEF
Stay! POSITIVE & use encouraging language
Explain WHY to Demonstrate your point
Encourage PARTICIPATION from your audience
Training
Training is concerned with the teaching of specific, factual, narrow scoped subject matter and skills. It is a
formal classroom learning activity.
1. Is a learning intervention;
2. Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes;
3. After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
4. Examples : BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
Training Goals
Aims for a favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive direction of an
individual, group or organization.
• Learning
- Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skill through study, experience or
teaching. It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in
behavior potential.
• Improved Performance
Trainer Roles within the Training Cycle:
1. Training Needs Analysis (Needs Analyst)
2. Curriculum Development (Program Designer)
3. Dev’t. of Training Materials (Material Developer)
4. Training Implementation (Facilitator)
5. Monitoring & Evaluation (Administrator)
Presentation Skills
Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal!
Remember
1. Think of your audience in advance;
2. Anticipate questions;
3. Take a breath, pause!
4. Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non-native speakers
5. Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
6. Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
Body Language
1. Eye contact
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Posture
4.
5.
Watch the person’s body language for satisfaction
Hand gestures
Arms
Legs
Blocking
Answering Questions
1. Listen actively
2. Repeat the question
3. Keep answers short and direct
If you don’t know the answer, state your options
Stephen Covey – the biggest communication problem is we do not listen to understand, we listen to respond
Example: emphatic listening
IF YOU DON’T KNOW THE ANSWER, Do say what you know
1. Offer to follow up
2. Direct them to expert
NEVER ARGUE WITH AUDIENCE (The Talker, The Arguer)
1. Thank the person and move on to the next subject.
2. Ask others to comment on his remarks.
3. Thank the person for his participation and indicate it is time to hear from others.
4. Tactfully ask the person to give someone else a chance.
5. Use humor to invite others to speak up.
6. Deliberately turn to others and ask for their opinions.
7. Cut across the person’s flow of talk with a summarizing statement.
Visual Aids
1. Any device used to help or aid in communicating ideas
2. You are your number 1 visual
Non-Projected Visuals
- Writing Board
- Flip Chart
- Flash Card
Projected Visuals
- Video Projector
- Slides
- Films
Qualities of a Good Presentation Slides:
1. Simple – (K.I.S.S.)
2. Visible – for slides, smallest font size: 30
3.
4.
Clear – gives the message directly and immediately
Put one idea per slide
Tips in Making Presentation Slides & Webinars:
1. As a general rule, use only a maximum of:
1.1. 8 words per line
1.2. 6-8 lines per slide
1.3. 2 graphics per slide
1.4. Leave margins around the visual
2.
Put a heading on each visual using.
2.1. A maximum of 5 words
2.2. Larger font than the body size
2.3. Font size not smaller than 28 points
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Put one idea per slide.
Label charts and pictures boldly and clearly.
Use appropriate (readable) fonts.
No weird fonts or layout.
Use phrases and key words, not sentences, check data, grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Emphasize points by
Using color and art, animation and sounds, pictures.
REMEMBER:
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
VERBALIZE; Hear your presentation out loud
CLARITY make your points and move on
OWNERSHIP take responsibility for your presentations
CLEAR POINTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Practice, practice, practice!
Verbalize…hear your presentation out loud
Clarity – make your points and move on
Ownership – take responsibility for your presentations
WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Disaster readiness has now evolved to become Workplace Emergency Preparedness because it was
determined that the best response can be mounted by employees when trained properly.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Enumerate the different types of emergencies
2. Explain the elements of an emergency preparedness program
3. Discuss basic preparations for common emergencies
4. Explain the fire brigade concept and organization
Definition of Terms:
Emergency
A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
Disaster
It is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
Natural emergencies
1. Flood
2. Volcanic eruption
3. Earthquake
4. Typhoon
5. Drought
6. Tsunamis
Man Made Emergencies - These can be a result of human error or willful intent
1. Industrial fires
2. Chemical spills / leaks
3. Chemical threat
4. Bomb threats / explosions
5. Structure collapse
6. Construction cave-in
7. Biological threats
Most developed countries operate three core emergency services: Emergency services providing
assistance in dealing with any emergency:
POLICE
The agency who deal with security of person and property, which can cover all the categories of
emergency. They also to some extent deal with punishment of those who cause an emergency through
their deliberate actions.
FIRE SERVICE
Who deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue operations such as dealing with road traffic
collision. Their actions help to prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
These services attempt to reduce loss of life or damage to health. This service is likely to be decisive in
attempts to prevent loss of life and damage to health. In some areas "Emergency Medical Service" is
abbreviated to simply EMS.
Advance planning for emergencies - the best way to minimize potential loss
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
The objectives of this are to ensure that the company has developed and communicated plans that will
allow for the effective management of emergencies.
Why Emergency Preparedness Program?
