PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHTS & INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER 10:
"COPING WITH CORRUPTION
THROUGH WORK ETHIC AND
ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC
SERVICE"
PRESENTED BY GROUP 10
1. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
1.1
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL:
Transparency International (TI) is a global
coalition against corruption. It is an international
organization dedicated to documenting and
tracing levels of government corruption.
1.2
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL:
|• As stated, Transparency
international ranked Philippines as
the 141" most corrupt government
in the world in 2008. Corruption in
the country is very high: politics is
very dishonest as compared to
other neighboring Southeast Asian
states.
1.3
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL:
|• On the contrary, Transparency
International also identified 10 of
the most clean and honest states in
the world as shown in the table.
2. CORRUPTION
EVERYWHERE
2.1
CORRUPTION EVERYWHERE:
Corruption means that something has been
changed so that it no longer meets its proper purposes.
In the Philippines particularly, corruption is understood
as "the misuse of public power for private profit." In
political democracy, our concern with corruption is with
official s performing their public tasks improperly in
order to receive personal benefits.
2.2
CORRUPTION EVERYWHERE:
Corruption exists not only in government
bureaucracies; they do dwell in the private sectors as
well. But the question of corruption is more public in
scope, involving government official s and even
employees alike. Corruption as a distortion to
government efficiency and accountabil ity has been
present since time immemorial, and it seems though
there is not much we can do about it.
2.3
CORRUPTION EVERYWHERE:
The goals of efficiency and
accountabilit y have been sacrificed
in favor of some politicians .
Corruption is not something society
should tolerate.
Nevertheless, corruption does exist
everywhere, it is worse in some
places than on others so there are
things we should do about it, after
all, widespread corruption breeds
political instability.
"It is worth noting that corruption is
not equally pervasive everywhere, and
that should give us some hope. If it
varies, there must be reasons that
cause it to be greater in one place
than another. Unfortunately, a number
of these reasons do not offer much
leverage. Societies undergoing rapid
change often appear susceptible to
corruption, partly because norms of
behavior are in flux, so people do not
have stable moral guides for behavior
and partly because there are so many
opportunities for corruption in a
situation of rapid economic change."
-Shively (Political Analyst)
3.
ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE
3.1
ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE:
The integration of moral values and eth ical standards in
public adm inistration is one effective strategy of responsive
and good governance in the midst dishonesty. corruption,
and mediocrity in the public service. Eth ical values traits
would ensure proper guidance am ong government
employees only if th ese m oral recovery principles are
enforceable in actions am ong all public officials and
employees, and punitive in ch aracter w h enever violated,
suppressed or restricted personal advantage.
3.2
ETHICS AND GOVERNANCE:
Ethics is gaining prominence in the discourse about
governance today. There is a perception that standards in
public life are in decline. This raises questions about the
costs of misconduct on the part of those who have been
entrusted with guarding public interests and resources.
These costs are losses in trust and confidence in public
institutions and losses in precious resources which were
meant to support the economic and social development
of nations and peoples.
4.
BUILDING AN HONEST TO GOODNESS
CIVIL SERVICE
BUILDING AN HONEST TO GOODNESS CIVIL SERVICE:
1.
2.
3.
-Honesty is the best policy, so public servant must have the values of being an
honest person and they are expected to discharge his duties and responsibilities
regard to the values of accountability, honesty, transparency and neutrality.
-As declared in the 1987 Philippine Constitution under Sec. 27, of Article II,
provides a leading declaration that the State shall maintain honesty and
integrity in public service and take positive effective measures against graft
and corruption.
-The civil servants are driven in public purpose, public interest and public
service, so they must not be selfish in their duties. However, in spite of all the
efforts to keep the civil service efficient, competent, accountable and
professional, the civil service, together with officers and employees remain
politically vulnerable to graft and corrupt practices.
5.
A CALL FOR WORK ETHIC AND RENEWAL
5.1
A CALL FOR WORK ETHIC AND RENEWAL:
Work ethic is a system of values in which central
importance is ascribed to work or purposeful activity
and to qualities of character, believed to be promoted
by work. For the purpose of this chapter, work ethic
refers to a set of values based on the moral virtues in
public service like: honesty, account abil ity and
professionalism.
