Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nanoso
Nanostructured flame retardants: An overview
Jolina Rodrigues , Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 1, *
Laboratory of Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, India
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Flame retardants
Coatings
Thermal insulator
Building materials
Polymers and plastics
Materials or structures at the nanoscale that are designed to prevent or lessen burning are used to make nano­
structured flame retardants. These materials have unique properties and mechanisms that make them highly
effective at containing or preventing the spread of fire. A comprehensive description can be found on the clas­
sification of various nanostructured flame-retardant material kinds like metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), phos­
phorous based NPs, hybrid nanocomposites (NCs), nano-clay, carbon-based NPs and surface modified NPs. By
making use of the unique properties and interactions that nanostructured materials provide at the nanoscale,
flame retardancy can be improved. Flame retardancy in nanostructured materials is a topic of great interest since
it could lead to the creation of safer and more effective materials for a variety of applications. Nanostructured
flame retardants find application in polymer plastics, textiles and fabrics, paints and coatings, electronics and
electrical devices and building materials for automobiles. Opportunities and challenges for the future emphasize
the significance it will be to develop environmentally friendly, sustainable and less dangerous flame-retardant
formulations.
1. Introduction to nanostructured flame retardants
Nanostructured flame retardants represent a cutting-edge strategy
for improving fire safety in a variety of materials and applications. The
conventional flame retardants frequently have negative effects on the
environment, body and performance of materials. Nanostructured flame
retardants provide a possible alternative by utilizing nanotechnology
beyond these restrictions. Fundamentally, nanostructured flame re­
tardants are made of materials or structures at the nanoscale that are
intended to impede or suppress burning. These substances have a special
quality and working that makes them a very efficient to stope or reduce
the spread of fire. The potential of nanostructured flame retardants to
deliver outstanding fire protection with a reduced use of hazardous
chemicals is one of its main advantages. The composition, structure, and
interactions of materials with the environment by engineering it at the
nanoscale accurately regulated by researchers [1–4]. This degree of
control makes it possible to create flame retardants that are both
extremely effective and safe for the environment. Many materials such
as polymers, textiles, foams, and coatings, can include nanostructured
flame retardants without noticeably sacrificing their mechanical or
thermal properties. They can be used in a wide sector, including aero­
space, electronics, automotive, and construction because of their
adaptability. Nanostructured flame retardants have other advantages
beyond just preventing fires, which can extend the lifespan and overall
performance of treated materials by boosting their resistance to deteri­
oration, thermal stability and durability. The widespread use of nano­
structured flame retardants is still in its infancy, despite their many
benefits. To enable its commercialization and deployment on a larger
scale, issues like scalability, cost-effectiveness, regulatory approval and
possible health and safety problems must be resolved [5–7]. Finally, the
development of nanostructured flame retardants has a great promise for
improving fire safety in contemporary materials and applications. These
cutting-edge materials have the potential to completely transform how
to prevent fires while encouraging sustainability and environmental
responsibility with continued research and development [8–23].
2. Types of nanostructured flame retardants
2.1. Nanostructured metal oxides
A well-known class of flame retardants in fire safety applications are
nanostructured metal oxides because of their inherent qualities and
adaptability. These materials have distinct benefits in terms of flame
retardancy, which comprises a wide variety of metal oxides arranged at
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: navin_shimpi@rediffmail.com (N.G. Shimpi).
1
ORCID ID: 0000–0003-0291–1804
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101253
Received 26 May 2024; Received in revised form 27 June 2024; Accepted 4 July 2024
Available online 6 July 2024
2352-507X/© 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
the nanoscale (Fig. 1). Alumina NPs or aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are a
powerful flame retardant due to their high melting points and
outstanding thermal stability. Alumina NPs create a barrier that pre­
vents heat and oxygen from reaching the substrate, which slower down
the burning process over the surface of materials. Alumina NPs which
form the char layer functions as a barrier against the spread of heat and
flames. Because nanostructured magnesium oxide (MgO) releases water
vapor at high temperatures, it naturally has flame-retardant qualities.
The release of water vapor dilutes combustible gasses and prevents
ignition by cooling surface of the material. Furthermore, the creation of
char layers can be accelerated by nanostructured MgO, with strength­
ening the material’s resistance to flame spread and ignition.
Flame retardancy is one of the useful qualities of nanostructured zinc
oxide (ZnO). ZnO NPs function as excellent flame retardants by lowering
the material’s temperature and preventing ignition and flame spread, by
absorbing and dissipating heat energy. ZnO NPs can encourage the
production of char layers with increasing the resistance of material to
fire, additionally through catalytic reactions. TiO2 can be used for flame
retardancy as it has excellent photocatalytic qualities. TiO2 NPs have the
ability to restrict the spread of flames by catalysing the breakdown of
combustible gasses and improving the creation of char layers. Besides
this UV stability of materials can be increased using nanostructured
TiO2, which can stop degradation and strengthen long-term fire pre­
vention capabilities. For reducing combustion and improving fire safety
in a range of materials and applications, each type provides special
mechanisms. Novel nanostructured metal oxides are still being investi­
gated, and efforts are being made to maximize their performance in
order to improve flame retardancy [24–34].
cylindrical structures known as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs are
useful for increasing fire resistance of materials due to their remarkable
mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and flame-retardant quali­
ties. CNTs provide a barrier over the surface of a material used in flame
retardant applications which prevents the transmission of heat and ox­
ygen and lowering the flammability. The CNTs materials resistance is
strengthen towards ignition and flame spread is slow due to char for­
mation over the surface. A two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms
organized in a hexagonal lattice is called graphene, while graphene
oxide (GO) is a derivative of graphene that has functional groups con­
taining oxygen. Graphene and GO are attractive options for flame
retardant applications because of their superior mechanical strength,
thermal conductivity and barrier qualities. On the surface of the mate­
rial, graphene and GO can form a barrier that inhibits the spread of
flames by limiting the amount of heat and oxygen that reaches to the
material. These substances encourage the formation of char layer and
strengthens the substance’s resistance ability to burning and igniting.
CNFs are of fibrous topology useful additives for flame retardance due to
high aspect ratios surface area and superior thermal stability. CNFs can
promote the development of char layers in flame retardant applications,
which serves as an insulating barrier against the spread of heat and
flames. Moreover, CNFs can enhance material’s mechanical qualities,
enhancing its overall durability and fire resistance. The small carbon
particles that are left over after hydrocarbons burn incompletely are
what make up carbon black. Since carbon black has a large surface area,
good light absorption qualities, and the capacity to encourage char
formation, it is frequently employed as a flame-retardant additive.
Carbon black is used in flame retardant formulations to absorb heat and
infrared radiation which lowering down the material’s temperature and
preventing from the spread of flames. Furthermore, carbon black can
promote the development of stable char layers, which serve as barriers
to prevent further combustion. These carbon-based NPs provide adapt­
able ways to enhance fire safety in a range of materials and applications
such as composites, polymers, textiles and coatings. Novel synthesis
techniques and optimization approaches are still being investigated in
ongoing research to improve the materials flame-retardant qualities and
compatibility of matrix [35–44].
2.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials
Another significant class of nanostructured flame retardants are
carbon-based nanomaterials, which have special qualities and working
principles, which improves fire safety in a variety of applications
(Fig. 2). These materials suppress or prevents combustion by taking use
of the remarkable thermal stability, large surface area, and distinct
structural characteristics of carbon at the nanoscale.
Carbon atoms are organized in a special hexagonal lattice to form the
Fig. 1. Nanostructured metal oxides as flame retardant.
2
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Fig. 2. Applications of different carbon-based nanomaterials as flame retardants.
2.3. Nanoclays
nanotubes have reduced flammability, improved heat stability and an
enhanced char forming process. As flame-retardant additives, nanoclays
have a number of benefits which including being naturally abundant,
inexpensive, compatible with a wide range of polymers and environ­
mentally benign. Researchers are still creating novel flame-retardant
formulations with enhanced fire safety performance for a variety of
applications such as plastics, textiles, coatings and building materials, by
utilizing the special qualities of nanoclays [45–55].
Nanoclays are another class of nanostructured materials with great
potential to flame-retardant applications. These materials are made of
layered silicate minerals that have been changed or exfoliated to a create
particles to nanoscale. The minerals are featured usually as plate-like
due to their special qualities and capacity to improve fire safety in a
variety of materials while nanoclays are used frequently as a flameretardant additive (Fig. 3). Montmorillonite (Mmt) is one of the most
often utilized nanoclays in flame-retardant application. A naturally
occurring clay made up of magnesium and aluminum silicate layers. NCs
with enhanced flame-retardant qualities can be created by dispersing
montmorillonite particles, which are in nanometric size, within polymer
matrix. Mmt NCs show improved char formation with decreased flam­
mability and increased thermal stability upon comparing to neat poly­
mers. Improved flame-retardant effectiveness results from Mmt NPs to
broad interface for interactions with polymer chains, which is caused by
their high surface area and aspect ratio.
Organically altered Mmt nanoclays series known as cloisite clays is
created when organic molecules functionalized the interlayer gaps be­
tween two layers. Mmts are improved dispersion and compatibility with
polymer matrices. There are benefits of organically modified Mmt which
result in more consistent flame-retardant properties such as physical
barriers, decreasing heat and mass transport during burning and
encouraging the development of char. Hollow lumen is another kind of
naturally occurring clay (i.e halloysite) and is rolling or tubular shape.
Halloysite nanotubes are useful flame-retardant additives for polymers
due to enormous surface area and high aspect ratio. Tubular shape of
halloysite nanotubes enables the encapsulation of additives or flame
retardants within their lumen which allowing for regulated release
during burning. Polymer nanocomposites that contain halloysite
2.4. Phosphorus-based nanocomposites
A promising family of flame retardants known as phosphorus-based
nanomaterials uses the special qualities of phosphorus compounds to
improve fire safety in a variety of materials. These nanomaterials, which
have effective flame-retardant qualities, usually contain chemicals or
NPs organized at the nanoscale that contain phosphorus (Fig. 4).
Polymers that include phosphorus which including phosphoruscontaining polymeric NPs or NCs are frequently utilized as an additive
that retard flames. Phosphorus groups are present in these polymers as
pendant groups or inside the polymer backbone, and they can react
chemically during combustion to produce thermally stable char layers.
Gas-phase and condensed-phase mechanisms are used by phosphoruscontaining polymers to prevent the development of flammable gasses
and encourage for the formation of char layer over the surface of the
material. The flame-retardant efficacy of phosphorus-containing poly­
mers is increased and negative effects on material qualities are reduced
through the nanoscale dispersion of these polymers within the matrix.
Phosphorus-based NPs have good flame-retardant qualities. Examples of
these include phosphorus-containing metal oxides (phosphates, phos­
phides), phosphorus-doped carbon nanomaterials and phosphorusbased quantum dots. These NPs can be distributed throughout
Fig. 3. Different types of nanoclays.
3
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Mechanical qualities, thermal stability, and other required features can
be optimized together with flame retardant performance by varying the
type, concentration and dispersion of nanofillers and the composition of
the polymer matrix. Customizable features allow hybrid NCs to be used
in a variety of applications such as electronics, construction materials,
automotive components, textiles and coatings. A variety of processing
methods such as melt blending, solution mixing, in situ polymerization
and layer-by-layer assembly, can be used to create hybrid NCs. To attain
consistent dispersion and robust interfacial interactions between various
nanomaterials and the polymer matrix, meticulous regulation of pro­
cessing parameters is necessary.
Hybrid NCs enhance fire safety through synergistic effects between
different nanomaterials by char formation, enhanced thermal stability,
improved head shielding, endothermic reactions and catalytic action.