• Quick and effective action is required during the onset of an emergency
• Effective action often depends on having plans in place before the disaster strikes
• If response is delayed, people’s lives maybe needlessly lost
ELEMENTS - Emergency Preparedness Program
1. Identify & Evaluate Hazards
2. Evaluate Resources
3. Develop Emergency Plan & Procedure
4. Conduct Training
5. Conduct Drills & Exercises
6. Educate the public
7. Integrate with community plan
IDENTIFY & EVALUATE ALL WORKPLACE HAZARDS
• Existing Hazards
• Types of potential Hazards
• Number of People or things exposed to the hazard and its adverse consequences.
EVALUATE RESOURCES
• Emergency Equipment
• Transportation
• Emergency Supplies
• Employees Training & Capabilities
• External Help Capabilities
DEVELOP EMERGENCY PLAN AND PROCEDURES
• Command, Control, and Communications
• External Communication
• Records Preservation
• Life Safety
• Property Protection
• Recovery and Restoration
• Community Outreach
CONDUCT TRAINING ON:
• Information on Different Types of Emergencies
• Safety & Health Hazard Risk Assessment
• Incident & Accident Reporting
• Hazardous Communication Program
EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ON:
• Co-existing Emergency Program
• Safety & Health Procedures & Protocols
• Duties of other Person
INTEGRATE WITH COMMUNITY PLAN
• Community officials should be involved in the company’s emergency planning process and that
the company be involved in local planning.
•
•
•
Philippine National Police
Bureau of Fire
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADE AS A REQUIREMENTS
• Business establishments employing at least fifty (50) persons.
• Requirements for the grant of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC)
REMEMBER:
• The head of the company, through its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate the potential
magnitude of a fire emergency within the company, and the availability of firefighting assistance
from the BFP to determine the nature of the organization to be established.
OSHS Rule 1948.02 (Item 1)
• Every place of employment depending on the magnitude
of potential fires and the availability of assistance from the
public fire department shall organize a fire brigade to deal
with fires and other related emergencies.
OBJECTIVES OF THE FIRE BRIGADE
• To enable the building head to conduct an effective fire
safety program;
• To provide the organization by how the occupants can combat
fires, evacuate the building and prevent damage to lives and
properties;
• To provide the building with the means by which a safety
consciousness among the building occupants and the
community of certain buildings;
• To establish the necessary support and cooperation in the fire
prevention and suppression.
PURPOSE
1. Familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants with evacuation procedures so that order and control is maintained in
actual emergency.
2. To determine if emergency escape facilities are sufficient for orderly evacuation of all occupants
3. When you hear an alarm, stop work activities and prepare to evacuate as directed by your supervisor.
4. Proceed promptly to the nearest emergency exit. Walk quickly, but do not run.
5. Do not Use elevators, instead use stairways to the designated safe assembly area. Safe assembly areas should generally
be away from the building, upwind and out of the way of incoming emergency personnel.
6. Remain in the safe assembly area location so that the supervisory personnel may conduct a survey to account for all
building personnel. Do not disperse or move to other assembly locations.
7. Do not re-enter the building until the emergency response team leader has deemed it safe and supervisory personnel
have given permission to go back into the facility.
EVACUATION MAP
CLEAR POINTS:
1.
2.
The best way to minimize potential loss is Advance Planning for Emergencies
Practicing your emergency responses avoids panic and confusion
ROLES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICERS
Mitigation of hazards is spearheaded by the Safety Officer, and delegated to all emoployees.
OBJECTIVE:
1. List the Duties and Responsibilities of Occupational Safety and Health Officer.
2. Advocate and monitor the Company Safety & Health Program in construction and promote safe work practices.
3. Maintain the Safety & Health of workers
Safety Trends in Construction
In recent years there is a trend for builders and contractors:
1. They pay more attention to safety-related matters than ever before.
2.
It is a fact that more companies are embracing safety perform better and have a higher retention percentage in their
workforce.
3. The future of construction is shifting towards augmented reality
DO 198-2018: Section 3 - DEFINITION OF TERMS SAFETY
OFFICER
1. Refers to any employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or DOLE-Accredited Training Organization and
tasked by the employer to implement an OSH program, and ensure that it is in accordance with the provisions of OSH
standards.
2.
3.
A person engaged in the prevention of accidents, incidents and events that harm people, property or the environment.
Is one who applies the expertise gained from a study of safety sciences, principles and practices and from professional
safety experiences.
The Primary Duty of a Safety Officer
1. Is the prevention of harm to people, property and environment rather than responsibility for responding to harmful
events.
1.1. By controlling
1.1.1. Human Performance
1.1.2. Machine Performance
1.1.3. Physical Environment
2.
DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER
2.1. Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH committee;
2.2. Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with the
participation of supervisors and workers;
2.3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being
performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation by providing necessary information and OSH
reports as required by the OSH standards; and
2.4. Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided
by the OSH standards
SAFETY OFFICER RELATIONSHIPS INSIDE THE COMPANY
1. With the Site Manager
2. With Department Heads and Supervisors
3. With Department Heads and Supervisors
4. With Employees
5. Outside the Company
The Primary Duty of a Safety Officer
1. Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee:
1.1. Prepare minutes of the meeting
1.2. Report status of recommendation made;
1.3. Notify members of the meetings
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee, including recommendations made.
Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and safety for the guidance of the employer and the
workers.
Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the health and safety committee and submits his separate report and
analysis of accidents to the employer
Coordinates all health and safety training programs for the employees and employer.
Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee.
Maintains or helps in the maintenance if an efficient accident record system and coordinates action taken by supervisors to
eliminate accident causes.
Maintaining Workers and Employer’s Concern for Safety and Health
1.
By conducting safety promotion program:
a.
Positive Approach
i. Incentive Schemes & Awards
b. Negative Approach
i. Disciplinary Action Program
2.
3.
4.
Incentive Schemes & Awards
2.1. Zero Lost Time Injury/Accident (LTI/LTA)
2.2. Awarded by target milestone man-hours. Milestone for every 1M Safe Manhour.
Safe Worker of The Month
3.1. Slogan Contest
3.2. Slogan Contest
Giveaways
4.1. P10.00/day (15/30) of the month
4.2. T-Shirt
4.3. Dinner
5.
6.
7.
Safety Publicity
5.1. Tool Box Topics
5.2. Safety Awareness Signs
5.3. Safety Handbook
5.4. Accident Summary Sheet
5.5. Safety News Cutting
Monitoring the Company CSHP Program
Construction Safety & Health Program
7.1. Describes the general CSHP management techniques to be implemented in order to control and promote greater
Occupational Safety and Health Awareness among all persons employed upon or associated with the Project.
ACCOUNTABILITY OF SAFETY OFFICERS
1. Reduction of the frequency and severity of accidents. The same criteria for measurement must be consistently used
throughout the company.
2.
Reduction of costs stemming from accidents. "Weightings" must be used to correct for dissimilarities
between operations in different areas of the company.
3.
The efficiency and smoothness of a department's operations within operations of the plant as a whole.
NEED FOR SAFETY PROFESSIONALS
1. DO 198-2018: Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER & DO 13 Section 7 – Construction SH Officer
1.1. The number and qualification of safety officers shall be proportionate to the total number of workers and
equipment, size of work area, classification of the workplace and such other criteria as required by the OSH
standards.
1.2. The safety officer shall be required to undergo the prescribed DOLE-BOSH training orientation or course,
advanced occupational safety training courses, and/or other OSH related training or learning as necessary in
the effective performance of its duties and responsibilities.
1.3. Safety officers engaged in micro and small establishments, low to medium risk, shall be engaged in safety
programs including other tasks designated to him/her by his/her employer.
1.4. In the case of a contractor or subcontractor, at least one (1) safety officer must be deployed at each specific area of
operations to oversee the management of the OSH program of its own workforce.
HOW TO MAKE THINGS HAPPEN? - M.A.X.I.M.I.Z.E.R.S.
M - Make things happen, I take charge of my life and am a difference maker.
A - Achieve personal significance, I live my life with a sense of destiny. X - Cross out the
negatives, I embrace problems as positive opportunities I - Internalize right principles, I
center my life on bedrock principles.
M - March to a mission, I passionately pursue my mission.
I - Integrate all of Life, I keep all vital area of my life in balance.
Z - Zero in on caring for people, I put others first and honestly serve them.
E - Energize internally, I cultivate my character and spirit.
R - Realign rigorously, I keep adjusting to needs.
S - Stay the course, I never, never, never quit.
EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW ABOUT LIFE? I LEARNED FROM NOAH’S ARK.
• Don’t miss the boat.
• Remember, we are in the same boat.
• Plan ahead, it wasn’t raining when Noah built the ark.
• Stay physically, mentally, socially and spiritually Fit.
•
•
•
Listen to critics constructively.
Remember, the ark was built by amateurs, the Titanic was built by professionals
No matter the storm, when you are with GOD, there’s always a rainbow waiting.
3 E'S OF A GOOD LEADER
• Effectiveness - Doing the right things
• Efficiency - Doing things right
• Excellence - Efficiently meeting goals, both short term and long range
CLEAR POINTS:
1. The Occupational Safety and Health Officer is the key person to developing a safety program
2. Promoting safe work practices improves employee motivate and participation on health and safety activities
EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM
On to Employees’ Compensation Program (ECP), here to address workers who suffer injuries, illnesses and death when workrelated. It was established as an improvement over the old Workmen’s Compensation Program (WCP), as created by a written
policy (P.D. 626) under the Labor Code of the Philippines. Both programs provide benefits to workers in case of work-connected
contingencies.
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the ECC Module, the participant will be able to list the different compensable diseases and injuries under the law. He
can also point out the instances that will label the injury as work-related.
WCP provides for a litigious process between the employee and employer where the responsibility of compensating the employee
is with the employer. ECP is simple and non-litigious, benefits are paid from a fund that is managed and guaranteed by the
government.
It is a government agency mandated by law to provide meaningful and appropriate compensation to workers in the event of WORKRELATED CONTINGENCIES. Its main functions are:
1. Formulate policies and guidelines for the improvement of the Employees Compensation Program
2. To review and decide on appeal all EC claims disapproved by the Systems
3. To initiate policies and programs towards adequate occupational health and safety and accident prevention in the working
environment.
