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Philippine History: Primary & Secondary Sources

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NAME OF THE
PROGRAM
COURSE TITLE
General Education
PREREQUISITE/
CO-REQUISITE
None
COURSE
OUTCOME
MODULE 1
LESSON LEARNING
OUTCOME/S
TOPICS
WEEK / INCLUSIVE
DATE
MODALITY
▪
Readings in Philippine History
COURSE
CODE
COURSE UNIT
SOC 101
3 units
CO1: Discuss the importance of primary and secondary sources in
Philippine history and comprehend the meaning of history as an
academic discipline
Learning History – Part One
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
a. explain the relevance of studying history as an academic
discipline and its underlying philosophy and methodology; and
b. cite primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and
provenance.
⮚ Relevance of studying history
⮚ Meaning of history as an academic discipline and its underlying
philosophy and methodology
⮚ History and historiography
Week 2
August 22-27, 2022
Synchronous (Zoom/Microsoft Teams/RingCentral)
Asynchronous (Neo LMS)
LESSON PROPER
Why study history?
History is the study of change, and historians are specialists in analyzing and interpreting
changes in human identity as well as changes in society and civilizations over time. The different
ways that people have differed in their ideas, institutions, and cultural practices; the extent to
which their experiences have varied by time and place; and the difficulties they have faced while
living in a common world are some of the historical questions they attempt to answer and the
diversity of past human experience they attempt to reconstruct. By combining details from many
sources, historians can create narratives that offer important insights on both the past and the
present. By analyzing how the past has affected (and is still forming) relationships between
societies and individuals on a local, national, and global scale, studying history aids us in
understanding and addressing difficult challenges and conundrums.
History as an academic discipline
Everyone has a history and a tale to share about the past. Every part of this globe has a
past and a history, including cities, nations, and entire civilizations. The past, however, is not the
same as that history. What is history, exactly? What distinguishes it from prehistoric times and the
past? In this lesson, we examine these ideas.
When we discuss history as a subject of study, we are referring to the body of knowledge
that deals with the interpretation of the past, particularly by historians. These are the people who
investigate past results, examine them, and then elaborate on them. History can be viewed of
more broadly as the study of the past by anybody, including academics, researchers, laypeople
interested in history, and the general public. History is a field of study, and as such, historical
studies include one essential component. No matter the research, studying historical events
always involves some level of interpretation.
Philosophy of History
The human mind is fundamentally shaped by the idea of history. It raises questions about
the supposed significance of historical events as well as human action, change, and the place of
material circumstances in human affairs. By comprehending the events, decisions, and conditions
that led us to our current situation, it suggests the prospect of "learning from history" and the
potential for a deeper knowledge of ourselves in the present. Therefore, it is not strange that
philosophers occasionally focus on attempts to analyze history and the nature of historical
knowledge. For the same reasons that the history of everything is relevant, the history of
philosophy is generally relevant to matters of human affairs. Knowing our origins helps us make
sense of where we are as well as where we might be going.
Historical Methodology
On the other hand, the study of history is the study of change across time. Historians try
to explain this change in some detail. The way that historians use to do this is collectively referred
to as historical methodology. The historical method is used by historians to gather evidence of
historical events, assess the evidence, and interpret what the data indicates about historical
events. History research is not a science. However, a lot of the historical method's components
take a scientific approach and necessitate analysis, critical thought, and judgment. However,
understanding the history is ultimately influenced by the prejudice of the person drawing the
findings. Because of this, historical events may be interpreted differently even when they are
supported by the same pieces of evidence.
Historical Writing
Finding and evaluating information. Paying attention to structural concerns, are all
necessary for historical writing. There are several questions that a historian must address in their
writing. These inquiries cover both why and how in addition to just what happened. The author
must also discuss the event's history, the key players, important dates, and how the event may
affect developments in the future. It is because of this structure and in-depth factual investigation
that historical writing is challenging.
Objectivity. Writing historical material must be objective. A writer shouldn't allow their
prejudices to taint their work. Writers must refrain from assigning values to historical occurrences.
They should thoroughly examine their conclusions for any potential bias. The writer should pause
and consider whether the problem is with the source material.