The char layer’s structural integrity, resistance to heat, and ability to
withstand mechanical stress are all improved by the superior mechani­
cal reinforcement that CNTs provide. On the other hand, stacked sili­
cates improve the insulating qualities of the char layer by forming a
barrier to heat and mass transport. In addition to having reflecting
qualities that lessen heat absorption, metal oxides function as catalysts
for the creation of char. Carbon nanomaterials, such graphene or carbon
nanotubes (CNTs), improve the char layer’s mechanical strength and
thermal stability. The char layer’s barrier qualities are strengthened
with nanoclay, increasing its resistance to heat and gas diffusion. By
absorbing heat and releasing water vapor, metal hydroxides help to cool
down the substance and postpone ignite [102–107]. The creation of
hybrid NCs with precise microstructures and properties suited for
particular flame-retardant applications is made possible by advanced
fabrication techniques. A possible method for boosting flame retardancy
and simultaneously strengthening other material properties is the use of
hybrid NCs. Their adaptability, synergistic effects and customized
qualities make them excellent choices for dealing with fire safety issues
in a range of sectors. For improved flame retardant uses, hybrid NCs are
being developed through ongoing materials science and nanotechnology
research [63–67]. Advantages of hybrid nanocomposites are enhanced
flame retardancy, improved thermal stability, enhanced mechanical
properties, lower loading and tailored properties. Hybrid NCs achieve
superior flame retardancy through synergistic interactions. Hybrid NCs
maintains and enhance the mechanical properties of the base polymers.
Hybrid NCs require lower loadings of flame retardancy to achieve the
desired level of fire resistance, maintaining the inherent properties of
polymer such as transparency, flexibility and processability. Enhanced
thermal stability of hybrid NCs makes it more resistant to high tem­
perature and thermal degradation. Hybrid NCs properties can be
tailored by adjusting the type and ratio of nanomaterials. Table 1 shows
the fire-retardant performance, advantages, disadvantage and applica­
tions of different materials [108–128].
Application of Hybrid Nanocomposites
Fig. 4. Various phosphorous nanocomposites as flame retardants.
polymer matrices to create NCs with increased fire resistance,
Phosphorus-based NPs work in a number of ways which including a as
gas-phase flame suppression, catalysis and the creation of protective
char coatings. The effective flame-retardant performance of phosphorusbased NPs at low loading levels is attributed to their large surface area
and reactivity. Paints, polymer composites and fire-retardant coatings
frequently use intumescent flame-retardant solutions that contain
phosphorus compounds. Usually, phosphorus-containing compounds, a
carbon source, and a blowing agent are combined to form these systems.
Intumescent systems go through a complicated chemical reaction when
exposed to heat or flame. The result is the formation of a thick, insu­
lating char layer that shields the underlying material from further
burning. Improved dispersion, reactivity and efficiency are provided by
nanostructured versions of phosphorus-based intumescent flameretardant solutions, which increase fire safety performance. When
used as flame retardants, phosphorus-based NPs provide a number of
benefits, such as great efficacy, minimal toxicity and material compat­
ibility. They can be used in a variety of applications, including as
polymers, textiles, foams, coatings and building materials due to their
adaptable methods of action. Novel synthesis techniques and optimi­
zation tactics are still being investigated in order to improve the flameretardant qualities of phosphorus-based NPs and encourage their broad
use in fire safety applications [56–62].
2.5. Hybrid nanocomposites
A class of cutting-edge materials known as hybrid NCs combines two
or more distinct types of NPs into a single matrix. These materials are
very appealing for many applications, including flame retardancy
because they have synergistic effects and improved qualities over their
individual components. Typically, two or more types of nanofillers such
as NPs, nanoclays, carbon- or phosphorus-based nanomaterials, or other
functional additives which reinforce a polymer matrix to create hybrid
NCs. The integration of various flame-retardant mechanisms, including
char formation, gas-phase flame inhibition, heat dissipation and barrier
effects is made possible by the mixing of diverse nanomaterials,
improving fire safety performance. Compared to separate components,
hybrid NCs obtain superior flame-retardant capabilities by utilizing the
synergistic interactions between several nanomaterials. For instance,
adding phosphorus-based NPs can improve gas-phase flame inhibition
and thermal stability, while adding nanoclays to carbon-based nano­
materials can increase mechanical strength and char formation. In
comparison to single-component systems, hybrid NCs synergistic effects
improve flame retardant efficiency, decrease flammability and increase
fire resistance. Depending on the needs of a particular application,
hybrid NCs provide the flexibility to modify the material properties.
1. Construction and Building Materials: To improve building fire safety,
hybrid nanocomposites are included into structural elements, coat­
ings, and insulating materials. They are perfect for usage in wall
coverings, roofing materials and fire-resistant panels because of their
enhanced mechanical and flame-retardant qualities.
2. Aerospace and Automotive: High performance in terms of mechan­
ical strength and flame retardancy is required by the automotive and
aerospace sectors. To meet strict safety criteria, hybrid nano­
composites are employed in insulation materials, structural parts and
interior components.
3. Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Flame-retardant materials are
essential in electronics to avoid fires from electrical faults or over­
heating. With hybrid nanocomposites, fire safety is improved in
housings, connectors, and circuit boards without sacrificing the
functionality of the electronic equipment.
4. Fabrics and Textiles: Textiles that are resistant to flames are crucial
for a number of uses, such as draperies, furniture, and protective
4
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Table 1
Comparison of different materials as flame retardants.
Sr
No
Material
Type
Fire performance
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
1
MOFs
Hybrid
Nanomaterial
Polymer composites,
coatings, advanced
fire-retardant systems
Graphene Oxide
2D
Nanomaterial
Tendency to restack in polymer
matrix, high cost, limited largescale production
Coatings, sensors,
polymer composites
3
MXenes
2D
Nanomaterial
Significant resistance transition
upon fire exposure, quick firewarning response
High cost, complex processing,
potential environmental concerns
Fire sensors, polymer
composites
4
Halogenated
Compounds
Organic /
inorganic
LDHs
Inorganic
Nanomaterial
Releases toxic gases during
combustion, environmental and
health concerns, potential
regulatory restrictions
Poor dispersion in polymer matrix,
may require functionalization to
improve compatibility
Electronics, textiles,
building materials
5
Effective flame retardancy at
low cost but associated with
toxicity and environmental
issues
Reduces flammability, enhances
thermal stability by forming a
protective layer
High porosity, tunable
structure, effective at low
loadings, can act as templates
for LDHs
High surface area, excellent
thermal stability,
environmentally friendly,
rapid-fire detection
High conductivity, rapid fire
response, repeatable firewarning capability, high
sensitivity
Effective at low concentrations,
widely used, cost-effective
Limited large-scale application,
potential for high cost, stability
under high temperatures
2
Improved dispersion and
compatibility in polymers,
enhances flame retardancy
through char formation
Ultra-fast flame detection,
improved flame retardancy
through char layer formation
6
Silicon-based
Retardants
Inorganic
Electronics,
construction, textiles
7
Nanoclays
Inorganic
Nanomaterial
Can be less effective at lower
loadings, higher cost compared to
traditional retardants
Can aggregate in polymers,
requires functionalization to
improve compatibility
8
Phosphorusbased
Retardants
Organic /
inorganic
May require higher loadings, can
affect mechanical properties of
polymers
Electronics, textiles,
automotive,
construction
Forms protective silica char
layer, improves thermal stability
and flame retardancy
Acts as a physical barrier,
improves thermal stability and
reduces flammability by
promoting char formation
Forms protective char layer,
disrupts free radical reactions,
reduces smoke and toxic gas
release
Enhanced thermal stability,
forms protective char layers,
synergistic effects with other
materials
Thermal stability, low toxicity,
environmentally friendly,
effective in various polymers
High surface area, costeffective, improves mechanical
properties, low toxicity
Environmentally friendly, less
toxic smoke, effective in various
polymers
Polymer composites,
coatings, fire-resistant
textiles
Polymer composites,
coatings, fire-resistant
textiles
clothes. Hybrid nanocomposites are added to coatings or fibres to
increase flame resistance without sacrificing the fabric’s comfort or
robustness.
5. Packaging Materials: Packaging materials profit from hybrid nano­
composites’ improved flame retardancy, particularly if they are
utilized to convey flammable or dangerous commodities. These
materials shield the contents from damage and stop a fire from
spreading.
6. Consumer Goods: To improve fire safety, hybrid nanocomposites are
used into a variety of consumer goods, including toys, appliances,
and furniture. The increased flame retardancy assist in adhering to
safety standards and lower the possibility of accidents involving
fires. [102–107]
2.6. Surface-modified nanoparticles
Chemically tailored surface features of nanoscale particles, known as
surface-modified NPs, enhance their dispersion, compatibility and
functioning in a range of applications including flame retardancy.
Usually, these NPs are made of a core material (such as clay, metal oxide
or carbon-based substance) that has been functionalized or coated with
organic or inorganic molecules to modify the surface characteristics
(Fig. 5). To provide NPs certain characteristics, functional groups or
coatings are affixed to their surface. Numerous chemical and physical
techniques such as grafting processes, covalent bonding, adsorption,
layer-by-layer assembly and surface coating can be used to produce
functionalization. Functional groups containing silanes, surfactants,
polymers, compounds containing phosphorus and other organic or
inorganic molecules are frequently employed for surface modification.
Surface-modified nanoparticles are more effective as flame-retardant
additives because of their increased compatibility and dispersion in­
side polymer matrices. Functionalized surfaces improve the mechanical
and flame-retardant qualities of polymers by dispersing particles more
uniformly and reducing agglomeration. Higher NP loadings can be
Fig. 5. Technique for surface modification of nanoparticles.
incorporated without sacrificing material qualities thanks to improved
dispersion and compatibility, which increases flame retardancy even
more. Surface modification makes it possible to add particular func­
tional groups or additions to NPs, giving them flame retardant charac­
teristics. For instance, functional groups containing phosphorus can
strengthen gas-phase flame suppression and encourage the development
of char, whereas coatings based on carbon can increase thermal stability
and char strength. Surface-modified NPs with tailored flame-retardant
mechanisms can efficiently suppress ignition, limit the propagation of
flames and improve the creation of protective char layers during
burning. Beyond flame retardancy, surface-modified nanoparticles can
be designed to have other uses. For instance, additional advantages like
microbiological resistance, UV protection and increased durability can
5
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
be obtained by functionalizing NPs with antimicrobial agents, UV sta­
bilizers or antioxidants. When adding various functions to flame retar­
dant formulations, multifunctional NPs provide an economical and
spatially efficient way to do so while reducing the need for extra addi­
tives. Customizing and optimizing the properties of NPs in accordance
with particular application needs is made possible via surface modifi­
cation. Researchers can customize surface-modified NPs to obtain
desired flame-retardant performance, compatibility with different
polymers and compatibility with other additives by choosing the right
surface modifiers and functional groups. Tailored surface-modified NPs
provide adaptability and flexibility to tackle a range of flame-retardant
issues in different sectors. A flexible and efficient method for improving
flame retardancy in polymers, textiles, coatings and other materials is to
use surface-modified NPs. Significant gains in fire safety performance
are made possible by their optimized surface qualities, improved
dispersion and compatibility, which also provide further features to
satisfy the needs of contemporary applications. The creation of surfacemodified NPs for improved flame-retardant applications is still being
advanced by ongoing research [68–72].
4. Applications of nanostructured flame retardants
4.1. Polymers and plastics
Because nanostructured flame retardants can increase fire safety
without sacrificing the mechanical, thermal or processing qualities of
the materials. Hence, they are widely used in polymers and plastics
(Fig. 6).
