Chemical Engineering Journal: Sustainability Focus

1 ‫ א א כ‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫‪JACEJ‬‬ ‫ אכא‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ אכא‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ אא‬ ‫!א א‬ ‫א אא‪ - "#‬א א)א( – כא&‪ %‬א‪2024 "#‬‬ ‫*א‪ #‬א ‪:‬‬ ‫ אכא‪.‬‬ ‫• אא א ( א" א‬ ‫• ‪ 13‬א ‪&/‬א‪ ,‬אא א ( א‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ אכא‪.‬‬ ‫א א אא‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫כ ‪ " #‬א ! אא ‬ ‫כ ' &‪ %‬א ! א כ א ‬ ‫כ ' * ) א ((‬ ‫א ‪-‬א‪+‬א‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫אא‪ :‬א ‪4‬א‪ 0‬א ‪/‬א א ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫א! א א אכא‪ :‬א א ‬ ‫‪04‬‬ ‫‪05‬‬ ‫ ‪.‬‬ ‫אאא) א כ" א& ‪ %‬א‪ $‬א‪"#‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א " ‪ 67‬אא‪ 2 ” :345‬א‪1‬א א‪- /0‬אא אא"!‪, $‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א“‪.‬‬ ‫‪06‬‬ ‫‪07‬‬ ‫א ‪ 8‬א ‪9‬א‪8‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫אא< א " ‪ 67‬אא‪ 6 345‬אא; א‪ 3‬א! ‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ , 2 C‬א "‪ AB‬א‪ ,35‬א אא? " ‪4‬א‪ ,$‬א " א א!‪#-‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫א‪J‬א‪ I‬א‪ E"F :3GH‬א‪1‬א אא! א‪ - 2‬א ‪ 8‬א‪ #‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬א א‪ :‬א ! א כ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫א ‪# %48‬א‪8‬א א ‪ ) %‬‬ ‫אא‪ L‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫ אא א ‪ :‬א‪1‬א‪ L‬א ‪ K‬א אכא‪.‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫א כ" ‪ I‬א! א‪ 9‬א‪M3‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫! " א‪ S/‬א )‪ O, (Biochar‬אא א א ‪ -‬א ‪" 8‬א א‪MNH‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪ 3‬כ‪ E!7 6 E3‬א; א‪ U3H‬א‪ H‬א‪. T‬‬ ‫א " א א‪ N‬א ‪ 8‬אא‪ $‬א‪ " 9‬א‪V‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫א‪I‬א א א‪ L‬א‪N‬א!‪ $‬א‪ 6 K‬א; א‪ U3H‬א‪H‬א‪1 -‬א‪ W‬א‪9 N‬א‪ G‬א?‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬א‪ 3KG‬אכ‪93‬א‪ .‬אאא) א כ" א[א‪Y‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9‬א =א‪ :‬אא!א א ;א< א‪;0‬אא‪8‬א‬ ‫•‬ ‫אא‪H‬א! א א‪ 2 ..3‬א? ‪H‬א‪-‬א‪ L‬אכא ‪ -‬א ‪ 8‬א ‪ #‬א‪S‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫א?א‪ :‬א כ @ א אא?כא > א ! א כ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫א ‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫אכא‪SH, E‬‬ ‫א ‪T ! 