1.​ A bridge rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier that converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC). It uses four diodes arranged in a bridge
configuration to ensure that the output polarity remains the same regardless
of the input polarity.
Systematic Diagram of a Bridge Rectifier with Capacitor
Explanation of the Components
●​ Diodes (d1, d2, d3, & d4):
➔​These diodes are arranged in a bridge configuration to allow
current to flow in only one direction during both halves of the
AC input cycle.
➔​During the positive half-cycle, d1 and d3 conduct.
➔​During the negative half-cycle, d2 & d4 conduct.
●​ Capacitor (C):
➔​The capacitor is connected in parallel with the load (L).
➔​It acts as a smoothing capacitor to reduce the ripple in the
output DC voltage.
●​ Load (L):
➔​Represents the device/load(L)
●​ The bridge rectifier converts AC to DC, and the capacitor is added to smooth
the output waveform, reducing ripple and providing a stable DC voltage.
This combination is commonly used in power supply circuits to ensure
reliable operation of electronic devices.
2.​ NOR Gate
A NOR gate is a digital logic gate that performs the NOR (NOT OR)
operation. It outputs HIGH (1) only when all inputs are LOW (0).
Otherwise, the output is LOW (0). The NOR gate is a universal gate,
meaning it can be used to implement any other logic function.
TRUTH TABLE
A
B
Z (A NOR B)
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0