CÔNG TY CỔ PHẨN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX TỔNG QUAN VỀ PIN LEAD ACID VÀ LITHIUM-ION Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 Ngày hiệu lực: 02/04/2023 DRP: Mr. Trần Hữu Đức CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Ngày Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Người thực hiện Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Người kiểm tra Trần Hữu Đức 02/04/2023 Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Mã số: - Page 2 of 26 Người phê duyệt CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Drive a better future Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 BẢNG THEO DÕI SỬA ĐỔI ST T Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Ngày Trang Nội dung sửa đổi Page 3 of 26 Người phụ trách CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 MỤC LỤC 1. 2. 6 1.1. 6 1.2. 7 1.3. 8 10 2.1. Capacity 9 2.1.1. Effect of current discharge 9 2.1.2. Effect of temperature 10 2.1.3. Effect by SOH 11 2.2 Voltage 12 2.2.1. Effect by temperature 12 2.3. Internal resistor 13 2.3.1 Effect of temperature 13 2.3.2. Effect of SOC 14 2.3.3. Effect of charge or discharge case 16 2.3.4. Effect of current charge, current discharge 17 Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 4 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 2.3.5. Effect of SOH 18 2.4. Self discharge 18 2.4.1. Effect of temperature 18 2.4.2. Effect of SOC 20 2.4.3. Effect of SOH 20 2.5. Lifetime 20 2.5.1. Effect of depth of discharge 20 2.5.2. Effect of temperature 21 2.5.3. Effect of current charge/discharge 22 2.6 Preservation and storage Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex 22 Page 5 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 1. Overview for Lead acid and Lithium-ion 1.1. Classify lithium i-on battery Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Mã số: - Page 6 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Comparisons of different types of Li-ion batteries used in EVs Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements 1.2.Classify lead acid battery Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Mã số: - Page 7 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 AGM (absorbed glass mat) battery – the most popular in current motorcycles. GEL batteries work great where constant power is needed – like in your home alarm system – but not as starter batteries. AGM is the best lead-acid starter battery. https://www.bennetts.co.uk/bikesocial/news-and-views/advice/bike-maintenance/how-to-choose-charge-best-bike-motorcycle-battery Gel Battery vs. Lead Acid: The Differences Explained whats-difference-between-agm-gel-general-battery-lynn-chen/ 1.3. Compera Lead acid and Lithium-ion Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 8 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Drive a better future Battery types Lead acid Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 NMC LFP Parameter Min, typ, max voltage (V) 1.75 – 2 – 2.25 https://scihub.hkvisa.net/10.1063/5.0043346 2.75 – 3.6 or 3.7 – 4.2 or 4.25 2.5 – 3.2 – 3.6 or 3.65 Standard charge current 0.1C~0.3C 0.5C 0.5C 2-3C 1C Charge: 0-45 0-45 Discharge: 0-60 0-60 Power desity (Wh/kg) 30-50 150-220 90 -160 Life 500 with DOD=80% 1500 with DOD=80% >2000 with DOD=80% storage conditions Ideal: 15°C, humidity 50% Full charge Recharge after 6 months Ideal: 15°C, humidity 50% SOC=40%-50% Recharge after 12 months Ideal: 15°C, humidity 50% SOC=40%-50% Recharge after 12 months Current discharge operating temperature SOC = 30% Shipping terms Depth of discharge~eff Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex 50% 80-90% 80-90% Page 9 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 2. Characteristics of Battery Lead acid and Lithium-ion 2.1. Capacity 2.1.1. Effect of current discharge Leac acid Lithium-ion The battery capacity is varied with the discharge rate. The larger the discharge current, the smaller is the battery capacity. The relation between the battery capacity and the discharge rate is as follows: Ý từ bảng này thấy là hiệu suất sử dụng của ắc quy lead acid thường là 50% Discharge characteristics of a commercial Kokam 17 Ah NMC cell Reference: Reference: Sealed Lead Acid Batteries Technical Manual https://h2020invade.