9‬א ‪ :“3‬א‪ G‬א? ‪N‬א!א‪ L‬אא‪I‬א‪ L‬אא‪H%‬א \‪7‬‬ ‫א‪ E -‬א‪G‬א^ אא! אכא ‪9‬א\ א‪ - L‬אאא) א כ" " א‪3‬אכ‬ ‫א\כא‪ W‬אא ‪1‬א‪ -‬א‪1‬א‪ L‬א ‪ -‬א ‪5 8‬א א‪N‬א‪ET‬‬ ‫(א!א א ‬ ‫‪ 23,‬כא אא! א‪ N‬א‪9 "H‬א‪ C b" S‬א‪3- Microsoft Word _ 6` 3 3‬‬ ‫א‪ 3‬אאכ‪ chemengjournal@jea.org.jo 3‬א ‪ S dJ4 ^3 e-‬כ‪3 3, 3,3‬‬ ‫א‪ #‬אא‪9‬‬ ‫‪https://www.jea.org.jo‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫א ‪ 0‬א ‪ > D‬א ! א כ א ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪H‬א‪/ 0‬א ‪) % #+‬‬ ‫אא!א‪ L‬א כ ‪+‬א‪ J K‬א‪ I‬א ‪%‬‬ ‫כ א ! ‪ M/0 /‬א ! א כ‬ ‫א ‬ ‫@א ‪ / 8O‬א כ(כ ‪ /‬אא‪I‬‬ ‫‪: #‬‬ ‫‪ U ,‬אא א‪ e‬א[ ‪T, 2‬א א‪G‬א ‪ U‬א אא‪ 7‬א א‪1‬א א א ‪,‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫כ ‪ 3 1,‬א! א א אכא א‪C‬א א ‪-‬אא‪ .‬א) ‪ eN‬א ‪ $‬אכא‪$‬‬ ‫א‪ 3 1, e‬א! א כ ‪ ! 2‬אא‪ U 9 "/%‬א ‪#‬א! ‪H‬א!" א ‪E! #‬‬ ‫ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ;\C 3N,‬אא א‪N‬א ‪ 3‬א‪ 3 1 3‬א! א א א?‪ ,‬א‪3‬כ‪, e- T‬א‪ L‬אאא<‬ ‫‪Z‬‬ ‫א‪N/‬א‪ ,‬א‪J‬א אא"!‪ ,‬א‪/‬א א‪ ,‬א‪#‬א אא‪H‬א! ‪ ,‬א כא ! א! א א‪0‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪1‬א א‪ ? .E! #‬א! א‪ ,‬א‪7 e‬א ‪ 2,‬אא‪-‬א! ‪ e-‬אא"! ‪ 3‬א‪ ,E! #‬א"א א‪ -‬א‬ ‫ א‪%‬א‪7‬א‪ L‬א‪N‬א‪ S‬א‪T‬א ‪ 6 E‬א‪1‬א ‪ 2,‬אא‪ 3F‬א‪.‬‬ ‫‪ #8 (48‬א אא‪ E‬א ‪ 0‬א ‪:D‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫אא< א! א ‪-‬א‪ 2 E N L‬אא! א‪ 4N‬א‪ e‬א א‪ 9‬א‪ G‬א?‪14 ,‬‬ ‫א ‪ $‬אכא‪ ;\C 6, " " 9 $‬א‪N‬א‪ Y3 E - 7, .L‬אא< ! א‪,‬‬ ‫א א‪ 2‬א‪3‬א"‪ ,‬א ‪ 2‬א‪3‬א" אכא‪ ,‬א‪ 2‬אא‪ ,‬א‪ S4‬אא‪C‬א‪ ? , % ,‬כ‪ 2‬א‬ ‫‪T‬א א ‪ % 6 E 3‬אא< א‪1‬א ‪ 2,‬א‪/‬א א‪ L‬אכ‪/‬א‪ ,EW‬אא א‪N7 $‬א ‪1,‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪#,‬א" א ‪1 e-‬א‪ Y‬א )‪.(1‬‬ ‫א ‪ G‬א (א‪ D‬א א א (א א‬ ‫‪,‬א‪ # H L‬‬ ‫א ‪ N :‬א‪ 2‬א‪3‬א" ‪ 6G, e-‬אכ א ‬ ‫ א‪ M‬אא כ‪ ,6#‬א ! א‪ , e‬א א‪ % S % I e‬א‪ . (2) I‬א א א‪N‬א‪#‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪ I , ,‬א ‪ %‬א א ‪9‬א " כ‪93‬א‪ .(3) 67 " C L‬כא‬‫א‪3‬א" אא ‪ S‬אא‪ J` , W‬‬ ‫א‪, 6N‬א‪C‬א‪ 2, $‬אא‪-‬א! ‪ e-‬א! אא‪5 6 "/%‬א אא< ‪ 9‬א‪ ! 2‬א ‬ ‫)א‪ L‬א‪N‬א‪F‬א‪ L‬א‪3 .2‬כ‪ T‬א ‪\C‬א א‪#‬א ‪ T TN, e-‬כ‪/‬א‪ ;\C EW‬א‪N‬א‪5 6 L‬א ‪U 3 6,‬‬ ‫א‪/‬א‪ 7"! 2K 2-‬א‪3‬א"‪ ,E‬א‪3, ,J4‬כ אא! אא ‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ G‬א כ‬ ‫א א ‪- 2[, :D‬א‪ L‬א ‪ 2‬אכא א כא‪ 3G‬א‪S4‬‬ ‫אא‪C‬א א ‪ ,‬אכ‪ 3‬א‪ L‬א[ א‪ L‬א‪ I‬א‪ e‬אא ‪K‬א א א‪J‬א‪ I‬א‪ ,‬א ‪1,‬‬ ‫א‪ T‬א‪L‬‬ ‫א כאא‪ 2 ! L‬אכ א )‪ 2K, .