“Internet banking” 1. ,Transactions (Transakcje) - Exchanges or agreements in which goods, services, or financial instruments are exchanged for value, recorded in financial systems. 2. Payments (Płatności) - Monetary transfers made to settle obligations or purchases, typically involving cash, cards, or electronic systems. 3. Transfers online (Przelewy online) - Digital financial transactions where funds are transferred electronically between accounts. 4. Encrypted connections (Szyfrowane połączenia) - Secure communication channels that use encryption to protect data from unauthorized access. 5. Security devices (Urządzenia bezpieczeństwa) - Tools designed to ensure secure transactions, such as authentication tokens or biometric scanners. 6. Identification number (Numer identyfikacyjny) - A unique numeric code used to verify an individual's or account's identity in financial systems. 7. Login (Login) - The process of entering credentials to access an online service or system. 8. Password (Hasło) - A secret code used to verify identity and gain access to secure systems. 9. Card reader (Czytnik kart) - A device used to read data from credit or debit cards for processing transactions. 10.Authentication generators (Generatory uwierzytelniania) - Devices or software that produce unique, time-sensitive codes for verifying user identities. 11.Authentication card (Karta uwierzytelniająca) - A card used to verify identity in secure transactions, often containing chip-based security. 12.Debit card (Karta debetowa) - A payment card linked directly to a bank account, allowing users to spend or withdraw funds. 13.Credit card (Karta kredytowa) - A payment card that enables users to borrow funds up to a predetermined limit for purchases or cash advances. 14.PIN (Numer PIN) - A personal identification number used to authenticate card transactions or access ATMs. 15.Contactless debit cards (Bezdotykowe karty debetowe) - Debit cards equipped with NFC technology for quick, tap-based payments. 16.Reader (Czytnik) - A device used to scan or read data, often from cards or secure documents, for verification. 17.Online banking (Bankowość internetowa) - Digital services provided by banks that allow users to manage their accounts and transactions over the internet. 18.Phishing (Phishing) - Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, such as passwords, by pretending to be a trustworthy entity online. 19.Fraudulent (Oszukańczy) - Actions or transactions that are deceptive, aiming to gain unauthorized financial or personal benefit. 20.Online retailer (Sprzedawca internetowy) - A business that sells goods or services through an online platform. 21.Pharming (Pharming) - A cyberattack that redirects users from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones to steal information. 22.Malware (Złośliwe oprogramowanie) - Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to systems. 23.Virus (Wirus) - A type of malware that replicates itself and spreads to other systems, often causing damage. 24.Spyware (Oprogramowanie szpiegujące) - Software that secretly gathers user information without consent, often for malicious purposes. 25.Trojan (Koń trojański) - A type of malware disguised as legitimate software to deceive users into installing it. 26.Firewalls (Zapory sieciowe) - Security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic to prevent unauthorized access. 27.Anti-virus software (Oprogramowanie antywirusowe) - Programs designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software. 28.HTTPS (HTTPS) - A secure protocol for transferring data on the web, ensuring encryption and protection of sensitive information. 29.Logout (Wylogowanie) - The action of exiting a secure session or account to prevent unauthorized access. 30.Secure (Bezpieczny) - A state where data, systems, or transactions are protected against unauthorized access or threats. 31.Username (Nazwa użytkownika) - A unique identifier used with a password to access a secure system or account. 32.Padlock icon (Ikona kłódki) - A visual indicator in web browsers signifying a secure and encrypted connection. “commercial or retail banking” 1. Commercial Bank = retail bank: A financial institution that (trades money.) offers services such as accepting deposits, providing loans, and facilitating payments for businesses and individual customers. 2. Branches: Physical locations of a bank where customers can access services such as depositing or withdrawing cash, opening accounts, or consulting with bank staff. 3. Deposit: Funds placed into a bank account by a customer for safekeeping or earning interest. 4. Customer: An individual or entity that utilizes a bank's services, such as deposits, loans, or payment processing. 5. Lend: The act of providing funds to a borrower with the expectation of repayment, typically with interest. 6. Manual Worker: An employee who performs physical or industrial labor, often receiving compensation in the form of wages. 7. Wages: Payments made to manual workers, usually calculated on an hourly or daily basis and paid weekly or monthly. 8. Cash: Physical currency in the form of banknotes and coins used for transactions. 9. Bank Account: An arrangement between a customer and a bank where funds can be deposited, withdrawn, or managed electronically. 10.Professional Worker: An employee engaged in skilled or specialized work, often earning a salary. 11.Salary: Regular payments made to professional workers, typically calculated on an annual basis and paid monthly. 12.Transfer: The electronic movement of funds between accounts or banks, often used for payments or settlements. 13.Current Account: A type of bank account used for everyday transactions, typically offering easy access to funds but earning little or no interest. 14.Interest: A charge paid by borrowers to lenders for the use of funds, or earnings received on deposits held in interest-bearing (procentujący) accounts. 15.Withdraw Cash: The act of removing physical currency from a bank account, often through ATMs or bank branches. 16.Restrictions: Limitations or conditions imposed (narzucone) on account usage, withdrawals, or other financial transactions. 17.Deposit Account/Saving Account: A bank account designed for saving money, often offering higher (profitable) interest rates than a current account but with limitations on withdrawals. 18.Advance Notice: A requirement to inform the bank in advance before withdrawing large amounts or terminating certain accounts. 19.Cash Dispensers: Automated machines (ATMs) that allow customers to withdraw cash, check account balances, and sometimes deposit funds. 