Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
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Solar Heating and
Cooling Systems
Fundamentals, Experiments and Applications
Ioan Sarbu
Calin Sebarchievici
AMSTERDAM l BOSTON l HEIDELBERG l LONDON
NEW YORK l OXFORD l PARIS l SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO l SINGAPORE l SYDNEY l TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12-811662-3
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Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
1.
2.
Introduction
1
1.1
1.2
1
4
9
Generalities
Renewable Energy
References
Solar Radiation
13
2.1
2.2
13
15
15
21
2.3
3.
xi
xiii
Generalities
Calculation of Solar Radiation
2.2.1
Characteristics of Solar Radiation
2.2.2
Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
Prediction of Solar Radiation Using Improved
BristoweCampbell Model
References
26
27
Solar Collectors
29
3.1
3.2
29
30
32
36
38
44
46
52
55
57
61
3.3
3.4
Generalities
Solar Thermal Collectors
3.2.1
Flat-Plate Collectors
3.2.2
Evacuated Tube Collectors
3.2.3
Concentrating Collectors
3.2.4
Solar Thermal Power Plants With Central-Receiver
3.2.5
Thermal Collector Efficiency
Solar PV Collectors
3.3.1
PV Converters
3.3.2
PV Generator Characteristics
3.3.3
PV Collector Efficiency
3.3.4
Control and Delivered Energy Estimation
for a PV System
3.3.5
Design of a PV System
Solar PV/Thermal Hybrid Collectors
3.4.1
PV/T Liquid Collector
3.4.2
PV/T-Air Collector
62
64
65
66
67
v
vi Contents
3.5
3.6
4.
67
69
70
71
71
72
74
75
85
85
85
86
90
94
94
Thermal Energy Storage
99
4.1
4.2
4.3
99
100
101
103
105
106
108
110
114
118
119
127
130
133
135
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.
3.4.3
PV/T Concentrator
3.4.4
Novel Applications of PV/T Collectors
3.4.5
Energy Indicators
Performances of a PV/T Collector With Water
Heating in Buildings
3.5.1
Description of the System
3.5.2
Simulation Model
3.5.3
Model Validation
3.5.4
Results and Discussion
3.5.5
Conclusions
Performances of a Hybrid PV/T-Solar System
for Residential Applications
3.6.1
System Configuration
3.6.2
Simulation Model
3.6.3
Analysis of Energy Indicators
3.6.4
Conclusions
References
Generalities
Classification and Characteristics of Storage Systems
Sensible Heat Storage
4.3.1
Water Tank Storage
4.3.2
Underground Storage
4.3.3
Pebble-Bed Storage
Latent-Heat Storage
4.4.1
Characteristics of PCMs
4.4.2
PCMs Used for Thermal Storage in Buildings
4.4.3
Advantages and Disadvantages of PCMs
4.4.4
Heat Transfer in LHS Systems and Materials
Chemical Energy Storage
Cool Thermal Energy Storage
Performance and Cost of Thermal Energy Storage Systems
References
Solar Water and Space-Heating Systems
139
5.1
5.2
139
140
142
147
147
149
151
5.3
Generalities
Solar Water Heating Systems
5.2.1
Types of Solar Water Heating Systems
5.2.2
Examples of Solar DHW Systems
Solar Space-Heating Systems
5.3.1
Components and Control of System
5.3.2
Types of Solar Space-Heating Systems
5.3.3
Selection and Thermal Load of a Solar
Heating System
152
Contents vii
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.
155
161
162
162
166
169
170
171
172
182
191
192
193
194
195
196
201
203
203
Heat Distribution Systems in Buildings
207
6.1
6.2
207
208
208
211
215
215
218
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
7.