(4‬א א‪, L‬כ‪ /‬אא< אא‪ T‬א‪ 3 1, L‬כאא‪! L‬‬ ‫א!"‪N e- E‬א‪ 6 - -# #‬אא! אא ‪9‬כ‪/‬א‪9 ,EW‬א )כ אכ א א‪.[G‬‬ ‫‪ S,‬א‪"1‬א‪ L‬א א"א‪ 6, F‬כ‪/‬א‪ EW‬אכאא‪ L‬א ‪ ,‬א ‪T‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬א‪N‬א‬ ‫‪ 6‬אכא_‪.‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬א!‪R‬א א א א ‪ %4‬א ‪Q‬אא‬ ‫‪ e-‬א‪ G‬א? אכ א ‬ ‫‪ T TN‬אא א ‪3 ,‬כ‪ T‬א ‪#‬א א! א ‪[9‬כ‪T 2‬א‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪/‬א א‪ L‬א‪ 4N‬אא‪ %‬א כ‪H‬א!" א ‪ 9 .‬א ‪ 6‬אא‪-‬א! ‪ e-‬אא ‪ 2‬א‪ HHG‬א ‪,‬א‪b‬‬ ‫אאא< א‪\J‬א‪ ,‬כ‪ 6‬אא< א! א ‪9 6‬א א א‪"T‬א‪ -‬א‪/‬א א‪ L‬א ‪ e% ,‬א‪#‬א‪ L‬א‪K‬א ‪6‬‬ ‫א‪ -‬אא\ ‪, .‬א‪ ;\C SC‬א‪[ 2% 31‬כא‪ L‬א!א"‪ E‬א‪/‬א א‪ ,L‬כא ‪ 2,‬אכא_ ‪ _/G,‬אא‪3F‬‬ ‫א א‪9 ,3‬א‪3G‬א< אא! א‪G‬א? )‪. (5-7‬‬ ‫>‪ S M‬א ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‪ 3 1, N :‬א‪ S/‬א ‪ A 6‬א‪ ,3‬א‪9 3‬כ‪ E3K‬א‪ O‬אא< א‪K ,3‬אא‬ ‫‪ e‬א‪ G‬א? אא"! א‪ .‬א‪ 3‬א‪ S/‬א א[‪ A 6 O‬א‪N 3‬א ‪1, E -‬א‪,L‬‬‫א ‪ 6,‬א‪ , ,93‬אא;‪ e% ,‬כ! ‪ -‬א‪ 2‬א‪3‬א"‪ ;\C .‬א‪ N‬א ‪ 3H,‬‬ ‫‪ e‬א‪ G‬א? ‪/‬א א‪5 6 _4, 29 L‬א אא< א! א א‪ S/‬א )‪.(8‬‬‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ /7‬א‪ ! :$ T‬א‪ 3‬א‪9 N ,‬א א א‪ $ T‬אא‪ 6- ,‬אא< ‪ I‬א‪!" $ T‬א ‪ %‬א )א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2N‬א ‪ $‬אכא‪- 3 1, e- $‬א‪ L‬א‪ 2 T J‬כ‪N‬כ א‪ $ T‬א‪ e‬א‪ C , I‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬א! א‪.‬‬ ‫‪5 6‬א ! א‪ T J‬א‪-‬א!‪ E‬א[כ‪ 2‬א‪ ,T/‬כ‪ 6‬אא< ! א‪- _0‬א‬ ‫א‪1‬א‪ ,‬א‪-‬א!‪, E‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬א‪/‬א א‪ ;\C I3, .L‬א[א" א‪ C‬א א‪ 7‬א ‪ 2J,‬אא"! א‪E 3/‬‬ ‫ א‪.(9) E! O‬‬ ‫‪ G #8 .3‬א א‪ ( 9‬א ‪) %‬‬ ‫‪ 2K‬א א אאא ‪ 3 1‬א! א "‪ 2, e- ,‬א‪N‬א‪F‬א‪ L‬א‪I‬א‪ L‬אא‪%‬א‪ 8‬א‪3‬א"‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‬ ‫א‪F‬א‪ L‬אא‪- e- .A35‬כ‪ b‬א! אא‪ 3N ,"/%‬א! א א א כ‪93‬א‪ % ,‬א‪F $I‬א‬ ‫ )כ‪,‬‬ ‫אכ אכ‪ $93‬א‪ N‬א‪F‬א‪ W‬אא‪3%‬א‪F Y‬א אכ אכ‪ $93‬א\ ‪ H,‬אא‪,‬א‪ L‬א‪F‬א‪C W‬א‪.‬‬ ‫א‪ 1 4/G 9 H9 O, $‬א‪N9 30‬א א‪ E" ! e‬אאא< ‪9‬אכא‪W+ 9 ,‬א ‪ 6‬א‪3G‬א< אא"!‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א א‪ e‬א!א"‪ E‬א‪/‬א א‪.L‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ . G 8‬א א‪ N :.‬א‪37‬א‪ 2, W‬א ‪ E" 2‬אא‪ E‬א ‪3‬א `‪ " 3‬א ‪ S‬אא‪ 3F‬א !‬ ‫א‪ N .‬א ‪ $‬אכא‪\C e- $‬א א‪ S 2‬אא‪N‬א‪F‬א‪ L‬אאכ א‪1‬א ‪,‬‬ ‫א‪/‬א א‪ L‬כ‪3 6 %3 2‬א‪ 2%‬אא< א! א‪ .