Eight members of the Commission:
1) Secretary of Labor – Chairman
2) SSS Head
3) GSIS Head
4) Phil Health Chair
5) CSC Chair
6) EC Exec Director
7) Employer Representative
8) Employee Representative
ECP is the present compensation package for public and private sector employees and their dependents in the event of work-related
contingencies. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 626, which was made effective on January 1975.
The ECP is for public and private sector employees and their dependents. All sectors in industry are covered. All employers are
required by law to have their employees covered by the SSS or GSIS, which is a requirement for them to be covered by the ECP
Designed to provide employees and their families with
• Income benefits
•
•
Medical and
Other benefits
It is or work-connected sickness/disease, injury or death.
Compensable Diseases:
Under Annex “A” of PD 626 as amended: For an occupational disease and the resulting disability or death to be compensable,
all of the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The employee’s work and / or the working conditions must involve risk/s that caused the development of the illness;
2. The disease was contracted as a result of the employee’s exposure to described risks;
3. The disease was contracted within a period of exposure and under such other factors necessary to contract it;
4.
5.
6.
7.
There was no deliberate act on the part of the employee to disregard the safety measures or ignore established warning or
precaution
Not any disease is compensable
Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
List of 32 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set - conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the
disease to be compensable
Newly amended rules in Annex “A” of PD 626:
• Cardiovascular Diseases, BR No.11-05-13, May 26, 2011
•
•
•
Cerebrovascular Accidents, BR No.11-05-13, May 26, 2011
Essential Hypertension, BR No.11-05-13, May 26, 2011
Tuberculosis (Pulmonary & Extra pulmonary) BR No.11-11- 29,
Nov 28, 2011
• Pneumoconiosis BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27, 2012
•
•
•
•
Pneumonia, BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27, 2012
Occupational Asthma, BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27, 2012
Asbestos-related Diseases, BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27, 2012
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27,
Year 2012
•
•
Byssinosis, BR No.12-09-18, Sept 27, 2012
Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal connection with the nature of
his work or the working environment.
Compensable injuries:
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the result of an accident arising out of
or in the course of employment.
Work – Connected Injuries
1. Happened in the workplace
2. Happened while performing official function
3. Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
4. When going to or coming from work
5. While ministering to personal comfort
6. While in a company shuttle bus
7. During a company sponsored activity
Progression of Illness (deterioration) or injury:
Where the primary illness or injury is shown to have arisen in the course of employment, every natural consequence that flows
from the illness or injury shall be deemed employment related.
Excepting Instance:
1. Intoxication
2. Notorious negligence
3. Willful intent to injure oneself or another
ECP Benefits:
1. Loss of Income Benefit
2. Medical Benefit
3. Carer’s allowance
4. Death benefit
5. Rehabilitation service
1. Loss of income benefit - It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that is being
compensated.
Types of Disability:
1. Total Temporary Disability
2. Partial Total Disability
3. Partial Permanent Disability
Daily Income Benefit for TTD
• for disability not exceeding 120 days
•
•
•
•
TTD
PTD
PPD
paid from first day of disability
may go beyond 120 days but not to exceed 240 days
P90/day for public sector employees (P200/day starting May 31, 2013)
P200/day for private sector employees
Monthly Income Benefit for PTD
• for disability that is permanent and total
•
also paid for
o Complete loss of sight of both eyes
o Loss of two limbs/permanent complete paralysis of two limbs
o
o
o
o
Brain injury resulting in imbecility/insanity
• guaranteed for life if disability remains until death of the worker but may be suspended
o Failure to present for examination / Failure to submit quarterly medical report
Complete or full recovery / Upon being gainfully employed
Rehabilitation appliances e.g. hearing aid, crutches, wheelchair, etc.
Re-skilling for re-employment / Training for entrepreneurship
Permanent Partial Disability
Complete & Permanent Loss of the Use of
Number of Months
One thumb
10
One index finger
8
One middle finger
6
One ring finger
5
One little finger
3
One big toe
6
Any other toe
3
One hand
39
One arm
50
One foot
31
One leg
46
One ear
10
Both ears
20
Hearing of one ear
25
Hearing of both ears
50
Sight of one eye
25
2. Medical Benefits
▪ Ward services for hospital confinement
▪ Medical attendance by an accredited doctor
▪ Surgical expense benefit
▪ Reimbursement of cost of medicines
3. Carer’s Allowance
• Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has difficulty taking care of basic personal needs
• PhP1,000/month allowance for the private sector employees only (for public sector employees starting 2018)
4. Death Benefits
• Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent child not exceeding five
• Funeral benefit of PhP20,000 for private sector; PhP3,000 for public sector (PhP20,000 for public sector starting May 31,
2013)
5. Rehabilitation Services for ODW’s
What is the KAGABAY Program? It is a component of the ECP that extends Rehabilitation services to Occupationally
Disabled Workers (ODW’s)
ECC-Quick Response Team Program (ECC-QRTP)
The Employees’ Compensation Commission (ECC) extends assistance to private and public sector employees or their dependents
in the event of work-related sickness, injury or death. In view of this, the ECC believes that there is a need for its presence to be
felt as soon as the contingency occurs. It is on this premise that the ECC-QRTP was created.