20.Bill: A statement of money owed for goods or services, which can be settled using banking methods such as direct debits or standing orders. 21.Direct Debits (polecenie zapłaty): A payment method where the bank automatically transfers funds from a customer's account to settle recurring bills. 22.Standing Orders: Instructions given to a bank to make regular payments of a fixed amount to a specific recipient. 23.Checks: Written orders directing a bank to pay a specific amount from the customer's account to a designated party( (określonej stronie). 24.Loan: A financial arrangement where a bank provides a fixed sum of money (funds) to a borrower with the agreement on which it will be repaid with interest over a specified period. 25.Overdraft: A facility allowing customers to withdraw more money than they have in their bank account, creating a short-term debt subject (poddane) to interest. 26.Security: Assets pledged by a borrower to a lender to secure a loan or other credit arrangement, reducing the lender's risk. 27.Credit: The ability to borrow funds or access goods/services before payment, based on trust that repayment will occur in the future. 28.Debt: Money owed by one party (borrower) to another (lender), often accruing interest until repaid. 29.The Rate: Refers to the interest rate or percentage charged on loans or earned on deposits. 30.Involved Risk: The probability or likelihood of default associated with lending or borrowing activities, affecting terms. 31.Interest Rate: The percentage charged by lenders for borrowing money or paid to depositors for holding funds in interest-bearing accounts. 32.Reserves: Funds that banks are required to hold, either as cash in their vaults(krypta) or deposits with a central bank, to meet regulatory requirements and ensure financial stability. “commercial or retail banking” kolejna strona, (3.3 Banking): 1. Apply for: The act of submitting a formal request to access financial services or products such as a loan, insurance policy, pension plan, or safety deposit box, requiring evaluation of eligibility (kwalifikowalne) criteria and supporting documentation. 2. Buy: The process of exchanging currency or other assets to acquire goods, services, or financial products, such as equities, bonds, or insurance plans, as part of personal or business transactions. 3. Cancel: The termination of a financial agreement, such as an insurance policy, current account, or pension plan, following the fulfillment of required procedures 4. Check: The act of reviewing financial information, such as account balances, currency exchange rates, or a loan statement, to ensure accuracy and alignment with expectations. 5. Increase: The upward adjustment or growth in economic variables such as assets, savings, credit limits, or pension contributions to meet financial goals or market conditions. 6. Manage: The effective administration of financial resources, including current accounts, saving accounts, assets, and temporary cash flow, to optimize outcomes for individuals or businesses. 7. Pay: The act of disbursing currency to settle bills, purchase valuables, or contribute to a savings account, pension plan, or other financial obligations. 8. Provide: To offer financial facilities, such as telephone banking, insurance, or safety deposit boxes, enabling personal customers or entrepreneurs to meet economic needs. 9. Send: The transfer of currency, documents, or valuables between accounts, individuals, or institutions, often facilitated by financial services or cash dispensers. 10.Set up: The establishment of a financial structure, such as a business plan, current account, or pension plan, requiring preparation and initial processes. 11.Withdraw: The removal of funds or assets from a saving account, current account, or cash dispensers to fulfill immediate financial needs. 12.Balance: The total amount available in a financial account, reflecting the net position after all deposits, withdrawals, and transactions are processed. 13.Cash dispensers: Automated machines that facilitate financial transactions such as withdrawals, balance checks, and currency transfers for account holders. 14.Bills: Financial obligations or invoices requiring payment for services or products, often managed through current accounts or telephone banking. 15.Current account: A financial account designed for frequent transactions such as deposits, withdrawals, and bill payments, supporting cash flow management. 16.Saving account: A financial account intended for storing assets and earning interest over time, promoting long-term financial stability. 17.Statement: A detailed document outlining the financial transactions, balances, and credit limits within a current or saving account for a specific period. 18.Credit limit: The maximum borrowing capacity extended by a financial institution to an account holder or customer, based on their creditworthiness and assets. 19.Apply for a loan: The act of submitting a formal request to a financial institution for borrowed funds, specifying the amount, purpose, and repayment terms. 20.Assets: Tangible or intangible resources owned by individuals or businesses, such as currency, valuables, or facilities, that hold economic value. 21.Insurance: A financial product that provides coverage against specific risks or losses, offering protection for assets, businesses, or personal customers. 22.Pension plan: A financial arrangement that facilitates saving for retirement, typically managed through contributions to a saving account or investment fund. 23.Safety deposit box: A secure facility provided by financial institutions for storing valuables such as currency, assets, and important documents. 24.Valuables: Items of significant economic worth, such as currency, jewelry, or important documents, often safeguarded in safety deposit boxes. 25.Currency: A medium of exchange, such as cash or digital equivalents, used in financial transactions to purchase goods, pay bills, or transfer assets. 26.Face: To confront economic challenges, such as temporary cash-flow shortages or market fluctuations, requiring strategic financial management. 27.Forecast: The prediction of economic trends, such as cash flow, currency fluctuations, or asset performance, using data analysis and planning tools. 28.Prepare: To develop readiness for financial activities, such as setting up a business plan, managing assets, or addressing bills and cash flow. 29.Process: The sequence of actions required to complete financial tasks, such as applying for a loan, transferring funds, or issuing statements. 30.Provide: To supply resources, services, or financial products like insurance, cash dispensers, or telephone banking, catering to the needs of customers. 