Polymers and plastics used in building materials such as structural
composites, cable coatings and insulating foams, contain nanostructured
flame retardants. These components are necessary to increase the in­
frastructures and buildings fire resistance, lower the chance of a fire
spreading and increase occupant safety. Nanostructured flame re­
tardants are frequently incorporated into the polymers and resins used
in printed circuit boards, connections and casings. Flame retardant
polymers, especially in high-temperature and high-voltage applications,
reduce the risk of fire initiation or propagation, ensuring the safety and
dependability of electronic goods. Interior trim, upholstery, dashboard
materials and wiring insulation are examples of the polymers and
plastics that contain nanostructured flame retardants. By decreasing the
chance of fires and limiting the spread of flames in the case of an acci­
dent or electrical breakdown, these materials increase the fire safety of
automobiles. Fabrics and textiles used in clothing, furniture, curtains
and protective gear are treated with flame-retardant polymers that
contain nanostructured additives. Nanostructured flame retardants are
ideal for a variety of applications in residential, commercial and in­
dustrial environments because they improve fabrics’ fire resistance
without sacrificing comfort, style, or durability. To increase fire safety
during storage, shipping and handling, nanostructured flame retardants
are incorporated into polymers and plastics used in packaging materials
such as films, bottles, containers and trays. Packaging materials that are
flame retardant prevent the spread of flames and lower the danger of fire
mishaps, especially in areas where flammable goods are carried or kept.
Polymers and plastics used in cabin interiors, seating materials, struc­
tural panels and electrical insulation all contain nanostructured flame
retardants.
Nanostructured flame retardants enhance fire safety in polymer and
plastic products by char formation, heat shielding, catalytic action and
endo thermic decomposition without compromising the mechanical,
thermal or processing properties of the materials. During combustion,
nanostructured flame retardants promote the formation of char layer
which is in stable form on the surface of polymer and plastic. The pro­
duced char layer acts as barrier which protects the underlying material
from oxygen & heat slowing down the degradation process and reducing
the release of flammable gases. Clay and hydroxides lead to the forma­
tion of physical barrier when exposed to heat. This formed barrier re­
flects heat away from the material and slow down the temperature
which rise within polymer and plastics. As metal oxide acts as catalyst,
formation of non-flammable gases leads to reducing the combustion of
volatile gases. Polymer and plastics decompose exothermically leading
to absorbing heat and lowering temperature of polymer and plastics.
Hence ignition is delayed and combustion process is slow. [102–107].
By reducing the chance of fire starting and spreading, these materials
guarantee the fire safety and dependability of aircraft, especially in
enclosed spaces where controlling fires can be difficult. Nanostructured
flame retardants are incorporated into polymers and plastics used in
medical equipment and devices, including housings, tubing and surgical
instruments, to improve fire safety in hospital environments. Flame
retardant materials ensure patient safety and regulatory compliance by
preventing the igniting of medical devices during surgical operations,
sterilizing processes and other medical procedures. All things consid­
ered, nanostructured flame retardants are essential for improving fire
safety in a variety of polymer and plastics industrial applications. They
also help to build safer and more environmentally friendly materials for
a broad range of end uses [68–74].
3. Mechanisms of flame retardancy in nanostructured materials
Because it could lead to the development of safer and more effective
materials for a range of applications, flame retardancy in nanostructured
materials is a topic of great interest. Enhancing flame retardancy can be
accomplished by utilizing the special qualities and interactions that
nanostructured materials offer at the nanoscale. Nanostructured mate­
rials ability to withstand flames is a result of multiple mechanisms.
During combustion, heat and gasses can’t pass through physical barriers
made of nanostructured materials. For example, a network of scattered
NPs or nanofibers within a polymer matrix might limit the passage of
oxygen and heat transmission, so limiting the spread of flames. By
lowering the concentration of flammable components below the neces­
sary level for sustained combustion, nanostructured additives can dilute
the flammable components present in a material. Scattered throughout a
polymer matrix, NPs can effectively suppress combustion by lowering
the fuel-to-air ratio. When flammable gasses are produced during com­
bustion, some NPs with catalytic capabilities aid in their breakdown. For
instance, metal oxide NPs can impede combustion by catalysing the
breakdown of volatile organic molecules and carbonaceous wastes.
When exposed to heat or flames, nanostructured materials can help a
protective char coating form. By acting as a thermal insulator, this layer
of char prevents further deterioration of the underlying material. By
encouraging cross-linking reactions or producing a more cohesive and
stable char structure, NPs can improve the creation of char. When
combustion products interact with NPs distributed in a polymer matrix,
inert gasses are produced that put out the flame. The radical chain re­
actions that maintain combustion are broken by this gas-phase
quenching mechanism. When different kinds of nanostructured addi­
tives are used, flame retardancy can be increased beyond what can be
accomplished with each component alone. For instance, compared to
each additive alone, a combination of NPs that encourage char forma­
tion and NPs that accelerate gas-phase reactions can give better flameretardant qualities. Materials with nanostructures may also physically
interact with flames, changing their behaviour and intensity. For
example, distributed carbon nanotubes inside a polymer matrix have the
ability to entangle with soot particles, disrupting the flame structure and
ultimately causing flame suppression. The study of nanostructured
materials’ flame retardancy is still in its early stages, with goals of
developing novel materials with improved fire safety characteristics as
well as comprehending the underlying principles [59–67].
6
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Fig. 6. Polymers and plastics in flame retardation.
4.2. Textiles and fabrics
used to make industrial workwear, safety vests and firefighting suits.
Because flame retardant textiles lower the chance of burns and other
heat-related injuries, they offer workers in dangerous circumstances
vital protection. In order to comply with vehicle safety regulations,
nanostructured flame retardants may be used in the carpets, headliners,
and seating materials used in automobile interiors. Automotive textiles
treated with flame retardants increase the safety of cars against fire by
lowering the possibility of fires starting from electrical problems, ciga­
rette ignition, or other sources. To improve fire resistance, materials
used to make hiking boots, sportswear and outerwear may contain
nanostructured flame retardants. For outdoor enthusiasts and athletes,
flame-retardant textiles increase safety by lowering the chance of burns
from unintentional fires or heat-related sources. Nanostructured flame
retardants are essential for enhancing the fire safety of textiles and
fabrics in a variety of applications, guaranteeing adherence to safety
laws and guidelines and shielding people and property from fire threats
[75–79].
The textile and fabric industry makes widespread use of nano­
structured flame retardants to improve the fire safety of a variety of
fabrics used in clothing, upholstery, home furnishings, and protective
gear. To increase fire resistance, materials used for workwear, uniforms
and apparel are treated with nanostructured flame retardants.
Flame-retardant fabrics offer an additional layer of defence against
unintentional fires, lowering the possibility of burns or other injuries for
wearers in a variety of settings including military operations, fire­
fighting and industrial sites. Nanostructured flame retardants are
frequently utilized in fabrics used for upholstery, drapes and furnishings
in homes, businesses and hospitality environments. By lowering the
chance of a fire starting and preventing flames from spreading quickly
within enclosed spaces, flame retardant textiles improve the fire safety
of furniture and interior décor. In order to comply with fire safety
standards and regulations, textiles and materials used in bedding, mat­
tresses, pillows and bedding accessories may incorporate nano­
structured flame retardants (Fig. 7). By lowering the possibility of fires
brought on by bed smoking, electrical problems or other ignition sour­
ces, flame retardant mattress materials increase customer safety. In
residential, commercial and institutional settings, flame-retardant
draperies, curtains and window treatments provide an additional layer
of protection against fire dangers. In the event of a fire, flame-retardant
drapes and curtains prevent the spread of flames, giving residents plenty
of time to safely evacuate and reducing property damage. Nano­
structured flame retardants are frequently employed in the materials
4.3. Coatings and paints
In order to improve fire safety and shield surfaces from ignition and
flame propagation, nanostructured flame retardants are used in a variety
of coatings and paints. For usage on interior and exterior surfaces,
including walls, ceilings, and facades, architectural coatings include
nanostructured flame retardants (Fig. 8). In residential, commercial and
industrial buildings, flame retardant coatings help stop flames from
spreading, minimizing property damage and improving occupant safety.
To increase fire resistance, intumescent coatings with nanostructured
flame retardants are applied to structural elements including steel
beams, columns, and walls. Intrinsic char coatings expand and create an
insulating layer during a fire, shielding the underlying substrate from
heat and flame and preventing structural collapse.
Fig. 7. Applications of textiles and fabrics.
Fig. 8. Various applications of paints and coatings.
7
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
To prevent and control the spread of flames, paints that are fireproof
are made with nanostructured flame retardants and are used in high-risk
areas including kitchens, labs and electrical rooms. These paints mini­
mize fire damage and lower the chance of ignite by adding an extra layer
of fire protection to cabinets, walls, doors and other surfaces. To increase
fire safety, nanostructured flame retardants are applied to industrial
coatings used in chemical plants, oil refineries and manufacturing fa­
cilities. Flame retardant coatings lower the risk of accidents and guar­
antee regulatory compliance by shielding machinery, equipment and
infrastructure from fire threats. To improve fire resistance in maritime
situations, marine coatings with nanostructured flame retardants are
applied to ships, boats, offshore platforms, and marine structures. By
preventing fires brought on by electrical malfunctions, gasoline leaks or
other ignition sources, flame retardant marine coatings lower the chance
of mishaps and safeguard marine assets. To increase fire safety in crucial
applications, nanostructured flame retardants are added to specialized
coatings used in the electronics, automotive and aerospace sectors.
Flame retardant speciality coatings ensure dependability and perfor­
mance in harsh situations by preventing fire dangers from harming
delicate parts, electronics and valuable assets. The use of nanostructured
flame retardants is essential in passive fire protection systems, which
include barriers, coatings and seals that resist flames and stop them from
spreading. These systems minimize fire damage and safeguard people
and property by providing vital fire protection for infrastructure,
buildings and transportation networks. All things considered, nano­
structured flame retardants improve the fire safety of paints and coatings
in a variety of applications by offering strong defence against flame
propagation, ignition and fire-related damage. They are useful additives
for enhancing fire resistance in a variety of situations due to their
adaptability, effectiveness and compatibility with various coating for­
mulas [80–85].
gadgets, including laptops, tablets, cell phones and appliances, use
plastics, polymers and coatings that contain nanostructured flame re­
tardants. Flame retardant materials improve customer safety and prod­
uct reliability by shielding electronic equipment from fire threats
brought on by electrical faults, external heat sources, or failed batteries.
All things considered, nanostructured flame retardants are essential for
improving the fire safety of electronics and electrical equipment, guar­
anteeing adherence to safety guidelines and standards while lowering
the danger of fires and safeguarding people and property [86–91].
4.5. Building materials
There are many uses for nanostructured flame retardants in building
materials to improve fire safety and shield buildings from potential fire
threats. For thermal and acoustic insulation in buildings, nanostructured
flame retardants are added to insulation materials such foams, boards
and blankets. Flame-retardant insulating materials lower the danger of
fire propagation and improve occupant safety by preventing fires from
spreading within building cavities. To increase fire resistance, nano­
structured flame retardants are incorporated into structural materials
such wood composites, engineered lumber and concrete additives. By
halting the development of fires in building assemblies, flame-retardant
structural elements buy crucial time for evacuation and firefighting
operations (Fig. 9).
Paints, coatings, wall coverings and ornamental finishes applied to a
building’s interior surface contain nanostructured flame retardants.
Interior finishes with flame retardants make walls, ceilings and parti­
tions less combustible, which inhibits the spread of flames and lessens
the amount of interior structure damage caused by fire. To increase fire
resistance, nanostructured flame retardants are added to outside clad­
ding materials such siding, facades and rainscreen systems. The use of
flame-retardant cladding materials shields building inhabitants from
potential danger by preventing flames from starting and spreading on a
building’s outside. To improve fire resistance, nanostructured flame
retardants are added to roofing materials such as coatings, shingles and
membranes. Flame retardant roofing materials lower the danger of
ignition and restrict the spread of fire within buildings by preventing
flames brought on by outside heat sources such as nearby building fires
or wildfires. To increase fire resistance and containment, nanostructured
flame retardants are added to the materials used to create fire doors,
partitions, and obstacles. Critical fire protection in buildings is provided
by flame-resistant fire doors and partitions, which isolate fire threats
and stop fires from spreading to adjacent areas. To improve fire safety in
outdoor contexts, materials for exterior decking, balconies, and outdoor
constructions are treated with nanostructured flame retardants. Flameretardant decking materials limit the spread of fire to nearby vegeta­
tion and structures and lessen the chance of outdoor fires brought on by
activities like smoking or grilling. All things considered, nanostructured
flame retardants are essential for enhancing the fire safety of construc­
tion materials, guaranteeing adherence to rules and specifications and
shielding inhabitants, assets and infrastructure from fire risks [92–98].
