MUSIC “Music is the universal language of mankind.” …Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Brief History of Music Music exists because of two important reasons- religion and entertainment. In religion, the praise and worship services were able to accumulate several hours to finish the entire celebration. The religious authorities thought of adding the presence of arranged pitches to come up with simple tunes from then on music played a vital role in dealing with religious activities where sacred songs (religious songs) were utilized. Likewise in entertainment, in every court or palace gatherings and events, musical presentations remain its significant part. Since then, music was used for social activities such as dancing, stage plays and other forms of entertainment. Music is also depicted in secular songs (outside the church using themes like women, wine, and love) as part of its repertoire. Purposes of Music 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Music for Religious Purposes Music for Entertainment Music for Tribal Identity Music for Socio-cultural Occasion Music for Political Campaign Music for Earning Prestige The Six Major Periods of the Development of Music 1. Medieval (450-1400)- it is characterized by the development of Gregorian chant and other sacred music, which was primarily vocal and often performed in monasteries and churches. Polyphonic music also began to emerge during this period, with the use of multiple independent melodic lines. Musical Instruments During the Medieval Period: Wind Instruments: Pipe and tabor- a wind instrument consisting of a small pipe played with one hand, and a small drum played with the other. Shawm- a double-reed woodwind instrument that was used in both secular and sacred music. Cornett- a wind instrument made of wood or ivory, with finger holes like a recorder but played with a cup-shaped mouthpiece. String Instruments: Harp- a string instrument with a triangular or semicircular frame, played by plucking the strings with the fingers. Lute- a string instrument with a pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and a flat top or back, played by plucking the strings. Vielle- a bowed string instrument like a violin, but with a flatter bridge and a deeper body. Percussion Instruments: Tambourine- a percussion instrument consisting of a small circular frame with metal jingles, played by shaking or striking. Timpani- a percussion instrument consisting of a large kettle drum with a membrane that can be tuned to different pitches. Cymbals- a percussion instrument consisting of two metal plates that are struck together to make a ringing sound. Famous Personalities and Composers: The Medieval period produced musicians and composers that left legacies of music to the world like Pope Gregory the Great, Gillaume de Marchaut and Hildegard of Bingen. Pope Gregory the gReat was the founder of the gReat Gregorian Chant. Gillaume de Marchaut became the founder of secular music. He was a traveling musician who composed singing and spoken words that inspired the writer, Geofrey Chaucer, a highly respected figure in Medieval era. Hildegard of Bingen, German nun, herbalist, and composer produced 69 musical compositions. 2. The Renaissance Period (1400-1600)- The Renaissance period saw a significant shift towards humanism, and the arts reflected this with a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. This period saw the development of polyphony, with composers such as Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina creating complex and intricate vocal works. The musical instruments during the Renaissance period include: Recorder- a woodwind instrument with a whistle mouthpiece and finger holes, like a modern-day flute. Shawn- a double-reed woodwind instrument that was used in both secular and sacred music, like the modern-day oboe. Sackbut- a brass instrument with a slide, like a modern-day trombone. Lute- a plucked string instrument with a pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and strings made of gut. Organ- a keyboard instrument that produces sound by forcing air through pipes of varying lengths, often used in religious music. Harpsichord- a keyboard instrument like a piano, but with strings that are plucked rather than struck with hammers. The Renaissance period has produced famous Composers who contributed their compositions to greatness. They were: 1. Josquin de Perez– a Flemish composer from Hainut (now part of Belgium) founder of Renaissance motet, contemporary of da Vinci and Columbus and his famous work is Ave Maria… Virgo Serena (1475); 2. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina– founder of renaissance mass, devoted himself to music for the Catholic church and his famous work is Pope Marcellus Mass (1552-1553); and 3. Thomas Weelkes– one of the finest English madrigals, an organist and church composer and his famous work is As Vesta Was Descending (1601) in honor of Queen Elizabeth. 3. Baroque Period (1600 – 1750)- the Baroque period was characterized by grandiose and elaborate compositions, often featuring intricate melodies, ornamentation, and virtuosic performances. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel are prominent figures of this period. The Musical Genre during the Baroque Period For entertainment, the Baroque music is known for the use of the harpsichord and the violin family of instrumentation as a dominant musical instrument. The orchestra was the most famous musical genre. It comprised of a large group of musicians who played together on various instruments usually with the complete set of string, wind and percussion section of instrumentations. This became popular until the remaining period of the 20th century, as a form of social entertainment. Baroque music is unique based on these characteristics: Unity of mood. What begins joyfully will remain all throughout, and emotions and affections are present during the performance of a baroque piece. Rhythm. Rhythmic patterns are heard at the beginning of a piece and are repeated throughout the end of the piece. Melody. Like in rhythm, the opening melody of the Baroque music will be heard again and again during the entire duration of the presentation. Dynamics. There is the presence of terraced dynamic, which are defined within the terminologies of the song. Texture. Baroque music is predominantly polyphonic in texture that is two or more melodic lines compete for the listener’s attention. Chords and Basso Continuo. Chords are dominantly a part of baroque composition in which a chord can be played together or one note after the other. Words and music. These often-emphasized words by writing rapid notes for a single syllable of a text in Baroque music. Music Terminologies Baroque music uses the following terminologies: Basso Continuo– otherwise known as figured bass and usually done in an accompaniment manner. Baroque Orchestra– a combination of different musical instruments being played at the same time. Movement– a piece that sounds complete and independent but is part of larger composition. Concerto Grosso and Ritornello– concerto grosso means a small group of soloists is pitted against a large group of players called the tutti (all) while in the ritornello form, the tutti opens a theme called ritornello or refrain. Fugue- a polyphonic composition based on one main theme call the subject. Opera– a drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment. Sonata– a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. Suite– a composition that is based on a dance-inspired movement. Cantata– a piece that was sung. Oratorio– is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra. Musical Instruments during the Baroque Period: Harpsichord- a keyboard instrument similar to a piano, but with strings that are plucked rather than struck with hammers. Violin- a bowed string instrument with four strings, tuned in fifths. The violin was one of the most important instruments in Baroque music and was used in a wide range of genres, including concertos, sonatas, and dance music. Viola- a bowed string instrument like the violin, but larger and lower in pitch. The viola was often used in Baroque music as part of an ensemble, providing a middle voice between the higherpitched violins and the lower-pitched cellos and double basses. Cello- a bowed string instrument with four strings, larger than the viola and lower in pitch. The cello was a popular solo instrument in Baroque music and was also used in ensembles, often playing the bass line in continuo accompaniments. Double bass- a large bowed or plucked string instrument, like a modern-day bass guitar. The double bass was used in Baroque music primarily as a bass instrument, providing the foundation for the harmonic structure of a piece. Famous Baroque Composers: 1. Johann Sebastian Bach– though recognized as the most eminent organist, harpsichordist, improviser and master of the fugue, Bach was by no means considered the greatest composer of his time; his music was largely forgotten and remained unpublished for years after his death and his notable work – Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D Major, until his successors recognized its importance. 