1590 – 1st telescope and microscope by placing two lenses in a tube
1667 – Studied several objects with microscope such as cork
Depth:< 1 cm
1675 – 1st study in blood, cells and bacteria.
optical microscope
Advantages: High Sensitivity,
Numerous Probes
1830 – Improvements by reducing problem with spherical aberration.
HISTORY
1878 – The start of mathematical theory correlating resolution to the wavelength of light.
Disadvantages: Low Spatial Resolution
1903 – ultramicroscope (study objects below the wavelength of light).
1932 – phase contrast microscope (colorless and transparent biological materials)
1940 – super-resolved fluorescence microscopy（breakthrough into nano scale）! ! !
microscope
1938 - Invention of the electron microscope.
(Improvement of resolution and expanding
borders of exploration)
electron microscope
1897: Lamor Equation (Lamor frequency at which nucleus will absorb energy)
1981 – Invention of scanning tunneling microscope
(3D images of objects to atomic level)(the sample
must be conductive)
STM
more
Nikola Tesla rotating magnetic fields
basis
related principles
1924: quantum nature of magnetic moment
1930: magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
1986 – Invention of Atomic Force Microscope
(the sample can be non-conductive)
AFM
Biomedical imaging
techniques
based on MNR
MRI
1944: discovery of NMR by Isidor Isaac Rabi
Adavantages:High Spatial
Resolution(useful for anatomical),
Morphological and functional
imaging
（1969: prediction of MR body scanner)
1971: T1 and T2 relaxation measurements of excised nomral and
cancerous tissue
HISTORY
Disadvantages:Low Sensitivity,
Long Scans,
Long Post-Processing Time
radiography
tomograpgy
1974: use of magnetic field gradients for spatial localization of NMR Signals
1980: prototype MR scanner developed
Two-dimensional pictures
1963: 1st experiment of Tomographic device
from 2D to 3D Advantages:High Contrast of Hard Tissue Structures,
High Spatial Resolution( useful for anatomical)
CT
Fourier transform
based on X-rays
Radon transform
HISTORY
Disadvantages:Limited Soft
Tissue Contrast, Ionizing
Radiation, Low Sensitivity
1968: Hounsfield used power of computers at the time for complicated
calculations and started the concept computed tomography (CT)
1971: first tomographic patient examination
1973: first commercial CT scanner on the market: EMI CT 1000
imaging theories
higher energy X-rays
Projection and backprojection
spectral CT
Spectral separation at detection
1953: 1st clinical positron imaging device
Iterative reconstruction
Advantages: High Sensitivity(eg.good at metabolic),
Quantitative
PET
discovery
Disadvantages:Radiation,
Requires Cyclotron,
Low Spatial Resolution
discovered by Wilhelm C. Röntgen (1845-1923)
on 8th November 1895
1973: 1st 32-detector circular array tomograph
HISTORY
1974: 1st published human PET images using PET III with filtered
backprojection algorithm Brain scan with [11C]-D-glucose
1978: Emission Computed Axial Tomograph (ECAT II) – 1st
commercial PET scanner
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