31.Set up: The act of initiating a structured financial framework, such as a business plan, SWOT analysis, or pension plan, to ensure effective operations. 32.Entrepreneurs: Individuals who establish and manage businesses, leveraging tools like SWOT analysis and financial facilities to optimize economic success. 33.Business plan: A comprehensive document outlining an entrepreneur's objectives, strategies, and financial forecasts to guide decision-making and attract investment. 34.SWOT analysis: A strategic planning tool used by entrepreneurs to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting business outcomes. 35.Telephone banking: A financial service enabling personal customers to conduct transactions, check balances, and manage accounts remotely via phone. 36.Insurance: A mechanism to mitigate financial risks, providing coverage for personal customers, assets, or temporary cash-flow challenges. 37.Personal customers: Individuals utilizing financial services and products, such as saving accounts, insurance, or telephone banking, to meet economic needs. 38.Facilities: Resources or services provided by financial institutions, such as safety deposit boxes, cash dispensers, or telephone banking, to enhance customer convenience. 39.Temporary cash-flow: Short-term liquidity challenges faced by businesses or individuals, often addressed through financial forecasting, loans, or strategic management. “Interest rate and central banks” str 46 (definicje w ćwiczeniu): 1. Blue-chip companies (Firmy z indeksu blue-chip) - Large, well-established, and financially stable companies with a long track record of reliable performance and consistent dividends. These companies are typically leaders in their industry. 2. Collateral (Zabezpieczenie) - An asset or property pledged by a borrower to secure a loan or credit, which the lender can claim if the borrower defaults on the loan. 3. Creditworthiness / Credit rating (Zdolność kredytowa / Ocena kredytowa) - An assessment of a borrower’s ability to repay a loan, based on factors such as financial history, current income, and credit history. A higher rating indicates lower risk for lenders. 4. Floating / Variable interest rate (Zmienna stopa procentowa) - An interest rate on a loan or financial product that can change periodically, based on an underlying benchmark or index, such as LIBOR or the Federal Reserve's rate. 5. Money supply (Podaż pieniądza) - The total amount of money circulating in an economy, including currency, bank deposits, and other liquid assets that can be readily used for transactions. 6. Mortgage (Hipoteka) - A type of loan specifically used to purchase real estate, where the property itself serves as collateral for the loan. 7. Spread (Spready) - The difference between two financial prices or rates, typically between the interest rates for borrowing and lending or between the buying and selling prices of assets. 8. Solvency (Płynność finansowa) - A company’s ability to meet its long-term financial obligations, ensuring that its total assets are greater than its total liabilities (zobowiązania finansowe). 9. Real estate (Nieruchomości) - Land and property, including residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, as well as the rights and interests associated with them. 10.Assets (Aktywa) - Resources owned by an individual or organization that are expected to bring future economic benefits, such as cash, property, stocks, or intellectual property. 11.Seized (Zajęty) - When assets, typically collateral, are taken by a lender or government authority, usually as a result of non-payment or legal enforcement. 12.Profitable (Dochody zyskowne) - Describes an entity or activity that generates a profit, meaning the revenues exceed the costs or expenses associated with it. str 47 Polish Translations and Economic Definitions: 1. Minimum interest rate / Discount rate (Minimalna stopa procentowa / Stopa dyskontowa) - The lowest interest rate set by a central bank for lending to commercial banks or financial institutions. It serves as a benchmark for other interest rates in the economy. 2. Secured loans (Pożyczki zabezpieczone) - Loans that are backed by collateral, such as property or assets, which the lender can claim if the borrower fails to repay the loan. 3. Prime rate / Bank rate (Stopa procentowa preferencyjna / Stopa bankowa) - The interest rate charged by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers, often used as a benchmark for other interest rates. 4. Interest (Odsetki) - The cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the loan amount, paid by the borrower to the lender for the use of the money. 5. Deposit (Depozyt) - Money placed into a financial institution, such as a bank account, typically earning interest over time. 6. Long-term interest rate (Długoterminowa stopa procentowa) - The interest rate applied to loans or investments with a maturity period of more than one year, reflecting the long-term cost of borrowing. 7. Tight credit (Ograniczony dostęp do kredytu) - A situation in which borrowing conditions are strict, typically due to high interest rates or a reluctance of banks to lend money, often during economic downturns. 8. Scarce (Niedobór) - A condition in which a resource, such as money or goods, is in limited supply relative to demand. 9. Scarce money (Niedobór pieniędzy) - A situation in which there is a limited amount of money available in the economy, often resulting from tight credit or inflationary pressures. 10.Balance (Bilans) - A financial statement showing the difference between a company's assets and liabilities at a given time, or the state of financial equality between income and expenses. 11.Borrowing (Pożyczanie) - The act of obtaining money from a lender, typically in the form of a loan, that must be repaid with interest over a set period. 12.Cash (Gotówka) - Physical money in the form of coins and banknotes used for transactions, as well as the available funds in a financial institution. 13.Invest (Inwestować) - To allocate money or capital to an asset, venture, or project with the expectation of generating a return or profit over time. 14.Risk-taking (Podejmowanie ryzyka) - The act of engaging in financial decisions or investments that involve uncertainty, with the potential for both higher rewards and higher losses. 15.Savers (Oszczędzający) - Individuals or entities who set aside a portion of their income, typically in savings accounts or other low-risk financial instruments, rather than spending it. 16.Banker (Bankier) - A person or professional who works in the banking industry, managing financial transactions, lending, and other financial services. 