2. George Frederic Handel– His triple career as impresario, composer and performer brought him to success and fame and his famous work is Messiah (1741). 3. Antonio Vivaldi– He was known as the “Red Priest,” violin teacher, composer, conductor, and his popular work – Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op.*, No.1 from the Four Seasons (1725). 4. Classical Period (1750-1820)- The classical period marked a return to simplicity and clarity in music, with a focus on balanced and symmetrical phrases and melodies. This period saw the development of the sonata form and the rise of the string quartet and symphony as major genres. Musical Genre during the Classical Period The orchestra during the Baroque period was still popular during the Classical period. Classical Music as a genre implies balance and utilizes a complete set of section of symphonic instruments since then up to now. Musical genres during the Medieval, renaissance and the Baroque periods were also popular during the Classical period. This shows the evolutionary development of music that suits the satisfaction and the taste of the musical public. As brought by the period of enlightenment, opera is a combination of vocal, orchestral music with visual arts and drama to primarily inspire people. These are the following Musical Genre: Chamber music- music composed for small ensembles of 2-10 players, typically featuring stringed instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass, as well as wind instruments such as the flute, clarinet, and horn. Chamber music is known for its intimate, refined, and highly expressive style. Choral- music composed for a choir or vocal ensemble, typically featuring four-part harmony and a wide range of vocal techniques. Choral music can be either sacred or secular in nature and is often performed in churches, concert halls, and other public venues. Classical Cross over- a genre of music that blends elements of classical music with other genres such as pop, rock, or jazz. Classical crossover music is known for its accessibility, catchy melodies, and lush orchestral arrangements. High Classical- A term used to describe the period of Western classical music from around 1730 to 1820, characterized by an emphasis on clarity, balance, and order. High Classical music is often composed for large orchestras and is known for its complex harmonies, formal structures, and emotional depth. Impressionistic- A genre of music that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is known for its dreamy, atmospheric, and often abstract qualities. Impressionistic music is characterized by its use of color, texture, and mood to convey emotional and psychological states. Minimalism- A genre of music that emerged in the 1960s and is characterized by its use of simple, repetitive patterns and structures. Minimalist music is often composed for small ensembles or electronic instruments and is known for its meditative, trance-like qualities. Opera- A genre of musical theater that combines singing, acting, and orchestral music to tell a dramatic story. Operas typically feature large casts of singers, elaborate sets and costumes, and highly stylized performances. Music Terminologies The Classical Period brought some of these musical terminologies that kept ringing in the ears of the music aficionado. Sonata form- a formal structure used in many instrumental works, consisting of an exposition, development, and recapitulation. Theme and Variation- a musical form in which a single theme is presented and then varied and developed through a series of variations. Classical Symphony- a large-scale orchestral work typically consisting of four movements. Classical Concerto- a musical work for solo instrument and orchestra typically consisting of three movements. Classical Chamber Music- music composed for small ensembles of two to ten players, known for its intimate, refined, and expressive style. The Musical Instruments The Classical period utilized the complete set of instruments- harp, violin, viola, cello and double bass. However, the complete set of wind instruments- constitutes two sub-sections – he woodwind and brass sections were also used during this period. Woodwind Section: Piccolo. The smallest of the family, half the size of the flute and plays a higher octave of the flute. Flute. Has high range and extremely agile and capable of producing a rapid succession of tones. Clarinet. Produces tones very rapidly and has a wide range of dynamics and color. Oboe. Has a nasal, intense, and expressive tone. English Horn. Produces low tones and considered as alto oboe. Bassoon. Deeply nasal and the largest of the woodwind family. Brass Section: Trumpet. The smallest of the family and has a brilliant, brassy and penetrating tone. French Horn. Less brassy, more mellow and more rounded than a trumpet. Trombone. Has the combination of the brilliant sound of a trumpet with the mellowness of the French horn. Tuba. The thick and heavy tone of the tuba is used to add weight to the lowest register of an orchestra or band. The Classical period also used the complete set of percussion instruments such as: Timpani- also known as kettle drums, timpani are large drums that are tuned to specific pitches using foot pedals. They are often used in orchestral and concert band music to provide rhythmic and harmonic support. Glockenspiel- a percussion instrument that consists of a set of tuned metal bars arranged in a keyboard-like layout. The bars are struck with mallets to produce bright, bell-like tones. Xylophone- a percussion instrument like the glockenspiel, but with wooden bars instead of metal ones. Xylophones are often used in orchestral and concert band music to provide melodic and rhythmic accents. Bass drum- a large drum that produces a deep, booming sound. Bass drums are often used to provide a strong rhythmic foundation in orchestral, concert band, and marching band music. Snare drum- a small drum with a tight, snappy sound. Snare drums are often used to provide a crisp, sharp rhythm in a wide range of musical styles. Cymbals- a percussion instrument consisting of two metal plates that are struck together to produce a crashing or shimmering sound. Cymbals are often used to provide accents and climactic moments in music. Chimes- a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned metal tubes that are struck with mallets to produce a bright, ringing sound. Chimes are often used to provide a shimmering, ethereal quality to orchestral and concert band music. Tambourine- a small percussion instrument consisting of a circular frame with metal jingles attached to the edges. Tambourines are often used to provide rhythmic accents and embellishments in a wide range of musical styles. Triangle- a small, metallic percussion instrument that produces a high-pitched, ringing sound when struck with a metal beater. Triangles are often used to provide delicate, shimmering accents in orchestral and concert band music. Piano- a keyboard instrument that produces sound by striking strings with hammers. The piano is used in a wide range of musical styles and genres and is known for its versatility and expressiveness. Famous Composers in the Classical Period: 1. Joseph Haydn. He was the pathfinder of the classical music, a pioneer in the development of symphony and string quartet and known for his piece entitled “Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major” (1976). 2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He was the most versatile of all the composers, he wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time and his famous work through the years is entitled “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.” 