MUSIC
“Music is the universal language of mankind.”
…Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The Brief History of Music
Music exists because of two important reasons- religion and entertainment. In religion, the
praise and worship services were able to accumulate several hours to finish the entire celebration.
The religious authorities thought of adding the presence of arranged pitches to come up with simple
tunes from then on music played a vital role in dealing with religious activities where sacred songs
(religious songs) were utilized. Likewise in entertainment, in every court or palace gatherings and
events, musical presentations remain its significant part. Since then, music was used for social
activities such as dancing, stage plays and other forms of entertainment. Music is also depicted in
secular songs (outside the church using themes like women, wine, and love) as part of its repertoire.
Purposes of Music
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Music for Religious Purposes
Music for Entertainment
Music for Tribal Identity
Music for Socio-cultural Occasion
Music for Political Campaign
Music for Earning Prestige
The Six Major Periods of the Development of Music
1. Medieval (450-1400)- it is characterized by the development of Gregorian chant and other
sacred music, which was primarily vocal and often performed in monasteries and churches.
Polyphonic music also began to emerge during this period, with the use of multiple
independent melodic lines.
Musical Instruments During the Medieval Period:
Wind Instruments:
Pipe and tabor- a wind instrument consisting of a small pipe played with one hand, and a
small drum played with the other.
Shawm- a double-reed woodwind instrument that was used in both secular and sacred
music.
Cornett- a wind instrument made of wood or ivory, with finger holes like a recorder but
played with a cup-shaped mouthpiece.
String Instruments:
Harp- a string instrument with a triangular or semicircular frame, played by plucking the
strings with the fingers.
Lute- a string instrument with a pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and a flat top or back,
played by plucking the strings.
Vielle- a bowed string instrument like a violin, but with a flatter bridge and a deeper body.
Percussion Instruments:
Tambourine- a percussion instrument consisting of a small circular frame with metal jingles,
played by shaking or striking.
Timpani- a percussion instrument consisting of a large kettle drum with a membrane that can
be tuned to different pitches.
Cymbals- a percussion instrument consisting of two metal plates that are struck together to
make a ringing sound.
Famous Personalities and Composers:
The Medieval period produced musicians and composers that left legacies of music to the
world like Pope Gregory the Great, Gillaume de Marchaut and Hildegard of Bingen. Pope Gregory
the gReat was the founder of the gReat Gregorian Chant. Gillaume de Marchaut became the
founder of secular music. He was a traveling musician who composed singing and spoken words that
inspired the writer, Geofrey Chaucer, a highly respected figure in Medieval era. Hildegard of Bingen,
German nun, herbalist, and composer produced 69 musical compositions.
2. The Renaissance Period (1400-1600)- The Renaissance period saw a significant shift towards
humanism, and the arts reflected this with a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman
culture. This period saw the development of polyphony, with composers such as Josquin des
Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina creating complex and intricate vocal works.
The musical instruments during the Renaissance period include:
Recorder- a woodwind instrument with a whistle mouthpiece and finger holes, like a modern-day
flute.
Shawn- a double-reed woodwind instrument that was used in both secular and sacred music, like
the modern-day oboe.
Sackbut- a brass instrument with a slide, like a modern-day trombone.
Lute- a plucked string instrument with a pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and strings made of
gut.
Organ- a keyboard instrument that produces sound by forcing air through pipes of varying lengths,
often used in religious music.
Harpsichord- a keyboard instrument like a piano, but with strings that are plucked rather than struck
with hammers.
The Renaissance period has produced famous Composers who contributed their compositions to
greatness. They were:
1. Josquin de Perez– a Flemish composer from Hainut (now part of Belgium) founder of
Renaissance motet, contemporary of da Vinci and Columbus and his famous work is Ave
Maria… Virgo Serena (1475);
2. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina– founder of renaissance mass, devoted himself to music for
the Catholic church and his famous work is Pope Marcellus Mass (1552-1553); and
3. Thomas Weelkes– one of the finest English madrigals, an organist and church composer and
his famous work is As Vesta Was Descending (1601) in honor of Queen Elizabeth.
3. Baroque Period (1600 – 1750)- the Baroque period was characterized by grandiose and
elaborate compositions, often featuring intricate melodies, ornamentation, and virtuosic
performances. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel are
prominent figures of this period.
The Musical Genre during the Baroque Period
For entertainment, the Baroque music is known for the use of the harpsichord and the violin
family of instrumentation as a dominant musical instrument. The orchestra was the most famous
musical genre. It comprised of a large group of musicians who played together on various
instruments usually with the complete set of string, wind and percussion section of instrumentations.
This became popular until the remaining period of the 20th century, as a form of social entertainment.
Baroque music is unique based on these characteristics:
Unity of mood. What begins joyfully will remain all throughout, and emotions and affections are
present during the performance of a baroque piece.
Rhythm. Rhythmic patterns are heard at the beginning of a piece and are repeated throughout
the end of the piece.
Melody. Like in rhythm, the opening melody of the Baroque music will be heard again and again
during the entire duration of the presentation.
Dynamics. There is the presence of terraced dynamic, which are defined within the terminologies
of the song.
Texture. Baroque music is predominantly polyphonic in texture that is two or more melodic lines
compete for the listener’s attention.
Chords and Basso Continuo. Chords are dominantly a part of baroque composition in which a
chord can be played together or one note after the other.
Words and music. These often-emphasized words by writing rapid notes for a single syllable of a
text in Baroque music.
Music Terminologies
Baroque music uses the following terminologies:
Basso Continuo– otherwise known as figured bass and usually done in an accompaniment manner.
Baroque Orchestra– a combination of different musical instruments being played at the same time.
Movement– a piece that sounds complete and independent but is part of larger composition.
Concerto Grosso and Ritornello– concerto grosso means a small group of soloists is pitted against a
large group of players called the tutti (all) while in the ritornello form, the tutti opens a theme called
ritornello or refrain.
Fugue- a polyphonic composition based on one main theme call the subject.
Opera– a drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment.
Sonata– a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments.
Suite– a composition that is based on a dance-inspired movement.
Cantata– a piece that was sung.
Oratorio– is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra.
Musical Instruments during the Baroque Period:
Harpsichord- a keyboard instrument similar to a piano, but with strings that are plucked rather than
struck with hammers.
Violin- a bowed string instrument with four strings, tuned in fifths. The violin was one of the most
important instruments in Baroque music and was used in a wide range of genres, including
concertos, sonatas, and dance music.
Viola- a bowed string instrument like the violin, but larger and lower in pitch. The viola was often
used in Baroque music as part of an ensemble, providing a middle voice between the higherpitched violins and the lower-pitched cellos and double basses.
Cello- a bowed string instrument with four strings, larger than the viola and lower in pitch. The cello
was a popular solo instrument in Baroque music and was also used in ensembles, often playing the
bass line in continuo accompaniments.
Double bass- a large bowed or plucked string instrument, like a modern-day bass guitar. The
double bass was used in Baroque music primarily as a bass instrument, providing the foundation for
the harmonic structure of a piece.
Famous Baroque Composers:
1. Johann Sebastian Bach– though recognized as the most eminent organist, harpsichordist,
improviser and master of the fugue, Bach was by no means considered the greatest
composer of his time; his music was largely forgotten and remained unpublished for years
after his death and his notable work – Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D Major, until his
successors recognized its importance.