17.Issue banknotes (Emitować banknoty) - The process by which a central bank creates and distributes physical currency, such as paper money, into the economy. 18.Manage reserves (Zarządzać rezerwami) - The act of overseeing and controlling a financial institution's or country's reserve assets, including cash reserves, foreign currencies, and gold, to ensure liquidity and financial stability. 19.Foreign exchange (Wymiana walutowa) - The market in which currencies are traded, and the exchange rate is determined, allowing for international trade and investment. 20.Monetary statistics (Statystyki monetarne) - Data related to the supply of money in the economy, including measures such as money supply, interest rates, and banking activity, used to assess economic conditions. 21.Clearing system (System rozliczeń) - The process and infrastructure through which financial transactions, such as payments and securities exchanges, are settled between banks and financial institutions. 22.Settling inter-bank claims (Rozliczanie roszczeń międzybankowych) - The process of clearing debts and obligations between banks, typically through a central clearing house or other intermediary. 23.Purchase (Zakup) - The act of buying goods, services, or financial assets in exchange for money or other consideration. 24.Monetary policy (Polityka monetarna) - The actions taken by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates to achieve economic objectives such as controlling inflation, managing unemployment, and stabilizing the currency. 25.Financial stability (Stabilność finansowa) - A condition in which the financial system operates effectively, without excessive risk-taking or disruptions, supporting the broader economy's growth and stability. 26.Non-inflationary growth (Wzrost gospodarczy bez inflacji) - Economic growth that occurs without causing significant increases in the general price level, often supported by balanced demand and supply factors. Polish Translations and Economic Definitions: 1. Liquidity (Płynność) - The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash without significantly affecting its price. In finance, it often refers to how quickly a company or individual can access cash or assets to meet financial obligations. 2. Shortage of cash (Brak gotówki) - A situation where there is insufficient cash available to meet immediate financial needs, often leading to liquidity issues or difficulty in paying debts. 3. Settlement day (Dzień rozliczenia) - The day on which the final transfer of securities or funds takes place in a transaction, marking the completion of a trade or agreement. 4. Supply of funds (Podaż funduszy) - The total amount of capital available in the market, often influenced by banks, financial institutions, and investors who lend or provide money. 5. Demand (Popyt) - The desire or need for goods, services, or financial assets in the market, generally driving prices and economic activity. 6. Supply (Podaż) - The total amount of goods, services, or financial assets available in the market for consumption, investment, or trade. 7. Output (Produkcja) - The total value of goods and services produced by an economy or business over a specific period of time. 8. Unemployment rate (Stopa bezrobocia) - The percentage of the total workforce that is actively seeking work but unable to find employment. 9. Price stability (Stabilność cen) - A condition where the general price level of goods and services remains relatively stable over time, without significant inflation or deflation. 10.Consume (Konsumpcja) - The act of using or purchasing goods and services to satisfy personal needs or desires. 11.Reserve requirement (Wymóg rezerwowy) - The minimum amount of reserves that a bank must hold in relation to the deposits it has, as mandated by the central bank, to ensure liquidity and stability. 12.Government bonds (Obligacje skarbowe) - Debt securities issued by the government to raise funds, where investors receive interest payments over time and the principal (kapitał) is repaid at maturity. 13.Treasury bills (Bony skarbowe) - Short-term government securities issued at a discount to face value, typically with maturities of one year or less, used to raise funds for short-term needs. 14.Lender of last resort (Pożyczkodawca ostatniej instancji) - A central bank or other financial institution that provides emergency funding to financial institutions facing liquidity crises, ensuring stability in the financial system. 15.Safety net (Siatka bezpieczeństwa) - A system of financial or social support designed to protect individuals, businesses, or economies from severe losses, such as unemployment benefits or government bailouts. 16.Settlements (Rozliczenia) - The process of finalizing financial transactions, where payments are made, and ownership of assets is transferred between parties. 17.Consumer (Konsument) - An individual or entity that purchases goods and services for personal use rather than for resale or commercial purposes. 18.Capacity (Pojemność) - The maximum potential output or productivity of an economy, business, or individual, often referring to production capacity in manufacturing or workforce capacity in labor markets. 19.Debt (Dług) - Money that is owed or borrowed, typically with the obligation to repay with interest over a period of time, whether by individuals, businesses, or governments. “The subprime crisis” str.48 (definicje w ćwiczeniu): 1. Shares (Akcje) - Units of ownership in a corporation that entitle the holder to a proportion of the company’s profits and assets. 2. One-day rise (Jednodniowy wzrost) - A significant increase in the value of an asset, index, or market that occurs within a single trading day. 3. Trade gap (Deficyt handlowy) - The difference between the value of a country's imports and exports over a period, indicating a trade surplus or deficit. 4. Bubble (Bańka spekulacyjna) - A market condition where the prices of assets increase rapidly beyond their intrinsic(nieodłączny, wrodzony) value, often followed by a sharp collapse. 5. Credit crunch (Kryzys kredytowy) - A situation where the availability of loans and credit is significantly reduced, leading to economic contraction. 6. Default (Niewypłacalność) - The failure of a borrower to meet the legal obligations or conditions of a loan repayment. 7. Deregulation (Deregulacja) - The reduction or elimination of government regulations in an industry to promote competition and efficiency. 8. Go bankrupt (Zbankrutować) - When an individual or organization becomes insolvent and cannot repay debts to creditors. 