3. Ludwig Van Beethoven. He opened the realms of music expression that profoundly influenced composers throughout the 19th century and his famous piece is entitled “Symphony No.5 (1808). 5. The Romantic Period (1820-1900)- The Romantic period saw a shift towards individualism and emotion in music, with composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Frederic Chopin, and Franz Liszt creating works with expressive melodies and harmonies. This period also saw the development of program music, which sought to depict non-musical ideas or stories through music. This period is filled with romanticism in art specifically for music. The romantic composers, preference for expressive, songlike melody that blossomed from that of the classical era. Romantic composition tends to have greater range in tone color, dynamics, and melody. Romantic harmonic terminologies became broader with much emphasis in terms of colorful and unstable chords. Some of the musical genres of the Classical periods remained to flourish in the Romantic Period. The Romantic period in music can be well understood by looking into its characteristics, terminologies, musical instruments, and famous composers as given below: Characteristics: Individuality of style– every composer has its own uniqueness and trademark. Expressive Subjects– the melodic line has a very catchy tune. Nationalism– creating music promotes national identity, using folksongs, dances, legends, history of their homelands and loving one’s country or heritage. Exoticism– it is a composition where music draws inspiration from foreign influences. Chromatic Harmony– this is the usage of chords not found within a major or minor scale. Expressive Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo- This is the wide – array of dynamics from ffff to pppp, wide range of pitches from very low to highest register of tones, and gradual or sudden change of time of time signature used. Terminologies: Art Song- it is a composition for solo voice and piano. Strophic Form- it is the repetition of the same music for every stanza of poem. Through-Composed Form– it is the writing of new music for every stanza. Program Music– it is the Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea scene, or event. Piano Instrumental Repertoire– it is the instrumental composition designed for piano. Musical Instruments- it is the same set up of musical instruments used in the Classical Period. Famous Composers: 1. Johannes Brahms– composed several compositions in all forms except opera, known to fulfill the predictions of Robert Schumann that he will be the most influential composer during his time and his famous work– Symphony No.3 in F Major, Op. 90 (1883). 2. Frederic Chopin– known as the only composition who has very huge hands, had a hand casted; his compositions were concentrated only to piano solos and his popular work, Fantasie Impromtu (1834). 3. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky– fused the national and international elements and influences to create his music with intensive and passionate to compositions; his notable work – The Nutcracker (1892). 6. 20th Century and beyond (1900-present)- there is not much change of music in the 20th century compared to the present. The music during this period is described as an adventure since there is no assumption on how the tones should relate to one another. Composers create compositions that are not influenced by the past music. Since the 50s up to the present, each decade represents a trademark of music. There are no strict rules in making music as long as the masses can relate and appreciate its genres. At present, the composers are no longer known and given much attention. Instead, the artists who popularized their music are given much attention. Full section of symphony orchestral instrumentation is no longer practiced. Digital music is growing dominantly in this period. Music in the 20th Century exhibited its characteristics, terminologies, personalities, and famous composers. Characteristics: Consonance– these are the use of stable chords. Dissonance– it is no longer tied down to its former function but has become an entity itself and the chords are unstable. New Chords- the 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, 13ths, and other forms of intervals like the fourths (from DO-FA et al). Compound Meters– it’s a combination of 2-time signatures and creating new set of meters used in compositions. Changing of clefs and meters from time to time. Simple tunes yet unpredictable or catchy tunes, which are easily remembered. Terminologies: Jazz- a genre of music that originated in the early 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. Jazz is characterized by improvisation, swing rhythms, and a wide range of musical styles and influences. Rhythm and blues- a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s. Rhythm and blues is characterized by soulful vocals, blues-based chord progressions, and a strong rhythmic groove. Musical- a theatrical form of entertainment that combines music, dance, and drama. Musicals typically feature a story or narrative, and the music is an integral part of the performance. Rock Music- a genre of popular music that emerged in the 1950s and is characterized by electric guitars, drums, and bass, as well as a strong emphasis on rhythm and a rebellious attitude. Reggae- a genre of music that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Reggae is characterized by a distinctive rhythm, often referred to as the "skank," and features lyrics that often address social and political issues. Love Song- a song that expresses romantic or sentimental feelings towards another person. Love songs are a common theme in many musical genres, from pop to country to R&B. Electric Music- music that is created or performed using electronic instruments or technology. Electric music encompasses a wide range of genres, from electronic dance music to experimental avant-garde compositions. Digital Music- music that is produced or distributed using digital technology, such as computers, smartphones, or streaming services. Digital music has transformed the music industry, enabling artists to reach global audiences and listeners to access a vast catalog of music at their fingertips. Musical Instruments: Saxophone- a family of woodwind instruments that use a single-reed mouthpiece to produce sound. Saxophones are often used in jazz, blues, and classical music, and are known for their distinctive, expressive sound. Electric guitar- a guitar that uses pickups and an amplifier to produce a louder, amplified sound. Electric guitars are used in a wide range of musical genres, from rock and blues to jazz and country. Synthesizer- an electronic instrument that produces a wide range of sounds using electronic circuits or digital technology. Synthesizers are often used in electronic music but are also used in a variety of other genres, from pop to rock too classical. Digital Generated Sounds- sounds that are created entirely using digital technology, such as computer software or synthesizers. These sounds can be manipulated in a variety of ways to create complex, layered compositions, and are commonly used in electronic music and sound design for film and television. Famous Composers and Personalities: 1. Claude Debussy- won the Prix de Rome, a piano teacher, and his famous work –Claire de Lune (composed 1890–published 1905) 2. Leonard Bernstein– conductor, pianist, author, lecturer, composer of orchestral works and his notable work–West Side Story (1957) 3. The Beatles– the most famous English band of the 60s and popularized the hit song Hey Jude. 4. Michael Jackson- the most internationally known artist of all time, multitalented singer and dancer, his one of the greatest hits – Billie Jean There are more than 30 musical genres in the 20th century for the purpose of entertainment and satisfaction of the music public. Based on the surveys, these are categorized into sustaining genre and the dying genre in terms of popularity, soft music and hard music in terms of its elements. The sustaining genres remain sustainable up to the 21st Century music; while the zenith of musical genres ended in the 20th Century and were superseded by other genres. Dying to Dead Musical Genres: 1. Soft Music Soft music is gentle, which is pleasing to the ears to listen, smooth and relaxing. Jazz is categorized by a syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and unique tone colors as well as the presence of performance technique. Swing music, developed in the United States of America in the 30s and 40s, involves the jazz element with dance-like beat. Musical theater is a type of theater that fuses script, acting, and spoken dialogue with music, singing and dancing and with scenery, costumes, and any form of spectacle. Folk music is a type of music that involves the daily activities of a local folk or individual. Country music is a composition of music that is intended for acoustic guitar and vocals which concentrates on “cowboy countryside” inspiration. Blue Grass Music has the elements of country and Western styles that often uses acoustic string instruments like the guitar, banjo etc. Funk is a rhythm-driven music genre popular in the 70s and early 80sthat link soul music to African American forms. Opera began to flourish during Baroque and Classical period of music, characterized with singing in a theatrical stage performance. 