A CALL FOR WORK ETHIC AND RENEWAL
|• Ethical behavior for ci vil servants is enshrined in
numerous laws and regulations i n the Philippines. The
Philippine Constitution for one sets, the legal framework
of accountability of public offi cials under Article XI,
which is primarily pred icated on the declaration that
"public official is a public trust. "
|• As declared in the 1987 Philippine Constitution under
Sec. 27, of Article II, provides a leading declaration that
the State shall maintain honesty and integrity in public
service and take positive effective measures against
graft and corruption
5.3
A CALL FOR WORK ETHIC AND RENEWAL:
There are also three constitutional
Oversight Bodies:
• The Office of the Ombudsman.
• The Commission on Audit, and
• The Civil Service Commission.
The i ssue of graft and corruption
has been a topmost concern
perhaps of al l top government
administrators in the country then
and now. But, i t appears that
i nsti tuti onal efforts failed to
address c orruption in government
offices, and yet it became bigger
and wi der si nc e even those in top l evel management are implicated.
6.
A CASE OF CORRUPTION: THE POPLE'S
PERCEPTION
MAIN FORMS OF CORRUPTION:
No transparency in
public bidding
General bribery
or gift-giving
Overpricing
procurement
Diversion of budget
away from projects
Doing substandard
projects
Tax and tariff
evasion
Cronyism
Pork barrel
fund
Underreporting of
tax collection
MOST NUMBER OF CORRUPTION COMPLAINTS RECEIVED BY
THE OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSHAN IN THIS ORDER:
De pa r tme nt o f Public Wo r k s
a nd H ighwa y s (DPWH )
Bureau of Internal Revenue
(BIR)
De pa r tme nt o f Env ir o nme nt a nd
N a tur a l Re s o urces (DEN R)
De pa r tme nt o f H e a lth (DOH )
De pa r tme nt o f Educa tio n (De pED)
De par tme nt o f Inte r io r a nd Lo ca l
Go v e r nme nt (DILG)
B ur e a u o f Cus to ms (BOC)/
P hilippine Po r ts Autho r ity (PPA)
National P o we r Co r po ra tion
(N APOCOR)
N a tio na l Ir r iga tio n Adminis tr a tio n
(N IA)
B ur e a u o f Immigr a tio n (B OI)
THREE NOTABLE STRUCTURAL SOURCES OF
CORRUPTION WERE IDENTIFIED:
1.
That candidates must finance their own electoral campaigns,
owing a debt of gratitude to many sponsors who call in favors
when the candidates are elected.
2.
The incredibly poor compensation and reward system for
civil servants.
3.
The poor enforcement of anti- corruption laws in the
Philippines that renders corruption a low risk, high reward
activity.
A.)
WIDE DISCRETION OF BUREAUCRATS
B.)
BUR DE NS OME R E GULATION S A N D T R A N SACTIONS S YS T E MS
C.)
WEA K CONT ROL MECH ANISMS
D.)
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR
E.)
WEA K PUBLIC VIGILANCE
F .)
ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO POLIT ICAL CULT URE
7.
THE CULTURE OF CORRUPTION
7.1
THE CULTURE OF CORRUPTION:
In many countries, graft and corruption
has indeed become a culture or a way of life.
The culture of graft and corruption is an
administrative issue since time, particularly
in underdeveloped societies, and the
Philippines is privy to this. In most cases,
corruption has a material or narrowly
financial character, its most particular
political manifestation is bribery or sleaze.
Regarding politics, corruption is understood
with officials performing their public tasks
improperty in order to receive individual
repayment.
Corruption means
a "failure to carry out
proper or public
responsibilities because
of the pursuit of personal
gain."
FURTHERMORE, STUDIES OF CORRUPTION IN THE
PHILIPPINES POINT TO THESE ADVERSARIAL
EFFECTS WHICH INCLUDE, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:
1.
Wastage of public resources as when infrastructure projects are poor
and substandard and do not last their projected useful lifetime.
2.