Analysis. Historical writing involves more than just assembling notes from diverse
sources. The author must include analysis and personal reflections on the issue. A writer can
frequently develop such material when taking a break from writing, allowing them to engage in
activities other than staring at a page of notes.
History and Historiography
Both historiography and history are concerned with the past. Historiography is the study
of history writing, while history is the study of the past as it relates to humanity. Historiography
is the writing of the past based on critical analysis and the evaluation of sources, whereas history
is the study of the past and might involve writing about it. Historiography refers to any historical
writing about a certain topic. Books and records are also used as sources in history and
historiography. Writing about history is the subject of historiography. It is the “study of the
history of history” in its broadest meaning (as it is described by historians).
Famous Historians in the Philippines
Teodoro Agoncillo
Agoncillo wrote abundant books and papers about Philippine History. To name a number of his
famous works are History of the Filipino People; The Crisis of the Republic; The Revolt of the
Masses.
Encarnacion Alzona
Alzona was a reputed historian and guru to a generation of other famous historian’s and at the
same time as University of the Philippines professor in history.
Gregorio Zaide
Legendary historian to Philippine history, Dr. Zaide has made noteworthy contributions. A diligent
scholar, he authored 67 books, some were use as textbooks in history for secondary and colleges
in the country.
Ambeth R. Ocampo
A Filipino public historian, academic, cultural administrator, journalist, author, and independent
curator, was born in Manila in 1961. He is well recognized for his authoritative publications about
José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines.
Michael Charleston "Xiao" Briones Chua
Born January 19, 1984, is a Filipino historian, academic, and television personality. He is best
known for his scholarly works on Philippine history and for his numerous appearances as a
commentator on historical subjects on Philippine television. At the moment, he teaches at De La
Salle University.
▪
ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ASSIGNMENT
Activity 1: Online Forum
⮚ Share your insights about the questions below and post it in the forum section of the
NEO LMS.
1) What particular History of the Philippines do you want to study? Why?
2) If you will be given a chance to exhume an original account referring to Philippine History,
what would it be? Why?
Activity 2: Reflection Essay
⮚ Why studying history is relevant in our daily lives?
⮚ Submit your work on the drop box via NEO LMS.
▪
EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS TO BE USED (for face-to-face)
None
▪
PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for face-to-face)
None
▪
SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Read: Cheprasov, A. (n.d.). Important points of historical writing.
Link: http://writing2.richmond.edu/training/project/history/fpbody.html
Read: García-Bullé, S. (2022, January 11). What is the difference of History and historiography?
Link: https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/history/
▪
REFERENCES
Howell and Prevenier from Reliable Sources, (pp. 17-68).
Keyser, A. Sullivan, N. & Little, D. (2020). Philosophy of history. Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/
Keyser, A. Sullivan, N. & Little, D. (2019). Historical Methodology: Historical Evidence and
Interpreting History. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History, (pp. 41-61, 1 17-170).
NAME OF THE
PROGRAM
COURSE TITLE
General Education
PREREQUISITE/
CO-REQUISITE
COURSE
OUTCOME
None
MODULE 2
LESSON LEARNING
OUTCOME/S
TOPICS
WEEK / INCLUSIVE
DATE
MODALITY
▪
Readings in Philippine History
COURSE
CODE
COURSE UNIT
SOC 101
3 units
CO1: Discuss the importance of primary and secondary sources in
Philippine history and comprehend the meaning of history as an
academic discipline
Learning History – Part Two
After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:
a. explain the relevance of studying history as an academic
discipline and its underlying philosophy and methodology; and
b. cite primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and
provenance.
⮚ Distinction of primary and secondary sources
⮚ Repositories of primary sources, and different kinds of primary
sources and examples of historical criticism
Week 3-4
● August 30-September 2, 2022
● September 5-7 to September 8, 2022
Synchronous (Zoom/Microsoft Teams/RingCentral)
Asynchronous (Neo LMS)
LESSON PROPER
Historical Evidence
What exactly is historical evidence? Anything intimately connected to a prior event,
person, or era is considered historical evidence. It gives details that could aid in our understanding
of what occurred before our examination. A historian starts by looking for and gathering various
pieces of evidence related to the particular history they are researching. They must take into
account which of the evidence's sources are primary and which are secondary when doing so.