2. Hard Music In contrast with the soft music, Hard music is harsh and loud. Rock is a vocal music with a hard, driving beat, often featuring electric guitar accompaniment with heavily amplified sound. Hard Rock is is a sub-genre of rock music typically heavy aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, keyboard and drums. Progressive Rock is a style of rock that begun in the 70s which is characterized by classical influences that uses the keyboard and electric guitar instrumentations all throughout the composition. Heavy Metal is a hardcore sound that its vocal aspect is like shouting (growling) with heavy drums and amplified sounds. Death Metal is an extreme sub-genre of heavy metal that constitutes a complex style of hammy and melody of its composition as well as unpredictable time signature. Philippine Traditional Indigenous Music: In terms of musical instruments, there are three classifications. These are idiophones or chordophones (string instruments), aerophones (wind instruments) and membranophones (percussion instruments). Musical instrument (idiophones) Definition Pictures Buktot Also known as "kudyapi sa kahoy", it is a stringed instrument with three or four strings that are traditionally made of human hair or animal gut. It is often used in traditional filipino music, particularly in the southern regions of the philippines. Kudyapi A traditional filipino two-stringed lute that is usually made from a single piece of wood. It has a deep, resonant sound and is often used in filipino ballads and epic poems. Bamboo biolin A musical instrument that resembles a violin but is made entirely out of bamboo. It has four strings and is played with a bow made from bamboo. It is often used in traditional filipino music. Kolitong A percussion instrument made from a hollowed-out bamboo pole. It is played by striking the bamboo with a stick or by shaking it to produce a rattling sound. It is often used in filipino folk music and dances. Musical Instrument Definition Pictures (Membranophones) Dabakan a large, cylindrical drum that is commonly used in Maguindanao and Maranao music. It is made from hollowed-out wood and is played with bare hands or sticks. Gansa A set of flat gongs played with mallets Bunkaka A type of Philippine drum made from bamboo Kulintang A set of small, tuned gongs played together Agong A large, single gong Kubing Musical Instrument Aerophones Bansik a type of jaw harp that is commonly used in the music of the Igorot people in the northern Philippines. It consists of a thin bamboo reed that is held against the teeth and is played by plucking the reed with the fingers while changing the shape of the mouth to produce different notes. Definition A bamboo flute with three holes of the Negrito people in Zambales Tulali A bamboo flute made from a reed with one aperture for the mouth and six for the fingers Palendag A type of Philippine bamboo flute, the largest one used by the Maguindanaon, a smaller type of this instrument is called the Hulakteb (Bukidnon). It is a lip valley flute. A nose flute made from bamboo, common in the Philippines and Hawaii Tongali Suling It made of bamboo or wood and has six finger holes on the front and one thumb hole on the back. The suling is a melody instrument and is often played in ensembles with other instruments, such as the gendèr or gamelan. Pictures Tambuli It is used to communicate important messages across long distances, particularly in coastal communities. It is a type of horn or trumpet that is made from a large seashell, usually a conch shell. The tambuli produces a loud, deep sound that can be heard from far away, and was traditionally used as a signal for important community events or emergencies. A bamboo flute, leaving six holes for the fingers and trumpet made of coconut leaf. It is about 50 cm long and 3 cm in diameter. This is a bamboo flute of the Tausugs in Sulu. Sahunay Images were taken from google; no copy right infringement intended. Music Ensemble This lesson focuses on group performance which is the proper observation of teamwork. This is cooperation, participation, and unity of the group in order to achieve a successful presentation. Music ensemble is otherwise known as music group or musical group of people who perform using musical instruments or vocals or both. The group members comprise at least four (quartet) and above. Kinds: 1. Band A group of musicians who play wind and percussion instruments 2. Chamber Music 3. Chorale 4. Jazz Music written for small groups of instruments, usually for strings 5. Quartet 6. Quintet 7. Orchestra A choir or singing group, typically performing religious music Music characterized by improvisation, syncopated rhythms, and a swing feel A group of four musicians performing together A group of five musicians performing together A large ensemble of musicians playing a variety of instruments 8. Symphony A multi-movement work for orchestra, usually with four movements DANCE Music is always associated with the performing arts like theater and dance. Their lesson deals with dance. It involves choreography of body actions with the company of music. Dance is a nonverbal communication art that uses primarily body movements with the use of music. Dance is a medium of expression, social interaction, and presentation in a spiritual or performative setting. A dance competition is an organized event in which dance contestants execute dance performance before a judge for awards and cash prizes. Brief History From the earliest time of human history, dance was already used for ritual, spiritual gatherings, festivities, and other social events. Dance can be traced back to the 3rd millennium in Egypt, where they used it as part of the Egyptians’ religious ceremonies. Transition of dance costumes, from sophisticated full body to seductive less body cover was already practiced. The 20th Century dance involved the use of technology from digital music on stage performances. Dance serves several purposes for our culture. Dance is an art expression of feelings and emotions through body movements. In wedding, anniversary and other ceremonies, dances serve as an offering to guests. In tribal rituals, dance pleases the spirits of the underworld to provide bountiful harvest and better health conditions. Although it is considered a form of superstition, dance remains as a symbolic imprint of the people’s culture. People dance ask nature for abundant rain, asks the gods and goddesses to grant healing and to give an offering for abundant farm harvests. Dance is also used as a form of prayer like the use of interpretative dance during masses and other special occasions. Providing entertainment is one of the most important purposes of dance in history. Dance can also provide erotic expression in drama, theater, and movie presentation. Finally, dance provides satisfaction for social pleasure to prevent stress, just like Zumba and Ballroom Dancing. Elements of Dance Body– a very essential element. Without it there is no possible movement. Action– refers to the movement of the execution of the dance using projection, balance, sway, wiggle, and other movements depending on the chosen dance genre. Space– refers to dance hall or the stage where the dance is presented. Time– refers to speed of the execution depending on how slow and how fast the dance genre is to be executed. Energy– dance performance is dependent on the energy of the dancers. Dancers maintain their physical fit through regular gym activities to gain the energy needed in the actual dance