FULL NAME OF TEACHER-SCHOLAR: LASYAM A. QUISALAN
SCHOOL ASSIGNMENT: CANATUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PHONE NUMBER: 09673045439
Pretest Essay
Direction: Answer what is being asked in the situations below.
1. Three of five patients who underwent heart valve replacement surgery developed bacteremia. The
causative agent was Enterobacter cloacae. What were the patients’ signs and symptoms? (give 2 very
significant symptoms) How would you identify this bacterium? (suggest 1 very effective method). A
manometer used in the operations was culture-positive for E. cloacae. What is the most likely source of this
contaminant? (give 1 valid contaminant) Suggest 1 way of preventing such occurrences. (5 pts)
1. Signs and Symptoms of Bacteremia due to Enterobacter cloacae:
•
•
Fever: One of the most common signs of bacteremia due to any bacterial infection.
Hypotension: Due to the systemic infection and possible septic shock, patients often experience low
blood pressure, especially as the infection worsens.
2. How to Identify Enterobacter cloacae (Effective Method):
•
Biochemical testing (e.g., Enterotube or API 20E): This is a very effective and commonly used
method for identifying Enterobacter cloacae. The bacterium can be identified by its characteristic
fermentation pattern (e.g., lactose fermentation) and other biochemical reactions in commercial
identification systems.
3. Most Likely Source of Contaminant:
•
Contaminated medical equipment: Since the manometer (a piece of surgical equipment) was
culture-positive for E. cloacae, it is likely that the bacterium was introduced via improperly sterilized
or handled medical equipment during surgery.
4. Prevention Method:
•
Strict sterilization protocols: Ensuring that all medical instruments, especially those that come into
direct contact with sterile body tissues (e.g., heart valves), are properly sterilized between uses.
Regular checks and maintenance of sterilization equipment (autoclaves) should be performed to
avoid cross-contamination.
FULL NAME OF TEACHER-SCHOLAR: LASYAM A. QUISALAN
SCHOOL ASSIGNMENT: CANATUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PHONE NUMBER: 09673045439
2. List the causative agent/s, symptom/s, and treatment for any four (4) viral diseases of the respiratory
system. Separate the diseases according to whether they infect the upper or lower respiratory system. Present
your answers in a table form.( 24 pts)
Disease
Causative Agent(s)
Upper
Respiratory
System
1. Common Cold Rhinovirus,
Coronavirus
Symptoms
Sneezing, runny nose,
sore throat, mild
cough, congestion,
low-grade fever
2. Influenza (Flu) Influenza Virus (A, B, High fever, chills,
or C)
fatigue, sore throat,
cough, muscle aches,
headache
Lower
Respiratory
System
3. Respiratory Respiratory Syncytial Wheezing, cough,
Syncytial Virus Virus (RSV)
fever, difficulty
(RSV) Infection
breathing, nasal
congestion, irritability
4. Pneumonia Influenza Virus,
(Viral) Adenovirus,
Respiratory Syncytial
Virus (RSV)
Cough, fever,
difficulty breathing,
chest pain, fatigue,
shortness of breath
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment: rest,
hydration, decongestants, pain
relievers
Antiviral medications (e.g.,
oseltamivir), rest, fluids, pain
relievers
Supportive care (e.g., oxygen
therapy, hydration), RSV-specific
monoclonal antibody
(Palivizumab) for high-risk
infants
Antiviral medications (e.g.,
oseltamivir for flu), supportive
care (oxygen, fluids)
FULL NAME OF TEACHER-SCHOLAR: LASYAM A. QUISALAN
SCHOOL ASSIGNMENT: CANATUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PHONE NUMBER: 09673045439
Assessment
Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use the following choices to answer questions 1 through 4:
a. ehrlichiosis
b. Lyme disease
c. septic shock
d. toxoplasmosis
e. viral hemorrhagic fever
E 1. A patient presents with vomiting, diarrhea, and a history of fever and headache. Bacterial cultures of
blood, CSF, and stool are negative. What is your diagnosis?
A 2. A patient was hospitalized because of continuing fever and progression of symptoms including
headache, fatigue, and back pain. Tests for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi were negative. What is your
diagnosis?
D 3. A patient complained of headache. A CT (computed tomography) scan revealed cysts of varying size in
her brain. What is your diagnosis?
C 4. A patient presents with mental confusion, rapid breathing and heart rate, and low blood pressure. What
is your diagnosis?
5. A patient has a red circular rash on his arm and fever, malaise, and joint pain. The most appropriate
treatment is
a. antibiotics.
b. chloroquine.
c. anti-inflammatory drugs.
d. antimony.
Use the following choices to answer questions 6 and 7:
a. brucellosis
b. malaria
c. relapsing fever
d. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
e. Ebola hemorrhagic fever
6. The patient’s fever spikes each evening. Oxidase-positive, gram negative coccobacilli were isolated from
a lesion on his arm. What is your diagnosis? a. brucellosis
7. The patient was hospitalized with fever and headache. Spirochetes were observed in her blood. What is
your diagnosis? c. relapsing fever
8. Nineteen workers in a slaughterhouse developed fever and chills, with the fever spiking to 40°C each
evening. The most likely method of transmission of this disease is a.
a vector.
b. the respiratory route.
c. a puncture wound.
d. an animal bite.
9. A patient has fever, difficulty breathing, chest pains, fluid in the alveoli, and a positive tuberculin skin
test. Gram-positive cocci are isolated from the sputum. The recommended treatment is
a. fluoroquinolone.
b. antitoxin.
c. isoniazid.
d. tetracyclines.
10. No bacterial pathogen can be isolated from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia. Antibiotic therapy
has not been successful. The next step should be
a. culturing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
b. culturing for Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
c. culturing for fungi.
d. a change in antibiotics.