Primary sources were "eyewitnesses," or participants in the actual history, of the event.
Secondary sources have arrived to us via a middleman of some sort. They were not
"eyewitnesses" to history since they were not personally involved in the events we are
investigating.
A primary source, is intimately related to the history we are studying because it truly originates
from the past. In the framework of historical study, there are many different primary sources. The
historian must choose which types of sources to emphasize for their particular research topic.
⮚ Example of Primary Sources
●
Written records, such as letters, diaries, journals, official documents, and speeches, are
included here (written or printed)
●
Books, periodicals, diaries, autobiographies, printed government documents, maps, and
other printed materials produced or published at the time
●
Visual sources include photographs, artwork (at-the-time made sketches, drawings,
paintings, sculptures), and video recordings (this can also be an audio source)
●
Audio sources include any recordings of sound that were made during the period being
studied, including tapes, LPs, digital audio files, speeches, and interviews (recorded)
●
Physical sources: artifacts, or things connected to or used during the historical era
(frequently found during archaeological investigations) (historical evidence definition does
not define the object - it can be anything)
Secondary sources are items that were produced by someone who did not personally
experience the history under study. A secondary source typically draws its information from
primary sources and bases its interpretation on the data presented there. Secondary sources give
us access to current historical interpretations and are helpful when attempting to comprehend
another person's view of historical events.
⮚ Example of Secondary Sources
●
Published sources are books, articles, or essays written about historical events that the
author did not personally see
●
Audio sources: songs and podcasts regarding historical events
●
Visual sources include artwork produced by someone to depict a historical event they did
not witness and videos that are not authentic recordings of historical events (a video of the
9/11 twin towers collapse is a main source, but a show or movie about 9/11 is not)
What is Historical Criticism?
A specific type of literary study called historical criticism considers a text in the
perspective of all of human history. A common name for this style of analysis is higher criticism.
In historic criticism, scholars frequently compare works from the same era, drawing on additional
sources to gain a deeper knowledge of how a particular piece interacted with its surroundings
when it was created.
The examination of the vast category of historical writing generally referred to as "holy
texts," which includes the analysis of the Bible, a book that informs much of Western civilization in
numerous ways, is one example of applying historical styles of critique. In cultures that place
a high importance on the Bible, the use of historical criticism or analysis has stirred up a lot of
debate.
⮚ How did things used to be is a question that historical research answers? Historical scholars
must decide between external and internal criticism.
The authenticity of the document is the subject of external criticism. Researchers must
decide whether a document's content is accurate after it has been confirmed to be authentic.
Internal criticism, on the other hand, tries to prove the document's content's reliability. The
process of determining if the information contained in a document is reliable is known as internal
criticism. Its aim is to determine whether the contents of the document can be trusted. It is
concerned with the veracity of the information. The material is subjected to internal scrutiny to
identify any inaccuracies or fabrications. The process of reconstructing historical narratives is
crucial and important.
Reasons why historians conduct historical research
- to apply prior knowledge to current issues
- to make forecasts about the present based on historical data
- to comprehend current procedures and guidelines in the context of the past
- to look at trends across time
▪
ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ASSIGNMENT
Activity 1: Reflection Essay
⮚ Discuss the importance of analyzing historical evidence in understanding what happened in
the past and how people responded to those events.
⮚ Submit your work on the drop box via NEO LMS.
Activity 2: Research Work
I.
Visit the National Archives of the Philippine (NAP).
II.
Afterwards, research one (1) primary source in Philippine History.
▪
III.
Analyze credibility, authenticity, and provenance of the primary source that you have
researched.
IV.
Submit your work on the drop box via NEO LMS.
EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS TO BE USED (for face-to-face)
None
▪
PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for face-to-face)
None
▪
SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Read: Cheprasov, A. (n.d.). Important points of historical writing.
Link: http://writing2.richmond.edu/training/project/history/fpbody.html
Read: García-Bullé, S. (2022). What is the difference of History and historiography?
Link: https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/history/
▪
REFERENCES
Keyser, A. Sullivan, N. & Little, D. (2020). Philosophy of history. Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/
Keyser, A. Sullivan, N. & Little, D. (2019). Historical Methodology: Historical Evidence and
Interpreting History. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/
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