2. George Frederic Handel– His triple career as impresario, composer and performer brought
him to success and fame and his famous work is Messiah (1741).
3. Antonio Vivaldi– He was known as the “Red Priest,” violin teacher, composer, conductor,
and his popular work – Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op.*, No.1 from the Four
Seasons (1725).
4. Classical Period (1750-1820)- The classical period marked a return to simplicity and clarity in
music, with a focus on balanced and symmetrical phrases and melodies. This period saw the
development of the sonata form and the rise of the string quartet and symphony as major
genres.
Musical Genre during the Classical Period
The orchestra during the Baroque period was still popular during the Classical period. Classical
Music as a genre implies balance and utilizes a complete set of section of symphonic instruments
since then up to now. Musical genres during the Medieval, renaissance and the Baroque periods
were also popular during the Classical period. This shows the evolutionary development of music that
suits the satisfaction and the taste of the musical public. As brought by the period of enlightenment,
opera is a combination of vocal, orchestral music with visual arts and drama to primarily inspire
people.
These are the following Musical Genre:
Chamber music- music composed for small ensembles of 2-10 players, typically featuring stringed
instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass, as well as wind instruments such as the
flute, clarinet, and horn. Chamber music is known for its intimate, refined, and highly expressive
style.
Choral- music composed for a choir or vocal ensemble, typically featuring four-part harmony and
a wide range of vocal techniques. Choral music can be either sacred or secular in nature and is
often performed in churches, concert halls, and other public venues.
Classical Cross over- a genre of music that blends elements of classical music with other genres
such as pop, rock, or jazz. Classical crossover music is known for its accessibility, catchy melodies,
and lush orchestral arrangements.
High Classical- A term used to describe the period of Western classical music from around 1730 to
1820, characterized by an emphasis on clarity, balance, and order. High Classical music is often
composed for large orchestras and is known for its complex harmonies, formal structures, and
emotional depth.
Impressionistic- A genre of music that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is
known for its dreamy, atmospheric, and often abstract qualities. Impressionistic music is
characterized by its use of color, texture, and mood to convey emotional and psychological
states.
Minimalism- A genre of music that emerged in the 1960s and is characterized by its use of simple,
repetitive patterns and structures. Minimalist music is often composed for small ensembles or
electronic instruments and is known for its meditative, trance-like qualities.
Opera- A genre of musical theater that combines singing, acting, and orchestral music to tell a
dramatic story. Operas typically feature large casts of singers, elaborate sets and costumes, and
highly stylized performances.
Music Terminologies
The Classical Period brought some of these musical terminologies that kept ringing in the ears of the
music aficionado.
Sonata form- a formal structure used in many instrumental works, consisting of an exposition,
development, and recapitulation.
Theme and Variation- a musical form in which a single theme is presented and then varied and
developed through a series of variations.
Classical Symphony- a large-scale orchestral work typically consisting of four movements.
Classical Concerto- a musical work for solo instrument and orchestra typically consisting of three
movements.
Classical Chamber Music- music composed for small ensembles of two to ten players, known for its
intimate, refined, and expressive style.
The Musical Instruments
The Classical period utilized the complete set of instruments- harp, violin, viola, cello and
double bass. However, the complete set of wind instruments- constitutes two sub-sections – he
woodwind and brass sections were also used during this period.
Woodwind Section:
Piccolo. The smallest of the family, half the size of the flute and plays a higher octave of the
flute.
Flute. Has high range and extremely agile and capable of producing a rapid succession of
tones.
Clarinet. Produces tones very rapidly and has a wide range of dynamics and color.
Oboe. Has a nasal, intense, and expressive tone.
English Horn. Produces low tones and considered as alto oboe.
Bassoon. Deeply nasal and the largest of the woodwind family.
Brass Section:
Trumpet. The smallest of the family and has a brilliant, brassy and penetrating tone.
French Horn. Less brassy, more mellow and more rounded than a trumpet.
Trombone. Has the combination of the brilliant sound of a trumpet with the mellowness of the
French horn.
Tuba. The thick and heavy tone of the tuba is used to add weight to the lowest register of an
orchestra or band.
The Classical period also used the complete set of percussion instruments such as:
Timpani- also known as kettle drums, timpani are large drums that are tuned to specific pitches
using foot pedals. They are often used in orchestral and concert band music to provide rhythmic
and harmonic support.
Glockenspiel- a percussion instrument that consists of a set of tuned metal bars arranged in a
keyboard-like layout. The bars are struck with mallets to produce bright, bell-like tones.
Xylophone- a percussion instrument like the glockenspiel, but with wooden bars instead of metal
ones. Xylophones are often used in orchestral and concert band music to provide melodic and
rhythmic accents.
Bass drum- a large drum that produces a deep, booming sound. Bass drums are often used to
provide a strong rhythmic foundation in orchestral, concert band, and marching band music.
Snare drum- a small drum with a tight, snappy sound. Snare drums are often used to provide a
crisp, sharp rhythm in a wide range of musical styles.
Cymbals- a percussion instrument consisting of two metal plates that are struck together to
produce a crashing or shimmering sound. Cymbals are often used to provide accents and
climactic moments in music.
Chimes- a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned metal tubes that are struck with mallets
to produce a bright, ringing sound. Chimes are often used to provide a shimmering, ethereal
quality to orchestral and concert band music.
Tambourine- a small percussion instrument consisting of a circular frame with metal jingles
attached to the edges. Tambourines are often used to provide rhythmic accents and
embellishments in a wide range of musical styles.
Triangle- a small, metallic percussion instrument that produces a high-pitched, ringing sound when
struck with a metal beater. Triangles are often used to provide delicate, shimmering accents in
orchestral and concert band music.
Piano- a keyboard instrument that produces sound by striking strings with hammers. The piano is
used in a wide range of musical styles and genres and is known for its versatility and expressiveness.
Famous Composers in the Classical Period:
1. Joseph Haydn. He was the pathfinder of the classical music, a pioneer in the development
of symphony and string quartet and known for his piece entitled “Trumpet Concerto in E Flat
Major” (1976).
2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He was the most versatile of all the composers, he wrote
masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time and his famous work through the years is
entitled “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.”
3. Ludwig Van Beethoven. He opened the realms of music expression that profoundly
influenced composers throughout the 19th century and his famous piece is entitled
“Symphony No.5 (1808).
5. The Romantic Period (1820-1900)- The Romantic period saw a shift towards individualism and
emotion in music, with composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Frederic Chopin, and Franz
Liszt creating works with expressive melodies and harmonies. This period also saw the
development of program music, which sought to depict non-musical ideas or stories through
music.
This period is filled with romanticism in art specifically for music. The romantic composers,
preference for expressive, songlike melody that blossomed from that of the classical era.
Romantic composition tends to have greater range in tone color, dynamics, and melody.
Romantic harmonic terminologies became broader with much emphasis in terms of colorful and
unstable chords.
Some of the musical genres of the Classical periods remained to flourish in the Romantic
Period. The Romantic period in music can be well understood by looking into its characteristics,
terminologies, musical instruments, and famous composers as given below:
Characteristics:
Individuality of style– every composer has its own uniqueness and trademark.
Expressive Subjects– the melodic line has a very catchy tune.