9. Prime rate (Stopa podstawowa) - The interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy customers, serving as a benchmark for other rates. 10.Recession (Recesja) - A period of economic decline typically characterized by reduced GDP, high unemployment, and falling business activity. 11.Securitization (Sekurytyzacja) - The process of pooling various types of financial assets (e.g., mortgages) and issuing them as securities to investors. 12.Subprime (Subprime - kredyty wysokiego ryzyka) - Refers to loans offered to borrowers with low credit ratings and a higher risk of default. 13.Write off (Umorzenie długu) - The accounting action of declaring an asset or debt uncollectible and removing it from the company's balance sheet. 14.Housing bubble (Bańka na rynku nieruchomości) - A market phenomenon characterized by a rapid increase in housing prices driven by demand, speculation, and exuberance, often leading to a crash. 15.Financial industry (Branża finansowa) - The sector of the economy that provides financial services like banking, investments, insurance, and asset management. 16.Securities (Papiery wartościowe) - Tradable financial instruments representing ownership (e.g., stocks) or debt (e.g., bonds). 17.Stock market (Giełda papierów wartościowych) - A marketplace where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold. 18.Crash (Krach) - A sudden and significant drop in the value of financial markets, often triggered by panic selling. 19.Capital (Kapitał) - Financial resources or assets used to fund business operations and investments. 20.Commercial banking (Bankowość komercyjna) - A banking service that provides deposit accounts, loans, and other financial services to individuals and businesses. 21.Mortgage (Hipoteka) - A loan secured by real property, typically used to purchase a home. 22.Investment banking (Bankowość inwestycyjna) - A segment of banking that assists organizations in raising capital, mergers, and issuing securities. 23.Insurance (Ubezpieczenia) - A financial product that provides protection against specified risks in exchange for periodic premium payments. 24.Globalization (Globalizacja) - The integration of economies, cultures, and markets across international borders, driven by trade and technology. 25.Subprime mortgages (Kredyty hipoteczne subprime) - Home loans offered to borrowers with lower creditworthiness, often at higher interest rates. 26.Low incomes (Niskie dochody) - Earnings below the median income level, often limiting access to credit and investment opportunities. 27.Down payment (Zaliczka / Wkład własny) - An upfront payment made by a borrower towards the purchase price of an asset, typically required in mortgage agreements. 28.Introductory interest rate (Wstępna stopa procentowa) - A lower interest rate offered at the beginning of a loan or credit agreement, often temporary. str. 49: 1. Securitized (Sekurytyzowane) - Financial assets, such as loans, transformed into tradable securities through the process of securitization. 2. Mortgage-backed securities (Obligacje hipoteczne) - Investment products backed by a pool of mortgages, where investors receive returns based on the repayment of the underlying loans. 3. Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs - Obligacje zabezpieczone długiem) Structured financial products that pool together various loans and distribute risks to investors based on different levels of exposure. 4. Hedge funds (Fundusze hedgingowe) - Private investment funds that employ diverse strategies to generate high returns, often involving high risk and leverage. 5. Mutual funds (Fundusze inwestycyjne) - Pooled investment vehicles managed by professionals, allowing investors to diversify across a variety of financial instruments. 6. Dot-com bubble (Bańka dot-com) - A speculative bubble in the late 1990s characterized by inflated stock prices of internet-based companies, followed by a sharp crash. 7. Federal Reserve (Rezerwa Federalna) - The central banking system of the United States, responsible for monetary policy and regulating the financial system. 8. Repossessed (Zajęty / Przejęty) - Refers to property taken back by lenders when borrowers fail to meet repayment obligations, often in the context of mortgages. 9. Prime mortgages (Kredyty hipoteczne prime) - Loans given to borrowers with strong credit ratings and lower risk of default, typically offered at favorable terms. 10.Toxic debt/trash cash (Toksyczny dług) - Financial assets with low or no value due to a high likelihood of default, often resulting from poor credit quality or excessive risk. 11.Prime instruments (Instrumenty prime) - High-quality financial instruments with low risk and reliable returns, often associated with creditworthy borrowers or stable issuers. “The business cycle, 46” ( na stronie są definicje) 1. Key indicators (Kluczowe wskaźniki) - Statistical measures used to assess the performance of an economy or financial market, such as GDP, unemployment rates, or inflation. 2. Jobs market (Rynek pracy) - The supply and demand for labor, which determines employment opportunities and wage levels in the economy. 3. In employment (Zatrudniony) - The state of being employed or engaged in work, earning a salary or wages. 4. Employment (Zatrudnienie) - The condition in which individuals are engaged in work, usually for compensation. 5. Out of work/unemployed (Bez pracy/bezrobotny) - Refers to individuals who are not currently employed but are actively seeking work. 6. Disposable incomes (Dochody do dyspozycji) - The amount of money left after taxes and mandatory deductions, which can be used for spending or saving. 7. Retail sales/consumer spending (Sprzedaż detaliczna/wydatki konsumpcyjne) The total value of goods and services purchased by consumers, indicating economic activity and consumer confidence. 8. Consumer borrowing (Pożyczki konsumenckie) - The act of individuals borrowing money to finance personal consumption, typically through credit cards, loans, or mortgages. 9. Property (Nieruchomości) - Real estate or assets related to land and buildings. 10.Housing market (Rynek mieszkaniowy) - The sector of the economy dealing with the buying, selling, and renting of residential properties. 11.Central bank (Bank centralny) - A national institution responsible for regulating monetary policy, controlling interest rates, and managing the money supply. 12.Financial market (Rynek finansowy) - A market where securities, commodities, and other financial assets are bought and sold. 13.Trade surplus (Nadwyżka handlowa) - A situation in which the value of a country's exports exceeds the value of its imports. 