MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
Culture is not innate, it is learned
Globalization and Media
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Media globalization is about how most
national media systems have become more
internationalized, becoming more open to
outside influences, both in their content and in
their ownership and control.
Five Time Periods in the Study of
Globalization and Media
1. Oral Communication - Of all forms of media,
human speech is the oldest and most enduring.
o Languages as a means to develop the
ability to communicate across cultures
are the lifeline of globalization.
2. Script - Writing is humankind’s principal
technology for collecting, manipulating,
retrieving, storing.
3. The Printing Press - The printing press is a
device that allows for the mass production of
uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form
of books, pamphlets and newspapers.
4. Electronic Media - It refers to the broadcast or
storage media that take advantage of electronic
technology.
5. Digital Media - Phones and television are now
considered digital while computer is
considered the most important media
influencing globalization.
religions would all end up as the same secular
and “rational” philosophy.
2. Post-Modernist Perspective- It rejects the
Enlightenment, modernist values of
rationalism, empiricism, and science, along
with the Enlightenment, modernist structures
of capitalism, bureaucracy, and even
liberalism.
o The core value of post-modernism is
expressive individualism.
o The post-modernist perspective can
include “spiritual experiences,” but
only those without religious
constraints.
o Post-modernism is largely hypersecularism, and it joins modernism in
predicting, and eagerly anticipating,
the disappearance of traditional
religions.
3. Pre-Modernist Perspective - It is best
represented and articulated by the Roman
Catholic Church, especially by Pope John Paul
II.
Secularism
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Secularization
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Popular Music and Globalization
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It explains the global dimension globalization
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World Music
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defined as the umbrella category various types
of traditional and non-Western music are
produced for Western consumption
Globalization implicates religions in several
ways. It calls forth religious response and
interpretation. Religions played important
roles in bringing about and characterizing
Globalization.
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An agent of social control and thus strengthens
social order.
Perspectives on the Role of Religion in the
Globalization Process
1. The Modernist Perspective - It is the
perspective of most intellectuals and
academics. Its view is that all secularizations
would eventually look alike and the different
A movement of the 18th century that stressed
the belief that science and logic give people
more knowledge and understanding than
tradition and religion.
Transnational religion
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Religion
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Understood as a shift in the overall
frameworks of human condition; it makes it
possible for people to have a choice between
belief and non-belief in a manner hither to
unknown.
Makes it possible for people to have a choice.
Multilayered concept that generally denotes
“transition from a religious to a more wordly
level.”
Period of Enlightenment
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
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Most commonly thought of as the separation
of religion from civil affairs and the state.
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A means of describing solutions to new-found
situations that people face as a result of
migration and it comes as two quite distinct
blends of religious universalism and local
particularism.
Transnational religion is used to describe cases
of institutional transnationalism whereby
communities living outside the national
territory of particular states maintain religious
attachments to their home churches or
institutional.
Forms of Globalization:
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1. Indigenization
2. Vernacularization
3. Nationalization
4. Transnationalization
Stage 2 - death rates drop rapidly due to improvements
in food supply a sanitation which increases life spans
and reduce disease
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Indigenization
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Connected with the specific faiths with ethnic
groups whereby religion and culture were
often fused into a single unit. It is also
connected to the survival of particular ethnic
groups.
Vernacularization
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involved the rise of vernacular language
endowed with the symbolic ability of offering
privileged access to the sacred and often
promoted by empires
Nationalization
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connected the consolidation of specific
nations with particular confessions and has
been a popular strategy both in Western and
eastern Europe
Transnationalization
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Complemented religious nationalization by
forcing groups to identify with specific
religious traditions of real or imagine national
homelands or to adopt a more universalist
vision of religion
Population growth is typically very slow in
this stage, because society is uncertained by
the available food supply.
improvements in food supply
other improvements generally include access
to technology, basic healthcare and education
Stage 3: birth rates fall
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birth rates decrease due to various fertility
factors such as access to contraception
Stage 4: both low birth rates & low death rates
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high obesity increases
Stage 5: advance demographic stage
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very low birth rates and death rates
GLOBAL MIGRATION
Migration
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move from an origin to destination or from a
place of birth to another
Types of Migration
1. Internal Migration
o moving from one country
2. International Migration
o movement of people who cross
borders
Pluralism
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Attitude or policy regarding the diversity of
religious belief systems co-existing in society.
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Demography
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study of populations with reference to size
density, fertility, morality, age distribution,
migration and vital statistics and the
interaction of all these with social & economic
conditions
Theory of Demographic Transition suggests that
future population growth will develop along a
predictable four or five-stage model.
Stage 1: death rates & birth rates are high & roughly in
balance.