Nationalism– creating music promotes national identity, using folksongs, dances, legends, history of
their homelands and loving one’s country or heritage.
Exoticism– it is a composition where music draws inspiration from foreign influences.
Chromatic Harmony– this is the usage of chords not found within a major or minor scale.
Expressive Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo- This is the wide – array of dynamics from ffff
to pppp, wide range of pitches from very low to highest register of tones, and gradual or sudden
change of time of time signature used.
Terminologies:
Art Song- it is a composition for solo voice and piano.
Strophic Form- it is the repetition of the same music for every stanza of poem.
Through-Composed Form– it is the writing of new music for every stanza.
Program Music– it is the Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea scene, or event.
Piano Instrumental Repertoire– it is the instrumental composition designed for piano.
Musical Instruments- it is the same set up of musical instruments used in the Classical Period.
Famous Composers:
1. Johannes Brahms– composed several compositions in all forms except opera, known to fulfill
the predictions of Robert Schumann that he will be the most influential composer during his
time and his famous work– Symphony No.3 in F Major, Op. 90 (1883).
2. Frederic Chopin– known as the only composition who has very huge hands, had a hand
casted; his compositions were concentrated only to piano solos and his popular work,
Fantasie Impromtu (1834).
3. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky– fused the national and international elements and influences to
create his music with intensive and passionate to compositions; his notable work – The
Nutcracker (1892).
6. 20th Century and beyond (1900-present)- there is not much change of music in the 20th century
compared to the present. The music during this period is described as an adventure since
there is no assumption on how the tones should relate to one another. Composers create
compositions that are not influenced by the past music. Since the 50s up to the present, each
decade represents a trademark of music. There are no strict rules in making music as long as
the masses can relate and appreciate its genres. At present, the composers are no longer
known and given much attention. Instead, the artists who popularized their music are given
much attention. Full section of symphony orchestral instrumentation is no longer practiced.
Digital music is growing dominantly in this period. Music in the 20th Century exhibited its
characteristics, terminologies, personalities, and famous composers.
Characteristics:
Consonance– these are the use of stable chords.
Dissonance– it is no longer tied down to its former function but has become an entity itself and the
chords are unstable.
New Chords- the 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, 13ths, and other forms of intervals like the fourths (from DO-FA et
al).
Compound Meters– it’s a combination of 2-time signatures and creating new set of meters used in
compositions.
Changing of clefs and meters from time to time.
Simple tunes yet unpredictable or catchy tunes, which are easily remembered.
Terminologies:
Jazz- a genre of music that originated in the early 20th century in African American communities in
the Southern United States. Jazz is characterized by improvisation, swing rhythms, and a wide range
of musical styles and influences.
Rhythm and blues- a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in
the 1940s. Rhythm and blues is characterized by soulful vocals, blues-based chord progressions,
and a strong rhythmic groove.
Musical- a theatrical form of entertainment that combines music, dance, and drama. Musicals
typically feature a story or narrative, and the music is an integral part of the performance.
Rock Music- a genre of popular music that emerged in the 1950s and is characterized by electric
guitars, drums, and bass, as well as a strong emphasis on rhythm and a rebellious attitude.
Reggae- a genre of music that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Reggae is characterized by
a distinctive rhythm, often referred to as the "skank," and features lyrics that often address social
and political issues.
Love Song- a song that expresses romantic or sentimental feelings towards another person. Love
songs are a common theme in many musical genres, from pop to country to R&B.
Electric Music- music that is created or performed using electronic instruments or technology.
Electric music encompasses a wide range of genres, from electronic dance music to experimental
avant-garde compositions.
Digital Music- music that is produced or distributed using digital technology, such as computers,
smartphones, or streaming services. Digital music has transformed the music industry, enabling
artists to reach global audiences and listeners to access a vast catalog of music at their fingertips.
Musical Instruments:
Saxophone- a family of woodwind instruments that use a single-reed mouthpiece to produce
sound. Saxophones are often used in jazz, blues, and classical music, and are known for their
distinctive, expressive sound.
Electric guitar- a guitar that uses pickups and an amplifier to produce a louder, amplified sound.
Electric guitars are used in a wide range of musical genres, from rock and blues to jazz and
country.
Synthesizer- an electronic instrument that produces a wide range of sounds using electronic circuits
or digital technology. Synthesizers are often used in electronic music but are also used in a variety
of other genres, from pop to rock too classical.
Digital Generated Sounds- sounds that are created entirely using digital technology, such as
computer software or synthesizers. These sounds can be manipulated in a variety of ways to create
complex, layered compositions, and are commonly used in electronic music and sound design for
film and television.
Famous Composers and Personalities:
1. Claude Debussy- won the Prix de Rome, a piano teacher, and his famous work –Claire de
Lune (composed 1890–published 1905)
2. Leonard Bernstein– conductor, pianist, author, lecturer, composer of orchestral works and his
notable work–West Side Story (1957)
3. The Beatles– the most famous English band of the 60s and popularized the hit song Hey
Jude.
4. Michael Jackson- the most internationally known artist of all time, multitalented singer and
dancer, his one of the greatest hits – Billie Jean
There are more than 30 musical genres in the 20th century for the purpose of entertainment and
satisfaction of the music public. Based on the surveys, these are categorized into sustaining genre
and the dying genre in terms of popularity, soft music and hard music in terms of its elements. The
sustaining genres remain sustainable up to the 21st Century music; while the zenith of musical genres
ended in the 20th Century and were superseded by other genres.
Dying to Dead Musical Genres:
1. Soft Music
Soft music is gentle, which is pleasing to the ears to listen, smooth and relaxing. Jazz is
categorized by a syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and unique tone colors as well as the presence
of performance technique. Swing music, developed in the United States of America in the 30s and
40s, involves the jazz element with dance-like beat. Musical theater is a type of theater that fuses
script, acting, and spoken dialogue with music, singing and dancing and with scenery, costumes,
and any form of spectacle. Folk music is a type of music that involves the daily activities of a local
folk or individual. Country music is a composition of music that is intended for acoustic guitar and
vocals which concentrates on “cowboy countryside” inspiration. Blue Grass Music has the elements
of country and Western styles that often uses acoustic string instruments like the guitar, banjo etc.
Funk is a rhythm-driven music genre popular in the 70s and early 80sthat link soul music to African
American forms. Opera began to flourish during Baroque and Classical period of music,
characterized with singing in a theatrical stage performance.
2. Hard Music
In contrast with the soft music, Hard music is harsh and loud. Rock is a vocal music with a hard,
driving beat, often featuring electric guitar accompaniment with heavily amplified sound. Hard Rock
is is a sub-genre of rock music typically heavy aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, keyboard
and drums. Progressive Rock is a style of rock that begun in the 70s which is characterized by classical
influences that uses the keyboard and electric guitar instrumentations all throughout the
composition. Heavy Metal is a hardcore sound that its vocal aspect is like shouting (growling) with
heavy drums and amplified sounds. Death Metal is an extreme sub-genre of heavy metal that
constitutes a complex style of hammy and melody of its composition as well as unpredictable time
signature.
Philippine Traditional Indigenous Music:
In terms of musical instruments, there are three classifications. These are idiophones or chordophones
(string instruments), aerophones (wind instruments) and membranophones (percussion instruments).