4.4. Electronics and electrical devices
Since the possibility of fire might present serious operational and
safety problems, nanostructured flame retardants are essential for
improving the fire safety of electronics and electrical devices. To in­
crease the fire resistance of PCBs, nanostructured flame retardants are
incorporated into the resin systems. Flame retardant PCB materials
lower the possibility of harm to electronic components and guarantee
the dependability of electronic devices by preventing flames brought on
by electrical faults, overheating or short circuits. Plastics, resins and
coatings used in electrical enclosures, housings and cabinets contain
nanostructured flame retardants. Flame retardant materials lower the
danger of fires in commercial, residential and industrial environments
by shielding wiring systems, control panels and electrical equipment
from fire threats. Plastics and polymers used in electrical and electronic
systems as connectors, terminals, and junction boxes have nano­
structured flame retardants. Flame-retardant materials provide the
safety and dependability of electrical connections in a variety of appli­
cations by preventing fires brought on by overheating or arcing at
connection points. Polymers used to make power cables, wire insulation,
and cable jackets contain nanostructured flame retardants. By prevent­
ing fires brought on by overload situations, electrical faults or external
heat sources, flame retardant materials preserve the functionality and
integrity of electrical wiring systems. Lithium-ion and other recharge­
able batteries electrolytes, separators and battery casings are made of
materials that incorporate nanostructured flame retardants. Flame
retardant battery components improve safety in portable gadgets, elec­
tric cars and stationary applications by lowering the risk of thermal
runaway, fires and explosions in battery packs and energy storage sys­
tems. To increase fire resistance, polymers, lenses and housings for LED
lighting systems are coated with nanostructured flame retardants.
Flame-retardant materials ensure safety and dependability in indoor and
outdoor lighting applications by preventing fires caused by overheating
or electrical faults in LED luminaires and lighting fixtures. Consumer
4.6. Automotive components
In many automotive components, nanostructured flame retardants
are used to improve fire safety and reduce the likelihood of vehicle fires
(Fig. 10). Plastics, textiles and foams used for interior trim, upholstery
and seating materials all contain nanostructured flame retardants.
Flame-retardant materials lower the risk of fires caused by electrical
problems, smoking materials, or other ignition sources by preventing
fires from starting and spreading inside vehicles. Plastics, polymers and
coatings used for instrument clusters, control surfaces and dashboard
panels contain nanostructured flame retardants. By lowering the
combustibility of interior surfaces, flame retardant dashboard materials
improve passenger safety by reducing the likelihood of fires.
Polymers and coatings used for electrical wiring insulation,
8
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Fig. 9. Application of building materials in various fields.
nanostructured flame retardants on human health and the environment.
To fully comprehend their long-term impacts such as toxicity, bio­
accumulation, and environmental persistence, more research is
required. It is crucial to create environmentally safe and sustainable
flame-retardant formulations that employ fewer dangerous chemicals
and have a less environmental impact.
It is essential to develop standardized testing procedures and legal
criteria in order to assess the safety and efficacy of nanostructured flame
retardants. To develop comprehensive guidelines and regulations for the
use of nanostructured flame retardants in various applications, re­
searchers, industry stakeholders and regulatory bodies must work
together. Maximizing compatibility and performance between nano­
structured flame retardants and host materials such as polymers, textiles
and coatings remains a difficult task. To improve flame retardant
effectiveness without compromising material qualities, research is
required to optimize the dispersion, stability and interaction of nano­
structured flame retardants inside host materials. Nanostructured flame
retardants must have scalable synthesis pathways and affordable pro­
duction techniques in order to be widely used in commercial applica­
tions. In order to produce nanostructured flame retardants on a wide
scale with consistent quality and performance, research efforts should
concentrate on creating cost-effective and efficient production proced­
ures. The investigation of the multifunctional characteristics and syn­
ergistic impacts of nanostructured flame retardants is a topic of great
interest. It is necessary to conduct research to determine whether
nanostructured flame retardants can offer additional features beyond
flame retardancy such as mechanical strengthening, UV resistance or
antibacterial qualities. To comprehend the structure-property correla­
tions and performance processes of nanostructured flame retardants, it is
essential to advance characterisation methods. In order to understand
the behaviour and interactions of flame-retardant materials at the
nanoscale, research endeavours ought to concentrate on the develop­
ment of sophisticated analytical techniques, including spectroscopy,
microscopy and computer modelling. To solve a variety of fire safety
concerns, it is imperative to tailor nanostructured flame retardants for
particular applications and industries. The goal of research should be to
create flame retardant formulations and techniques that are applicationspecific and suited to the particular needs and performance standards of
many industries, including textiles, electronics, automotive, and con­
struction (Fig. 11). In general, resolving these issues and investigating
fresh avenues for investigation would support the ongoing development
and application of nanostructured flame retardants, resulting in
enhanced fire safety and sustainability in a range of sectors. Researcher,
industry partner and regulatory agency collaboration is essential to
promoting innovation and guaranteeing the secure and efficient appli­
cation of nanostructured flame-retardant technology.
Fig. 10. Flame retardants in automotive components.
connections and harnesses incorporate nanostructured flame retardants.
The dependability and security of automotive electrical systems are
ensured by flame-resistant wiring insulation materials, which stop
electrical fires brought on by overload situations, short circuits and
other electrical failures. To foam cushions, padding and headrests used
in car seats and interior parts, nanostructured flame retardants are
applied. In the case of a fire or collision, the occupants of vehicles will be
better protected by flame retardant foam materials which lessen the
flammability of the interior. Plastics, composites and coatings used in
housings, shrouds and coverings for engines all contain nanostructured
flame retardants. Flame-resistant materials used in engine compart­
ments reduce the possibility of fires resulting from engine problems,
fluid leaks or hot components, protecting vehicle propulsion systems
and guaranteeing their dependability. Plastics, composites and coatings
used on exterior body panels, like bumpers, fenders and hoods, contain
nanostructured flame retardants. Flame-retardant body panel materials
lessen a vehicle’s exterior’s combustibility, which helps to contain
flames and lessens the amount of damage that fires cause to nearby
structures and automobiles. The plastics, polymers and coatings used in
electronic enclosures, connectors and sensors in automobiles incorpo­
rate nanostructured flame retardants. Vehicle electronics and control
systems are reliable and safe because flame retardant materials shield
wiring systems and electronic components from fire threats. In general,
nanostructured flame retardants are essential for enhancing the fire
safety of automotive parts, guaranteeing adherence to safety guidelines
and standards and shielding people, property and infrastructure from
the risk of fire in cars [99–101].
5. Challenges and future directions
Although there is great promise for improving fire safety in a variety
of applications with nanostructured flame retardants, there are a num­
ber of obstacles as well as chances for additional study and improve­
ment. It is crucial to address the possible negative effects of
6. Commercialization and recent progress
Recent developments in nanostructure flame-retardant materials are
based on a number of creative strategies, such as the creation of novel
9
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
including hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel and chemical vapor deposi­
tion needs improvement. For flame retardant effectiveness to be
consistent, nanoparticles must be homogenous in size, shape and dis­
tribution. Inconsistent characteristics are resulted from differences in
the shape or size of the particles. Because of their high surface energy,
nanoparticles have a tendency to clump together, which makes it diffi­
cult to achieve uniform dispersion in the polymer matrix. It is necessary
to apply efficient dispersion procedures, such as high-shear mixing,
sonication or the use of surfactants. Maintaining the mechanical prop­
erties of the composite requires that the nanoparticles and the polymer
matrix be compatible. Modifying the surface of nanoparticles enhances
their ability to interact with polymers. High-quality nanomaterial pro­
duction can be prohibitively expensive. To make NFRs commercially
viable, large-scale production must concentrate on economical synthesis
techniques and raw material sources. Costs can be decreased by
achieving economies of scale in production, but doing so necessitates
large investments in industrial infrastructure and technology. It is
necessary to address the possible health concerns connected to the
handling and production of nanomaterials. It is essential to follow safe
production procedures, appropriate handling guidelines, and compre­
hensive environmental impact evaluations. It is imperative that laws
governing the usage and disposal of nanomaterials be followed.
Guidelines set forth by regulatory agencies like OSHA, EPA, and REACH
must be adhered to in order to safeguard the environment and maintain
worker safety. Production efficiency and scalability can be improved by
employing methods like large-scale chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
and continuous flow reactors. Improving dispersion and lowering
agglomeration can be achieved by adding nanoparticles immediately
into the polymerization process. The dispersion and compatibility of
nanoparticles with the polymer matrix can be enhanced by coating them
with either organic or inorganic coatings. Better integration and per­
formance can result from functional groups added to the surface of
nanoparticles, which will improve their interaction with the polymer. By
combining various nanomaterials, such as metal oxides and carbon
nanotubes, hybrid nanocomposites can maximize their synergistic ef­
fects and enhance their overall mechanical and flame-retardant quali­
ties. Creating optimal formulations that strike a balance between
processability, performance and cost is essential to making NFRs prac­
tical for use in industrial settings [102–107].
Fig. 11. Schematic representation of challenges and future directions of
flame retardants.
nanocomposites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and twodimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Utilizing graphene oxide, environ­
mentally safe flame-retardant coatings have been created. These coat­
ings provide lightning-fast flame detection and are capable of sending
out a fire alert in an instant of seconds. With the creation of a shielding
char layer after combustion, the integration of GO with polymers im­
proves flame retardancy. MXene-based two-dimensional materials can
detect fires quickly when paired with polymers like polyethylene glycol
(PEG) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). When exposed to fire, MXenebased sensors exhibit a notable resistance transition that are utilized
to create effective fire-warning systems. Layered double hydroxides, or
LDHs, are created from MOFs and function as powerful flame retardants.
These substances create char layers that shield the underlying material
from burning, improving the thermal stability of polymer composites
and lowering flammability. MOFs are incorporated into polymers via
processes including solution casting and melt compounding, which im­
proves the MOFs’ dispersion and strengthens their flame-retardant
qualities. Compared to conventional materials, these composites have
improved mechanical performance and flame retardancy. Excellent re­
sults have been observed when reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and LDHs
are combined in epoxy nanocomposites. These hybrids have better flame
retardancy and smoke suppression because they combine the flameretardant qualities of LDHs with the high surface area and thermal
conductivity of graphene. To achieve synergistic effects, researchers
have experimented with different mixtures of nanomaterials with con­
ventional flame retardants. For example, combining polymers with
molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has produced composites that have
improved heat stability and flame retardancy. Achieving homogeneous
dispersion of nanoparticles inside the polymer matrix is one of the main
problems. Novel approaches are being investigated to solve this prob­
lem, such as functionalizing the nanomaterials or utilizing sophisticated
mixing processes. One of the main priorities is creating flame-retardant
materials that are safe for human health, the environment, and both.
Scientists are attempting to fulfil these needs by employing non-toxic
and sustainable materials. To sum up, advancements in nanostructure
flame retardant materials are resulting in the creation of flame re­
tardants that have become more efficient, adaptable and eco-friendly.
These developments have a great deal of potential to increase fire
safety in a variety of environments [108–128].