International migration
1) Immigrants are those who move permanently to
another country
2) Workers who stay in another country for fixed
period
3) Legal immigrants
4) Immigrants whose families have "petitioned"
them to move to the destination country.
5) Refugees (asylum -seekers)
• they are left with no choice
Reasons for Migration
Pull factor - move into a new location
Push factor - move out of their present
location
Factors Affecting Global Movement
1) cultural factor
2) socio-political Factor
3) Environmental factor
4) Economic Factor
SUSTAINABILITY AND FOOD SECURITY
Sustainable Development
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meets the need of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
climate change is often seen as part of the
broader challenge
1) Impact of climate change can severely hamper
development efforts in key sector
2) Influence the capacity to mitigate and adapt to
climate change
World’s Leading Environmental Problem
1) Depredation caused by industrial and
transportation toxins & plastic in the ground
2) Changes in global weather patterns
3) Overpopulation
4) Exhaustion of the world's natural nonrenewable resources catastrophe due to
excessive
5) 5)Waste disposal catastrophe due to excessive
amount of waste
6) Destruction of million-year-old ecosystems &
the loss of biodiversity
7) Reduction of oxygen and increase in carbon
dioxide
8) Depletion of ozone layer
9) Deadly acid rain as result of fossil fuel
combustion
10) Water pollution
11) Urban sprawls
12) Pandemics and threats to public health
13) A radical alteration of food systems
Food security exists when all people at all times have
access to adequate, safe & nutritious food.
Four Dimension of Food Security:
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Food Access
Food Use
Availability
Stability
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
 Global citizenship is the idea that, as people,
we are all citizens of the globe who have an
equal responsibility for what happens on, and
to our world. (Oxfam International)
 Global citizen has a duty to address issues
affecting our being citizens.
As there could be no formal process to become a
global citizen, holding this citizenship status is
something that we all have a right to and obligation as
well. Given this above definition, citizenship can thus
be associated with rights and obligations.
 For instance, the right to vote and the
obligation to pay taxes. Both rights and
obligations link the individual to the state. It
also has to do with our attitude. We need to be
willing to engage and to spend time and effort
to the community of which we feel part of.
 Caecilia Johanna van Peski (as cited in
Baraldi, 2012) defined global citizenship “as a
moral and ethical disposition that can guide
the understanding of individuals or groups of
local and global contexts, and remind them of
their relative responsibilities within various
communities.”
 Global citizens are the glue which binds local
communities together in an increasingly
globalized world. In van Peski’s words,
“global citizens might be a new type of people
that can travel within these various boundaries
and somehow still make sense of the world”.
Salient Features of Global Citizenship
1. Global citizenship as a choice and a way of
thinking
o People come to consider themselves as
global citizens through various
formative life experiences and have
different interpretations of what it
means to them. For many, the practice
of global citizenship is primarily
exercised at home through
engagement in global issues or with
different cultures in a local setting. For
others, global citizenship means
firsthand experience with different
countries, people and cultures.
2. Global citizenship as self-awareness and
awareness of others
o Self-awareness helps students identify
with the universalities of human
experience, thus increasing their
identification with fellow human
beings and their sense of responsibility
toward them.
3. Global citizenship as they practice cultural
empathy
o Cultural empathy or intercultural
competence is commonly articulated
as a goal of global education.
Intercultural competence occupies a
central position in higher education’s
thinking about global citizenship and
is seen as an important skill in the
workplace.
4. Global citizenship as the cultivation of
principled decision making
o Global citizenship entails an
awareness of the interdependence of
individuals and systems as well as a
sense of responsibility that follows
from it. Although the goal of
undergraduate education should not be
to impose a correct set of answers,
critical thinking, cultural empathy and
ethical systems and choices are an
essential foundation to principled
decision making.
5. Global citizenship as participation in the social
and political life of one’s community
o There are various types of
communities that range from local to
global, from religious to political
group. Global citizens feel a sense of
connection towards their communities
and translate this connection to
participation.
Global Citizenship and Global Economy
There are three approaches to global economic
resistance.
1. Trade protectionism
o This involves the systematic
government intervention in foreign
trade through tariffs and non-tariff
barriers in order to encourage
domestic producers and deter their
foreign competitors.
2. Fair trade is a different approach to economic
globalization, which emerged as a counter to
neoliberal “free trade” principles.
o Fair trade aims at a moral and
equitable global economic system in
which, for instance, price is not set by
the market; instead, it is negotiated
transparently by both producers and
consumers.
3. The third form of resistance to economic
globalization relates to helping the bottom
billion. Increasing aid is only one of the many
measures that is required. International norms
and standards can be adapted to the needs of
the bottom billion. The reduction of trade
barriers would also reduce the economic
marginalization of these people and their
nation