Availing of ECP benefits
•
•
Claims for EC Benefits are filed with the Systems
o SSS for private sector
o GSIS for public sector
Fill up prescribed forms and attach support documents such as
o job description
o medical/hospital records
o Physical Exam / Medical Exam and Annual Exam Reports
Prescriptive Period
No claim for compensation shall be given due course unless said claim is filed with the Systems within THREE (3) years from the
time the cause of action occurred.
• Enjoyed only by those with Employee - Employer relationship
•
•
Coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on first day of employment
Benefits are in addition to SSS and Phil Health benefits
Employees’ Compensation Commission
4th and 5th Flr, ECC Building, 355 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati City
CLEAR POINTS:
1.
2.
Employees Compensation is for Work-related injuries only
Proper documentation is required for filing a claim.
SALIENT FEATURES of OSH LEGISLATIONS
Health and Safety Legislation is best discussed with the understanding provided through four (4) references, namely:
1. P.D.442, Labor Code of the Philippines;
2. Book IV, Title I (Chapter I, Medical & Dental Services – Chapter II: Occ. Safety & Health Standards
3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11058 ENTITLED “An Act Strengthening Compliance With Occupational Safety And Health
Standards And Providing Penalties For Violations Thereof” and the
4. Implementing Rules and Regulations DOLE D.O. 198 series of 2018
Section 1 - DECLARATION OF POLICY
The state affirms labor as a primary social and economic force and that a safe and healthy workforce is integral in nation building.
Section 2 – COVERAGE
• All private establishments where work is being undertaken
•
Includes establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion agencies (e.g. Philippine
Economic Zone [PEZA], Clark Development Corporation [CDC])
Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) 1-2000; signed March 4, 2020, effective May 22, 2020: The Rule covers the public sector
such as national government agencies, government-owned and controlled corporations, government financial institutions, state
universities and colleges and local gov’t units.
Section 3 - DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. DOLE Accredited Training Organizations – Refers to those which have been granted accreditation by DOLE pursuant to
Department Order No. 16-2001
B. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards – A set of rules issued by
DOLE
which
mandates the adoption and use of appropriate practices, means, methods, operations & working conditions to ensure safe &
healthful employment.
C. Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs) – Establishments employing < 10 employees & < 100 employees, respectively
D. General Safety & Health Inspection – An examination of the work environment, including the location and operation of
machinery other than those covered by technical safety audits, ventilation, and other possible sources of safety and health
hazards
E. COMPETENCY STANDARDS – Refers to industry determined specification of proficiency required for effective work
performance.
F. CERTIFIED FIRST-AIDER – Refers to any person trained and duly certified to administer first aid by the Philippine Red
Cross (PRC) or any organization authorized by the Secretary of Labor and Employment. This includes Dept. of Health, Bureau
of Fire Protection and TESDA
G. EMPLOYER – Any person, natural or juridical, including the contractor, subcontractor, and principal employer who directly or
indirectly benefit from the services of the employee.
H. WORKER - Refers to any member of the labor force, regardless of employment status.
I. Workers’ OSH Seminar – Refers to the mandatory eight (8)-hour module conducted by the safety officer of the workplace as
prescribed by the OSH standards.
J. Imminent Danger – A situation caused by a condition or practice in any place of employment that could reasonably be expected
to lead to death or serious physical harm
K. LOW RISK ESTABLISHMENT – Refers to a workplace where there is Low Level of danger or exposure to safety and health
hazards and not likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm or injury, or illness.
L. MEDIUM RISK ESTABLISHMENT – Refers to a workplace where there is Moderate Exposure to safety and health hazards
and with probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or control measures are in place.\
M. HIGH RISK ESTABLISHMENT – Refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential hazard within the company
may affect the safety and/or health of workers
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high-risk activities:
1. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
2. Construction;
3. Deep sea fishing;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities;
7. Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution;
9. Mining;
10. Petrochemical works and refineries;
11. Power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector;
12. Storage and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; and
17. Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as determined by DOLE in accordance with existing
issuances on the classification of establishments.
Section 4A – DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
1. Capacity building of all workers including mandatory trainings;
2. Provision of information on OSH;
3. Use of devices/equipment with approved industry standards;
4. Compliance with all the requirements of the OSH Standards;
5. Provide appropriate DOLE tested & approved PPEs FREE of charge to the workers.
Section 4B – DUTIES OF THE WORKER
1. Participate in capacity building activities on safety and health and
2. Comply with instructions to prevent accidents or imminent danger situations in the workplace
3. Observe prescribed steps to be taken in cases of emergency
4. Proper use of all safeguards and safety devices furnished for workers’ protection and that of others
Section 4C – DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS
1. Any other person, including the builder or contactor who visits, builds, renovates or installs devices or conducts business in
any establishments or workplace, shall comply with the provisions of this Rules and all other regulations issued by the
Secretary of Labor and Employment.