Low revenue collection, as when bribes are paid in lieu of
taxes and charges in revenue collecting agencies.
3.
Other socially unfeasible behavior such as tax evasion
and smuggling.
4.
Cronyism, the highest form of corruption expressed in cartels and
monopolies that reduce competitiveness in industry
5.
6.
Increase in the cost of doing business in the country
Waste in the resources for development, which postpones the poor
Filipino escape from poverty.
8.
PUBLIC OFFICE IS A PUBLIC TRUST
8.1
PUBLIC OFFICE IS A PUBLIC TRUST:
A public office has the following
characteristics:
a. It is a public trust
b. It is not vested right
c. It is not a property
d. It cannot be inherited
*A publi c o ffi ce is the right, authority,
an d dut y cre at ed and conferred by law,
by which, for a given period, either fi xed
by law o r e n during at the pleasure of the
cre at i n g po w e r to be exercised by him for
t h e be n e fi t o f t he public.
Art. XI Sec . I of the 1987
constitution of the Philippines,
states the ac countability of public
offi cial s, i n the wise: "Public Office
i s a Publ ic Trust. Public officers and
employees must at all times be
ac countabl e to the people, serve
them wi th utmost responsibility,
integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act
wi th patrioti sm and justice, and
l ead modest l i ves."
9.
PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES
IN THE CIVIL SERVICE
9.1 PUBLIC OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES IN THE
CIVIL SERVICE:
As a normative value, civil
servants should be professional,
competent, efficient and
responsive to the political and top
administrators, committed to
implement policies and programs,
honest, and accountable to the
people they should serve. The civil
service or bureaucuracy is a major
institution in democratic
administration.
|• A public officer shall not be
liable by way of m oral and
exemplary damages or acts
done in the perform ance of
official duties, unless there is
a clear showing of bad faith,
malice or gross negligence.
AMONG RIGHTS OF CIVIL SERVICE OFFICIALS AND
EMPLOYEES IN THE PHILIPPINES INCLUDE:
In spite of the political values imposed upon them, the public officials
and employees of the civil service shall likewise enjoy the following rights:
1.
They have the right to be protected from their conditions of work and
reassured of living ages.
2.
They have the right to make organizations or associations among
themselves but are prohibited to conduct strikes or rallies.
3.
No officer or employee of the civil service shall be dismissed except for a
cause.
4.
They have the right to be paid regularly when they retired from service
and to receive pensions and gratuities by law.
5.
They have the right to overtime and holidays pays, including sick leave/
vacation leave with pay, maternity benefit allowances, and other benefits.
10.
ANTI -GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
PRACTICES
10.
ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPTION PRACTICES:
1
In August 17, 1960, a comprehensive law was
passed to tackle and curb the commission of
malfeasance in government agencies which is RA 3019
or otherwise known as the Anti -Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act. Pursuant to RA 3019 as amended in
addition to acts or omissions of public officers already
penalized by existing law.
THE FOLLOWING SHALL CONSTITUTE SOME
CORRUPT PRACTICES OF ANY PUBLIC OFFICER:
1.
Persuading, inducing or influencing another public officer to perform an oct
constituting a violation of rules and regulations or an offense in connection
with official duties or allowing himself to be persuaded, induced or influenced
to commit such violation or offense.
2.
Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift for himself or for any
other person in connection with any contract between the government and
other party.
3.
Accepting or having any member of his family accept employee in a private
enterprise which has pending official business with him.
4.
Causing and undue injury to any party, including the government or giving any
private party any unwarranted benefits in the discharge of his official functions.
5.
Neglecting or refusing without sufficient justification to act within a reasonable
time on any matter pending before him.
THE FOLLOWING SHALL CONSTITUTE SOME
CORRUPT PRACTICES OF ANY PUBLIC OFFICER:
6.
Entering, or behalf of the government, into any contract that is grossly
disadvantageous to the government.
7.
Directly or indirectly having financial interest in any business or contract or
in connection with which he Intervenes or takes part in his official capacity;
8.
Directly or indirectly becoming interested for personal gain in any
transaction or act requiring the approval of the board, panel or group of
which he is a part;
9.