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/D6.2-Batterytechno-economics-tool.pdf Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 10 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK 2.1.2. Effect of temperature Lead acid Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Lithium ion The standard rating for batteries is at room temperature 25 degrees C (about 77 F). At approximately -22 degrees F (-30 C), battery Ah capacity drops to 50%. At freezing, capacity is reduced by 20%. Capacity is increased at higher temperatures – at 122 degrees F, battery capacity would be about 12% higher. Discharge capacity of a lithium iron phosphate battery at different temperatures. Reference: Capacity of a lead acid battery at different temperatures Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex The Influence of Temperature on the Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Different Anodes Page 11 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Reference: https://support.rollsbattery.com/en/support/solutions/articles/5860temperature-vs-capacity-flooded-lead-acid-batteries Sealed Lead Acid Batteries Technical Manual Temperature effects on batteries Lithium-ion: Through the comprehensive analysis of the above charts, it can be seen that regardless of whether the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate or lithium cobalt oxide, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion battery will decrease as the temperature decreases at low temperatures [25,26]. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows. On the one hand, the decrease in temperature will result in a decrease in the activity of the active electrolyte in the lithium ion battery and an increase in the concentration, which in turn will slow down the deintercalation rate of lithium ions during the discharge process [27]. On the other hand, the decrease in temperature will increase the internal resistance of the lithium ion battery, which will cause the discharge cut-off voltage to be reached early, and the discharge will end. When the temperature is higher than 0 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery basically remains above 93.4%. When the temperature is lower than 0 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery begins to decrease, and it drops sharply as the temperature drops. When the temperature reaches –40 °C, the capacity of the lithium iron phosphate battery is 46.6%, the capacity of the lithium manganate battery is 36.8%, and the capacity of the lithium cobalt oxide battery is 11.7%. When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 °C and lower than 55 °C, the discharge capacity of the battery will increase as the temperature rises. This is due to the increase in the activity of the internal materials of the battery, the faster the deintercalation of lithium ions, as well as the decrease in internal resistance. When the ambient temperature continues to rise to 60 °C, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery of the three materials is slightly lower than that at 55 °C. The main reason is that the activity of the active battery internal electrolyte and the reaction strength of the electrode material decrease in a high temperature environment. Moreover, excessively high temperature will cause the lattice of the cathode material to rupture, resulting in an irreversible drop in battery capacity. Therefore, the use of lithium ion batteries at high temperatures should be avoided. Through comprehensive consideration of discharge efficiency and cycle life, the best operating temperature of the lithium ion battery is 20–50. 2.1.3. Effect by SOH Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 12 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future The float charge voltage is 2.25~2.3V/cell at 20℃. However, when the ambient temperature is too high or too low, the above voltage setting may induce either too high side reaction rates or not enough charge. Therefore, the float voltage is suggested to be changed accompany with temperature changes, and the compensation coefficient is –3.0mV/℃/cell , or as the following table: Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK 2.2 Voltage 2.2.1. Effect by temperature Lead acid Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Lithium ion The OCV of the cell is determined by the cell’s state-of-charge (SoC). However, the temperature of the cell is another important factor, as the cell’s OCV will vary with temperature. This effect is called the temperature coefficient of voltage (TCV) of the cell. It’s measured in microvolts per degree C (μV/°C). TCV can be positive, where an upward change in temperature leads to an upward change in OCV and a downward change in temperature leads to a downward change in OCV. Likewise, TCV can be negative, where an upward change in temperature leads to a downward change in OCV and a downward change in temperature leads to an upward change in OCV Page 13 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future References: Sealed Lead Acid Batteries Technical Manual https://www.bestmag.co.uk/when-batteries-chill-out/ 2.3. Internal resistor 2.3.1 Effect of temperature Lead acid Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Reference: Temperature Impact on OCV of Lithium-Ion Cells Lithium ion Page 14 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Reference: The Relationship