The large-scale production and industrialization of nanostructured
flame retardants involves several challenges, scaling up its production
requires technical, economic and regulatory factors. It is challenging to
scale up complicated synthesis procedures from the lab to industrial
scales when producing nanomaterials. For mass production, techniques
7. Conclusion
To sum up, nanostructured flame retardants are a viable way to
improve fire safety in a range of applications such as electronics,
building materials, polymers, textiles, coatings and automobile com­
ponents. These cutting-edge materials provide practical ways to mitigate
fire dangers and lower the chance of ignition, flame spread and firerelated damage by taking use of the special qualities and interactions
at the nanoscale. We have looked at the various methods, uses and po­
tential future developments of nanostructured flame retardants in this
overview. Nanostructured flame retardants provide a variety of ap­
proaches to improve fire resistance while lowering health and envi­
ronmental risks, from gas-phase flame inhibition and smoke suppression
to physical barrier development and char enhancement. The field of
nanostructured flame retardants continues to progress despite obstacles
like compatibility, standardization, cost, scalability and health and
environmental concerns. We can fully realize the promise of nano­
structured flame retardants to enhance fire safety across industries and
safeguard people, property and the environment by tackling these issues
and looking into new avenues for innovation. In order to spur innova­
tion, create standards and laws, and hasten the commercialization of
nanostructured flame retardants, cooperation between researchers, in­
dustry players, and regulatory bodies will be essential in the future.
Nanostructured flame retardants are expected to become more signifi­
cant in the global creation of safer and more sustainable environments
for people and communities as a result of ongoing research,
10
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
development, and application.
[14] J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, N. Shimpi, Performance of 1D tin (Sn) decorated spherical
shape ZnO nanostructures as an acetone gas sensor for room and high
temperature, Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 288 (2023) 116199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mseb.2022.116199.
[15] J. Rodrigues, V. Borge S. Jain, N. Shimpi, Enhanced Acetaldehyde Sensing
Performance of Spherical Shaped Copper Doped ZnO Nanostructures,
ChemistrySelect, doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203967.
[16] J. Rodrigues, N. Shimpi, Detection of trimethylamine (TMA) gas using mixed
shape cobalt doped ZnO nanostructure, Mater. Chem. Phys. 305 (2023) 127972,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127972.
[17] J. Rodrigues, N. Shimpi, Indium doped SnO2/polyaniline nanocomposites as a
DMMP gas sensor at room temperature, Polym. Bull. (2024), https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00289-023-05136-2.
[18] J. Rodrigues, A.M. Sudapalli, S. Jain, N. Shimpi, Metal-oxide nanocomposites for
microbial volatile organic compounds, Complex Compos. Met. Oxides Gas., VOC
Humidity Sens., Vol. 2 (2024) 625–681, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-32395476-1.00013-7.
[19] J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, A. Shah, N. Shimpi, Improving the parameters of metal
oxide gas sensors through doping, Complex Compos. Met. Oxides Gas., VOC
Humidity Sens. (2024) 159–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-954761.00010-1.
[20] S. Tripathy, J. Rodrigues, N.G. Shimpi, Nano-biomaterials: Perspectives for
Medical Applications in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases, 2023, Materials
Research Forum LLC (145) 92-130, https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902370-4
.
[21] A. Gavali, J. Rodrigues, N. Shimpi, P Badani, Nano-biomaterials: Perspectives for
Medical Applications in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases, Mater. Res.
Forum LLC (145 (2023) 19–53, https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902370-2.
[22] Xin He, Jie Guan, Zhengpeng Chen, Zhengshuai Cao, Yunfan Li, Ziqiang Lei,
Denglong Chen, Preparation of a novel intrinsic flame retardant epoxy resin based
on L-arginine functionalized magnesium hydroxide, ISSN 0014-3057, Eur. Polym.
J. Volume 200 (2023) 112519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
eurpolymj.2023.112519.
[23] Long Xia, Xiaohong Wang, Chuanluan Guo, Zhongxi Miao, Juguo Dai, Dongxu Li,
Yiting Xu, Weiang Luo, Conghui Yuan, Birong Zeng, Lizong Dai, Core-shell
structured ZnO nanorods enable flame-retardant, smoke suppressed and
mechanically reinforced epoxy resin composites, ISSN 2452-2139, Compos.
Commun. Volume 35 (2022) 101311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
coco.2022.101311.
[24] Olina Öhrn, Kesavarao Sykam, Sidique Gawusu, Rhoda Afriyie Mensah,
Michael Försth, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam, N.B. Karthik Babu, Gabriel Sas,
Lin Jiang, Qiang Xu, Ágoston Restás, Oisik Das, Surface coated ZnO powder as
flame retardant for wood: a short communication, ISSN 0048-9697, Sci. Total
Environ. Volume 897 (2023) 165290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2023.165290.
[25] Shaymaa Mohammed Fayyadh, Ali Ben Ahmed, A comparative study between the
use of nanoparticles of magnesium oxide and zinc oxide as coating for polymeric
surfaces a flame retardant and corrosion resistance, ISSN 0254-0584, Mater.
Chem. Phys. Volume 314 (2024) 128899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2024.128899.
[26] Yanyun Mao, Shuo Shi, Leqi Lei, Chunxia Wang, Dong Wang, Jinlian Hu,
Shaohai Fu, A self-healable and highly flame retardant TiO2@MXene/P, Ncontaining polyimine nanocomposite for dual-mode fire sensing, ISSN 13858947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 479 (2024) 147545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cej.2023.147545.
[27] Yan-Bin Shen, Ke-Xin Yu, Ye-Jun Wang, Yun-Hao Qu, Long-Qian Pan, Cheng-Fei
Cao, Kun Cao, Jie-Feng Gao, Yongqian Shi, Pingan Song, Jianming Yong, Min
Hong, Guo-Dong Zhang, Li Zhao, Long-Cheng Tang, Color adjustable,
mechanically robust, flame-retardant and weather-resistant TiO2/MMT/CNF
hierarchical nanocomposite coatings toward intelligent fire cyclic warning and
protection, Composites Part B: Engineering, Volume 271, 2024, 111159, ISSN
1359-8368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111159.
[28] China: BlueStar Chenguang Research – flame retardant, based on red phosphorus
& TiO2, Focus on Pigments, Volume 2006, Issue 10, 2006, Page 4, ISSN 09696210, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6210(06)71145-6.
[29] Balanand Santhosh, Muthusundar Kumar, Jeen Maria Mathews, Abdul Azeez
Peer Mohamed, Ananthakumar Solaiappan, A facile hydrous mechano-synthesis
of magnesium hydroxide [Hy-Mg(OH)2] nano fillers for flame-retardant polyester
composites, ISSN 2666-8211, Chem. Eng. J. Adv. Volume 14 (2023) 100466,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100466.
[30] Yue Han, Siyi Xu, Aosong Wang, Peng Cheng, Jianxi Li, Liguo Shen, Hanzhou Liu,
Remarkable effects of silicone rubber on flame retardant property of high-density
polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide composites, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym.
Degrad. Stab. Volume 203 (2022) 110061, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2022.110061.
[31] Georgiana Amariei, Martin Lahn Henriksen, Pernille Klarskov, Mogens Hinge,
Quantification of aluminium trihydrate flame retardant in polyolefins via in-line
hyperspectral imaging and machine learning for safe sorting, ISSN 1386-1425,
Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. Volume 311 (2024) 123984,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.123984.
[32] Dang Khoa Vo, Trung Dieu Do, Binh T. Nguyen, Cong Khanh Tran, Tuan
An Nguyen, Dang Mao Nguyen, Lam H. Pham, Trong Danh Nguyen, ThanhDanh Nguyen, DongQuy Hoang, Effect of metal oxide nanoparticles and
aluminum hydroxide on the physicochemical properties and flame-retardant
behavior of rigid polyurethane foam, ISSN 0950-0618, Constr. Build. Mater.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jolina Rodrigues: Writing – original draft, Visualization, Valida­
tion, Software, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Inves­
tigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation,
Conceptualization. Navinchandra Shimpi: Writing – review & editing,
Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data Availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
[1] Lan Ding, Ling Sun, Jinke Yu, Yufei Cao, Xiaohui Liu, Yuanlin Ren, Yuesheng Li,
0D bio-based carbon dots and 2D MXene hybridization toward fabricating flameretardant, conductive and sensing cellulose fabrics, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng.
J. Volume 488 (2024) 150776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150776.
[2] Chunlan Qin, Jie Chen, Shanshan Ruan, Fuyi Liu, Lidong Zhang, Theoretical
study on the effect of oxidation states of phosphorus flame retardants on their
mode of action, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume 223 (2024)
110735, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110735.
[3] Runying Gao, Xindan Yi, Xinyu Liu, Haojie Wang, Lingzhi Wang, Birong Zeng,
Guorong Chen, Yiting Xu, Conghui Yuan, Lizong Dai, Phosphorus-doped carbon
dots as an effective flame retardant for transparent PVA composite films with
enhanced UV shielding property, ISSN 1381-5148, React. Funct. Polym. Volume
197 (2024) 105877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.105877.
[4] Junchen Xiao, Jose Hobson, Arnab Ghosh, Maciej Haranczyk, De-Yi Wang, Flame
retardant properties of metal hydroxide-based polymer composites: a machine
learning approach, ISSN 2452-2139, Compos. Commun. Volume 40 (2023)
101593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2023.101593.
[5] Kaili Gong, Keqing Zhou, Chapter 9 - Flame-retardant properties of MXene-based
polymer nanocomposites, Editor(s): Sabu Thomas, Henri Vahabi, Lakshmipriya
Somasekharan, In Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and
Engineering, Flame Retardant Nanocomposites, Woodhead Publishing, 2024,
Pages 287-320, ISBN 9780443154218, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-44315421-8.00001-X.
[6] Zsófia Kovács, Andrea Toldy, Synergistic flame-retardant coatings for carbon
fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 composites based on expandable graphite, red
phosphorus, and magnesium oxide, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab.
Volume 222 (2024) 110696, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2024.110696.
[7] Lan Ding, Ling Sun, Jinke Yu, Yufei Cao, Xiaohui Liu, Yuanlin Ren, Yuesheng Li,
0D bio-based carbon dots and 2D MXene hybridization toward fabricating flameretardant, conductive and sensing cellulose fabrics, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng.
J. Volume 488 (2024) 150776, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150776.
[8] Gianluca Viscusi, Sara Liparoti, Roberto Pantani, Giuseppina Barra,
Giuliana Gorrasi, A layer-by-layer approach based on APTES/Cloisite to produce
novel and sustainable high performances materials based on hemp fiberboards,
ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume 198 (2022) 109892, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109892.
[9] Zimeng Kong, Yajun Chen, Lijun Qian, The synergistic flame-retardant effect of
biobased phytic acid arginine salt and hydroxylated montmorillonite in
polybutylenes succinate, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,
Volume 254, Part 3, 2024, 128033, ISSN 0141-8130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2023.128033.
[10] Lei Wang, Wen-Juan Yan, Cheng-Zhi Zhong, Chao-Rong Chen, Qian Luo, YeTang Pan, Zhe-Hong Tang, Sheng Xu, Construction of TiO2-based decorated with
containing nitrogen-phosphorus bimetallic layered double hydroxides for
simultaneously improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of
EVA, ISSN 2468-5194, Mater. Today Chem. Volume 36 (2024) 101952, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.101952.
[11] J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, N.G. Shimpi, 3D Hierarchical based gas sensor, CarbonBased Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing, 2023, 149-179, 149,
2023, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821345-2.00003-6.
[12] J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, N.G. Shimpi, A.P. Shah, Carbon nanofiber-based gas sensor,
Carbon Based Nanomater. Nanocomp. Gas. Sens. 105 (2023), https://doi.org/
10.1016/B978-0-12-821345-2.00008-5.