2. Whenever 2 or more undertakings are engaged in activities simultaneously in one 1 workplace, it shall be the duty of all
concerned to collaborate and cooperate to ensure compliance with OSH standards and regulations, other OSH related topics
and programs;
3. REPORT TO THEIR IMMEDIATE SUPERVISOR any work hazard that may be discovered in the workplace.
WORKERS’ RIGHTS
Section 5 - THE RIGHT TO KNOW:
The different types of hazards in the workplace; Be provided with training, education and orientation;
Section 6 - THE RIGHT TO REFUSE UNSAFE WORK:
To refuse unsafe work without threat or reprisal from the employer in cases of imminent danger. Affected workers may be temporarily
assigned to other work areas;
Section 7 - THE RIGHT TO REPORT:
To report accidents / dangerous occurrences to DOLE-ROs and other government agencies in the most convenient way; Workers
shall be free from retaliation for reporting accidents.
Section 8 - THE RIGHT TO PPE:
To be provided barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or environment.
Section 9 - SAFETY SIGNAGE AND DEVICES
All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being undertaken shall have safety signages and devices to
warn the workers and the public of the hazards in the workplace.
Safety signage and devices shall be posted in prominent positions at strategic locations in a language understandable to all, and in
accordance with the OSH standards on color of signs for safety instructions and warnings, Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
pictograms, construction safety, classification and labelling of chemicals, radiation, safety instructions and warning signs, set by
DOLE
Section 10 - SAFETY IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT
Contractor or Subcontractor, if any, must comply with the OSH standards set by DOLE on safety and use of such equipment in the
different phases of the company or project operation including the transport to and from the establishment, project, site or place where
work is being undertaken. Appropriate training and certification by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA), Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) or other concerned government agency shall be a requirement for operators
before use of equipment, if applicable.
Section 11 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION
The employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide the workers in all establishments, projects and all other places
1.
2.
3.
4.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
where work is being undertaken adequate and suitable information on the following:
Workplace hazards; Control mechanisms; Appropriate measures; Emergency & disaster management protocols.
Section 12 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM - Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a
suitable OSH program and shall be guided by a format prescribed by DOLE. THE COMPANY MUST ENSURE:
The OSH program shall be updated, communicated and be made readily available to all persons in the workplace.
The core elements of OSH program are integrated in the company OSH program such as Management Commitment and employee
involvement, HIRAC, safety and health training and education, and OSH program evaluation.
The company shall submit a copy of the OSH program to the DOLE Office having jurisdiction over the workplace.
A duly signed company commitment to comply OSH requirements together with the company OSH program using the prescribed
template shall be considered approved upon submission EXCEPT for Construction Safety and Health Program which shall need
approval by DOLE prior to construction.
Basic Components of Company OSH Program and Policy (DO 198-18, Chapter IV, Section 12)
Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
General Safety and Health Programs
a) Safety & Health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Control (HIRAC) b) Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related disease
c) First-aid and emergency medical services
Promotion of Drug Free workplace, Mental health Services in the Workplace, Healthy lifestyle
Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
Composition and Duties of health and safety Committee
OSH Personnel and Facilities
Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
a) Orientation of all workers on OSH
b) Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation, Control -*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel *Work permit System
Toolbox/Safety Meetings, job safety analysis
11) Accident/Incident/illness Investigation, Recording and Reporting
12) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
13) Safety signage
14) Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and lifting and operation of
electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements.
15) Welfare Facilities
16) Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the organization and creation of disaster control groups, business
continuity plan, and updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment (as required)
17) Solid waste management system
18) Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirement (refer to Item 9.0)
19) Control and Management of Hazards (refer to Item 2-HIRAC)
20) Prohibited Acts and Penalties for Violations
21) Cost of Implementing Company OSH program
Section 13 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
a) For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10 - 50 workers. – A SO1 shall establish an
OSH committee composed of the following:
Chairperson
Company owner or manager
Secretary
Member
Safety officer of the workplace
At least one (1) worker, preferably a union member if organized
b) For medium to high risk establishments with 10-50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and above.
– The OSH committee of the covered workplace shall be composed of the following:
Ex-officio
Chairperson
Secretary
Employer or his/her representative
Ex-officio
members
Members
Certified first-aider, OH nurse, OH dentist, and OH physician,
as applicable
Safety officers representing the contractor or subcontractor, as the case may be, and representative/s of
workers who shall come from the union, if the workers are organized, or elected workers through a simple
vote of majority, if they are unorganized
Safety officer of the workplace
c) For 2 or more establishments housed under one building or complex including malls. – When two or more establishments
are housed under one building or complex, the health and safety committee organized in each workplace shall form
themselves into a Joint Coordinating Committee to plan and implement programs and activities concerning all the
establishments.