‬א‪\C SC‬א א‪, 2‬‬ ‫א‪#‬אא‪ L‬א‬ ‫כ‪, 6‬א‪ ,‬א ‪ 64‬א‪ $‬א! א ‪ O‬א‪/‬א א א‪ 2 e- .E!H‬א‪K‬א‪ ,‬כ‪ 6‬א‪$‬‬ ‫‪ 2, 2‬אאכ אא; א‪1‬א ‪ 6‬א א א! א ‪[9‬כ‪ 2‬אכ‪.(10) 3‬‬ ‫א‪-‬א!‪ E‬א‪ G‬א? אא; ‪ 2,‬אא‪N‬א‪F‬א‪ N, :L‬א‪"1‬א‪ L‬אכ‪N 7‬א‪ #‬אא;‪- 2K ,‬א‪L‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪ 3KG‬אכ‪93‬א‪" ! ,‬א אא< א! א א ‪4‬א‪ .‬א‪N‬א‪ L‬א ‪ 1,‬אא; כ‪ 6‬א‪-‬א!‪C3 , E‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪ G‬א א ‪! #‬א‪ ,‬א ‪ 6‬אאכ אא; א‪9 .9\N‬אא`א א‪) e‬כ‪ N ,‬אכ‪ S‬אא‪N‬א‪F‬א‪,L‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ 2K‬אא! א‪ #‬אכא א‪ ,(NOx) 67 3‬א ‪3‬א אאא ‪ , 6‬אא‪.(11) W‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪ /8 .4‬א ‪ S‬אא‪;0‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ N‬א א‪ 3 1 3‬א! א ‪ C‬א‪ A #‬אא‪H‬א! ‪# .‬‬ ‫א‪, $‬כ‪, $‬כא_ א! א‬ ‫א!"‪ e- E‬אא א! אא‪ S "/%‬א‪-‬א!; ‪1 e-‬א‪ Y‬א‪1 .‬‬ ‫)כ ‪, /5‬כא_‬ ‫אאא< ‪ I‬א!‪ E‬כ‪/‬א‪ EW‬אאא< ! ‪ $‬א‪9 4‬אא א ‪.‬‬ ‫אא! אא )א‪ L‬אכ‪ /‬א‪ :4/G‬כ‪ 6‬א‪ 2 $‬א‪ G‬א? א! א ‪\ 3‬א‬ ‫‪ 4/G‬אכ‪,/‬‬ ‫‪ 2K‬א‪/G‬א‪ L‬א‪"T‬א‪ -‬א‪/‬א א‪ L‬א‪, 6 , 4N‬כא_ אאא< ‪[9‬כ‪ 2‬כ‪ 2 e- .3‬א‪K‬א‪ ,‬א‪L3‬‬ ‫אא‪9‬א א‪ G‬א? " א! א‪ 3GH‬א‪ T‬אא"! כ ‪15 T7 2‬א‪ L‬אא‪ /‬א כאא‪ L‬א‪ E -‬‬ ‫א ‪ b‬אא א ‪ ,‬א ‪ K‬א‪/‬א אא‪H‬א! א‪-‬א!‪, E‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬אא"! )‪.(12‬‬ ‫אא‪9‬כא" ‪,‬כ‪7‬א א‪N‬א‪ :L‬כ‪ 6‬א‪ ITN, $‬א‪"1‬א‪ 3 1, L‬א‪T/‬א‪ SH, L‬א‪N‬א‪ L‬א‪N/‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ % 6‬אכ‪ N, ./‬א‪T/‬א‪ L‬א ‪ 6,‬כ‪/‬א‪- EW‬א‪ L‬א ‪ ,2‬א‪ T9 W‬א!‪ N E‬א‪ L‬א‪/‬א‪ ,2-‬א‬ ‫‪2,‬‬ ‫‪5‬א‪ L‬א‪1‬א‪ ,‬א ‪ 6,‬א‪N‬א ‪ O " 3` ,‬אא א אא‪H‬א! )‪.(13‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬א כא‪ X G‬א‪ W‬א ‪4‬א‪ 0‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2K‬א! א ‪+‬‬ ‫‪WT7‬א ‪ 6‬א‪ 0‬א‪1‬א א‪ ,E! #‬א ! ‪H #‬א!" א‪1‬א אא‪2K A35‬‬ ‫א‪1‬א א[ א‪ 3‬א& א‪1‬א אכ‪ 3‬א‪ T .‬א! א ‪ " H 39‬א ‪3‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א ‪5 N#‬א"א ‪K‬אא אא‪ 0‬אכא ‪.‬‬ ‫‪,3‬‬ ‫‪H ,‬א!" א‪1‬א‪5 6 :‬א ! א! א א‪1‬א א[ א א‪ 3‬א&‪ ,‬כ‪9 6‬א‪W‬‬ ‫‪0‬א? א ‪ 6 2‬אא‪-‬א! ‪ " H e-‬א‪1 %‬א‪5 .‬א א‪3/‬א‪ L‬א ‪,‬כ‪ $‬א א‪1‬א‬ ‫א[ א א‪ 3‬א& ‪ ,E3 3‬כ‪ ! 6‬א א‪ 3 $‬א א‪%‬א‪ ,‬א ‪ 64‬א‬ ‫א!א‪ L‬א‬ ‫‪. (14) F‬‬ ‫א‪ W‬א ‪4‬א‪ 0‬א ‪, :‬כ אא‪ 0‬א‪ #‬א ‪1 69 #,‬א‪ L‬א‪1‬א א א‪0‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ ‪Z‬‬ ‫א‪1‬א א‪ E! #‬אא‪5I A35‬א‪ 2 e- .