Musical instrument
(idiophones)
Definition
Pictures
Buktot
Also known as "kudyapi sa kahoy",
it is a stringed instrument with three
or four strings that are traditionally
made of human hair or animal gut.
It is often used in traditional filipino
music, particularly in the southern
regions of the philippines.
Kudyapi
A traditional filipino two-stringed
lute that is usually made from a
single piece of wood. It has a
deep, resonant sound and is often
used in filipino ballads and epic
poems.
Bamboo
biolin
A musical instrument that
resembles a violin but is made
entirely out of bamboo. It has four
strings and is played with a bow
made from bamboo. It is often
used in traditional filipino music.
Kolitong
A percussion instrument made
from a hollowed-out bamboo
pole. It is played by striking the
bamboo with a stick or by shaking
it to produce a rattling sound. It is
often used in filipino folk music and
dances.
Musical Instrument
Definition
Pictures
(Membranophones)
Dabakan
a large, cylindrical drum that is
commonly used in Maguindanao
and Maranao music. It is made
from hollowed-out wood and is
played with bare hands or sticks.
Gansa
A set of flat gongs played with
mallets
Bunkaka
A type of Philippine drum made
from bamboo
Kulintang
A set of small, tuned gongs played
together
Agong
A large, single gong
Kubing
Musical Instrument
Aerophones
Bansik
a type of jaw harp that is
commonly used in the music of
the Igorot people in the northern
Philippines. It consists of a thin
bamboo reed that is held against
the teeth and is played by
plucking the reed with the fingers
while changing the shape of the
mouth to produce different notes.
Definition
A bamboo flute with three holes of
the Negrito people in Zambales
Tulali
A bamboo flute made from a reed
with one aperture for the mouth
and six for the fingers
Palendag
A type of Philippine bamboo flute,
the largest one used by
the Maguindanaon, a smaller type
of this instrument is called the
Hulakteb (Bukidnon). It is a lip valley
flute.
A nose flute made from bamboo,
common in the Philippines and
Hawaii
Tongali
Suling
It made of bamboo or wood and
has six finger holes on the front and
one thumb hole on the back. The
suling is a melody instrument and is
often played in ensembles with
other instruments, such as the
gendèr or gamelan.
Pictures
Tambuli
It is used to communicate important
messages across long distances,
particularly in coastal communities.
It is a type of horn or trumpet that is
made from a large seashell, usually
a conch shell. The tambuli produces
a loud, deep sound that can be
heard from far away, and was
traditionally used as a signal for
important community events or
emergencies.
A bamboo flute, leaving six holes for
the fingers and trumpet made of
coconut leaf. It is about 50 cm long
and 3 cm in diameter. This is a
bamboo flute of the Tausugs in Sulu.
Sahunay
Images were taken from google; no copy right infringement intended.
Music Ensemble
This lesson focuses on group performance which is the proper observation of teamwork. This is
cooperation, participation, and unity of the group in order to achieve a successful presentation.
Music ensemble is otherwise known as music group or musical group of people who perform using
musical instruments or vocals or both. The group members comprise at least four (quartet) and
above.
Kinds:
1. Band
A group of musicians who play wind and percussion instruments
2. Chamber
Music
3. Chorale
4. Jazz
Music written for small groups of instruments, usually for strings
5. Quartet
6. Quintet
7. Orchestra
A choir or singing group, typically performing religious music
Music characterized by improvisation, syncopated rhythms, and a swing
feel
A group of four musicians performing together
A group of five musicians performing together
A large ensemble of musicians playing a variety of instruments
8. Symphony
A multi-movement work for orchestra, usually with four movements
DANCE
Music is always associated with the performing arts like theater and dance. Their lesson deals
with dance. It involves choreography of body actions with the company of music. Dance is a nonverbal communication art that uses primarily body movements with the use of music. Dance is a
medium of expression, social interaction, and presentation in a spiritual or performative setting. A
dance competition is an organized event in which dance contestants execute dance performance
before a judge for awards and cash prizes.
Brief History
From the earliest time of human history, dance was already used for ritual, spiritual gatherings,
festivities, and other social events. Dance can be traced back to the 3rd millennium in Egypt, where
they used it as part of the Egyptians’ religious ceremonies. Transition of dance costumes, from
sophisticated full body to seductive less body cover was already practiced. The 20th Century dance
involved the use of technology from digital music on stage performances.
Dance serves several purposes for our culture. Dance is an art expression of feelings and
emotions through body movements. In wedding, anniversary and other ceremonies, dances serve as
an offering to guests. In tribal rituals, dance pleases the spirits of the underworld to provide bountiful
harvest and better health conditions. Although it is considered a form of superstition, dance remains
as a symbolic imprint of the people’s culture. People dance ask nature for abundant rain, asks the
gods and goddesses to grant healing and to give an offering for abundant farm harvests. Dance is
also used as a form of prayer like the use of interpretative dance during masses and other special
occasions. Providing entertainment is one of the most important purposes of dance in history. Dance
can also provide erotic expression in drama, theater, and movie presentation. Finally, dance
provides satisfaction for social pleasure to prevent stress, just like Zumba and Ballroom Dancing.
Elements of Dance
Body– a very essential element. Without it there is no possible movement.
Action– refers to the movement of the execution of the dance using projection, balance, sway,
wiggle, and other movements depending on the chosen dance genre.
Space– refers to dance hall or the stage where the dance is presented.
Time– refers to speed of the execution depending on how slow and how fast the dance genre is to
be executed.
Energy– dance performance is dependent on the energy of the dancers. Dancers maintain their
physical fit through regular gym activities to gain the energy needed in the actual dance
performance.
Classification of dance:
Solo dances- are performed by only one dancer, just like an interpretative dance in a ballet.
Partner dances- require two dancers to pair in the dance presentation. This is typical among ball
dances like rumba, tango, waltz, paso doble, foxtrot, quickstep, cabaret, cha-cha, samba, salsa,
swing, and jive.
Group dance- requires more than two dancers in the dance presentation. Folk dance, festival
dance, line dance, round dance, square dance, and country dances are few of the examples of
a group dance.
Kinds of Dances:
Folk dance- a traditional dance of a particular group of people, usually performed at social events
and celebrations. Examples include the Irish jig, Mexican hat dance, and Indian bhangra.
Ballroom dance- a partner dance performed for entertainment and socializing, characterized by
specific patterns and footwork. Examples include the waltz, foxtrot, and tango.
Ballet- a classical dance form that emphasizes grace, fluidity, and technique, usually performed to
classical music. Examples include Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and Romeo and Juliet.
Modern dance- a contemporary dance form that emphasizes self-expression and individuality,
often performed barefoot and incorporating elements of ballet, jazz, and other styles. Examples
include Martha Graham's Lamentation and Alvin Ailey's Revelations.
Hip hop dance- a style of street dance that originated in African American and Latino
communities, characterized by rhythmic movements, breakdancing, and freestyle improvisation.
Examples include popping, locking, and krumping.
Jazz dance- a lively and energetic dance form that originated in the early 20th century,
characterized by syncopated rhythms, improvisation, and a blend of African American and
European dance styles. Examples include Fosse-style jazz and Bob Fosse's signature moves.
Tap dance- a percussive dance form that emphasizes rhythm and sound, performed with tap
shoes that have metal plates on the soles. Examples include the shuffle, time step, and wing.