Match the following choices to the culture descriptions in questions 11 through 12:
a. Chlamydophila
b. Coccidioides
c. Histoplasma
d. Mycobacterium
e. Mycoplasma
E 11. Your culture from a pneumonia patient appears not to have grown. You do see colonies, however,
when the plate is viewed at 100×.
C 12. Microscopic examination of a lung biopsy shows ovoid cells in macrophages. You suspect these are
the cause of the patient’s symptoms, but your culture grows a filamentous organism.
13. In San Francisco, ten animal health care technicians developed pneumonia 2 weeks after 130 goats were
moved to the animal shelter where they worked. Which of the following is false?
a. Diagnosis is made by a blood agar culture of sputum.
b. The cause is Coxiella burnetii.
c. The bacteria produce endospores.
d. The disease was transmitted by aerosols.
14. Which of the following leads to all the rest?
a. catarrhal stage
b. loss of cilia
c. mucus accumulation
d. tracheal cytotoxin
Match the following choices to the statements in questions 15 and 16:
a. Bordetella pertussis
b. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
c. Legionella pneumophila
d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B 15. Causes the formation of a membrane across the throat.
D 16. Resistant to destruction by phagocytes
FULL NAME OF TEACHER-SCHOLAR: LASYAM A. QUISALAN
SCHOOL ASSIGNMENT: CANATUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PHONE NUMBER: 09673045439
Learning Activity
Activity 1: Analyze It! Directions: Analyze and complete the following table below. Use the Rubric
“Analyze It” to rate yourself. (70 pts)
Here is a completed table for the diseases listed. The information includes the causative agents, vectors,
treatments, reservoirs, transmission modes, how to avoid spreading, and how to avoid catching each disease:
Disease
Causative
Agent
Vector
Treatment
Reservoi
r
Transmissi
on
1. Malaria
Plasmodium
spp. (e.g., P.
falciparum)
Female
Anopheles
mosquitoe
s
Antimalari
al drugs
(e.g.,
chloroquin
e,
artemisinin
)
Humans,
mosquito
es
Mosquito
bites
2. Yellow
Fever
Flavivirus
Aedes and
Haemagog
us
mosquitoe
s
Vaccine
(prevention
),
supportive
care
Primates,
humans
Mosquito
bites
3. Dengue
Dengue
virus
Aedes
mosquitoe
s
Antipyretic
s (fever
manageme
nt),
supportive
care
Humans,
mosquito
es
Mosquito
bites
4.
Relapsing
Fever
Borrelia
spp.
Lice
(epidemic)
, soft ticks
(endemic)
Antibiotics
(e.g.,
doxycyclin
e,
penicillin)
Rodents
(endemic
),
humans
Lice or tick
bites,
contact
with
infected
person or
animals
How to
How to
Avoid the
Avoid
Spread
Catching
the
Disease
Use insect
Use
repellent,
insect
sleep
repellent,
under bed
wear
nets, use protectiv
mosquito
e
control
clothing,
avoid
mosquito
-prone
areas
Vaccinati Vaccinat
on,
e, avoid
mosquito mosquito
repellents,
-prone
use of
areas,
nets
wear
protectiv
e
clothing
Use
Wear
mosquito protectiv
repellents,
e
eliminate clothing,
standing
use
water, use mosquito
nets
repellent,
avoid
standing
water
Treat lice
Avoid
infestation
lice
s, improve exposure,
hygiene
treat and
wash
infested
clothes,
5.
Leishmania
sis
Leishmania
spp.
Sandflies
Antimicrob
ial drugs
(e.g.,
amphoteric
in B)
Rodents,
dogs,
humans
Sandfly
bites
Control
sandfly
populatio
ns, avoid
exposure
during
peak
hours
Isolate
infected
individual
s, wear
masks,
improve
hygiene
6. Viral
Pneumonia
Various
viruses (e.g.,
influenza
virus, RSV)
Airborne
(droplets)
Antiviral
drugs (e.g.,
oseltamivir
for
influenza),
supportive
care
Humans
Airborne
(cough,
sneeze)
7. Influenza
Influenza
virus (Types
A, B, C)
Airborne
(droplets)
Antiviral
drugs (e.g.,
oseltamivir
),
supportive
care
Humans,
pigs,
birds
Airborne
(cough,
sneeze)
Vaccinati
on, cover
mouth
when
coughing,
frequent
hand
washing
8.
Tuberculos
is
Mycobacteri
um
tuberculosis
Airborne
(droplets)
Antibiotics
(e.g.,
rifampin,
isoniazid)
Humans
Airborne
(cough,
sneeze)
9.
Whooping
Cough
Bordetella
pertussis
Airborne
(droplets)
Antibiotics
(e.g.,
azithromyc
in)
Humans
Airborne
(cough,
sneeze)
Use
masks,
improve
ventilatio
n in
crowded
areas,
regular
screening
Vaccinate
(DTaP),
isolate
infected
individual
s
10. Scarlet
Fever
Streptococcu
s pyogenes
Airborne
(droplets)
Antibiotics
(e.g.,
penicillin)
Humans
Airborne
(cough,
sneeze)
Treat
infections
early,
good
hygiene
practices
avoid
tick bites
Avoid
sandfly
bites (use
repellent,
wear
protectiv
e
clothing)
Get
vaccinate
d (e.g.,
for
influenza
), avoid
close
contact
with sick
people
Get
vaccinate
d, avoid
contact
with sick
people,
wash
hands
regularly
Get
tested,
avoid
prolonge
d contact
with
infected
individua
ls,
Get
vaccinate
d
(DTaP),
avoid
close
contact
with
infected
persons
Avoid
close
contact
with
infected
people.