‬א‪K‬א‪ ,‬כ‪ 6‬א‪ L‬א! א א‪ K, $‬כא‪ L‬א‪1‬א‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫א‪ E3JH‬א ‪9 -‬א‪1‬א א[ א א‪ 3‬א&‪ N .‬א ‪ $‬אכא‪" ! $‬א ‪SH,‬‬ ‫‪ ;\C 6,‬אא‪ 0‬א‪ T #‬א!‪ E‬אכ‪/‬א‪ 2, EW‬א‪/‬א א‪.(15) L‬‬ ‫א ‪-‬א‪ 8‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ N‬א‪ 3 1, O N‬א? ! א ‪ 7‬א ‪ ! N‬א‪HHG‬א‪N, ,L‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ ! "א " א‪5 6 .‬א ‪, 3 1,‬א‪ L‬אאא<‪ ,‬א‪J‬א א‪/‬א א‪ 2, ,L‬אא‪F‬א" א‪ T TN, ,‬א‪A #‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫אא‪H‬א! ‪ ,‬אא א< ‪H‬א!" א‪1‬א א‪ 3 ,E! #‬א! א ‪ 9‬א א‪ -‬א ! אא‪."/%‬‬ ‫א אכא‬ ‫‪,‬א‪ ;\C e‬א‪ !#‬א‪ C‬א‪ U‬אא א א‪N‬א‪9 ,‬א )כ ‪ 2,‬א‪N‬א‪F‬א‪ L‬א‪I‬א‪ L‬א ‪ ,‬א‪/‬א‬ ‫‪ e‬אא"! א‪ T TN, ,N1‬אא‪H‬א! א א‪.3‬‬‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ 2K‬א! א ‪3H-‬א א ‪9‬א‪ 2 W‬א ‬ ‫ א?‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ ? ,‬אא‪9‬א א‪3 1‬‬ ‫ ‪,‬א‪ L‬א! א‪ 3 ,‬א ‪ $‬אכא‪ S , $‬א‪9‬כא"א‪ , S- , L‬א‪1‬א‬ ‫א‪N‬א ‪ 9‬אכ‪0 3K‬א א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ X@‫א (א‬ 1. Cherwoo, L., Gupta, I., Flora, G., Verma, R., Kapil, M., Arya, S.K., Ravindran, B., Khoo, K.S., Bhatia, S.K., Chang, S.W. and Ngamcharussrivichai, C., 2023. Biofuels an alternative to traditional fossil fuels: A comprehensive review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 60, p.103503. 2. Hoang, A.T., Ong, H.C., Fattah, I.R., Chong, C.T., Cheng, C.K., Sakthivel, R. and Ok, Y.S., 2021. Progress on the lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis for biofuel production toward environmental sustainability. Fuel Processing Technology, 223, p.106997. 3. Zhang, B., Biswal, B.K., Zhang, J. and Balasubramanian, R., 2023. Hydrothermal treatment of biomass feedstocks for sustainable production of chemicals, fuels, and materials: progress and perspectives. Chemical Reviews, 123(11), pp.7193-7294. 4. Okolie, J.A., Mukherjee, A., Nanda, S., Dalai, A.K. and Kozinski, J.A., 2021. Next generation biofuels and platform biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(10), pp.14145-14169. 5. Aljbour, S.H., El-Hasan, T., Al-Hamiedeh, H., Hayek, B. and Abu-Samhadaneh, K., 2021. Anaerobic co-digestion of domestic sewage sludge and food waste for biogas production: A decentralized integrated management of sludge in Jordan. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 56(5), pp.1030-1038. 6. Aljbour, S.H., Al-Hamaiedeh, H., El-Hasan, T., Hayek, B.O., Abu-Samhadaneh, K., Al-Momany, S. and Aburawaa, A., 2021. Anaerobic co-digestion of domestic sewage sludge with food waste: Incorporating food waste as a co-substrate under semi-continuous operation. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(7), pp.1-10. 7. Al-Zoubi, Ali I., Taha M. Alkhamis, and Hassan A. Alzoubi. “Biogas Generation from Poultry Manure as an Indicator of Reduction in Environmental Pollution and Biomass Potential Contribution to the Energy Grid in Jordan.” Green Energy and Environmental Technology (2024). 8. Al-Bayati, S.M., Aljbour, S.H. and Al-Khamis, T., 2024. Date kernel biochar: A green approach to methylene blue removal from polluted water in Iraq. Water Science, 38(1), pp.428-437. 9. Aljbour, S.H. and Kawamoto, K., 2013. Bench-scale gasification of cedar wood–Part I: Effect of operational conditions on product gas characteristics. Chemosphere, 90(4), pp.1495-1500. 10. Patel, K. and Singh, S.K., 2023. Environmental sustainability analysis of biofuels: a critical review of LCA studies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 25(8), pp.2489-2510. 11. Delucchi, M.A., 2010. Impacts of biofuels on climate change, water use, and land use. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1195(1), pp.28-45. 12. Alhunity, R., Aljbour, S.H. and El Qada, E.N., 2023. Life Cycle Assessment of Asphalt Mix Containing Jordanian Oil Shale Ash. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(2), 79–86 13. Ambaye, T.G., Vaccari, M., Bonilla-Petriciolet, A., Prasad, S., van Hullebusch, E.D. and Rtimi, S., 2021. Emerging technologies for biofuel production: A critical review on recent progress, challenges and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management, 290, p.112627. 14. White, P., 2014. Biofuel, energy diversification, and NAFTA: a proposition for the future of the North American biofuels industry. Environmental Claims Journal, 26(3), pp.189-214. 15. Panda, A., Dauda, A.K., Chua, H., Tan, R.R. and Aviso, K.B., 2023. Recent advances in the integration of renewable energy sources and storage facilities with hybrid power systems. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 12, p.100598. 20

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