Dance is classified into two: COMPETITIVE DANCE AND DANCE-SPORT
What is competitive dance?
Competitive dance is a form of dance where dancers or dance teams compete against each
other based on a set of criteria, such as technique, choreography, musicality, and presentation.
Competitive dance can be performed in various styles such as ballet, jazz, hip hop, tap,
contemporary, and ballroom. Competitions are usually organized by dance studios, schools, or
organizations, and can range from local to national and international levels.
What is dance-sports?
Dance-sport, also known as competitive ballroom dancing, is a style of dance that combines
elements of ballroom and Latin dance styles and is performed in a competitive setting. It is
recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee and has its own set of rules,
regulations, and scoring criteria. Dance-sport competitions feature couples who perform routines in
different styles, such as waltz, tango, foxtrot, quickstep, cha-cha, rumba, and jive, and are judged
on their technique, timing, musicality, and presentation. Dance-sport is a physically demanding
and highly competitive form of dance that requires a high level of skill, training, and athleticism.
Dance sport is classified into three:
International standard includes: Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Foxtrot and Quick step.
International Latin includes: Samba, Cha-cha-cha, Rumba, Paso Doble and Jive.
Open Competition includes: The World of Dance, So You Think You Can Dance.
Occupations and Benefits of Dance
OCCUPATIONS
Dancer
Dance teacher/instructor
Dance-sport coach
Dance therapist
Choreographer
Zumba dance instructor
Aqua Zumba instructor
Festival dancer
HEALTH BENEFITS
Burn Calories
Strong Bones
Cardiovascular Conditioning
Sociability
Architectural
Art Movement
Era
Cave Art
Prehistoric Art
(13,000 to 9,000
BC)
Mesopotamian
(7th to 5th
Millennium BC)
Chinese
(16th Century BC
to 771 BC)
Motif/ Characteristics
These are paintings
and engravings on the
walls of caves and
rock- shelters,
especially naturalistic
depictions of animals,
produced by Upper
Paleolithic peoples.
It features pilasters and
columns, as well as
frescoes and
enameled tiles, stone
as well as brick in their
palaces, which were
lined with sculptured
and colored slabs.
Wood is the main
material in ancient
Chinese architecture
and most of the
buildings are in wood
frame structure.
Beautiful Appearance
and Unique Monomer
Shape. Rich Artistic
Images on Roof.
Rigorous Symmetric.
Layout. Diverse
Decorations. Graceful
Gardens with Great
Artistic Conceptions.
Historical Background
Philosophical
Perspective Purpose
It is generally
considered to have a
The numerous paintings
symbolic or religious
and engravings found
function, sometimes
in caves and shelters
both but some experts
dating back to the Ice
think they may have
Age (Upper Paleolithic),
been created within
roughly between 40,000
the framework of
and 14,000 years ago.
shamanic beliefs and
practices.
It began in the region
of the Tigris-Euphrates
River system
It lies in honoring the
encompassing several
gods and goddesses
distinct cultures and
who ruled over
spanning a period from
different aspects of
the 10th millennium BC,
nature and important
when the first
life events.
permanent structures
were built in the 6th
century BC.
Ancient Chinese
buildings have a long
history which can be
traced back to the
Shang Dynasty (16th
century BC- 771 BC).
The incorporation of
ideas related to feng
shui such as directional
hierarchies, a
horizontal emphasis
and allusion to various
cosmos and other
symbolism are the core
view of Chinese
design.
Japanese (17th
to 19th Century)
(57 BC)
Indian
(18th Century BC
to 2nd Century
BC
Egyptian Art
(31st BC to 4th
AD)
It has been typified by
wooden structures,
elevated slightly off the
ground, with tiled or
thatched roofs. Sliding
doors (fusuma) were
also used in place of
walls, allowing the
Internal configuration
of a space to be
customized for different
occasions,
Its motif is less ornate
and more expressive in
form. The materials are
basics but cutting
edge.
Early architecture in
Japan typified the
sedentary lifestyle of
the Japanese that
served as pit houses to
produce clay pots
during the Jomom
Period. Construction of
shrines and temples
reflected animist and
Buddhist traditions
It flourished around 800
CE to the period of
Mahajan pada which
was characterized by
Indian coins and use of
stone in the Indian
architecture. The
Mauryan period is
considered as the
beginning of the
classical period of
Indian architecture.
Japan's Shinto and
Buddhist beliefs
influenced
architecture right
down to the residential
level, with buildings
reflecting a strong
emphasis on humans'
relationship with
nature.
The outstanding quality
of the architecture of
India is its spiritual
content. It is evident
that the fundamental
purpose of the building
art was to represent in
concrete form the
prevailing religious
consciousness of the
people. Indian
architecture is the
mind materialized in
terms of rock, brick or
stone (Bhatnagar
1991).
The statues of the
greater gods used to
be larger than the
Ancient Egyptian art
smaller deities. The
flourished between the sculptures and
It is characterized by a
31st century BC and the paintings of ancient
highly conservative
4th century AD. It
Egypt all have very
adherence to
included paintings,
finely precisely carved
traditional rules, which
sculptures, drawings on faces and physical
favored order and form
papyrus, faience,
features. Egyptian art
over creativity and
jewelry, ivories,
also portrayed the
artistic expression
architecture and other supremacy a
art media
importance of the
Pharaoh and on the
political or religious
figures.
Its dimension used was
whether the Doric,
Ionic, or Corinthian
Greek Art
style depending on the
region and the
(323 BC to 30 AD)
purpose of the
structure being built.
Islamic
(7th to 8th
Century)
Roman Medieval
Art
(476 A.D. to 14th
Century)
Some characteristics of
Islamic architecture
were inherited from
pre- Islamic
architecture of that
region while some
characteristics like
minarets, muquarnas,
arabesque islamic
geometric pattern,
pointed arch, multifoil
arch, onion dome and
pointed dome
developed later.
Ancient Greek
architecture came
from the Creekspeaking people
(Hellenic people)
whose culture
flourished on the Greek
mainland, the
Peloponnese, the
Aegean Islands, and in
colonies in Anatolia
and Italy for a period
from about 900 BC until
the 1st century AD.
Early Islamic
architecture was
influenced by Roman,
Byzantine, Persian,
Mesopotamian
architecture and all
other lands which the
Early Muslim conquests
conquered in the
seventh and eighth
centuries.
The Romans first
adopted the arch. from
It combines the
the Etruscans and
features of ancient
implemented it in their
Roman and the
own building. The use
Byzantine buildings and
of arches that spring
other local tradition. It
directly from the tops of
is known by its massive
columns was a Roman
quality, thick walls,
development, seen
round arches, sturdy
from the 1st century
pillars, barrel vaults,
AD, that was very
large towers and
widely adopted in
decorative arcading.
medieval Western,
Byzantine and Islamic
architecture.
Its intricate designs
suggest excellence
and reaching one's full
potential It
emphasized the
importance and
accomplishments of
human beings. Even
though much it was
meant to honor the
gods, those very gods
were created in the
image of humans.
It stemmed from the
important role of
reflecting the
obedience and total
submission to the
Almighty (Murphy 2002;
Nast, 2002).
It places heavy
emphasis on the
theological view. With
the possible exceptions
of Avicenna and
Averroes, however,
medieval thinkers did
not consider
themselves
philosophers at all: for
them, the philosophers
were the ancient
pagan writers such as
Plato and Aristotle.