performance. Classification of dance: Solo dances- are performed by only one dancer, just like an interpretative dance in a ballet. Partner dances- require two dancers to pair in the dance presentation. This is typical among ball dances like rumba, tango, waltz, paso doble, foxtrot, quickstep, cabaret, cha-cha, samba, salsa, swing, and jive. Group dance- requires more than two dancers in the dance presentation. Folk dance, festival dance, line dance, round dance, square dance, and country dances are few of the examples of a group dance. Kinds of Dances: Folk dance- a traditional dance of a particular group of people, usually performed at social events and celebrations. Examples include the Irish jig, Mexican hat dance, and Indian bhangra. Ballroom dance- a partner dance performed for entertainment and socializing, characterized by specific patterns and footwork. Examples include the waltz, foxtrot, and tango. Ballet- a classical dance form that emphasizes grace, fluidity, and technique, usually performed to classical music. Examples include Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and Romeo and Juliet. Modern dance- a contemporary dance form that emphasizes self-expression and individuality, often performed barefoot and incorporating elements of ballet, jazz, and other styles. Examples include Martha Graham's Lamentation and Alvin Ailey's Revelations. Hip hop dance- a style of street dance that originated in African American and Latino communities, characterized by rhythmic movements, breakdancing, and freestyle improvisation. Examples include popping, locking, and krumping. Jazz dance- a lively and energetic dance form that originated in the early 20th century, characterized by syncopated rhythms, improvisation, and a blend of African American and European dance styles. Examples include Fosse-style jazz and Bob Fosse's signature moves. Tap dance- a percussive dance form that emphasizes rhythm and sound, performed with tap shoes that have metal plates on the soles. Examples include the shuffle, time step, and wing. Dance is classified into two: COMPETITIVE DANCE AND DANCE-SPORT What is competitive dance? Competitive dance is a form of dance where dancers or dance teams compete against each other based on a set of criteria, such as technique, choreography, musicality, and presentation. Competitive dance can be performed in various styles such as ballet, jazz, hip hop, tap, contemporary, and ballroom. Competitions are usually organized by dance studios, schools, or organizations, and can range from local to national and international levels. What is dance-sports? Dance-sport, also known as competitive ballroom dancing, is a style of dance that combines elements of ballroom and Latin dance styles and is performed in a competitive setting. It is recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee and has its own set of rules, regulations, and scoring criteria. Dance-sport competitions feature couples who perform routines in different styles, such as waltz, tango, foxtrot, quickstep, cha-cha, rumba, and jive, and are judged on their technique, timing, musicality, and presentation. Dance-sport is a physically demanding and highly competitive form of dance that requires a high level of skill, training, and athleticism. Dance sport is classified into three: International standard includes: Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Foxtrot and Quick step. International Latin includes: Samba, Cha-cha-cha, Rumba, Paso Doble and Jive. Open Competition includes: The World of Dance, So You Think You Can Dance. Occupations and Benefits of Dance OCCUPATIONS Dancer Dance teacher/instructor Dance-sport coach Dance therapist Choreographer Zumba dance instructor Aqua Zumba instructor Festival dancer HEALTH BENEFITS Burn Calories Strong Bones Cardiovascular Conditioning Sociability Architectural Art Movement Era Cave Art Prehistoric Art (13,000 to 9,000 BC) Mesopotamian (7th to 5th Millennium BC) Chinese (16th Century BC to 771 BC) Motif/ Characteristics These are paintings and engravings on the walls of caves and rock- shelters, especially naturalistic depictions of animals, produced by Upper Paleolithic peoples. It features pilasters and columns, as well as frescoes and enameled tiles, stone as well as brick in their palaces, which were lined with sculptured and colored slabs. Wood is the main material in ancient Chinese architecture and most of the buildings are in wood frame structure. Beautiful Appearance and Unique Monomer Shape. Rich Artistic Images on Roof. Rigorous Symmetric. Layout. Diverse Decorations. Graceful Gardens with Great Artistic Conceptions. Historical Background Philosophical Perspective Purpose It is generally considered to have a The numerous paintings symbolic or religious and engravings found function, sometimes in caves and shelters both but some experts dating back to the Ice think they may have Age (Upper Paleolithic), been created within roughly between 40,000 the framework of and 14,000 years ago. shamanic beliefs and practices. It began in the region of the Tigris-Euphrates River system It lies in honoring the encompassing several gods and goddesses distinct cultures and who ruled over spanning a period from different aspects of the 10th millennium BC, nature and important when the first life events. permanent structures were built in the 6th century BC. Ancient Chinese buildings have a long history which can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty (16th century BC- 771 BC). The incorporation of ideas related to feng shui such as directional hierarchies, a horizontal emphasis and allusion to various cosmos and other symbolism are the core view of Chinese design. Japanese (17th to 19th Century) (57 BC) Indian (18th Century BC to 2nd Century BC Egyptian Art (31st BC to 4th AD) It has been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were also used in place of walls, allowing the Internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions, Its motif is less ornate and more expressive in form. The materials are basics but cutting edge. Early architecture in Japan typified the sedentary lifestyle of the Japanese that served as pit houses to produce clay pots during the Jomom Period. Construction of shrines and temples reflected animist and Buddhist traditions It flourished around 800 CE to the period of Mahajan pada which was characterized by Indian coins and use of stone in the Indian architecture. The Mauryan period is considered as the beginning of the classical period of Indian architecture. Japan's Shinto and Buddhist beliefs influenced architecture right down to the residential level, with buildings reflecting a strong emphasis on humans' relationship with nature. The outstanding quality of the architecture of India is its spiritual content. It is evident that the fundamental purpose of the building art was to represent in concrete form the prevailing religious consciousness of the people. Indian architecture is the mind materialized in terms of rock, brick or stone (Bhatnagar 1991). The statues of the greater gods used to be larger than the Ancient Egyptian art smaller deities. The flourished between the sculptures and It is characterized by a 31st century BC and the paintings of ancient highly conservative 4th century AD. It Egypt all have very adherence to included paintings, finely precisely carved traditional rules, which sculptures, drawings on faces and physical favored order and form papyrus, faience, features. Egyptian art over creativity and jewelry, ivories, also portrayed the artistic expression architecture and other supremacy a art media importance of the Pharaoh and on the political or religious figures. Its dimension used was whether the Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian Greek Art style depending on the region and the (323 BC to 30 AD) purpose of the structure being built. Islamic (7th to 8th Century) Roman Medieval Art (476 A.D. to 14th Century) Some characteristics of Islamic architecture were inherited from pre- Islamic architecture of that region while some characteristics like minarets, muquarnas, arabesque islamic geometric pattern, pointed arch, multifoil arch, onion dome and pointed dome developed later. Ancient Greek architecture came from the Creekspeaking people (Hellenic people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian architecture and all other lands which the Early Muslim conquests conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. The