Chairperson
Building owner or his/her representative such as the building administrator
Secretary
Safety officer of the building or complex appointed by the Chairperson
Members
At least two safety officers from any of the establishment housed under one building or complex
At least two workers’ representatives, one of which must be from a union if organized, from any of the
establishment housed under one building or complex
Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER
In the implementation of OSH program, the required safety officers shall be employed or designated with the following duties and
responsibilities:
(a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH committee;
(b) Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with the participation of
supervisors and workers;
(c) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or
during the conduct of an accident investigation by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the OSH
standards; and (d) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided by the
OSH standards.
Safety officer/s of all workplaces must possess the necessary training and experience requirement according to its category as
contained herein.
The respective qualifications of safety officers are as follows:
SO1
SO2
SO3
SO4
8 hours OSH Orientation Course 2 hours
Trainors Training
Mandatory 40 hours training applicable to industry
Mandatory 40 hours trading applicable to industry
Additional 48 hours advance / specialized OSH training relevant to industry At least 2 years’
experience in OSH\
Other requirements as prescribed by OSHS
Mandatory 40 hours training applicable to industry
Additional 80 hours advance / specialized OSH training relevant to industry
A total of 320 hours OSH related training or experience (additional training may be converted to experience: 80 hours
= 1-year experience or vice versa
Actual experience as SO3 for 4 years Other
requirements as prescribed by OSHS
LABOR ADVISORY O4-20I9 - APPOINTMENT OF SAFETY OFFICER
The Safety Officer shall be certified by the company's Human Resource (HR) unit/section based on the qualification requirements
such as completion of the prescribed training and minimum years of OSH experience as provided for under Section 14. Thus, the
appointment of its own safety officers and the appropriate category level of Safety Officer ( i.e. Safety Officer 1, Safety Officer 2,
Safety Officer 3 and Safety Officer 4) shall be issued by the company.
The engagement of the services of a certified OSH Consultant (SO4) shall be allowed for a period not longer than one (1) year for
establishments whose designated safety officer has to be trained or is in the process of completing the prescribed training courses
and relevant experience.
Section 15 - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES
The employer may not establish an emergency hospital or dental clinic in the workplace where there is a hospital or dental clinic
which is located not more than five (5) kilometers away from the workplace, accessible in not more than twenty-five (25) minutes
travel time.
The employer has facilities readily available for transporting workers to the hospital or clinic in cases of emergency. For this
purpose, the employer shall enter into a written contract with the hospital or dental clinic for the use of such hospital or dental
clinic for the treatment of workers in cases of emergency.
However, this shall not excuse the employer from maintaining in his/her workplace a first aid treatment room or clinic for workers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Section 16 - SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING
First-Aider - Standard first aid training
OH Nurse - At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training course for OH Nurses
OH Dentist - At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training course
OH Physician - At least fifty-six (56)-hour Basic OSH training course for OH Physicians
The workers’ OSH seminar and other trainings/orientations as required by the employer and by any law shall be at no cost on the
worker and considered as compensable working time.
Section 17 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REPORTS
All employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall submit to DOLE all safety and health reports, and notifications such as
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
but not limited to:
Annual Medical Report (AMR); DOLEBWCHSDOH-47-A
Report of the Safety Organization; (RSO) the OSH Committee Report DOLEBWCOHSDIP-5
Employer’s Work Accident Illness Report (WAIR); DOLEBWCOHSDIP-6
Annual Work Accident or injury Exposure Data Report (AEDR). DOLEBWCOHSDIP-6b
Government Safety Engineers Accident Investigation Report (Work-ALERT Form IP-6a_1)
Section 18 - WORKERS’ COMPETENCY CERTIFICATION
The PRC shall determine the minimum and necessary competency on safety and health for OSH personnel and use the same as
equivalency in their application for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) units. In order to professionalize, upgrade and
update the level of competence of workers, TESDA or PRC, shall establish national competency standards and prepare guidelines on
competency assessment and certification for critical occupations to include requirements on safety and health.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Section 19 - WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES
All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being undertaken shall have the following free welfare
facilities in order to ensure humane working conditions:
Adequate supply of safe drinking water;
Adequate sanitary and washing facilities;
Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable such as in construction, shipping, fishing and night workers;
Section 20 - ALL OTHER OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
All employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall comply with other occupational safety and health standards as provided
for in the 1978 DOLE Occupational Safety and Health Standards, as amended.
Section 21 - COST OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
The total cost of implementing a duly approved OSH program shall be an integral part of the operations cost. It shall be separate
pay item in construction and in all contracting or subcontracting arrangements.
Section 22 - EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY
The employer, project owner, contractor, or subcontractor, if any, & any person who manages, controls or supervises the work
being undertaken shall be jointly & solitarily liable for compliance with OSH standards including the penalties imposed for
violation thereof as provided for in this Rules.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Section 23 - VISITORIAL POWER OF THE DOLE SECRETARY
All matters arising from the visitorial and enforcement power of the Secretary of Labor and Employment or his/her duly authorized
representatives shall be governed by the applicable rules on the administration and enforcement of labor laws pursuant to Article
128 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, as renumbered, and other laws.