Romanesque
(10th to 11th
Century)
Siamese
(12th and 16th
Century)
Gothic
(12th to 17th
Century)
Renaissance
(14th to 17th
Century)
It is known by its
massive quality, thick
walls, round arches,
sturdy pillars, barrel.
vaults, large towers
and decorative
arcading
It began in Europe from
about the mid- 11th
century to the advent
of Gothic architecture.
This was the fusion of
Roman, Carolingian &
Ottonian, Byzantine &
local Germanic
traditions.
Siamese network
architecture contains
two parallel streams to
estimate the similarity
between two inputs
and has the ability to
learn their
discriminative features.
The architecture of
Tawaravadee
appeared in the
central region of
Thailand between 12th
to 16th Century. It used
clay bricks. The
construction of
pagodas had a square
base and an invertedbell shape topped with
a spire.
It varies according to
location, age, and
type of building and is
often characterized by
5-keyArchitectural
elements: large
stained- glass windows,
pointed arches, ribbed
vaults, flying buttresses,
and ornate
decoration.
It began to of
proliferate in the 2th17th centuries in
northern France and
England as a
development of
Norman architecture.
It is characterized by
square or rectangular
symmetrical shapes.
The front "façade" of
the buildings was
generally symmetrical
around the vertical
axis.
It originated in Florence
in the early 15th
century and spread
throughout Europe,
replacing the medieval
Gothic style.
Church buildings, art
and sculpture were all
used for the purpose of
spreading the Christian
Gospel People
believed that holy
relics had the power to
do miracles (Watson,
1961).
The Siamese art greatly
influenced t beliefs of
Thai. It is a
representation of their
philosophical views on
the presence of God
and His creations.
The Gothic grew out of
the Romanesque
architectural style,
when both prosperity
and relative peace
allowed for several
centuries of cultural
development that
affected the lives of
people greatly
(Coedes, 2010).
Renaissance people
had certain common
values. Among them
were humanism,
individualism,
skepticism, wellroundedness,
secularism, classicism
and patronage.
Korean
(14th Century to
20th Century)
Byzantine
(16th Century to
1453)
Baroque
(16th Century to
18thCentury)
Its architectural motif is
characterized by
naturalistic tendencies,
simplicity, economy of
shape and the
avoidance of
extremes:
Joseon architecture is
defined as from the
14th century to the
beginning of 20th
century The founding of
the Joseon Dynasty in
1392 brought to power
like-minded men
steeped in the
doctrines of NeoConfucianism, which
had slowly percolated
into Korea from China
in the 14th century.
Korean historical
architecture embodies
the splendor of form
and symbolism in the
dwellings of Korea's
educated and elite
Elegant Korean
palaces painted in
bright and beautiful
colors, robust mountain
fortresses and
peaceful places of
learning all combined
elements of the natural
world.
The combination of the
basilica and
symmetrical centralplan (circular or
polygonal) religious
structures resulted in
the characteristic
Byzantine Greek-crossplan church, with a
square central mass
and four arms of equal
length.
The pictorial and
architectural styles that
characterized
Byzantine art, first
codified in the 6th
century, persisted with
remarkable
homogeneity within the
empire until its final
dissolution with the
capture of
Constantinople by the
Turks in 1453.
Christian art had the
triple purpose of
beautifying a building,
instructing the illiterate
on matters vital for the
welfare of their soul,
and encouraging the
faithful that they were
on the correct path to
salvation (Author,
2012).
It includes curving
forms including oval
shapes & a
combination of
concave & convex
forms that make walls
seems to undulate, or
appear wavy with a
strong sense of motion.
It originated in late
16th-century Italy and
lasting in some regions,
notably Germany and
colonial South America,
until the 18th century.
It was linked to the
Counter- Reformation,
celebrating the wealth
of the Catholic church.
It was characterized
by new explorations of
form, light and shadow
and dramatic intensity.
Tudor
(15th to 16th
Century)
Javanese
(15th to 19th
century)
Rococo
(1740-1770)
Filipino
(1965-1895)
It is characterized by
steeply pitched gable
roofs, playfully elaborate
masonry chimneys (often
with chimney pots),
embellished doorways,
groupings of windows and
decorative half-timbering
(this lasts an exposed
wood framework with the
spaces between the
timbers filled with masonry
or stucco).
It was developed in
England in the late 15th
and early 16th century
during the beginning of
the reign of the Tudor
monarchs.
The island's long
It is primarily constructed
tradition of religious
from a combination of
syncretism extended to
wooden structures and
architecture, which
brick walls. They have
fostered uniquely
developed the Joglo using Javanese styles of
a corrugated metal roof in Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic
the upper part of the
and to a lesser extent,
houses, a feature that is
Christian architecture
unique in central Java.
between 15th to 19th
century.
It usually includes curving
forms including oval
It originated in Paris in
shapes and a
the early 18th century
combination of concave
but was soon adopted
and convex forms that
throughout France and
make walls seems to
later in other countries,
undulate or appear wavy
principally Germany
with a strong sense of
and Austria.
motion.
It is a mixture of native
Filipino, Spanish and
Chinese influences. Some
fine houses, are usually
built with solid stone
foundations or brick lower
walls and overhanging,
wooden upper story with
balustrades and Capiz
shell sliding windows and
a tiled roof.
The arrival of the
Spaniards in 1571
brought in Antillean
architecture. Though
not specifically suited
for the hot tropics,
European architecture
was transposed via
Acapulco, Mexico into
a uniquely Filipino style.
The style traces its roots
It represents the House
of Lancaster
symbolizing elegance
and pride of one's
Anglo heritage.
It is the fusion of strong
Islamic faith that serves
as guides and tenets in
everyday living and
the ardent care for
nature.
It was primarily
influenced by the
Venetian School's use
of color, erotic subjects
and Arcadian
landscapes of human
life.
The architecture of the
classical period of the
Philippines is based on
the thought that
elegance and Western
ideas are prestigious
and should be valued
and given honor.
from the Antilles, in
Central America rather
than from Mother
Spain (Retana y
Gamboaand Emilio,
1897).
Industrial
(1760-1840)
It describes a minimalist
style of surface
decoration, industrial
materials, clean lines, flat
roofs, jutting edges, and
polished surfaces.
This began when
Industrial Revolution
emerged in Europe
and the United States,
in the period from
about 1760 to
sometime between
1820 and 1840. But its
widespread influence
has marked in Asian
countries such as
Japan, Singapore, and
Korea that trailblazed
the utilization of
industrialized materials
(Efferies, 1995).
Parametric
(Between 18th
and 19th
Century)
It replaces the "classical"
modern architectural
education. It is an
ideology of universalism,
standardization, mass
production and
homogeneity and its
computational design is
contextual, adaptable,
mass customized &
heterogeneous.
Antoni Gaudi first
began designing
architecture with
parametric catenary
curves and parametric
hyperbolic paraboloids
at the end of the
ninetieth century.
It deals with
parameters ranging
from program, through
site context, user
interface &
environmental factors
to material
technologies &
manufacturing.
This is a two to three-story
abode and is usually large
that imposes wood or
stone externally. It is
complicated and
asymmetrical in nature,
steep, multi-faceted and
towering.