14.Trade gap (Deficyt handlowy) - A situation where a country's imports exceed its exports, leading to a negative trade balance. 15.Exchange rate (Kurs wymiany) - The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. 16.Currency (Waluta) - A system of money in general use in a particular country or economic area. 17.Government spending (Wydatki rządowe) - Expenditures (wydatki) made by the government to finance public services, infrastructure, and social programs. 18.Budget surplus (Nadwyżka budżetowa) - A situation where government revenue exceeds government spending during a fiscal period. 19.Budget deficit (Deficyt budżetowy) - A situation where government spending exceeds government revenue during a fiscal period, often requiring borrowing. 20.Economic growth (Wzrost gospodarczy) - The increase in the value of goods and services produced by an economy over time, often measured by changes in GDP. 21.Prosperity (Prosperita) - A state of economic success or flourishing, characterized by high levels of employment, income, and productivity. 22.Expansion (Ekspansja) - The phase in the business cycle where economic activity increases, characterized by rising employment, investment, and production. 23.Peak (Szczyt) - The highest point in the business cycle, before economic activity begins to decline. 24.Decline (Spadek) - A decrease in economic activity, typically marked by reduced investment, lower output, and rising unemployment. 25.Shrink (Kurczyć się) - To reduce in size, amount, or value, often used in reference to economic contraction. 26.Contraction (Kontrakcja) - A phase of the business cycle in which the economy shrinks, often associated with decreased production and rising unemployment. 27.Contract in a slowdown (Kurczyć się w spowolnieniu) - To reduce or decrease in size or activity due to a general economic slowdown. 28.Bottom out (Osiągnąć dno) - The point at which a declining economy or asset prices stop falling and stabilize, often signaling the end of a recession. 29.Boom (Boom) - A period of rapid economic growth, characterized by high employment, strong consumer spending, and increased business activity. 30.Signs of overheating (Oznaki przegrzania) - Indicators that the economy is growing too quickly, which could lead to inflation or asset bubbles. 31.Overheating (Przegrzanie gospodarki) - A situation where an economy grows too quickly, leading to inflation, unsustainable demand, and potential economic instability. 32.Economic stability (Stabilność gospodarcza) - A condition where the economy experiences steady growth, low inflation, and low unemployment over an extended period. 33.Soft landing (Miękkie lądowanie) - A situation in which the economy slows down gradually without entering a full-blown recession, often achieved through careful monetary and fiscal policies. 34.Sustainable levels (Poziomy zrównoważone) - Economic activity or growth that is stable and can be maintained over the long term without causing instability or imbalance. 35.Recession (Recesja) - A period of economic decline, typically characterized by a reduction in GDP, rising unemployment, and decreased consumer spending. 36.Depression (Depresja) - A severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity, marked by high unemployment, deflation, and a significant reduction in economic output. 37.A slump (Załamanie) - A significant decline in economic activity, often leading to decreased consumer confidence and lower business investments. 38.Boom and bust cycle (Cykl boomu i kryzysu) - The recurring pattern in economies where periods of rapid growth (boom) are followed by economic downturns or crises (bust). Boost (Pobudzenie) - An increase or improvement in economic activity, often achieved through fiscal or monetary policy measures such as tax cuts, increased government spending, or lower interest rates. Austerity (Austerity, Polityka oszczędnościowa) - Economic policies aimed at reducing government deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both, often implemented during periods of financial crisis to restore fiscal stability. Expenditures (Wydatki) - The total amount of money spent by an individual, organization, or government on goods, services, or investments within a specific period. Expenditures are often categorized as consumption or capital spending. Political Business Cycle (Cykl koniunkturalny polityczny) - Economic fluctuations caused by government actions, where policymakers manipulate fiscal or monetary policies to influence economic conditions—often for electoral gains. For instance, increasing spending or cutting taxes before elections to gain public support, potentially at the cost of long-term stability. Example: A government may lower taxes in the months leading up to an election, creating a short-term economic boost as part of the political business cycle. “The business cycle, 89” 1. Business Cycle (Cykl koniunkturalny) Fluctuations in economic activity over time, typically including phases such as expansion, peak, contraction, and trough, reflecting changes in GDP, employment, and production levels. 2. Economic Activity (Aktywność gospodarcza) The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within an economy, including indicators like employment and spending. 3. Production (Produkcja) The process of creating goods and services using labor, capital, and raw materials, contributing to the total output of an economy. 4. Output (Wynik produkcji, produkcja końcowa) The total value of goods and services produced by an economy or a specific sector during a given period. 5. Employment (Zatrudnienie) The state of having paid work, contributing to economic activity and income generation within a population. 6. Investment (Inwestycje) The allocation of resources, often capital, to generate future returns or income, such as in equipment, technology, or infrastructure. 7. Spending (Wydatki) The expenditure of money by individuals, businesses, or governments on goods and services, driving economic activity. 8. Unemployment (Bezrobocie) The state of individuals being able and willing to work but unable to find employment, often used as an economic indicator. 9. Trough (Dno cyklu) The lowest point in the business cycle, marked by minimal economic activity, employment, and production levels before recovery begins. 10.Upturn/Upswing (Poprawa, wzrost koniunktury) A period of increasing economic activity, characterized by rising GDP, employment, and production after a trough. 11.Peak (Szczyt cyklu) The highest point in the business cycle, representing maximum economic output, employment, and activity before a downturn begins. 