Between Static Internal Resistance of Charging State of the Battery and Temperature Reference: Battery Performance Characteristics On-line Measurement of Internal Resistance of Lithium Ion Battery 2.3.2. Effect of SOC Lead acid Lithium-ion Lead acid battery internal resistor with teamperature Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 15 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Ri -SOC plot with different cycles The resistance of two 12 Ah lead-acid batteries with different health conditions Reference: Internal Resistance of Lead-Acid Battery and Application in SOC Estimation(Wei-wei Li, Li Cheng and Wei-ming Ding) Reference: Online Lithium-Ion Battery Internal Resistance Measurement Application in State-of-Charge Estimation Using the Extended Kalman Filter The Influence of Temperature on the Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Different Anodes Lithium-ion: Can be found that the DC internal resistance of the battery is high at both ends and low in the middle during the charging and discharging process. In other words, when the SOC is 100% and 0%, the DC internal resistance is the largest, and the other SOC resistances are small and change relatively smoothly. According to the battery internal resistance, it is recommended that the normal use range of lithium iron phosphate battery for electric vehicles is 10–90% SOC. Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 16 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 When the current increases, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC decreases. When the SOC is 10–90%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance to SOC is relatively small, and the change is stable. When SOC is ≤10% or SOC ≥90%, the sensitivity of battery DC internal resistance to SOC increases sharply. When the SOC is 90–100%, the sensitivity of DC internal resistance is the largest Relationship between internal resistance of lithium iron phosphate battery and state of charge (SOC) Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex DC internal resistance sensitivity comparison diagram. Page 17 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK 2.3.3. Effect of charge or discharge case Lead acid: Lead-acid battery experimental charge/discharge internal resistance for 1A Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Lithium-ion: Internal resistance variation for different discharge currents When charging or discharging the battery, there is no discernible difference in the change of internal resistance. It can be seen that the internal resistance when charging is always higher than the internal resistance when discharging. Reference: Reference: MODELLING AND VALIDATION ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPE BATTERIES Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex MODELLING AND VALIDATION ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPE BATTERIES Page 18 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Opportunistic State of Charge (SOC) Estimation for a Nanosatellite Second-Order Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Observer for State ofCharge Determination Based on a Dynamic Resistance Li-IonBattery Model 2.3.4. Effect of current charge, current discharge Lithium-ion Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 19 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 AT 5 ◦C the internal resistance decreases with the growth of the discharge rate when the SOC is greater than 0.3. The internal resistance value increases as the discharge rate increases when the SOC is less than 0.2 at room temperature (25 ◦C). When the SOC is at 0.2 ∼0.5, the internal resistance value almost remains constant even the discharge rate varies. When the SOC is greater than 0.5, the internal resistance value decreases with the discharge rate growth. The values of internal resistance change small (almost stable) while the discharge rate alters at the high temperature (45 ◦C) and the same SOC. When the SOC equals to 0.7, the difference between internal resistance at 1C and 3C is only 1.7 m𝛺. Studies also show that with different values of charge and discharge current, the internal resistance of the battery is also different. Usually the internal resistance will decrease as the charge-discharge current increases. Reference: Estimation the internal resistance of lithium-ion-battery using a multi-factor dynamic internal resistance model with an error compensation strategy Opportunistic State of Charge (SOC) Estimation for a Nanosatellite Second-Order Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Observer for State ofCharge Determination Based on Internal resistance at different discharge rates in a Dynamic Resistance Li-IonBattery Model Lithium-ion 2.3.5. Effect of SOH Show in section effect of SOC Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 