Knowingly approving or granting any license, permit in favor of any
person not qualified;
10.
Divulging valuable information of a confidential character.
11.
BUREAUCRACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
11.1
BUREAUCRACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY:
• Bureaucracy - basically means
rule by office.
|• Bureaucracy refers to: "All the
rules and procedures followed
by government departments and
similar organizations."
Ac countabil ity is a central
problem for governments which are
or c l ai m to be democratic. The
ac ti viti es of c i vi l servants and
publ ic agenci es must follow the
wi l l of the people to whom they are
ul ti matel y responsible. The
publ i shes of their employment and
goals thus prescribes their behavior
and c i rc umcised their choices.
TWO FORMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY:
EXTERNAL CONTROL:
INTERNAL CONTROL:
|• External Control in the
bureaucratic accountability may
be in the form of criticisms from
the mass media, judic ial branch
or legislative departmen t and/or
the pressures from the
Ombudsman .
|• Internal Control in the
bureaucratic accountability
may take the form of
ministerial direction, formal
regulation, competition
between departments and
professional standards.
BUILDING AN HONEST TO GOODNESS CIVIL SERVICE:
1. TRADITIONAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
- Is a responsibility of the
bureaucratic who has been
given the authority to
discharge a particular
function as an expression of
hierarchy-ordered legal
responsibilities.
*Focuses on the regularity of
fiscal transaction and the
faithful compliance as well as
adherence to legal require
ments and administrative
policies.
2.
MANAGERIAL
ACCOUNTABILITY
3.
PROGRAM
ACCOUNTABILITY
- the person accountable is the
manager, and he is responsible
to his superiors in the
bureaucracy, the President and
external controllers such as the
legislature which provides the
resources for the operations of
the agency.
- Process accountability
emphasizes on procedures and
methods of operation and
focuses on the black box inside
systems which transforms inputs
(the concern of traditional and
managerial accountability) to the
outputs (the concern of program
accountability).
*Concerns itself with efficiency
and economy in the use of
public funds, property,
manpower and other resources
(Tantuico in Cariño, 1993).
*This type of accountability
recognizes that some goals may
not be measured directly, and
surrogates, representing how
goal-directed activity may be
performed, are used instead.
12.
CODE OF CONDUCT ETHICAL
STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
12.1 CODE OF CONDUCT ETHICAL STANDARDS
FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
In 1989, the Philippine
legislature passed RA 6713, a law
embodying the Code of Conduct
and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees.
According to a Civil Service
Commi ssion R eport on Ethics and
Ac c ountabil i ty i n 2000, It is said
that the Code spells out in fine
detail s the do' s and don'ts for
government offi cials and employees
i n and out of the workplace. These
do's and don'ts are encapsulated in
the ei ght norms of conduct to be
observed by al l government officials
and employees.
12.2 CODE OF CONDUCT ETHICAL STANDARDS
FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
13.
BASIS FOR DISCIPLINARY ACTION
UNDER THE CIVIL SERVICE LAW, THE FOLLOWING ACTS SHALL CONSTITUTE GROUNDS
FOR DISCIPLINARY MEASURES, SUSPENSION, OR REMOVAL FROM WORK OF ANY
PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE.
This is also reinforced under the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Civil Service
Officers and Employees and the Moral Recovery Program and lists the following traits.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
6
7.
8
9.
10.
Dishonest
Oppression
Neglect of duty
Misconduct
Disgrace and immoral act
Being notoriously undesirable
Discourtesy in the course of official duties
Inefficiency in the performance of official duties
Bribery or other acts punishable under anti-graft laws
Conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude
THIS IS ALSO REINFORCED UNDER THE CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
FOR CIVIL SERVICE OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES AND THE MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM
AND LISTS THE FOLLOWING TRAITS.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
16
17.
18
19.
20.
Improper or unauthorized solicitation of contributions from
subordinate employees.
