By : Deasyanti, Ph. D., Psikolog
Outline
01
The Nature of
Consciousnesss
02
Sleep and Dreams
03
Psychoactive Drugs
04
Hypnosis
05
Consciousness and Health
and Wellness: Meditation
THE NATURE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
Stream of consciousness :
Continuous flow of changing sensations, images,
thoughts, and feelings.
The Nature of Consciousness
Defining
Consciousness
Consciousness define in two
parts ; awareness and arousal.
The Nature of Consciousness
Consciousness is an individual’s awareness of
external events and internal sensations under
a condition of arousal.
Awareness includes awareness of the self and
thoughts about one’s experiences.
Arousal, the physiological state of being
engaged with the environment.
The feeling of awareness occurs in a global brain
workspace that involves a variety of brain areas
working in parallell.
Consciousness
and the Brain
This wide-reaching brain workspace is an assembly
of neurons that are thought to work in cooperation
to produce the subjective sense of consciousness.
Reticular activating system is a network of
structures including the brain stem, medulla, and
thalamus that are involved in the experience of
arousal and engagement with the environment.
Theory of mind Individuals’ understanding that they
and others think, feel, perceive, and have private
experiences.
The Nature of Consciousness
Levels of
Awareness
The Nature of Consciousness
SLEEP AND
DREAMS
Sleep as a natural state of rest for the body and
mind that involves the reversible loss of
consciousness.
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body.
This rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which
include annual or seasonal cycles.
Sleep and Dreams
Circadian Rhythms
Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the
sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and
blood sugar level
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) plays an important
role in keeping our biological clock running on time.
The SCN is located in the hypothalamus. It receives
information from the retina about light, which is the
external stimulus that synchronizes the SCN. Output from
the SCN is distributed to the rest of the hypothalamus and
to the reticular formation.
Sleep and Dreams
Desynchronizing The
Biological Clock
Biological
clocks
can
become
desynchronized, or thrown off their regular
schedules.
If you fly from Los Angeles to New York and
then go to bed at 11 p.m. eastern time, you
may have trouble falling asleep because
your body is still on west coast time.
Sleep and Dreams
Resetting The Biological
Clock
If your biological clock for sleeping and
waking becomes desynchronized, how can
you reset it?
Spend as much time as possible outside in
the daylight.
Taking melatonin supplements - hormones
that increase at night
Sleep and Dreams
Why Do We Need Sleep?
Theories on The Need for Sleep
Sleep needed to protect themselves
Sleep is a way to conserve energy
Sleep is restorative
Sleep is centers on the role of sleep in brain
plasticity.
Sleep and Dreams
The Effects of Chronic Sleep Deprivation
The basic amount of sleep each person needs may vary from person to person and as a
function of age and activities.
The optimal amount of sleep for infants is between 14 and 17 hours in a 24-hour period.
For an adult, the optimal night’s sleep is between 7 and 9 hours.
Lack of sleep is stressful and has an impact on the brain, as well as on the rest of the body
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), caused by a genetic mutation, involves a progressive
inability to sleep
Sleep and Dreams
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
Stages of sleep correspond to massive
electrophysiological changes that occur
throughout the brain as the fast, irregular,
and low-amplitude electrical activity of
wakefulness is replaced by the slow,
regular, highamplitude waves of deep
sleep.
Using the electroencephalograph (EEG) to
monitor the brain’s electrical activity, as
well as electromyography (EMG) to monitor
the action of motor neurons, scientists
have identified four stages of sleep
Sleep and Dreams
Sleep Throughout the Life Span
Getting sufficient sleep is important at every stage of human life. This picture shows
how total sleep time and time spent in each type of sleep varies over the life span.
Sleep and Dreams
Sleep and Disease
Sleep plays a role in a large number of diseases and
disorders. Lack of sleep relates to disease risk, poorer
health, and earlier death.
Importantly, although lack of sleep is often associated
with health problems, sleeping too much may also be a
sign of problems.
Sleep and Dreams
Sleep Disorders
NIGHTMARES AND
NIGHT TERRORS
NARCOLEPSY
SLEEPWALKING
AND SLEEP TALKING
SLEEP APNEA
INSOMNIA
Sleep and Dreams
Dreams
Freud's Psychodynamic Approach
Manifest Content
The surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols
that disguise the dream’s true meaning.
Latent content
A dream’s hidden content; its unconsciousand true meaning.
For Example
If a person had a dream about riding on a train and talking
with a friend, the train ride would be the dream’s manifest
content. The manifest content is simply the dream itself. The
latent content is the dream’s deeper true meaning.
Sleep and Dreams
Cognitive Theory of Dreaming
Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by
applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the
waking mind.
Activation - Synthesis Theory of
Dreaming
Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex
synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower
part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain’s
attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs
during sleep.