20 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK 2.4. Self discharge 2.4.1. Effect of temperature Lead acid Batteries will lose capacity due to self-discharge through packing, transportation and storage process at various temperatures. The relation between battery capacity and storage temperature and time is as follows: Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Lithium ion The self-discharge of all battery chemistries increases at higher temperature, and the rate typically doubles with every 10°C. Li-ion selfdischarges about 5 percent in the first 24 hours and then loses 1–2 percent per month compares the self-discharge of a new Li-ion cell with a cell that underwent forced deep discharges and one that was fully discharged, shorted for 14 days and then recharged. The cell that was exposed to deep discharges beyond 2.50V/cell shows a slightly higher self-discharge than a new cell. The largest self-discharge is visible with the cell that was stored at zero volts. Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 21 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Self-discharge of new and stressed Li-ion cells Cells that had been stressed with deep discharges and kept at 0V show a higher self-discharge than a new cell. Reference: Sealed Lead Acid Batteries Technical Manual Reference: BU-802b: What does Elevated Self-discharge Do? Myth or Fact: Lithium-ion Batteries Self-Discharge After Being Fully Charged Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 22 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 2.4.2. Effect of SOC Show in section effect of temperature 2.4.3. Effect of SOH 2.5. Lifetime 2.5.1. Effect of depth of discharge Lead acid Lead acid batteries should be discharged only by 50% to increase its life Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Lithium ion Most modern lithium-ion batteries have DoDs ranging anywhere from 80% to 95% Page 23 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Reference: https://batteriesonline.co.za/depth-of-discharge-dod/ Reference: https://www.ecosoch.com/lead-acid-battery/ https://www.solarips.com/blog/2021/january/battery-storage-101-whatis-depth-of-discharge-/ https://panbo.com/lithium-battery-math-better-than-you-may-think/ https://www.epowertechnologies.co.za/news/lithium-ion-batteries/ 2.5.2. Effect of temperature Lead acid Lithium ion For each 10°F rise in temperature, the life of a sealed lead acid battery is cut in half. Therefore, if a battery in a stationary position that should last for 4 years at normal temps, would last 2 years if exposed 92°F and even less if exposed to typical desert temps of 106°F. The life of Li-Ion batteries (cycle life) strongly depends on the operating temperature Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 24 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Reference: LEAD ACID BATTERY working – LIFETIME STUDY Mã số: - Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 Reference: Increasing ElectricVehicle Range with aRecommendation Appproviding Context-Specific Trip Rankings 2.5.3. Effect of current charge/discharge 2.6 Preservation and storage Lead acid Guidelines for Storing A Sealed Lead-Acid Battery: ● Store the battery after fully charging it ● Store it at room temperature or lower(The best temperature for battery storage is 15°C) ● Remove the battery from the equipment ● Charge it every 6 months, or as recommended by the manual Avoid deep discharge ● Choose proper float voltages to avoid sulfation and corrosion Lithium ion ● Lithium-ion batteries should be ideally stored in cool, dry conditions at a temperature of 15°C. The general temperature range for lithium-ion cells lies between 5°C and 20°C. If temperatures are too cold, such as 0°C, it can result in a loss of capacity due to the chemical reactions inside the battery slowing down due to the low temperature. If conditions are too hot, it can result in hazards such as fire and explosion. ● Lithium-ion batteries should be stored at around 40% state of charge. ● The ideal storage humidity is 50% Reference: Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 25 of 26 CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN PHƯƠNG TIỆN ĐIỆN THÔNG MINH SELEX Drive a better future Mã số: Lần ban hành: 01 BÁO CÁO THỬ NGHIỆM DỰ ÁN BATTERY PACK Ngày ban hành: 13/08/2021 Tổng số trang: 03 https://blog.storemasta.com.au/how-does-temperature-affect-the-safetyof-lithium-ion-batteries https://www.uschemicalstorage.com/how-to-store-lithium-batteries/ https://batteryguy.com/kb/knowledge-base/how-to-store-lithium-basedbatteries/ Reference: Sealed Lead Acid Batteries Technical Manual https://www.upsbatterycenter.com/blog/safely-store-lead-acid-batteries/ Tài liệu sử dụng nội bộ công ty Selex Page 26 of 26
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