Falsification of official documents
Frequent unauthorized absences or fardiness
Habitual drunkenness
Refusal to perform official duties
Disgraceful, immoral or dishonest conduct
Physical or mental incapacity or disability due to immoral or
vicious habits
Borrowing money by superior officers from subordinates
Willful failure to pay just debts
Nepotism and many more
14. A POLITICAL COMMITMENT
14.1
A POLITICAL COMMITMENT:
The legal infrastructure that prescribes ethical conduct
of public servants is reinforced by political commitment.
This political commitment, while difficult to benchmark,
has been demonstrated by some policy pronouncements.
Quite significant is the 10 -point action agenda of the
government and the Medium Term Development Plan
(2000 -2004) which embody the framework for the country's
socio -economic development.
14.2
A POLITICAL COMMITMENT:
The agenda and the MTDP place the
implementation of a training and orientation
program on Anti -Graft and Corruption Practices Laws
and on the Ethical Standards Act of Public Officials
and Employees among the administration's priorities
to reduce graft and corruption and exact high
standards of ethics in government.
15. THE RULE OF THE OMBUDSMAN
15.1
THE RULE OF THE OMBUDSMAN:
|• An Ombudsman is a public
of f icial who investigates allegations
of misadministration in the public
sector.
|• T he role of an Ombudsman "is to
supplement, not replace, normal
avenues of complaints such as
administrative courts or elected
representatives.
The framers of the 1987
Constitution defined the role of the
Office of the Ombudsman as a
watchdog, to monitor the "general
and specific performance of
government officials and
employees." It also serves as a
mobilizer, to effectively "utilize the
support of nongovernmental
organizations, the youth sector, and
other major sectors in the campaign
against graft and corruption.
15.2
THE RULE OF THE OMBUDSMAN:
• In the Philippines, the
Ombudsman has the badge of
recognition as "protector of the
people." The Ombudsman protects
the people from abuse and misuse
of government power for personal
aggrandizement. The passage of RA
6770, otherwise known as the
Ombudsman Act of 1989 made the
Ombudsman in a better position to
execute his power, authority and
responsibilities.
Art. XI of the 1987 Constitution of
the Philippines provides for the
accountability of public officials. The
office of the Ombudsman is an
independent and a constitutional
office, which cannot be abolished by
the legislative. The appointment of
the Ombudsman and his deputies
need no confirmation by the
Commission on Appointments.
15.3
THE RULE OF THE OMBUDSMAN:
|• The Office of the Ombudsman
assumes five major functions.
These are public assistance,
graft prevention, investigation,
prosecution and administrative
adjudication.
The Comp osition of Omb udsman
shall b e:
• The Omb udsman
• One overall dep uty
• One dep uty for Luzon
• One deputy for Visayas
• One dep uty for Mindanao
• A sep arate dep uty for the Military
Service
16.
OVERSIGHT BODIES AGAINST
CORRUPTION
THE THREE CONSTITUTIONAL OVERSIGHT BODIES:
1.
2.
3.
Office of the Ombudsman- is an ombudsman responsible for
investigating and prosecuting Philippine government officials accused
of crimes, especially graft and corruption.
Civil Service Commission - is a government agency that is constituted by
legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil
servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promotes the values of the
public service.
Commission on Audit - is an independent constitutional commission
established by the Constitution of the Philippines. It has the primary
function to examine, audit and settle all accounts and expenditures of
the funds and properties of the Philippine government.
17.
ANTI -RED TAPE TOLE ACT
[RA 9485]
17.1
ANTI-RED TAPE TOLE ACT [RA 9485]
RA 9485, otherwise known as the Anti -Red Tape Act, is the newest legislation
signed by PGMA in June 2007 in an effort to ensure honesty and responsibility among
public officials and employees. It shall be maintained through measures that shall
promote transparency with regard to the manner of transacting with the public.
Moreover, RA 9485 likewise holds the heads of the agencies accountable to the public
in the delivery of fast, efficient, convenient and reliable services and these can be
easily done as the new Law requires the establishment of service standards or a
Citizen's Charter.
* Any official or employee found guilty of violating the new Law's provisions
shall be sanctioned with varying level of penalties depending on the nature of
violation. Grave offenses, on the other hand, like fixing or colluding with fixers
will merit dismissal or and perpetual disqualific at ion from public office.