[13] J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, N.G. Shimpi, Conducting Polymer based gas sensor, Carbon
Based Nanomater. Nanocomp. Gas. Sens. 181 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-12-821345-2.00006-1.
11
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
Volume 356 (2022) 129268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
conbuildmat.2022.129268.
[33] Yadong Wang, Jun Yuan, Li Ma, Xianze Yin, Zongmin Zhu, Pingan Song,
Fabrication of anti-dripping and flame-retardant polylactide modified with
chitosan derivative/aluminum hypophosphite, ISSN 0144-8617, Carbohydr.
Polym. Volume 298 (2022) 120141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2022.120141.
[34] Leilin Zhang, Yunpeng Bian, Duolei Kuai, Preparation and flame-retardant
property of nano-aluminum hydroxide foam for preventing spontaneous coal
combustion, ISSN 0016-2361, Fuel Volume 304 (2021) 121494, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121494.
[35] Xin Wang, Wenwen Guo, Wei Cai, Yuan Hu, 3 - Graphene-based polymer
composites for flame-retardant application, Editor(s): Sanjay Mavinkere
Rangappa, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Vinod Ayyappan, Madhu
Gattumane Motappa, Suchart Siengchin, Costas Soutis, In Woodhead Publishing
Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Innovations in Graphene-Based
Polymer Composites, Woodhead Publishing, 2022, Pages 61-89, ISBN
9780128237892, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823789-2.00004-2.
[36] Kangtai Ou, Zheming Liu, Zixuan Liu, Qiang Fu, Yang Cao, Qichao Liu, Youyi Sun,
Ultra-thin flame retardant polymer nanocomposite coating based on synergistic
effect of graphene and glass sheets, ISSN 0025-5408, Mater. Res. Bull. Volume
164 (2023) 112247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2023.112247.
[37] Wonyoung Yang, Jihoon Kim, Jooheon Kim, High thermal conductivity and
flame-retardant epoxy-based composites with low filler content via hydrazine
foaming of graphene oxide and boron nitride hybrid fillers, ISSN 1359-835X,
Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. Volume 175 (2023) 107797, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107797.
[38] Mahesh P. Bondarde, Madhuri A. Bhakare, Pratik S. Dhumal, Kshama
D. Lokhande, Kaustubh M. Kadam, Surajit Some, One-pot synthesis of
phosphorous, iodine atoms co-functionalized graphene for high-performance
supercapacitor and flame-retardant applications, ISSN 2352-152X, J. Energy
Storage Volume 86 (Part B) (2024) 111270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
est.2024.111270.
[39] Bing Liu, Quan Liu, Yucheng Pan, Jianyu Zhou, Junshuo Zhang, Shuai Liu,
Ziyang Fan, Huaxia Deng, Yuan Hu, Xinglong Gong, An impact-resistant and
flame-retardant CNTs/STF/Kevlar composite with conductive property for safe
wearable design, ISSN 1359-835X, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. Volume 168
(2023) 107489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107489.
[40] Junling Wang, Yixin Hu, Wei Cai, Bihe Yuan, Yan Zhang, Wenwen Guo,
Weizhao Hu, Lei Song, Atherton–Todd reaction assisted synthesis of
functionalized multicomponent MoSe2/CNTs nanoarchitecture towards the fire
safety enhancement of polymer, ISSN 1359-835X, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci.
Manuf. Volume 112 (2018) 271–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compositesa.2018.06.013.
[41] Jiahao He, Wenlu Zhang, Xinpeng Jin, Chong He, Wenbin Li, Blow spinning mass
production of melamine@polyacrylonitrile composite nanofibers with enhanced
flame-retardant and strengths, ISSN 1002-0071, Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int.
Volume 33 (Issue 5) (2023) 634–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
pnsc.2023.11.008.
[42] Shahab Amirabadi, Mohammad Kheradmandkeysomi, Azadeh Zandieh,
Peter Serles, Nicolas Tanguy, Tobin Filleter, Mohini Sain, Chul B. Park, Highly
tough and flame retardant polystyrene composites by elastomeric nanofibers and
hexagonal boron nitride, ISSN 1005-0302, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. (2024), https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.01.081.
[43] Longfei Zhang, Limin Peng, Shanqing Liang, Zhilin Chen, Shaoyi Lyu,
Siqun Wang, Green synthesis of silane-assisted fluorescent carbon dots based on
sanding dusts and its application in flame-retardant and anti-leaching wood
materials, ISSN 0959-6526, J. Clean. Prod. Volume 446 (2024) 141417, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141417.
[44] Bolang Chen, Dongling Wu, Tao Wang, Qian Liu, Dianzeng Jia, Porous carbon
generation by burning starch-based intumescent flame retardants for
supercapacitors, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 486 (2024) 150353,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150353.
[45] Przemysław Rybiński, Grażyna Janowska, Influence synergetic effect of halloysite
nanotubes and halogen-free flame-retardants on properties nitrile rubber
composites, ISSN 0040-6031, Thermochim. Acta Volume 557 (2013) 24–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.01.030.
[46] Masoumeh Sadat Banijamali, Amir Masoud Arabi, Ali Jannesari,
Pooria Pasbakhsh, Synthesis and characterization of an intumescent halloysite
based fire-retardant epoxy system, ISSN 0169-1317, Appl. Clay Sci. Volume 241
(2023) 106995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106995.
[47] Moyun Kang, Wei Lin, Chenchen Liang, Jielin Zeng, Yapeng Wang, Yu Guan,
Jiaji Cheng, Construction of ammonium polyphosphate-modified halloysite
nanotubes on phase change material microcapsules for the enhancement of
thermophysical performance and flame-retardant properties, ISSN 1359-4311,
Appl. Therm. Eng. Volume 239 (2024) 122160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
applthermaleng.2023.122160.
[48] Qiangli Zhao, Xiaoyue Cheng, Jiahao Kang, Lingyan Kong, Xiaoliang Zhao,
Xinhai He, Jianwei Li, Polyvinyl alcohol flame retardant film based on halloysite
nanotubes, chitosan and phytic acid with strong mechanical and anti-ultraviolet
properties, ISSN 0141-8130, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Volume 246 (2023) 125682,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125682.
[49] Siti Maznah Kabeb, Azman Hassan, Zurina Mohamad, Zalilah Sharer,
Faiz Ahmad, Intumescent flame-retardant coating-based graphene oxide and
halloysite nanotubes, ISSN 2214-7853, Mater. Today.: Proc. Volume 51 (Part 2)
(2022) 1288–1292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.321.
[50] Giulio Malucelli, Chapter 7 - Chitosan-based flame-retardant polymeric materials
and their applications, Editor(s): Yuan Hu, Hafezeh Nabipour, Xin Wang, BioBased Flame-retardant Technology for Polymeric Materials, Elsevier, 2022, Pages
187-226, ISBN 9780323907712, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-907712.00006-7.
[51] R. Lujan-Acosta, S. Sánchez-Valdes, E. Ramírez-Vargas, L.F. Ramos-DeValle, A.
B. Espinoza-Martinez, O.S. Rodriguez-Fernandez, T. Lozano-Ramirez, P.
G. Lafleur, Effect of Amino alcohol functionalized polyethylene as compatibilizer
for LDPE/EVA/clay/flame-retardant nanocomposites, ISSN 0254-0584, Mater.
Chem. Phys. Volume 146 (Issue 3) (2014) 437–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2014.03.050.
[52] Zhe Tu, Hongxiang Ou, Yining Ran, Honglai Xue, Fang Zhu, Preparation and
flame-retardant properties of organic montmorillonite synergistic intumescent
flame-retardant polypropylene, ISSN 0950-4230, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
Volume 87 (2024) 105226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105226.
[53] Zhi-Sheng Nong Yu-Wei Liu, Shao-Wei Lu Tian-Nan Man, Li-Hui Dong, SiO2
aerogel coating with organic montmorillonite compounded with flame
retardants: A strategy for design of a multifunctional thermal barrier coating,
ISSN 2238-7854, J. Mater. Res. Technol. Volume 30 (2024) 318–331, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.083.
[54] Siti Maznah Kabeb, Azman Hassan, Zurina Mohamad, Zalilah Sharer,
Munirah Mokhtar, Faiz Ahmad, Sustainable flame-retardant coating-based
graphene oxide and montmorillonite, ISSN 2214-7853, Mater. Today.: Proc.
Volume 51 (Part 2) (2022) 1327–1331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2021.11.140.
[55] Baodeng Chen, Han Lu, Hongtao Zhu, Zhiyong Huang, Xuejun Lai, Hongqiang Li,
Xingrong Zeng, Superhydrophobic and flame-retardant chitosan/ammonium
polyphosphate/montmorillonite aerogel-based piezoresistive pressure sensor for
human motion detection, ISSN 0924-4247, Sens. Actuators A: Phys. Volume 369
(2024) 115135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.115135.
[56] Qing Jing, Yonghua Lu, Kunling Liu, Yang Yan, Guangxian Zhang, Evaluating the
fire resistance and durability of cotton textiles treated with a phosphoramide
phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium flame retardant, ISSN 0141-8130, Int. J.
Biol. Macromol. Volume 262 (Part 2) (2024) 130144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2024.130144.
[57] Zexi Zhao, Zhiyong Zhang, Caiying Sun, Miaojun Xu, Bin Li, A novel
macromolecular phosphorus-nitrogen containing flame retardant for
polycarbonate, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume 220 (2024)
110648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110648.
[58] Jingze Guo, Xueya Wang, Yutong Li, Shuangmei Tan, Shuai Zhao, Lin Li,
Synthesis of bio-based toughening phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant and
study on high toughness EPS flame retardant insulation sheet, ISSN 0141-3910,
Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume 218 (2023) 110560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2023.110560.
[59] Jiuke Chen, Sithiprumnea Dul, Sandro Lehner, Milijana Jovic, Sabyasachi Gaan,
Manfred Heuberger, Rudolf Hufenus, Ali Gooneie, Mechanical recycling of PET
containing mixtures of phosphorus flame retardants, ISSN 1005-0302, J. Mater.
Sci. Technol. Volume 194 (2024) 167–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmst.2024.01.035.
[60] Mingming Yu, Yuji Chu, Wang Xie, Lin Fang, Ousheng Zhang, Musu Ren,
Jinliang Sun, Phosphorus-containing reactive compounds to prepare fire-resistant
vinyl resin for composites: effects of flame retardant structures on properties and
mechanisms, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 480 (2024) 148167,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148167.
[61] Xiaoyan Sun, Wangxing Lu, Huimin Liu, Li.Sha Deng, Ru Zhou, Lian X. Liu, ChiMin Shu, Juncheng Jiang, Preparation of microencapsulated
nitrogen‑phosphorus‑silicon flame retardant and its effect on high impact
polystyrene flame retardancy, ISSN 1381-5148, React. Funct. Polym. Volume 193
(2023) 105766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105766.
[62] Daniele Roncucci, Marie-Odile Augé, Sithiprumnea Dul, Jiuke Chen, Ali Gooneie,
Daniel Rentsch, Sandro Lehner, Milijana Jovic, Alexandra Rippl, Vanesa Ayala,
Fanny Bonnet, Serge Bourbigot, Hansjörg Grützmacher, Gaëlle Fontaine,
Sabyasachi Gaan, Coumarin-DPPO a new bio-based phosphorus additive for poly
(lactic acid): Processing and flame retardant application, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym.
Degrad. Stab. Volume 223 (2024) 110737, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2024.110737.
[63] Yadong Wang, Yingao Zhang, Li Ma, Hui Ge, Jingjing Gao, Zongmin Zhu,
Yunxuan Weng, Facile synthesis of phosphorus-containing benzotriazole flame
retardant for enhancement of mechanical and fire properties of epoxy resins, ISSN
0014-3057, Eur. Polym. J. Volume 202 (2024) 112610, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.eurpolymj.2023.112610.