Romans first adopted the arch. from It combines the the Etruscans and features of ancient implemented it in their Roman and the own building. The use Byzantine buildings and of arches that spring other local tradition. It directly from the tops of is known by its massive columns was a Roman quality, thick walls, development, seen round arches, sturdy from the 1st century pillars, barrel vaults, AD, that was very large towers and widely adopted in decorative arcading. medieval Western, Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Its intricate designs suggest excellence and reaching one's full potential It emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings. Even though much it was meant to honor the gods, those very gods were created in the image of humans. It stemmed from the important role of reflecting the obedience and total submission to the Almighty (Murphy 2002; Nast, 2002). It places heavy emphasis on the theological view. With the possible exceptions of Avicenna and Averroes, however, medieval thinkers did not consider themselves philosophers at all: for them, the philosophers were the ancient pagan writers such as Plato and Aristotle. Romanesque (10th to 11th Century) Siamese (12th and 16th Century) Gothic (12th to 17th Century) Renaissance (14th to 17th Century) It is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel. vaults, large towers and decorative arcading It began in Europe from about the mid- 11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. This was the fusion of Roman, Carolingian & Ottonian, Byzantine & local Germanic traditions. Siamese network architecture contains two parallel streams to estimate the similarity between two inputs and has the ability to learn their discriminative features. The architecture of Tawaravadee appeared in the central region of Thailand between 12th to 16th Century. It used clay bricks. The construction of pagodas had a square base and an invertedbell shape topped with a spire. It varies according to location, age, and type of building and is often characterized by 5-keyArchitectural elements: large stained- glass windows, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and ornate decoration. It began to of proliferate in the 2th17th centuries in northern France and England as a development of Norman architecture. It is characterized by square or rectangular symmetrical shapes. The front "façade" of the buildings was generally symmetrical around the vertical axis. It originated in Florence in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style. Church buildings, art and sculpture were all used for the purpose of spreading the Christian Gospel People believed that holy relics had the power to do miracles (Watson, 1961). The Siamese art greatly influenced t beliefs of Thai. It is a representation of their philosophical views on the presence of God and His creations. The Gothic grew out of the Romanesque architectural style, when both prosperity and relative peace allowed for several centuries of cultural development that affected the lives of people greatly (Coedes, 2010). Renaissance people had certain common values. Among them were humanism, individualism, skepticism, wellroundedness, secularism, classicism and patronage. Korean (14th Century to 20th Century) Byzantine (16th Century to 1453) Baroque (16th Century to 18thCentury) Its architectural motif is characterized by naturalistic tendencies, simplicity, economy of shape and the avoidance of extremes: Joseon architecture is defined as from the 14th century to the beginning of 20th century The founding of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392 brought to power like-minded men steeped in the doctrines of NeoConfucianism, which had slowly percolated into Korea from China in the 14th century. Korean historical architecture embodies the splendor of form and symbolism in the dwellings of Korea's educated and elite Elegant Korean palaces painted in bright and beautiful colors, robust mountain fortresses and peaceful places of learning all combined elements of the natural world. The combination of the basilica and symmetrical centralplan (circular or polygonal) religious structures resulted in the characteristic Byzantine Greek-crossplan church, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length. The pictorial and architectural styles that characterized Byzantine art, first codified in the 6th century, persisted with remarkable homogeneity within the empire until its final dissolution with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. Christian art had the triple purpose of beautifying a building, instructing the illiterate on matters vital for the welfare of their soul, and encouraging the faithful that they were on the correct path to salvation (Author, 2012). It includes curving forms including oval shapes & a combination of concave & convex forms that make walls seems to undulate, or appear wavy with a strong sense of motion. It originated in late 16th-century Italy and lasting in some regions, notably Germany and colonial South America, until the 18th century. It was linked to the Counter- Reformation, celebrating the wealth of the Catholic church. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow and dramatic intensity. Tudor (15th to 16th Century) Javanese (15th to 19th century) Rococo (1740-1770) Filipino (1965-1895) It is characterized by steeply pitched gable roofs, playfully elaborate masonry chimneys (often with chimney pots), embellished doorways, groupings of windows and decorative half-timbering (this lasts an exposed wood framework with the spaces between the timbers filled with masonry or stucco). It was developed in England in the late 15th and early 16th century during the beginning of the reign of the Tudor monarchs. The island's long It is primarily constructed tradition of religious from a combination of syncretism extended to wooden structures and architecture, which brick walls. They have fostered uniquely developed the Joglo using Javanese styles of a corrugated metal roof in Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic the upper part of the and to a lesser extent, houses, a feature that is Christian architecture unique in central Java. between 15th to 19th century. It usually includes curving forms including oval It originated in Paris in shapes and a the early 18th century combination of concave but was soon adopted and convex forms that throughout France and make walls seems to later in other countries, undulate or appear wavy principally Germany with a strong sense of and Austria. motion. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. Some fine houses, are usually built with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and Capiz shell sliding windows and a tiled roof. The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in Antillean architecture. Though not specifically suited for the hot tropics, European architecture was transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style. The style traces its roots It represents the House of Lancaster symbolizing elegance and pride of one's Anglo heritage. It is the fusion of strong Islamic faith that serves as guides and tenets in everyday living and the ardent care for nature. It was primarily influenced by the Venetian School's use of color, erotic subjects and Arcadian landscapes of human life. The architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on the thought that elegance and Western ideas are prestigious and should be valued and given honor. from the Antilles, in Central America rather than from Mother Spain (Retana y Gamboaand Emilio, 1897). Industrial (1760-1840) It describes a minimalist style of surface decoration, industrial materials, clean lines, flat roofs, jutting edges, and polished surfaces. This began when Industrial Revolution emerged in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. But its widespread influence has marked in Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, and Korea that trailblazed the utilization of industrialized materials (Efferies, 1995). Parametric (Between 18th and 19th Century) It replaces the "classical" modern architectural education. It is an ideology of universalism, standardization, mass production and homogeneity and its computational design is contextual, adaptable, mass customized & heterogeneous. Antoni Gaudi first began designing architecture with parametric catenary curves and parametric hyperbolic paraboloids