Sleep and Dreams
PSYCHOACTIVE
DRUGS
“Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter
consciousness, modify perception, and change
mood.”
Psychoactive Drugs
Use of Psychoactive
Drugs
The use of psychoactive drugs, whether it
is to cope with problems or just for fun,
can carry a high price tag.
Tolerance
Physical Dependence
Psychological Dependence
Addiction
Depressants
Psychoactive Drugs
Types of
Psychoactive Drugs
DEPRESSANTS
Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental
and physical activity.
TYPES OF DEPRESSANTS
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
Opiates
Psychoactive Drugs
Types of
Psychoactive Drugs
STIMULANTS
Psychoactive drugs that increase the central
nervous system’s activity.
TYPES OF STIMULANTS
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
MDMA (Ecstasy) : illegal synthetic drug
with both stimulant and hallucinogenic
properties
Psychoactive Drugs
Types of
Psychoactive Drugs
HALLUCINOGENS
Psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s
perceptual experiences and produce visual
images that are not real.
TYPES OF HALLUCINOGENS
Marijuana
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Psychoactive Drugs
HYPNOSIS
An altered state of consciousness or a
psychological state of altered attention and
expectation in which the individual is unusually
receptive to suggestions.
Hypnosis
The Nature of Hypnosis
Patterns of brain activity during the hypnotic state
suggest that hypnosis produces a state of consciousness
similar to other states of consciousness.
Hypnotic state is not like being asleep. It is more similar
to being relaxed and awake.
Hypnosis
The Four Steps In Hypnosis
01
Minimizes distractions and
makes the person to be
hypnotized comfortable.
02
Tells
the
person
to
concentrate on something
specific, such as an imagined
scene or the ticking of a watch.
Hypnosis
03
04
Informs the person what to expect
in the hypnotic state, such as
relaxation or a pleasant floating
sensation.
Suggests certain events or
feelings he or she knows will
occur or observes occurring, such
as “Your eyes are getting tired”
Individual Variations In Hypnosis
Some people are more easily hypnotized than
others, and some are more strongly influenced
by hypnotic suggestions.
Hypnotizability refers to the extent to which a
person’s responses are changed by being
hypnotized
Hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis
A Divided State Of Consciousness
Hilgard’s view that hypnosis involves a splitting of
consciousness into two separate components: one that
follows the hypnotist’s commands and the other that acts
as a “hidden observer”.
Social Cognitive Behavior
The perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which
the hypnotized person behaves the way the individual
believes that a hypnotized person should behave.
Hypnosis
Uses of Hypnosis
Combining hypnosis with brain imaging allows researchers to understand
both the effects of hypnosis itself and the brain’s functioning
Practitioners of hypnosis use the technique to treat alcoholism,
somnambulism, depression, suicidal tendencies, post-traumatic stress
disorder, overeating, diabetes, smoking, and various types of pain.
Hypnosis can reduce the experience of pain
Hypnosis
Consciousness and
Health and Wellness
: Meditation
Meditation is the attainment of a peaceful state
of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by
worry; the meditator is mindfully present to his
or her thoughts and feelings but is not
consumed by them.
Consciousness and Health and Wellness : Meditation
Mindfulness Meditation
Mindfulness meditation is a powerful tool for managing
life’s problems.
Using mindfulness meditation, Munroe (a woman
diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma) focused on her
pain. By doing so, she was able to isolate the pain from
her emotional response to it and to her cancer diagnosis.
She grew to see her physical discomfort as bearable.
Consciousness and Health and Wellness : Meditation
Lovingkindness Meditation
The goal of this meditative practice is the development
of loving acceptance of oneself and others.
Lovingkindness fosters feelings of warmth, friendliness,
compassion, and appreciative joy.
Research shows that lovingkindness meditation leads to
heightened feelings of social connection, positive
emotions, and better coping with stress
Consciousness and Health and Wellness : Meditation
The Meditative State of Mind
Hypnagogic reverie an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you
fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out. Meditation has
been compared to this relaxed sense that all is well
Using fMRI, the experimenters obtained images of the brain before and
after the participants entered the meditative state. They found that the
switch to meditation involved initial increases in activation in the basal
ganglia and prefrontal cortex.
Consciousness and Health and Wellness : Meditation
Getting Started with Meditation
Find a quiet place and a comfortable chair.
Sit upright in the chair, rest your chin comfortably on your chest, and place
your arms in your lap. Close your eyes.
Now focus on your breathing.
After you have focused on several breaths, begin to repeat silently to yourself
a single word every time you breathe out.
If you find that thoughts are intruding and you are no longer attending to
your breathing, refocus on your breathing and say your chosen word each
time you exhale.
After you have practiced this exercise for 10 to 15 minutes, twice a day, every
day for two weeks, you will be ready for a shortened version.
Consciousness and Health and Wellness : Meditation
Any
questions?