[64] Chao Deng, Yang Liu, Hao Jian, Yuqing Liang, Mingyu Wen, Junyou Shi,
Heejun Park, Study on the preparation of flame retardant plywood by
intercalation of phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardants modified with Mg/AlLDH, ISSN 0950-0618, Constr. Build. Mater. Volume 374 (2023) 130939, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130939.
[65] Zongyi Deng, Minxian Shi, Yi Liang, Xueyuan Yang, Zhixiong Huang, Phosphorusnitrogen synergistic flame retardant (PNFR) towards epoxy resin with excellent
flame retardancy and satisfactory mechanical strength: An insight into pyrolysis
and flame retardant mechanism, ISSN 0142-9418, Polym. Test. Volume 131
(2024) 108352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108352.
[66] Tunsuda Suparanon, Siriwan Klinjan, Neeranuch Phusunti, Worasak Phetwarotai,
Highly impact toughened and excellent flame-retardant polylactide/poly
(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blend foams with phosphorus-containing and
food waste-derived flame retardants, ISSN 0141-8130, Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
12
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
[85] Jing Luo, Ignition properties of panels coated with finishing fire-retardant paints
under external radiation, ISSN 1877-7058, Procedia Eng. Volume 135 (2016)
123–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.089.
[86] Hong Chen, Jianyu Zhou, Shuai Liu, Sheng Wang, Xinglong Gong, Flameretardant triboelectric generator with stable thermal-mechanical-electrical
coupling performance for fire Bluetooth alarm system, ISSN 2211-2855, Nano
Energy Volume 102 (2022) 107634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
nanoen.2022.107634.
[87] Bin Yang, Haoran Wang, Meiyun Zhang, FengFeng Jia, Yuanqing Liu,
Zhaoqing Lu, Mechanically strong, flexible, and flame-retardant Ti3C2Tx MXenecoated aramid paper with superior electromagnetic interference shielding and
electrical heating performance, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 476
(2023) 146834, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146834.
[88] Yan Zhang, Wenxiang Tian, Longxiang Liu, Wenhua Cheng, Wei Wang, Kim
Meow Liew, Bibo Wang, Yuan Hu, Eco-friendly flame retardant and
electromagnetic interference shielding cotton fabrics with multi-layered coatings,
ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 372 (2019) 1077–1090, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.012.
[89] Michael Pecht, Yuliang Deng, Electronic device encapsulation using red
phosphorus flame retardants, ISSN 0026-2714, Microelectron. Reliab. Volume 46
(Issue 1) (2006) 53–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2005.09.001.
[90] William A. Stubbings, Linh V. Nguyen, Kevin Romanak, Liisa Jantunen,
Lisa Melymuk, Victoria Arrandale, Miriam L. Diamond, Marta Venier, Flame
retardants and plasticizers in a Canadian waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) dismantling facility, ISSN 0048-9697, Sci. Total Environ.
Volume 675 (2019) 594–603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.265.
[91] Lein Tange, Dieter Drohmann, Waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics
with brominated flame retardants – from legislation to separate treatment –
thermal processes, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume 88 (Issue 1)
(2005) 35–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.03.025.
[92] Wei Lin, Jiaji Cheng, Chenchen Liang, Jielin Zeng, Xiaogang Yang, Phase change
material microcapsules doped with phosphorus-based flame retardant filled
titanium dioxide nanotubes for enhancing the energy storage and temperature
regulation performance of buildings, ISSN 0017-9310, Int. J. Heat. Mass Transf.
Volume 225 (2024) 125432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125432.
[93] Xiaoyu Liu, Matthew R. Allen, Nancy F. Roache, Characterization of
organophosphorus flame retardants’ sorption on building materials and consumer
products, ISSN 1352-2310, Atmos. Environ. Volume 140 (2016) 333–341,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.019.
[94] Lingli Zhou, Wilhelm Püttmann, Distributions of organophosphate flame
retardants (OPFRs) in three dust size fractions from homes and building material
markets, ISSN 0269-7491, Environ. Pollut. Volume 245 (2019) 343–352, https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.023.
[95] Šimon Vojta, Jitka Bečanová, Lisa Melymuk, Klára Komprdová, Ji.ř.í Kohoutek,
Petr Kukučka, Jana Klánová, Screening for halogenated flame retardants in
European consumer products, building materials and wastes, ISSN 0045-6535,
Chemosphere Volume 168 (2017) 457–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2016.11.032.
[96] Xinyi Chen, Jinxing Li, Hisham Essawy, Antonio Pizzi, Emmanuel Fredon,
Christine Gerardin, Guanben Du, Xiaojian Zhou, Flame-retardant and thermallyinsulating tannin and soybean protein isolate (SPI) based foams for potential
applications in building materials, ISSN 0950-0618, Constr. Build. Mater. Volume
315 (2022) 125711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125711.
[97] Zhaolin Yang, Kaiyue Wang, Xin Wang, Siqi Huan, Haiyue Yang, Chengyu Wang,
Low-cost, superhydrophobic, flame-retardant sunflower straw-based xerogel as
thermal insulation materials for energy-efficient buildings, ISSN 2214-9937,
Sustain. Mater. Technol. Volume 38 (2023) e00748, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
susmat.2023.e00748.
[98] Mingyu Ou, Richeng Lian, Rongjia Li, Jiahui Cui, Haocun Guan, Jianhao Zhu,
Lei Liu, Chuanmei Jiao, Xilei Chen, Facile strategy of preparing excellently
thermal-insulating and fire-safe building materials based on an aromatic Schiff
base dicarboxylic acid without additional flame retardants, ISSN 2352-7102,
J. Build. Eng. Volume 78 (2023) 107572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jobe.2023.107572.
[99] Felipe M. de Souza, Mark Arnce, Ram K. Gupta, Chapter 4 - Enhanced synergistic
effect by pairing novel inherent flame-retardant polyurethane foams with
nanolayers of expandable graphite for their applications in automobile industry,
Editor(s): Huaihe Song, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ghulam Yasin, Nakshatra Bahadur
Singh, Ram K. Gupta, In Micro and Nano Technologies, Nanotechnology in the
Automotive Industry, Elsevier, 2022, Pages 65-84, ISBN 9780323905244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90524-4.00004-9.
[100] Joseph Raj Xavier, Investigation of anticorrosion, flame retardant and mechanical
properties of polyurethane/GO nanocomposites coated AJ62 Mg alloy for
aerospace/automobile components, ISSN 0925-9635, Diam. Relat. Mater. Volume
136 (2023) 110025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110025.
[101] Wei Zhang, Bingtao Wang, Yan Xia, Wei Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang,
Juan Li, Effect of multiple reactions induced by a flame retardant containing P/N/
S and chain extender on fire safety and mechanical performance of polyamide 6,
ISSN 1381-5148, React. Funct. Polym. Volume 192 (2023) 105730, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2023.105730.
[102] J. Rodrigues, S. Tripathy, N.G. Shimpi, Enhanced performance of 1D rod shaped
Zirconium (Zr) decorated over spherical shaped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures
for NO2 gas, Opt. Mater. (2024), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2024.115516.
Volume 263 (Part 2) (2024) 130147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2024.130147.
[67] Shuxian Weng, Zhuo Li, Caiying Bo, Fei Song, Yuzhi Xu, Lihong Hu,
Yonghong Zhou, Puyou Jia, Design lignin doped with nitrogen and phosphorus
for flame retardant phenolic foam materials, ISSN 1381-5148, React. Funct.
Polym. Volume 185 (2023) 105535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
reactfunctpolym.2023.105535.
[68] Changhao Wang, Kaili Gong, Bin Yu, Keqing Zhou, Rare earth-based flame
retardants for polymer composites: status and challenges, ISSN 1359-8368,
Compos. Part B: Eng. Volume 265 (2023) 110935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compositesb.2023.110935.
[69] Anqi Liu, Yong Qiu, Lijun Qian, Yuan Meng, Hao Shang, Shuwei Liu, Wei Tang,
Wang Xi, Jingyu Wang, Yajun Chen, Rubber-based phosphaphenanthrene grafted
polymer and its application to fabricate flame retardant polycarbonate blend with
satisfied comprehensive mechanical properties, ISSN 0032-3861, Polymer
Volume 299 (2024) 126969, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2024.126969.
[70] Vinod Sharma, Shilpi Agarwal, Ashish Mathur, Shailey Singhal, Shikha Wadhwa,
Advancements in nanomaterial-based flame-retardants for polymers: A
comprehensive overview, ISSN 1226-086X, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Volume 133
(2024) 38–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.12.010.
[71] Ümit Tayfun, Mehmet Doğan, Chapter 8 - Flame-retardant properties of fullerene
and nanodiamond-based polymer nanocomposites, Editor(s): Sabu Thomas, Henri
Vahabi, Lakshmipriya Somasekharan, In Woodhead Publishing Series in
Composites Science and Engineering, Flame Retardant Nanocomposites,
Woodhead Publishing, 2024, Pages 263-286, ISBN 9780443154218, https://doi.
org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15421-8.00004-5.
[72] Kangtai Ou, Zheming Liu, Zixuan Liu, Qiang Fu, Yang Cao, Qichao Liu, Youyi Sun,
Ultra-thin flame retardant polymer nanocomposite coating based on synergistic
effect of graphene and glass sheets, ISSN 0025-5408, Mater. Res. Bull. Volume
164 (2023) 112247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2023.112247.
[73] Hafezeh Nabipour, Sohrab Rohani, Chapter 4 - Flame retardant properties of
polymer nanocomposites based on new layered structure nanoparticles, Editor(s):
Sabu Thomas, Henri Vahabi, Lakshmipriya Somasekharan, In Woodhead
Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, Flame Retardant
Nanocomposites, Woodhead Publishing, 2024, Pages 117-158, ISBN
9780443154218, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15421-8.00006-9.
[74] Meiting Wang, Guang-Zhong Yin, Yuan Yang, Wanlu Fu, José Luis D.íaz Palencia,
Junhuan Zhao, Na Wang, Yan Jiang, De-Yi Wang, Bio-based flame retardants to
polymers: A review, ISSN 2542-5048, Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res. Volume 6 (Issue
2) (2023) 132–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.07.003.
[75] Yue Kong, Xu Fan, Rongkai Wu, Shibin Nie, Chao Liu, Xiaoyong Liu,
Guangyi Zhang, Bihe Yuan, Multifunctional flame-retardant cotton fabric with
hydrophobicity and electrical conductivity for wearable smart textile and selfpowered fire-alarm system, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 487 (2024)
150677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150677.
[76] Mahesh P. Bondarde, Anushka Datey, Gauri Patil, Pratik S. Dhumal, Madhuri
A. Bhakare, Kshama D. Lokhande, Surajit Some, Development of effective
coloured flame-retardant finishing for cotton fabric, ISSN 1010-6030,
J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. (2024) 115656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochem.2024.115656.
[77] Nour F. Attia, Mahmoud S. Morsy, Facile synthesis of novel nanocomposite as
antibacterial and flame-retardant material for textile fabrics, ISSN 0254-0584,
Mater. Chem. Phys. Volume 180 (2016) 364–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matchemphys.2016.06.019.
[78] X.-W. Cheng, J.-Y. Song, M.-L. Cui, S. Dong, J.-P. Guan, Reactive phytate-based
intumescent flame-retardant toward sustainable and durable functional coating of
silk fabric, ISSN 2589-2347, Mater. Today Sustain. Volume 24 (2023) 100528,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100528.
[79] Qing Jing, Yonghua Lu, Yang Yan, Hao Zhou, Jinghao Li, Yao Cheng,
Guangxian Zhang, A durable phosphorous-based flame retardant containing
double reactive groups for cotton fabrics, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab.
Volume 219 (2024) 110616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2023.110616.
[80] Juergen H. Troitzsch, Fire performance durability of flame retardants in polymers
and coatings, ISSN 2542-5048, Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res. (2023), https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.05.002.