The term "Victorian
architecture" actually
refers to styles that
emerged in the period
between 1830 and
1910, during the reign
of Queen Victoria. The
Victorian era spawned
several well-known
styles, including Gothic
revival, Italianate,
Second Empire, Queen
The styles often
included
interpretations and
eclectic revivals of
historic styles. The
name represents the
British and French
custom of naming
architectural styles for
a reigning monarch
(Calloway Cromley,
and Powers, 2012).
Victorian
(1830-1910)
It greatly responds to
the demands of the
changing world. It
bears the banner of
technological
advancement and
revival of classical
beliefs combined with
modern principles.
Anne, stick style,
Romanesque style and
shingle style.
Art Nouveau
(1890-1910)
Inspired by the idea of
Alphonse Mucha, it
Its undulating
It flourished between
was aimed at
asymmetrical line, often
about 1890 and 1910
modernizing design,
taking the form of flower
throughout Europe and seeking to escape the
stalks and buds, vine
the United States. It is
eclectic historical styles
tendrils, insect wings and
characterized by its
that had previously
other delicate and sinuous use of a long, sinuous,
been popular. Artists
natural objects; the line
organic line and was
drew inspiration from
may be elegant and
employed most often
both organic and
graceful or infused with a
in architecture, interior geometric forms,
powerfully rhythmic and
design, jewelry and
evolving elegant
whip like force (Johnson,
glass design, posters
designs that united
1997).
and illustration.
flowing, natural forms
resembling the stems
and blossoms of plants.
Expressionist
(1910-1930)
It features a distortion of
form for an emotional
effect. It adopts novel
materials, formal
innovation, and very
unusual massingsometimes inspired by
natural biomorphic forms
and sometimes by the
new technical possibilities
offered by the mass
production of brick, steel,
and glass.
The term "Expressionist
architecture" initially
described the activity
of the German, Dutch,
Austrian, Czech and
Danish avant garde
from 1910 until 1930.
This is the subordination
of realism to symbolic
or stylistic expression of
inner experience which
underlies effort at
achieving the new,
original and visionary
of aspects of life
(Jencks, 1986)
Art Deco
(1920-1930)
It has a sleek, linear
appearance with stylized,
often geometric
ornamentation. The
primary façade of Art
Deco buildings often
features a series of
setbacks that create a
stepped outline.
It is also called style
modern, movement in
the decorative arts &
architecture that
originated in the 1920s
& developed into a
major style in western
Europe & the United
States during the 1930s.
It is represented by
modernism turned into
fashion. Its products
included both
individually crafted
luxury items and massproduced wares, but,
in either case, the
intention was to create
a sleek It and antitraditional elegance
that symbolized wealth
and sophistication.
Streamline
Moderne
(1930's)
Brutalist
(1950 to
1980's)
Contemporary
(1960-present)
It had characteristics
common with modern
architecture, including a
horizontal orientation,
rounded corners, the use
of glass brick walls or
porthole windows, flat
roofs, chrome- plated
hardware, and horizontal
grooves or lines in the
walls. They were
frequently white or in
subdued pastel colors.
Streamline Moderne is
an international style of
Art Deco architecture
and design that
emerged in the 1930s.
It remained popular
until early 1940s before
fading from
prominence around
World War II.
It features visually heavy
edifices with geometric
lines, solid concrete
frames, exaggerated
slabs, double height
ceilings, massive
forbidding walls, exposed
concrete and a
predominantly
monochrome palette.
It was an architectural
style which emerged
during the 1950s in
Great Britain, among
the reconstruction
projects of the postwar era. The genesis of
the brutalist design
movement can be
credited to FrenchSwiss Modernist
architect Le Corbusier,
who over a career
spanning 50 years,
designed several
buildings across the
world and is known for
pioneering reinforced
concrete columns that
could support the
weight of the building.
It is basically
characterized as curved,
rounded forms,
unconventional volumes
and asymmetrical.
It is generally thought
to have begun
sometime after the
modern period of the
roughly first half of the
20th century and the
postmodern period
(Atkins, 2013).
It was inspired by
aerodynamic design.
In France, it was called
the Style paquebot, or
"Ocean liner style", and
was influenced by the
design of the luxury
ocean liner SS
Normandie, launched
in 1932.
Due to the effects of
war and horrific
happenings in the
world, this designed
has created. It is a
manifestation of
people's resilient
attitude towards
challenges in life in any
forms.
It is marked as globally
influenced, culturally
diverse, and
technologically
advancing world. It
manifests dynamic
combination of
materials, methods,
concepts, and
subjects.
It is characterized by a
combination of basic
essentials, context and
place, emptiness, infinite
space, limited colors,
simplicity and the use of
concrete, glass and
natural materials and
light.
Deconstructivi
sm
(1980s)
Blobism
(2002-present
Futuristic
(Present)
It is characterized by
surface manipulation,
fragmentation, and nonrectilinear shapes which
distort and dislocate
architectural conventions
concerning structure and
envelope.
It is also known as
Blobitecture', a term given
to a post-modern
architectural style
characterized by curved
and rounded building
shapes, or 'blob
architecture'. It appears to
have an organic form that
is soft and free flowing yet
comes together to
produce a complex
whole.
It is
characteriz
ed by the
strive to convey the
message of simplicity.
The basic geometric
It began as an art
forms, elements
movement after World without decoration,
War II and rose to
simple materials and
prominence as a
the repetitions of
design aesthetic in the structures represent a
1960s and 1970s. Some sense of order and
cite Ludwig Mies van
essential quality. The
der Rohe as being the
movement of natural
first leader of minimalist light in buildings reveals
design and his basic,
simple and clean
yet striking structures
spaces. ("Restoring the
are constructed simply Immaterial: Study and
to maximize space and Treatment of Yves
a feeling of openness.
Klein's Blue
Monochrome (IKB42)".
Modern Paint
Uncovered.)
Inspired by the
It is a movement of
philosophers Jacques
postmodern
Derrida and Peter
architecture which
Eisenman, it
appeared in the 1980s. presupposes that
It gives the impression
language can
of the fragmentation of communicate
the constructed
meaning and of
building (Frampton,
receiving treatments
1992).
by methods of linguistic
philosophy.
It started around 2002
and is still popular to
this day. It was
predominantly only
seen in large buildings,
think concert halls,
museums, large spaces
in the 21st century
architecture at its
finest.
It is brought about at
the turn of the
millennia inspired by
the advances in digital
graphics and 3D
shapes, even nature
and natural forms.
It emerged in the 1920s
and 1930s inspired by
It deals with the subject
focusing on ecological
and environmental
notion of
movement
and flow,
with sharp
edges,
strange
angles,
triangles,
domes and
so on.
the post-contemporary
ideas.
changes and dramatic
development. It gives
much value on
technology and
outlandish fashion.
Elements of Arts
A. LINE ELEMENT
Nature of line- refers to its visual characteristics and the effects it creates in a
composition. Length, thickness, direction, texture and tone are its key aspect.
