PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
SAIMA G. HASAN
Activity 1: GET ME OUT OF THE MAZE
THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, you would be able to;
 Describe and identify the processes of research.
Arrange the following steps to illustrate the research process. Used the arrow
below to indicate the correct chronological order. Write your answers on your
paper.
1.Prepare the research design
2. Interpret and report the findings
3. Define the research problem
4.Analyze data
5.Review the literature
6.Collect data
7.Formulate hypothesis
Define the
research
problem
Review the
literature
Formulate
hypothesis
Prepare the
research
design
Collect
data
Analyze
data
Interpret
and report
the findings
Simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take in
conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
1. Define the research problem.
2. Review the literature.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
4. Prepare the research design.
5. Collect data.
6. Analyze data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
1. Define the research problem. To begin your research, you must
look at a significant real-life problem. Factors like area of interest,
availability of fund, socio-economic significance of the study.
The researcher identifies English language proficiency as a
problem of aspiring journalism students in qualifying for
admission to prestigious universitites..
2. Review the literature.
Read various publications or surf the internet to become aware
of the previous works already done about the chosen topic.
The researcher reviews previous studies conducted about English
language proficiency and the experienced difficulties of aspiring
journalism students.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical
relationship between variables. It should be based on the problem
being solved.
The researcher hypothesizes that the implementation of English-Only
Policy (EOP) in the classroom can improve the English language
proficiency of the journalism students
4. Prepare the research design.
Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data
in the study to clarify and improve the research problem,
purpose, and questions.
The researcher uses an experimental design on exploring
the experiences of the students in implementing EOP.
5. Collect data.
Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the needed
information.
The researcher collects data through interview and focus
group discussion.
6. Analyze data.
Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem.
The researcher analyzes the data by drawing patterns and
themes from the generated data
7. Interpret and report the findings.
Put the information in perspective and present the solution to the
proposed problem based on the findings of the investigation.
The researcher interprets and reports the findings based on the
collected and analyzed data to solve the research problem,
The following table shows the five phases of the research
process along with their definition (Whittemore & Melkus,
2008).
ResearchPhase
Conceptual Phase
Definition
Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating the
hypothesis, developing the research framework, and determining the
research purpose and objective
Design and Planning Phase
Selecting a research design, developing study procedures, and
determining the sampling and data collection plan
Empirical Phase
Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis
Analytic Phase
Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making conclusions
Dissemination Phase
Communicating results to appropriate audience, and utilizing the findings
1.What are the five phases of the research process?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2.Will you enumerate the seven significant steps in conducting a
study?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
The Five Phases
Conceptual Phase
Design and Planning Phase
Empirical Phase
Analytic Phase
Dissemination Phase
Seven Significant Steps
1. Define the research problem.
2. Review the literature.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
4. Prepare the research design.
5. Collect data.
6. Analyze data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
Simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take in
conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
1. Define the research problem.
2. Review the literature.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
4. Prepare the research design.
5. Collect data.
6. Analyze data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
LET’S DO THIS!👌
Think of a topic that you’d like to research about. Then, compose a short
narrative essay describing the chronological steps you will take in
conducting your study. Write your essay on your paper. You may
consider the following.
A. The Importance of Fasting, Family and Faith during Ramadhan.
B. Students’ Performance During Ramadhan
Categorize the following steps in which phase of the
research process they belong to. Use the legend below,
and write your answers on your notebook.
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
E – Dissemination Phase
Categorize the following steps. Identify which phase of the research
process are the following belong. Use the legend below, and write the
letter on your notebook.
A – Conceptual Phase
C – Empirical Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
D – Analytic Phase E – Dissemination Phase
1.Making conclusions __________
2. Developing study procedures __________
3.Identifying the problem __________
4. Selecting a research design __________
5.Developing the research framework __________
6. Collecting data __________
7.Interpreting results __________
8.Analyzing data __________
9.Reviewing the literature __________
10. Determining the sampling and data collection plan__________
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
E – Dissemination Phase
6. Collecting data __________
7.Interpreting results __________
8.Analyzing data __________
9.Reviewing the literature __________
10. Determining the sampling and data collection
plan__________
Which do you think among the five phases of the
research process can be done easily? Choose one from
the box and justify your answer in at least five sentences.
Write it on your paper.
Conceptualizing Phase
Empirical Phase
Design and Planning Phase
Analytic Phase
Dissemination Phase
Ethics in Research
Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in Research & Why is
it important?”, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates
the following reasons why it is important to follow ethical principles
in writing and conducting a research:
1. It promotes the aims of research.
Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative work.
Many researchers who are working in different disciplines and
institutions cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a particular
research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable
to the public.
Ethical norms guarantee the public that researchers are
deemed responsible for committing any form of research
misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research.
People express and lend their support by all means if they
can trust thequality and integrity of research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices that
can adversely harm the research subjects and the
community. Thus, it encourages social responsibility, human
rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical
Research 1 for Senior High School”, lists the
following ethical codes and policies that the
researcher needs to consider in conducting a study:
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to truthfully report data
in whatever form of communication all throughout the
study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased. The study
should not be influenced by his/her personal motives,
beliefs and opinions
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility through the
consistency of his/her thought and action. He/she should act with
sincerity especially on keeping agreements.
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of
the study. All information should be critically examined. Records
of research activities should be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms and new
ideas for the betterment of the study. Research results and
findings should be shared to the public.
6. Respect for intellectual property
The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should be given to who or
where it is due. All authors cited and sources used in the study should be
properly acknowledged.
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another person’s ideas,
works, processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes claiming an intellectual
property as one’s own that can be penalized through
Republic Act 8293 known as the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to protect all confidential
communications or documents from being discovered by others.
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her work is clear, honest,
complete, accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate
publication. It should likewise refrain from selective, misleading,
orambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible conduct of research
and share professional knowledge and skills especially to new or
less experienced researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by
treating them equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social good by working for the
best interests and benefits of the environment and society as a
whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate based on sex, race,
ethnicity, or any factor relating to scientific competence and
integrity. Thus, research should be open to all people or entities
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary knowledge and
skills in conducting a study. He/she should be equipped with a
sense of professionalism and expertise to ensure competent
results.
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by relevant laws,
institutional and government policies concerning the legal
conduct of research.
15. Human Subject Protection
The researcher should protect human lives by preventing and
minimizing harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the