Designing and Simulating Solar Heating Systems
Installation, Operation and Maintenance
Instructions for Solar Systems
Solar Combisystems
5.4.1
System Description
5.4.2
Examples of Solar Combisystems Application
Solar District Heating
5.5.1
Components of District Heating Systems
5.5.2
Solar-Sourced District Heat
5.5.3
Energy-Saving Potential for Pumping Water
in District Heating Plant
5.5.4
Heat Distribution
5.5.5
Consumer Interconnections
5.5.6
Control, Operation, and Maintenance
5.5.7
Environmental and Economic Performance
Solar Heating for Industrial Processes
5.6.1
Integration of Solar Energy into Industrial System
5.6.2
Heating Systems for Industrial Processes
5.6.3
Solar-Powered Water Desalination Industry
5.6.4
Cost of Solar Heating Systems for Industrial
Processes
References
Generalities
Radiator Heating System
6.2.1
Description of the System
6.2.2
Energy Saving
Radiant Heating Systems
6.3.1
Preliminaries
6.3.2
Radiant Floor Heating
6.3.3
Comparative Analysis of Radiant Panel System
Performance
Room Air Heaters
Control of Heating Systems
Efficiency of Heating Systems
Energy Analysis of Solar Heating Systems
Economic Analysis Indicators
References
224
228
228
230
231
236
238
Solar Thermal-Driven Cooling Systems
241
7.1
7.2
241
245
245
254
255
Generalities
Solar-Powered Sorption Cooling Systems
7.2.1
Desiccant Cooling Systems
7.2.2
Principles of Closed Sorption Systems
7.2.3
Absorption Systems
viii Contents
7.2.4
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.
270
275
286
290
290
292
293
296
303
305
306
Solar Electric Cooling Systems
315
8.1
8.2
315
316
316
8.3
9.
Experimental Investigation on a Solar-Powered
Absorption Radiant Cooling System
7.2.5
Adsorption Systems
7.2.6
Comprehensive Review of Solar Sorption Cooling
System Applications
Solar Thermomechanical Cooling Systems
7.3.1
Description of the System
7.3.2
Performance Parameters
7.3.3
Working Fluid Selection
Hybrid Cooling and Heating Systems
Comparison of Various Solar Thermal Cooling Systems
Conclusions
References
Generalities
Solar Photovoltaic Cooling Systems
8.2.1
Description of the System
8.2.2
Solar Photovoltaic-Driven Vapor-Compression
Cooling Systems
Solar Thermoelectric Cooling Systems
8.3.1
Thermoelectric Cooler
8.3.2
Basic Definitions
8.3.3
Thermoelectric Cooling Modeling
8.3.4
Thermoelectric Cooling Applications
8.3.5
Conclusion
References
317
327
328
330
335
337
343
343
Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps
347
9.1
9.2
9.3
347
349
350
350
352
353
357
360
362
370
9.4
Generalities
Operation Principle of a Heat Pump
Vapor Compression-Based Heat Pump Systems
9.3.1
Thermodynamic Cycle
9.3.2
Operation Regimes of a Heat Pump
9.3.3
Performance and CO2 Emission of HP
9.3.4
Types of Heat Pumps
9.3.5
Selection of Heat Source and Heat Pump System
9.3.6
Air-Source Heat Pump Systems
9.3.7
Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
Energy Performances of a DX-SAHP Water
Heating System
9.4.1
System Description
9.4.2
Experimental Plant
9.4.3
Measuring Apparatus
9.4.4
Simulation Model
9.4.5
Results and Discussions
9.4.6
Conclusions
385
386
386
387
388
391
397
Contents
9.5
9.6
Index
Solar-Assisted Absorption Heat Pumps
9.5.1
Operation Principle
9.5.2
Thermodynamic Cycle
9.5.3
Energy Performance
Performances of an Experimental Solar-Assisted
Absorption Ground-Coupled Heat Pump
in Cooling Operation
9.6.1
Experimental Plant
9.6.2
Development and Validation of the
Simulation Model
9.6.3
Results
9.6.4
Conclusions
References
ix
397
397
398
400
400
401
403
405
409
409
411