Types of line
a. Vertical lines- lines that are perpendicular to the horizon or the ground and are aligned
straight up and down. They frequently appear in architecture and design to evoke a sense
of height or grandeur and can evoke a sense of stability and power.
b. Horizontal lines- lines that are parallel to the horizon or the earth. They frequently serve to
imply the horizon or provide balance in a composition and can evoke feelings of serenity,
stability, or tranquility.
c. Zigzag lines- lines with a jagged, erratic pattern of back-and-forth movement. They
frequently conjure up images of lightning, water, or other natural events and can evoke
feelings of energy, movement, or chaos.
d. Curved lines- curved or arching lines that are fluidly arranged. They frequently serve to imply
organic forms or to soften the sharp edges of architectural buildings and can impart a sense
of grace, elegance, or flow.
Line Value- refers to the lightness or darkness of a line.
Expressions of lines
a. Movement of lines- refers to the way that lines can give a composition a sense of motion or
direction. The use of lines can portray a subject's speed or energy, represent movement through
space, or create a dynamic feeling of flow and rhythm.
b. Contour lines- refers to the application of lines to a drawing's forms or shapes to indicate their
boundaries and contours. Contour lines can be used to help with proportion and perspective,
represent the three-dimensional form of a subject, and provide a sense of depth and volume.
c. Gesture Drawing- The use of quick, free lines to convey a subject's basic movement and energy.
d. Calligraphic Drawing- The employment of stylized or decorative lines in a composition to create
visual appeal and beauty.
2. Shape, Form and Space
✓ Shape- refers to a two-dimensional area delimited by a boundary or outline.
Geometric Shapes- Geometric shapes are regular, defined shapes constructed with
mathematical concepts and equipment like a ruler or compass. They include both simple forms
like circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, and hexagons and more complex shapes like
polygons and polyhedrons.
Free-Form Shapes- Shapes that do not have a regular or defined form, but instead have a
natural, flowing, or unpredictable shape, are known as organic or irregular shapes. Examples
are rocks, clouds, or leaves.
✓ Form- refers to the three-dimensional aspect of an object, shape, or space.
✓ Space- refers to the space between, around, and within elements in a composition
Positive Space- refers to the space occupied by objects and shapes
Negative Space- refers to the space between and around objects and shapes
3. Color- Hues, tones, tints, shades, value, saturation, temperature, the color wheel, and numerous
color combinations are all included.
Perception of Color- Using pigment color and textural qualities to add depth to your painting.
Value- refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a hue and can be employed in a
composition to generate contrast, depth, and shade.
Intensity- The brightness or dullness of a color, also known as saturation or chroma, can be used
to generate emphasis, contrast, and mood in a picture.
Color Schemes- The systematic arrangement of colors in a composition that can be utilized to
produce harmony, balance, or contrast.
a. Monochromatic colors- A color scheme in which multiple values and intensities of a same
hue are used.
b. Analogous Colors- a color scheme that incorporates hues that are nearby on the color
wheel, such as blue-green, green, and yellow-green.
c. Complementary Colors- a color scheme that incorporates hues that are diametrically
opposed on the color wheel, such as red and green or blue and orange.
d. Color Triads- a color scheme that contains diametrically opposing color wheel hues, such as
red and green or blue and orange.
e. Split Compliments- a color scheme that has a base hue and two complementary colors,
such as yellow-orange, blue-green, and red-purple.
f. Warm and Cool Colors- a color scheme that can be utilized to create a sense of temperature,
mood, and environment by using colors associated with warmth (such as red, orange, and
yellow) or cooling (such as blue, green, and purple).
Expressive Qualities of Colors- refer to the emotional, psychological, and symbolic implications that
colors in a composition can express.
a. Optical Color- the way colors interact with one another in a composition, and how they can
produce visual effects like as contrast, harmony, and depth.
b. Arbitrary Colors- Colors that are utilized solely for their expressive properties rather than to
depict natural or genuine objects.
c. Space- the way that colors can generate a sense of depth, distance, or perspective in a
composition.
d. Movement- the way that colors can generate a sense of movement, energy, or rhythm in a
composition.
4. Texture
Texture and Value- texture refers to the surface quality of a material, and how it feels or
appears to the touch.Value is responsible for how texture and light appear in art. Variations in
light and shadow can draw attention to a material's texture.
a. Rough and Smooth Textures- Rough textures feature an irregular or uneven surface with
changes in height, depth, and roughness. Smooth textures have a smooth, uniform surface
that lacks discernible texture.
b. Matter and Shiny Textures- Matte textures have a non-reflective surface that absorbs light,
whereas shiny textures have a reflecting surface that reflects light.
B. Principles of Design
1. Rhythm, Pattern and Movement
Visual Rhythm- Repetition of compositional components such as lines, forms, or colors to give a
sense of movement and flow.
Pattern- a decorative pattern made by repeating shapes or motifs in a regular sequence.
Movement-
Types of Rhythm and Pattern
a. Random- A random pattern has no discernible or predictable repeat, and it might evoke
feelings of spontaneity, confusion, or instability.
b. Regular- has a predictable and consistent repetition and can generate a sense of stability,
order, or symmetry.
c. Alternating- An alternating pattern is made up of two or more different parts that repeat in
a predictable sequence and can add diversity, contrast, or movement to a design.
d. Progressive- A progressive pattern is characterized by a gradual change or development in
the size, shape, or color of the repeated elements, and it can evoke a sense of movement,
growth, or transformation.
2. Balance- distribution of visual weight in a composition
Formal Balance- Divide a composition into two equal or almost equal halves that are mirrored
or mirrored with changes, also known as symmetrical balance.
Radial Balance- entails arranging the parts of a composition in a circular or spiral manner
around a center point or axis.
Informal Balance- also known as asymmetrical balance, entails spreading the visual weight of
a composition in a way that is not equal or mirrored, but nevertheless seems harmonious and
stable.
How to Present Informal Balance in Art
a. Size and Contour- An informal balance can be achieved by placing pieces of various size
and shape throughout the composition.
b. Color- utilizing several hues or variations of the same color
c. Value- balancing light and dark values
d. Texture- using different textures or patterns
e. Position- placing elements in strategic positions
3. Proportion- refers to the relationship between the parts of a composition and the whole.
Scale- The size of an object or element in relation to other objects or elements in the
composition is a specific facet of proportion.
4. Variety, Emphasis, Harmony and Unity
Variety- refers to the incorporation of many elements and approaches into a composition
Emphasis- is the practice of emphasizing or emphasizing specific components within a
composition to generate a sense of importance or significance.
Techniques in Emphasis
a. Contrast- This entails employing contrasting components such as color, value, or texture to
distinguish an element from its surrounds.
b. Isolation- This entails physically distinguishing one element from the rest of the composition,
either by placing it in a different section of the composition or by placing it in a different part
of the composition.
c. Location- This includes physically differentiating one element from the rest of the
composition, either by placing it in a different section or in a different region of the
composition.
d. Convergence- This includes drawing the viewer's attention to a certain piece or point inside
the composition by using converging lines or shapes.
e. Unusual- This entails employing unexpected or uncommon approaches or features to
enhance emphasis, such as the use of a distinctive hue or texture.
Harmony- The employment of comparable or related parts within a composition to generate
a sense of coherence and unity is referred to as a sense of coherence and unity.
Unity- refers to a composition's overall feeling of cohesion and balance.
a. Simplicity- This entails using a limited number of parts or techniques inside a composition
to produce order and balance.
b. Repetition- This requires using a small number of pieces or procedures inside a composition
to create order and balance.
c. Proximity- This necessitates the use of a limited number of elements or techniques inside a
composition to establish order and balance.