at the end of the ninetieth century. It deals with parameters ranging from program, through site context, user interface & environmental factors to material technologies & manufacturing. This is a two to three-story abode and is usually large that imposes wood or stone externally. It is complicated and asymmetrical in nature, steep, multi-faceted and towering. The term "Victorian architecture" actually refers to styles that emerged in the period between 1830 and 1910, during the reign of Queen Victoria. The Victorian era spawned several well-known styles, including Gothic revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Queen The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles. The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch (Calloway Cromley, and Powers, 2012). Victorian (1830-1910) It greatly responds to the demands of the changing world. It bears the banner of technological advancement and revival of classical beliefs combined with modern principles. Anne, stick style, Romanesque style and shingle style. Art Nouveau (1890-1910) Inspired by the idea of Alphonse Mucha, it Its undulating It flourished between was aimed at asymmetrical line, often about 1890 and 1910 modernizing design, taking the form of flower throughout Europe and seeking to escape the stalks and buds, vine the United States. It is eclectic historical styles tendrils, insect wings and characterized by its that had previously other delicate and sinuous use of a long, sinuous, been popular. Artists natural objects; the line organic line and was drew inspiration from may be elegant and employed most often both organic and graceful or infused with a in architecture, interior geometric forms, powerfully rhythmic and design, jewelry and evolving elegant whip like force (Johnson, glass design, posters designs that united 1997). and illustration. flowing, natural forms resembling the stems and blossoms of plants. Expressionist (1910-1930) It features a distortion of form for an emotional effect. It adopts novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massingsometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms and sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel, and glass. The term "Expressionist architecture" initially described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930. This is the subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience which underlies effort at achieving the new, original and visionary of aspects of life (Jencks, 1986) Art Deco (1920-1930) It has a sleek, linear appearance with stylized, often geometric ornamentation. The primary façade of Art Deco buildings often features a series of setbacks that create a stepped outline. It is also called style modern, movement in the decorative arts & architecture that originated in the 1920s & developed into a major style in western Europe & the United States during the 1930s. It is represented by modernism turned into fashion. Its products included both individually crafted luxury items and massproduced wares, but, in either case, the intention was to create a sleek It and antitraditional elegance that symbolized wealth and sophistication. Streamline Moderne (1930's) Brutalist (1950 to 1980's) Contemporary (1960-present) It had characteristics common with modern architecture, including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome- plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. They were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors. Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. It remained popular until early 1940s before fading from prominence around World War II. It features visually heavy edifices with geometric lines, solid concrete frames, exaggerated slabs, double height ceilings, massive forbidding walls, exposed concrete and a predominantly monochrome palette. It was an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in Great Britain, among the reconstruction projects of the postwar era. The genesis of the brutalist design movement can be credited to FrenchSwiss Modernist architect Le Corbusier, who over a career spanning 50 years, designed several buildings across the world and is known for pioneering reinforced concrete columns that could support the weight of the building. It is basically characterized as curved, rounded forms, unconventional volumes and asymmetrical. It is generally thought to have begun sometime after the modern period of the roughly first half of the 20th century and the postmodern period (Atkins, 2013). It was inspired by aerodynamic design. In France, it was called the Style paquebot, or "Ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932. Due to the effects of war and horrific happenings in the world, this designed has created. It is a manifestation of people's resilient attitude towards challenges in life in any forms. It is marked as globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world. It manifests dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects. It is characterized by a combination of basic essentials, context and place, emptiness, infinite space, limited colors, simplicity and the use of concrete, glass and natural materials and light. Deconstructivi sm (1980s) Blobism (2002-present Futuristic (Present) It is characterized by surface manipulation, fragmentation, and nonrectilinear shapes which distort and dislocate architectural conventions concerning structure and envelope. It is also known as Blobitecture', a term given to a post-modern architectural style characterized by curved and rounded building shapes, or 'blob architecture'. It appears to have an organic form that is soft and free flowing yet comes together to produce a complex whole. It is characteriz ed by the strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric It began as an art forms, elements movement after World without decoration, War II and rose to simple materials and prominence as a the repetitions of design aesthetic in the structures represent a 1960s and 1970s. Some sense of order and cite Ludwig Mies van essential quality. The der Rohe as being the movement of natural first leader of minimalist light in buildings reveals design and his basic, simple and clean yet striking structures spaces. ("Restoring the are constructed simply Immaterial: Study and to maximize space and Treatment of Yves a feeling of openness. Klein's Blue Monochrome (IKB42)". Modern Paint Uncovered.) Inspired by the It is a movement of philosophers Jacques postmodern Derrida and Peter architecture which Eisenman, it appeared in the 1980s. presupposes that It gives the impression language can of the fragmentation of communicate the constructed meaning and of building (Frampton, receiving treatments 1992). by methods of linguistic philosophy. It started around 2002 and is still popular to this day. It was predominantly only seen in large buildings, think concert halls, museums, large spaces in the 21st century architecture at its finest. It is brought about at the turn of the millennia inspired by the advances in digital graphics and 3D shapes, even nature and natural forms. It emerged in the 1920s and 1930s inspired by It deals with the subject focusing on ecological and environmental notion of movement and flow, with sharp edges, strange angles, triangles, domes and so on. the post-contemporary ideas. changes and dramatic development. It gives much value on technology and outlandish fashion. Elements of Arts A. LINE ELEMENT Nature of line- refers to its visual characteristics and the effects it creates in a composition. Length, thickness, direction, texture and tone are its key aspect. Types of line a. Vertical lines- lines that are perpendicular to the horizon or the ground and are aligned straight up and down. They frequently appear in architecture and design to evoke a sense of height or grandeur and can evoke a sense of stability and power. b. Horizontal lines- lines that are parallel to the horizon or the earth. They frequently serve to imply the horizon or provide balance in a composition and can evoke feelings of serenity, stability, or tranquility. c. Zigzag lines- lines with a jagged, erratic pattern of back-and-forth movement. They frequently conjure up images of lightning, water, or other natural events and can evoke feelings of energy, movement, or chaos. d. Curved lines- curved or arching lines that are fluidly arranged. They frequently serve to imply organic forms or to soften the sharp edges of architectural buildings and can impart a sense of grace, elegance, or flow. Line Value- refers to the lightness or darkness of a line. Expressions of lines a. Movement of lines- refers to the way that lines can give a composition a sense of motion or direction. The use of lines can portray a subject's speed or energy, represent movement through space, or create a dynamic feeling of flow and rhythm. b. Contour lines- refers to the application of lines to a drawing's forms or shapes to indicate their boundaries and contours. Contour lines can be used to help with proportion and perspective, represent the three-dimensional form of a subject, and provide a sense of depth and volume. c. Gesture Drawing- The use of quick, free lines to convey a subject's basic movement and energy. d. Calligraphic Drawing- The employment of stylized or decorative lines in a composition to create visual appeal and beauty. 