12.Expanding Economy (Gospodarka w fazie ekspansji) A phase of the business cycle where economic activity increases, GDP grows, and employment levels rise. 13.Downswing/Period of Contraction (Spowolnienie, recesja) A phase of the business cycle marked by declining economic activity, shrinking GDP, and rising unemployment. 14.Gross Domestic Product (Produkt Krajowy Brutto - PKB) The total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specified period, reflecting economic health. 15.Gross National Product (Produkt Narodowy Brutto - PNB) The total value of goods and services produced by a country's residents, including income from abroad, within a specific time frame. 16.Recovery (Ożywienie gospodarcze) A phase in the business cycle where economic activity starts to increase following a trough, leading to growth in output and employment. 17.Lay Off (Zwolnienie z pracy) The termination of employees due to economic downturns, cost-cutting, or restructuring, often temporarily. 18.Saving (Oszczędzanie) The portion of income not spent on consumption, often used for future investment or financial security. 19.Take On (Zatrudniać) The act of hiring employees or accepting new responsibilities or projects within a business. “Bursting bubbles, 47” Polish Translations and Economic Definitions: 1. At the top of the market (Na szczycie rynku) - A point where asset prices reach their peak before beginning to decline, often preceding a market correction or crash. 2. Prices crash (Załamanie cen) - A sudden and significant drop in asset prices, typically caused by loss of investor confidence or external shocks. 3. Banking crisis (Kryzys bankowy) - A financial situation where banks face insolvency or liquidity issues, leading to a loss of confidence and economic instability. 4. NINJA (NINJA - brak dochodów, pracy lub aktywów) - An acronym for borrowers with No Income, No Job, or Assets, often associated with risky loans granted during financial booms. 5. Repacked (Przepakowane) - The process of bundling financial assets, like loans, into new securities that are resold to investors. 6. Sold on (Sprzedane dalej) - Financial instruments or loans passed from one party to another, often in the secondary market. 7. Securities (Papier wartościowy) - Tradable financial instruments, such as stocks or bonds, representing ownership or debt obligations. 8. High-risk mortgages (Ryzykowne kredyty hipoteczne) - Home loans granted to borrowers with poor creditworthiness or unstable incomes, posing a higher default risk. 9. Default on (Niewywiązanie się z) - Failure to meet the terms of a financial obligation, such as repaying a loan or mortgage. 10.Toxic assets (Toksyczne aktywa) - Financial instruments that have lost value and are unlikely to regain it, often due to high default risks. 11.Light-touch regulation (Łagodna regulacja) - A regulatory approach characterized by minimal oversight or intervention in financial markets. 12.Regulators (Regulatorzy) - Governmental or independent bodies responsible for overseeing and enforcing financial laws and market standards. 13.Rating agencies (Agencje ratingowe) - Organizations that assess the creditworthiness of entities, such as governments or corporations, and assign ratings to financial products. 14.Underestimate (Nie doszacować) - To evaluate something as being less significant or severe than it actually is, often leading to poor risk management. 15.Deleverage (Delewarowanie) - The process of reducing debt levels by selling assets, paying off loans, or curbing borrowing. 16.Rescue (Ratunek) - Actions taken to prevent the collapse of an entity or economy, often involving financial bailouts or interventions. 17.Real economy (Gospodarka realna) - The sector of the economy involved in producing goods and services, as opposed to financial markets or speculative activities. 18.Full-blown (Pełnoskalowy) - A situation that has escalated to its maximum extent, often referring to severe crises or recessions. 19.Economic crisis (Kryzys gospodarczy) - A period of significant economic downturn characterized by declining GDP, rising unemployment, and financial instability. 20.Deflation (Deflacja) - A sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often associated with reduced economic activity. 21.Stimulus packages (Pakiety stymulacyjne) - Government initiatives aimed at boosting economic activity, often through fiscal spending or tax incentives. 22.Tax (Podatek) - A mandatory financial charge imposed by governments on individuals or entities to fund public services and operations. 23.Interest rate (Stopa procentowa) - The cost of borrowing money or the return on savings, expressed as a percentage of the principal amount. 24.Printing money (Drukowanie pieniędzy) - The process by which central banks increase the money supply, often to stimulate the economy or combat deflation. 25.Galloping inflation (Galopująca inflacja) - A very high and rapidly accelerating inflation rate, typically causing severe economic instability. 26.Stagflation (Stagflacja) - An economic condition characterized by high inflation, stagnant economic growth, and rising unemployment occurring simultaneously. 47.1: 1. Estate (Nieruchomość) - Property, land, or assets owned by an individual or entity, often used in the context of real estate or inheritance. 2. Inflated values (Zawyżone wartości) - Prices or asset values that exceed their intrinsic or market value, often driven by speculation or temporary demand. 3. "To weather the current storm" ("Przetrwać obecną burzę") - A phrase meaning to endure or survive a challenging economic or financial period. 4. Burst (Pęknąć) - The collapse of an economic bubble, resulting in a rapid decline in asset values and market stability. 5. Incur (Ponosić) - To become subject to or responsible for financial obligations, costs, or losses. 6. Revenue (Przychód) - The total income generated by a business or organization through sales or other operations before expenses are deducted. 