18. THE FUTURE OF CORRUPTION
18.1
THE FUTURE OF CORRUPTION:
The government has continuing initiatives to come up with
more responsive public administration structures and processes
are ongoing efforts to address the ever pervasive problem of
corruption.
• Corruption or the "misuse of public power for private profit"
inhibits growth and development, distorts access to services for
poor communities, undermines public confidence in the
government's will and capacity to serve the public, deters trade
and investment, reduce revenues, increases costs and
propagates wasteful allocation and use of scare resources.
18.2
THE FUTURE OF CORRUPTION:
• Coping with corruption in government
includes a number of practical
suggestions like public education
program; acting as watchdogs:
encouraging more the civil society for
plunder and corruption watch: living by
good examples by highly public officials;
changing incentive programs;
professionalizing the bureaucracy.
International pressure can also help.
Recently, a new internationa l
Transparency International was founded
to help states around the world reduce
corruption in their governments.
V arious sectors of the society
are doing their best to combat
corruption, enhance government
ef f iciency , ef f ectiveness, and
accountability . It is noteworthy to
state that institutions have been
set up and several laws were
enacted to f ight against graft and
corruption.
19.
OPERATIONAL THRUST OF
ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY
19.1
OPERATIONAL THRUST OF ETHICS
AND ACCOUNTABILITY:
Without a strand of doubt, public officials
become corrupt for personal enrichment. The material
or physical gains one reaps from corruption is the
motivation why this culture exists or will continue to
persist particularly among underdeveloped countries.
19.2
OPERATIONAL THRUST OF ETHICS
AND ACCOUNTABILITY:
|• Corrupt officials often have strong,
domineer ing persona lities; they are
popular and are viewed by colleagues
as effective, thereby creating for
themselves "space to maneuver" ; they
slowly "slide down toward corruption"
and are unlik ely to view themselves as
corrupt; and they "do not limit their
corruption to one incident" but
instead maintain "a long
institutiona lized relationsh ip" with
their corruptors.
An agency's culture can
encourage corruption, notably
when "supervision of corrupt
of f icial is not strong management
has not promoted a clear integrity
policy " and "loyalty and solidarity"
among colleagues both inside and
outside the agency deter
reporting of corrupt activities.
20.
LEVEL OF ETHICS
PERSONAL
MORALITY
PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS
ETHICS IN
ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ETHICS
- is the basic sense
of right and w rong.
This is a function of
our post and is
dependent on
factors such as
parental influences,
religious beliefs,
cultural and social
norms.
- public
administrators
increasingly
recognize a set of
professional norms
and rules that
obligate them to
act in a
professional way.
- every
organization has
an environment or
culture that
includes both
formal and
informal rules of
ethical conduct.
- the requirements
of social ethics
oblige members of a
given society to act
in ways that both
protect individuals
and further the
progress of the
group as a whole.
21.
TOWARDS ETHICAL AND
ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNNCE
21.1
TOWARDS ETHICAL AND ACCOUNTABLE
GOVERNANCE:
The public education program against corruption
places extra premium on work ethic and accountability
for government officials and employees in the
bureaucracy. The need for moral recovery is an utmost
importance in redefining the political culture of the
leaders and the public towards more responsive,
professional and competent public administration.
21.2
TOWARDS ETHICAL AND ACCOUNTABLE
GOVERNANCE:
The government though has been truly responsive to
fighting against graft and corruption but officers and
employees, whether elected or selected, must learn to
institutionalize the laws against corruption particularly the
Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards. If public servants
learned to value these pertinent laws and regulations and
operationalized the requirements set by laws on how public
service should be delivered will be marked with good
governance instead.
THANK YOU!
REPORTERS:
PRINCE IVAN ARCANGELES
MICHAELA L. ANDANTE
BACHELOR OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION - BPA 1A
BACHELOR OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION - BPA 1A
EDITOR
RYANPHILIP BANTIGUE
BACHELOR OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION - BPA 1A
STEPHANIE KIRSTEN BARREDO
BACHELOR OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION - BPA 1A