2. Shape, Form and Space ✓ Shape- refers to a two-dimensional area delimited by a boundary or outline. Geometric Shapes- Geometric shapes are regular, defined shapes constructed with mathematical concepts and equipment like a ruler or compass. They include both simple forms like circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, and hexagons and more complex shapes like polygons and polyhedrons. Free-Form Shapes- Shapes that do not have a regular or defined form, but instead have a natural, flowing, or unpredictable shape, are known as organic or irregular shapes. Examples are rocks, clouds, or leaves. ✓ Form- refers to the three-dimensional aspect of an object, shape, or space. ✓ Space- refers to the space between, around, and within elements in a composition Positive Space- refers to the space occupied by objects and shapes Negative Space- refers to the space between and around objects and shapes 3. Color- Hues, tones, tints, shades, value, saturation, temperature, the color wheel, and numerous color combinations are all included. Perception of Color- Using pigment color and textural qualities to add depth to your painting. Value- refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a hue and can be employed in a composition to generate contrast, depth, and shade. Intensity- The brightness or dullness of a color, also known as saturation or chroma, can be used to generate emphasis, contrast, and mood in a picture. Color Schemes- The systematic arrangement of colors in a composition that can be utilized to produce harmony, balance, or contrast. a. Monochromatic colors- A color scheme in which multiple values and intensities of a same hue are used. b. Analogous Colors- a color scheme that incorporates hues that are nearby on the color wheel, such as blue-green, green, and yellow-green. c. Complementary Colors- a color scheme that incorporates hues that are diametrically opposed on the color wheel, such as red and green or blue and orange. d. Color Triads- a color scheme that contains diametrically opposing color wheel hues, such as red and green or blue and orange. e. Split Compliments- a color scheme that has a base hue and two complementary colors, such as yellow-orange, blue-green, and red-purple. f. Warm and Cool Colors- a color scheme that can be utilized to create a sense of temperature, mood, and environment by using colors associated with warmth (such as red, orange, and yellow) or cooling (such as blue, green, and purple). Expressive Qualities of Colors- refer to the emotional, psychological, and symbolic implications that colors in a composition can express. a. Optical Color- the way colors interact with one another in a composition, and how they can produce visual effects like as contrast, harmony, and depth. b. Arbitrary Colors- Colors that are utilized solely for their expressive properties rather than to depict natural or genuine objects. c. Space- the way that colors can generate a sense of depth, distance, or perspective in a composition. d. Movement- the way that colors can generate a sense of movement, energy, or rhythm in a composition. 4. Texture Texture and Value- texture refers to the surface quality of a material, and how it feels or appears to the touch.Value is responsible for how texture and light appear in art. Variations in light and shadow can draw attention to a material's texture. a. Rough and Smooth Textures- Rough textures feature an irregular or uneven surface with changes in height, depth, and roughness. Smooth textures have a smooth, uniform surface that lacks discernible texture. b. Matter and Shiny Textures- Matte textures have a non-reflective surface that absorbs light, whereas shiny textures have a reflecting surface that reflects light. B. Principles of Design 1. Rhythm, Pattern and Movement Visual Rhythm- Repetition of compositional components such as lines, forms, or colors to give a sense of movement and flow. Pattern- a decorative pattern made by repeating shapes or motifs in a regular sequence. Movement- Types of Rhythm and Pattern a. Random- A random pattern has no discernible or predictable repeat, and it might evoke feelings of spontaneity, confusion, or instability. b. Regular- has a predictable and consistent repetition and can generate a sense of stability, order, or symmetry. c. Alternating- An alternating pattern is made up of two or more different parts that repeat in a predictable sequence and can add diversity, contrast, or movement to a design. d. Progressive- A progressive pattern is characterized by a gradual change or development in the size, shape, or color of the repeated elements, and it can evoke a sense of movement, growth, or transformation. 2. Balance- distribution of visual weight in a composition Formal Balance- Divide a composition into two equal or almost equal halves that are mirrored or mirrored with changes, also known as symmetrical balance. Radial Balance- entails arranging the parts of a composition in a circular or spiral manner around a center point or axis. Informal Balance- also known as asymmetrical balance, entails spreading the visual weight of a composition in a way that is not equal or mirrored, but nevertheless seems harmonious and stable. How to Present Informal Balance in Art a. Size and Contour- An informal balance can be achieved by placing pieces of various size and shape throughout the composition. b. Color- utilizing several hues or variations of the same color c. Value- balancing light and dark values d. Texture- using different textures or patterns e. Position- placing elements in strategic positions 3. Proportion- refers to the relationship between the parts of a composition and the whole. Scale- The size of an object or element in relation to other objects or elements in the composition is a specific facet of proportion. 4. Variety, Emphasis, Harmony and Unity Variety- refers to the incorporation of many elements and approaches into a composition Emphasis- is the practice of emphasizing or emphasizing specific components within a composition to generate a sense of importance or significance. Techniques in Emphasis a. Contrast- This entails employing contrasting components such as color, value, or texture to distinguish an element from its surrounds. b. Isolation- This entails physically distinguishing one element from the rest of the composition, either by placing it in a different section of the composition or by placing it in a different part of the composition. c. Location- This includes physically differentiating one element from the rest of the composition, either by placing it in a different section or in a different region of the composition. d. Convergence- This includes drawing the viewer's attention to a certain piece or point inside the composition by using converging lines or shapes. e. Unusual- This entails employing unexpected or uncommon approaches or features to enhance emphasis, such as the use of a distinctive hue or texture. Harmony- The employment of comparable or related parts within a composition to generate a sense of coherence and unity is referred to as a sense of coherence and unity. Unity- refers to a composition's overall feeling of cohesion and balance. a. Simplicity- This entails using a limited number of parts or techniques inside a composition to produce order and balance. b. Repetition- This requires using a small number of pieces or procedures inside a composition to create order and balance. c. Proximity- This necessitates the use of a limited number of elements or techniques inside a composition to establish order and balance.