7. Slash (Obniżyć drastycznie) - To significantly reduce costs, expenses, or prices, often in response to financial pressures. Economic Definitions: ZESZYT: strona 1.: Tax Incentives: Financial benefits provided by governments, such as tax reductions or exemptions, to encourage specific economic activities, investments, or behaviors. Livestock: Domesticated animals raised for agricultural production, including meat, dairy, and other by-products, often considered a significant asset in rural economies. Staples: Essential goods or commodities that form the foundation of consumption, such as basic food items or raw materials, with relatively inelastic demand. Remittances: Monetary transfers sent by workers in one country or region back to their families or communities in another, often serving as a critical source of foreign exchange and household income. Gastarbeiter: A term for "guest workers," typically foreign laborers who migrate temporarily to another country to fill labor shortages, contributing to economic output without permanent settlement. Household: A social and economic unit consisting of individuals living together and sharing resources, often analyzed as a consumption or production entity in economics. Extended Family: Family structure that includes not only the nuclear family (parents and their children) but also other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, cousins, and sometimes even more distant kin. From an economic perspective, extended families often play a role in sharing expenses, and providing mutual support, such as childcare, elder care, or financial assistance. Leasehold Tenure: A property arrangement where a tenant holds the rights to use land or buildings for a specified term under a lease agreement, typically involving periodic rent payments. Lease: A contractual agreement where the property owner grants the lessee the right to use an asset, such as land, buildings, or equipment, for a specified period in exchange for payment. Economic Growth: An increase in the output of goods and services in an economy, measured by changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), reflecting overall improvements in production and consumption. Economic Recovery: The phase of the business cycle following a recession, characterized by rising economic activity, employment, and income levels. Trough: The lowest point in the economic cycle, marking the end of a recession and the beginning of recovery. Pick Up: A period when economic activity begins to strengthen, with increasing indicators such as consumer spending, investment, or employment. Speed Up: An acceleration in the rate of economic growth or activity, often driven by heightened demand, investment, or policy measures. Economic Expansion: A sustained period of growth in an economy, marked by rising production, income, and employment levels. Shrink: A contraction in the size of the economy or a sector, typically indicated by declining output, employment, or investment. Slowdown: A deceleration in economic growth or activity, often preceding a contraction or indicating weakening demand. Bottom Out: The stage in an economic downturn where decline halts, and stabilization begins, setting the stage for recovery. Overheating: A condition where rapid economic growth leads to excessive inflation, resource shortages, and imbalances, often requiring corrective policy intervention. Bust: A sharp and rapid economic contraction, often following a period of speculative boom, characterized by falling asset prices, reduced demand, and financial instability. Recession: A sustained decline in economic activity across multiple sectors, typically identified by two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. strona 2. 1. Depression: A severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity, characterized by significant declines in GDP, high unemployment, and widespread business failures. 2. A Slump: A period of economic decline or stagnation, marked by reduced consumer spending, low business profits, and often a rise in unemployment. 3. Exchange Rate: The value of one currency expressed in terms of another, determining how much of one currency can be exchanged for another in international markets. 4. Entrepreneurs: Individuals who create, manage, and assume the risks of starting and operating a business, often driving innovation and economic growth. 5. Shares: Units of ownership in a company, representing a claim on its profits and assets, traded on stock exchanges. 6. Surplus: A situation where the supply of goods, services, or funds exceeds the demand, often leading to lower prices. 7. Mortgage: A financial agreement (a loan) where a borrower receives funds from a lender to purchase property or real estate 8. Hostage: In an economic context, this term is metaphorically used to describe a situation where one entity (e.g., a country or company) is constrained or controlled by another due to financial or strategic dependencies. 9. for money Interest Rate: changes (rises and falls) according to the supply and demand (The percentage charged by lenders to borrowers for the use of money, or earned by depositors for their savings, often set by central banks to influence economic activity.) 10. The Job Market: The economic environment in which employers seek to hire workers and individuals seek employment, reflecting supply and demand for labor. 11. Disposable Incomes: The amount of income individuals have left after paying taxes and mandatory charges, available for spending or saving. 12. Retail Sales: The total value of goods sold by retailers to consumers, an indicator of consumer spending and economic health. 13. Landlocked: Referring to a country or region that lacks direct access to the ocean, often facing economic challenges related to trade and transportation. 14. Proximity: The nearness of one economic entity to another, often influencing trade, costs, and market access. 15. Reliance: Dependence on a particular good, service, or economic partner, which can create vulnerabilities in times of disruption. 16. Peak: The highest point of economic activity in a business cycle, before a downturn begins. 17. Construction: The economic sector focused on building infrastructure, residential, and commercial properties, often a key driver of economic development. 18. Recovery: The phase of the business cycle where economic activity begins to improve after a recession, marked by rising employment and production. 19. Prosperity: A period of sustained economic growth and stability, characterized by high employment, rising incomes, and strong consumer confidence. 20. Trade Balance: The difference between a country’s exports and imports of goods and services, indicating whether it has a trade surplus or deficit. 21. Dissident: In economic terms, a person or group opposing prevailing policies or systems, often advocating for changes in governance or economic strategy. 22. Envoy: A representative, often diplomatic, who negotiates or promotes trade agreements and economic partnerships between nations. 23. Peace Treaty: An agreement between nations to end conflict, often leading to restored trade relations and economic reconstruction. overdraft - an agreement by which a customer can withdraw more than is in the account, i.e. run up a debt to an agreed limit; interest on the debt is calculated daily.
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