The Secretary of Labor or his/her duly authorized representatives with the appropriate inspection authority shall have the authority:
To enforce the mandatory OSH standards in all establishments and conduct an annual spot audit on its compliance for the same.
Must be attended by a Safety Officer and representative of the management and workers of the establishment.
Section 24 - PAYMENT OF WORKERS DURING WORK
STOPPAGE DUE TO IMMINENT DANGER
If stoppage of work due to imminent danger occurs as a result of the employer’s violation or fault, the employer shall pay the
affected workers their corresponding wages during the period of such stoppage of work or suspension of operations.
For purposes of payment of wages and any other liabilities arising from the WSO, the employer is presumed as party at fault if the
WSO was issued secondary to an imminent danger situation which would imperil the lives of the workers. A mandatory conference
not later than 72 hours shall be held to determine whether the WSO will be lifted or not.
Section 27 - EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION CLAIM
A worker may file claims for compensation benefit arising out of work-related disability or death. Such claims shall be processed
independently of the finding of fault, gross negligence or bad faith of the employer in a proceeding instituted for the purpose. The
employer shall provide the necessary assistance to employees applying for claims.
Section 28 - INCENTIVES TO EMPLOYERS AND WORKERS
There shall be established package of incentives under such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by the DOLE to qualified
employers and workers to recognize their efforts towards ensuring compliance with OSH and general labor standards such as OSH
training packages, additional protective equipment, technical guidance, recognition awards and other similar incentives.
Section 29 - PROHIBITED ACTS AND ITS CORRESPONDING PENALTIES
There shall be willful failure or refusal to comply with the OSH standards if
the following exists:
1. A record on the safety report of SO or minutes of the meeting of the OSH committee that there’s a
violation of the OSH standards but no action has been made despite findings of OSH violation/s,
2. Repeated simple refusal or failure to comply following a report to DOLE by the worker of prohibited
act/s committed by employer, or Presence of risk or danger in plain view.
3. Should there be non-compliance of two (2) or more items, all penalties shall be imposed; however, the
total daily penalty shall not exceed One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱ 100,000.00).
4. Fines for micro establishments with one (1) to nine (9) workers, and small establishments with ten (10)
to fifty (50) workers shall have a 0.5 factor if OSH violation has been corrected not later than forty-eight
(48) hours.
5. When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty
shall be One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱100,000.00).
6. of additional fifty percent (50%) thereof and shall be compounded for every instance of repeat violation.
Section 34 – EFFECTIVITY
This Rules shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation. Signed: 06 December 2018
/ Published: 09 January 2019 / Effectivity: 25 January 2019.
\DEVELOPMENT OF AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM
OBJECTIVE:
To develop an OSH Program based on the guidelines of DOLE D.O. 198-18
Compulsory to all industries is the development and implementation of an OSH PROGRAM
• Is a systematic plan to IDENTIFY, EVALUATE and CONTROL hazards and respond to EMERGENCIES.
• It lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for keeping the workplace safe and healthy.
COMPONENTS OF THE OSH PROGRAM
Role of Management in OSH Programming
Effective safety program can be achieved basically through control of people’s actions.
Only top management has the authority to implement such controls.
REVIEW and ADJUST
Monitor performance:
• Compare current performance with previous performance (benchmark)
• Compare current performance with targets
Make necessary changes to improve the safety program
• Continue successes
• Change failures.
OSH Policy Requirement:
• Specific to the organization, concise, clearly written, dated, signed.
• Indicates management commitment, support and accountability
• Includes principle and objectives of protecting SH of all members of the organization.
• States compliance with OSHS and related laws.
• States objectives to continually improve the OSH MS
• Employees are aware, communicated and posted
• Covers all workers and community
DO 198-2018 SECTION 12: OSH Program
Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program in a format prescribed by DOLE which shall be
posted in prominent places.
A.
•
•
•
For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10-50 workers. –
The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;
2. General safety and health programs, including:
• Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC),
• Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related diseases, and
• First aid and emergency medical services;
3. Promotion of the following health domains:
Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
Healthy lifestyle;
4.
5.
6.
Prevention and control of the following health domains:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504),
•
•
•
Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and
Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);
Complete company or project details;
Composition and duties of the OSH committee;
7.
8.
OSH personnel and facilities;
Safety and health promotion, training and education, including:
• Orientation of all workers on OSH, and
• Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control;
• Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis, if applicable;
• Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;
• Provision and use of PPE;
• Provision of safety signage;
• Provision of workers’ welfare facilities;
• Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated drills;
• Solid waste management system; and
• Control and management of hazards.
B.
For medium to high risk establishments with 10–50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and
above. – The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
13. Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of temporary structures, and
lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system, and other equipment;
18. Prohibited acts and penalties for violations; and
19. Cost of implementing company OSH program.
CLEAR POINTS:
1.
2.
3.
Developing an OSH program is a requirement of the Philippine Law
It serves to protect the worker and the employer.
Enforcement is one response, but not the only response!
Workshop Template