[81] Yunpeng Yu, Yiqun Fang, Mengfan Yan, Guilin Ren, Jiali Zou, Yuqing Yan,
Yongming Song, Weihong Wang, Fengqiang Wang, Qingwen Wang, Synergistic
effect of graphene oxide and ammonium biborate tetrahydrate for flame
retardancy of amino resin coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, Prog. Org. Coat. Volume
189 (2024) 108331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108331.
[82] Shanshan Jia, Songlin Deng, Yiqiang Wu, Yan Qing, Robust superhydrophobic
and flame-retardant coatings based on hierarchical epoxy textured with gas
barrier structure; efficient oil-water separation devices under extreme conditions,
ISSN 0142-9418, Polym. Test. Volume 118 (2023) 107904, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107904.
[83] Xuan Yin, Haosheng Pang, Yunjun Luo, Bing Zhang, Eco-friendly functional twocomponent flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane coatings: a review, ISSN
1759-9954, Polym. Chem. Volume 12 (Issue 38) (2021) 5400–5411, https://doi.
org/10.1039/d1py00920f.
[84] H. Abd El-Wahab, M. Abd El-Fattah, M.Y. Gabr, Preparation and characterization
of flame-retardant solvent base and emulsion paints, ISSN 0300-9440, Prog. Org.
Coat. Volume 69 (Issue 3) (2010) 272–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
porgcoat.2010.06.005.
13
J. Rodrigues and N.G. Shimpi
Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 39 (2024) 101253
[115] B. Hou, Y.T. Pan, P. Song, Metal-organic frameworks as promising flame
retardants for polymeric materials, Microstructures 3 (2023) 2023039, https://
doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.37.
[116] Miao Liu, Kexin Chen, Yongqian Shi, Hengrui Wang, Shijie Wu, Ruizhe Huang,
Yuezhan Feng, Longcheng Tang, Xiaohuan Liu, Pingan Song, High-performance
flexible nanocomposites with superior fire safety and ultra-efficient
electromagnetic interference shielding, ISSN 1005-0302, J. Mater. Sci. Technol.
Volume 166 (2023) 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.017.
[117] Qiang Chen, Lei Liu, Anlin Zhang, Wenduo Wang, Zhengzhou Wang,
Jianzhong Zhang, Jiabing Feng, Siqi Huo, Xuesen Zeng, Pingan Song, An iron
phenylphosphinate@graphene oxide nanohybrid enabled flame-retardant,
mechanically reinforced, and thermally conductive epoxy nanocomposites, ISSN
1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 454 (Part 4) (2023) 140424, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cej.2022.140424.
[118] Lei Liu, Jiabing Feng, Yijiao Xue, Venkata Chevali, Yubai Zhang, Yongqian Shi,
Long-Cheng Tang, Pingan Song, 2D Mxenes for fire retardancy and fire-warning
applications: promises and prospects, Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 (9) (2023) 2212124,
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202212124.
[119] Jiabing Feng, Yixia Lu, Hongyan Xie, Zhiguang Xu, Guobo Huang, Cheng-Fei Cao,
Yan Zhang, Venkata S. Chevali, Pingan Song, and Hao Wang, ACS Sustainable
Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 46, 15223–15232, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemen
g.2c04899.
[120] Jiahao Ren, Siqi Huo, Guobo Huang, Tianle Wang, Jiabing Feng, Wei Chen,
Shenwei Xiao, Pingan Song, A novel P/Ni-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets for
improving mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties of
acrylonitrile–butadienestyrene resin, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 452
(Part 2) (2023) 139196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139196.
[121] Ting Sai, Shiya Ran, Zhenghong Guo, Pingan Song, Zhengping Fang, Recent
advances in fire-retardant carbon-based polymeric nanocomposites through
fighting free radicals, SusMat 2 (4) (2022) 411–434, https://doi.org/10.1002/
sus2.73.
[122] Tingting Tang, Shanchi Wang, Yue Jiang, Zhiguang Xu, Yu Chen, Tianshu Peng,
Fawad Khan, Jiabing Feng, Pingan Song, Yan Zhao, Flexible and flame-retarding
phosphorylated MXene/polypropylene composites for efficient electromagnetic
interference shielding, ISSN 1005-0302, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. Volume 111
(2022) 66–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.091.
[123] Wentao He, Huahui Xu, Pingan Song, Yushu Xiang, Shuhao Qin, P, N-decorated
halloysite nanotubes for flame retardancy enhancement of polyamide 6/
aluminum diethylphosphinate, ISSN 0141-3910, Polym. Degrad. Stab. Volume
196 (2022) 109847, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109847.
[124] Lei Liu, Menghe Zhu, Yongqian Shi, Xiaodong Xu, Zhewen Ma, Bin Yu,
Shenyuan Fu, Guobo Huang, Hao Wang, Pingan Song, Functionalizing MXene
towards highly stretchable, ultratough, fatigue- and fire-resistant polymer
nanocomposites, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng. J. Volume 424 (2021) 130338,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130338.
[125] Guobo Huang, Wei Chen, Tao Wu, Haichang Guo, Chaoying Fu, Yijiao Xue,
Kai Wang, Pingan Song, Multifunctional graphene-based nano-additives toward
high-performance polymer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal,
flame retardancy and smoke suppressive properties, ISSN 1385-8947, Chem. Eng.
J. Volume 410 (2021) 127590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127590.
[126] Jiabin Feng, Yiqi Sun, Pingan Song, Weiwei Lei, Qiang Wu, Lina Liu, Youming Yu,
and Hao Wang, Fire-Resistant, Strong, and Green Polymer Nanocomposites Based
on Poly(lactic acid) and Core–Shell Nanofibrous Flame Retardants, ACS
Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2017,5 (9), 7894-7904, https://doi.org/
10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01430.
[127] Yanxian Jin, Guobo Huang, Deman Han, Pingan Song, Wenyuan Tang,
Jianshe Bao, Rongrong Li, Yilin Liu, Functionalizing graphene decorated with
phosphorus-nitrogen containing dendrimer for high-performance polymer
nanocomposites, ISSN 1359-835X, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. Volume 86
(2016) 9–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.03.030.
[128] Pingan Song, Liping Zhao, Zhenhu Cao, Zhengping Fang, Polypropylene
nanocomposites based on C60-decorated carbon nanotubes: thermal properties,
flammability, and mechanical properties, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (21) (2011)
7782–7788, https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM10395D.
[103] N.G. Shimpi, J. Rodrigues, S. Jain, Polymer-Based Nanoscale Materials for Surface
Coatings, Photocatalytic nanoscale polymer-based coatings, 2023, 585-611,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-32-390778-1.00032-3.
[104] Yang Li, Man Li, Yong-Cheng Zhu, Seunghyun Song, Shi-Neng Li, Jolyon Aarons,
Long-Cheng Tang, Joonho Bae, Polysulfide-inhibiting, thermotolerant and
nonflammable separators enabled by DNA co-assembled CNT/MXene networks
for stable high-safety Li–S batteries, ISSN 1359-8368, Compos. Part B: Eng.
Volume 251 (2023) 110465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
compositesb.2022.110465.
[105] Fei-Xiang Shen, Yang Li, Zuan-Yu Chen, Cheng-Fei Cao, Yan-Bin Shen, LongTao Li, Long-Qian Pan, Jia-Yun Li, Guo-Dong Zhang, JieFeng Gao, Yongqian Shi,
Pingan Song, Joonho Bae, Long-Cheng Tang, Lightweight, surface hydrophobic
and flame-retardant polydimethylsiloxane foam composites coated with graphene
oxide via interface engineering, ISSN 0300-9440, Prog. Org. Coat. Volume 189
(2024) 108276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108276.
[106] Ke-Xin Yu Yan-Bin Shen, Yun-Hao Qu Ye-Jun Wang, Cheng-Fei Cao Long-Qian
Pan, Jie-Feng Gao Kun Cao, Pingan Song Yongqian Shi, Min Hong Jianming Yong,
Li. Zhao Guo-Dong Zhang, Long-Cheng Tang, Color adjustable, mechanically
robust, flame-retardant and weather-resistant TiO2/MMT/CNF hierarchical
nanocomposite coatings toward intelligent fire cyclic warning and protection,
ISSN 1359-8368, Compos. Part B: Eng. Volume 271 (2024) 111159, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111159.
[107] Hai-Yang Chen, Yang Li, Peng-Huan Wang, Zhang-Hao Qu, Yu-Qing Qin,
Ling Yang, Jia-Yun Li, Li-Xiu Gong, Li Zhao, Guo-Dong Zhang, Jie-Feng Gao,
Long-Cheng Tang, Facile fabrication of low-content surface-assembled MXene in
silicone rubber foam materials with lightweight, wide-temperature mechanical
flexibility, improved flame resistance and exceptional smoke suppression, ISSN
1359-835X, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. Volume 177 (2024) 107907,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107907.
[108] Yong-Cheng Zhu Yang Li, Man Li Sowjanya Vallem, Tao Chen Seunghyun Song,
Joonho Bae Long-Cheng Tang, Flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate/
MXene decorated carbon foam materials as polysulfide traps for fire-safe and
stable lithium-sulfur batteries, ISSN 2095-4956, J. Energy Chem. Volume 89
(2024) 313–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.029.
[109] Hai-Yang Chen, Zuan-Yu Chen, Min Mao, Yu-Yue Wu, Fan Yang, Li-Xiu Gong,
Li Zhao, Cheng-Fei Cao, Pingan Song, Jie-Feng Gao, Guo-Dong Zhang, YongQian Shi, Kun Cao, Long-Cheng Tang, Self-adhesive polydimethylsiloxane foam
materials decorated with MXene/cellulose nanofiber interconnected network for
versatile functionalities, Adv. Funct. Mater. 33 (2023) 2304927, https://doi.org/
10.1002/adfm.202304927.
[110] Guobo Huang, Siqi Huo, Jiahao Ren, Wei Chen, Haiqin Yang, Shenwei Xiao,
Tianle Wang, Hong Peng, Pingan Song, Engineering Ce/P-functionalized g-C3N4
for advanced ABS nanocomposites exhibiting unparalleled fire retardancy,
enhanced thermal and mechanical properties, ISSN 2352-9407, Appl. Mater.
Today Volume 38 (2024) 102191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102191.
[111] Xin Zhang, Tao Liu, Zheng Liu, Xiaobo Zhu, Chun Long, Jianzhang Li, Qiang Gao,
Jingchao Li, Pingan Song, A bionic strong nanostructured soy protein-based
adhesive enabled antistatic and self-extinguishing wood-based composites, ISSN
2214-9937, Sustain. Mater. Technol. Volume 40 (2024) e00979, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e00979.
[112] Jin Cao, Ye-Tang Pan, Henri Vahabi, Jung-il Song, Pingan Song, De-Yi Wang,
Rongjie Yang, Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-based flame retardants for
polymeric materials, ISSN 2468-5194, Mater. Today Chem. Volume 37 (2024)
102015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.102015.
[113] Qiang Chen, Siqi Huo, Yixia Lu, Mingmei Ding, Jiabing Feng, Guobo Huang,
Hang Xu, Ziqi Sun, Zhengzhou Wang, Pingan Song, Heterostructured graphene@
Silica@Iron phenylphosphinate for fire-retardant, strong, thermally conductive
yet electrically insulated epoxy nanocomposites, Small (2024) 2310724, https://
doi.org/10.1002/smll.202310724.
[114] Lei Liu, Menghe Zhu, Jiabing Feng, Hong Peng, Yongqian Shi, Jiefeng Gao, LongCheng Tang, Pingan Song, Fire-retardant and high-strength polymeric materials
enabled by supramolecular aggregates, e494, Aggregate 5 (2) (2024), https://doi.
org/10.1002/agt2.494.
14