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TRUONG DAI
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NHA XUAT BAN D~I HOC QUOC GIA
TP HO CHi MINH -2010
MUC LUC
Lt11NO'I DA'u
5
un MO DA'u NHAN LA'N TAl BAN THO HAl
9
cAc KY HlfU
11
Chuang 1 TfNH CHAT VAT L Y CUA OAT
19
1.1
Dinh nghla dat
19
1.2
Cac thanh phan cau thanh dat w nhien
22
1.3
Cac chi tieu V?t ly cua dat
38
1.4
Cac chi tieu trang thai cua dat
50
1.5
Xep loai dat
59
J.6
Darn chat dat
62
Bai t?P chuong 1
70
Chuang 2
UNG SUAT TRONG OAT
71
2.1
Ung suat trong moi truong dan h6i
72
2.2
Ung suat trong moi trucng dat
97
Bai tap chirong 2
147
Chuang 3 BIEN DANG CUA OAT NEN
149
3.1
Di,ic trirng thuy h9C cua dat
150
3.2
Su chay lien tuc trong dat
170
3.3
Dac trung bien dang cua dat
182
3.4
Ly thuyet co ke't Terzaghi - thai ~an lun
208
3.5
Tinh ~~ so co ke't Cv'
224
3.6
DQ lun do nen thtr cap cua nen dat
228
3.7
Giai bai toan Terzaghi bang' phuong phap g§.n dung
231
3.8
Bai toan co ke't tharn 3 chieu
. 239
3.9
Anh huang cua nen ngang len bai toan co ke't
245
3.10 Van d~ lun cua rn6ng
246
Bai tap chuong 3
272
Chuang 4 SUC CH!U TAl CUA flAT NEN
275
4.1
Tong quan v~ sac chong dit cua da't
275
4.2
Thi nghiem xac dinh thong so chong cAt trong phong
289
4.3
4.4
Sac chiu tai cua da't nen
On di~h mai doc
.
332
366
Bai tap chuong 4
373
Chuang 5 Ap LyC NGANG CUA flAT
376
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Tong quan v~ ap luc ngang cua da't
Ph an loai ap luc ngang cua da't
Ly thuyet Coulomb
Ly thuyet can bang gici han digm
Ap hrc ngang cua da't len cong trinh thuc
Cong trinh chan da't va tuong chan da't
Bai tap chirong 5
376
377
392
402
406
409
416
r
Chuang 6 TRANG THAI Tal HAN
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
417
Nhirong - gioi han dan h5i - ngudng deo
LQ trinh irng suat
Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'tthirong
Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'ttrudc nang'
Khong gian irng xli dan h5i va mat ngudng deo
cua ly thuyet trang thai tdi han
Ung xli chong dit cua da't co ke"'ttruce nhe
475
481
Bai tap chuong 6
490
Chuang 7 MO HINH CAM CLAY
492
6.6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Nhirng l~p luan co ban cua mo hinh cam clay
Mo hinh earn clay goc
Mo hinh earn clay cai tien
Ko va dap irng' co ke"'tcua da't
'I'irong quan thi nghiem da't - trang thai toi han va
sire chong cAt khong thoat nude cua da't
417
428
433
464
493
494
538
562
565
Ung dung tinh toan cong trinh bang phuong phap
lQ trlnh irng suat
567
Bai t~p chuong 7
590
TAl LlfU THAM KHAo
F>91
lOI NQIDAU
Loai nguai da xay dung nhieu conl trinh. lan. co nen. m6ng vilng
chdc tren nhieu loai nen. dCit kluic nhau nh.u Kim tif thtip, V<ln lj
truong thanh, ctu: toa thanh. Hy Lap, thanh. plui La Ma, ... tit hang
ngati ruim. truce, tluim chi ciing dii biet su dung CQC g6, gia cuang ddt
btitig cac manh. tre, ram, ra, cha gai, ... 6 Vi~t Nam, cdc cong trinli
thanli Co?Loa treti ddt y~u, de, dap, vac/~ ddt ciing dti co tu rCit nhieu
dai truac. Tuy nhien, ly thuy~t tinh toanthi miii den. tld ky thu 18, 19
moi ddn duoc hinli thanli bai ctu: cong trinh. nghieti cuu v~ sac cluing
cdt, vJ ap luc dCit len. tuang cluiri ctla Coulomb, sif cluiy cua nuac trong
ddt cua Darcy, ung suCit trong moi truang dan h6i ctla Boussinesq, va
tiep d6 pluit trien manli trong ruia ddu tld kj 20, tT-a thanh. man hoc
d(Je lqp gidng day trong ctu: truang Dai hoc. Giai doan nay phdi k~
d~n sif ra doi cua ly thuy~t c(f k~t (1923), dinh. d~ v~ ung sudt hiia
hieu. (1933) va cac cong thuc sac chiu. tai ctla nen. dCit duaimong nang
va mong CQC (1943) ctla Terzaghi, tinh ddni chat ctla dCit (1933) cua
Proctor, kluii niem v~ tip luc tien. c(fk~t (preconsolidation
pressure,
1936) cua Casagrande, nhiing M? sung v~ sac ben. ctla ddt c(f k~t truac
(1937) ctla Hoorsleu, nluing ldt qua nghieti cuu v~ ung xu ctla ddt
hhotig baa hoa (1954) ctla Skempton va Bishop, loi gitii gidi tich v~
sac chiii tdi ctla nen. ddt duai mong n?ng va tip life dCit Len. tuang cluin
(1965) la d6ng so» ctla Sokolooski.
Cong tac tinh totin. neti m6ng cho d~n nhiing ruim ctia tluip kj 80
ctla tld kj 20 treti toan. tld giai d~u dua treti co sa moti ca hoc dCit
nay, ma hi~n nay mot thtuit ngii hay duac dung d~ di~n ta la classical
soil mechanics, c6 tld dicli la co hoc dCit pho? thong hay co hoc dCit cd
diin, trong do co hai khuynh huang tinh toan:
Khuynh huang thii nluit tinh toan n~n m6ng cong trinli theo ung
suCit to?ng bao g6m ang sudt hiiu hieu. va -tip luc nuac l6 r6ng oai cac
dac trung cluing cdt co duac tit thi ngliiem. cdt true tiep, ung bien. hoac
ung luc. Thi nghiem. nay thong thuang khong do duoc tip luc nuac 16
r6ng trong qua trinh. cdt dCit neti chi c6 duac ctu: dij,c trung ch(fng cdt
ang ooi ung eud: to?ng pluip tuyen. 0'". Khuynh huang nay d~n ngay
nay ciing con duoc su dung a ctu: nuac th~ giai ~!la ba vi thi nghieni
nhanh ch6ng oa hlui re tien, khong doi lioi chuyen. oien thi nghiem
trinli dQ cao.
6
Khuynh huang thu. hai tinh toan nen. mong cong trinli theo ung
eudt lulu hi~u oai ctic dtic trung cho'ng cdt co duoc tit thi nghiem. nett
ba true theo it nluit hai phuong pluip: hhoru; co' k~t - khong tlioat nuac
(unconsolidated undrained method vi~t tdt la UU) va co' k~t - khong
thoat nuac (consolidated undrained method viit tdt La CU). Ngoai ra
con phuang phap co' k~t - thoat nuoc (consolidated drained method
vi~t tdt la CD), phuang pluip nay to'n rrit nhieu. thai gian cho mot rruiu.
ddt nen. chi sa dung cho nghien. cuu va cac cong trinli Ion. Thi nghiem.
ba true cho ctu: d(jc trung cho'ng cd: n9i tai (rp', c') ung ooi truang ung
surit lulu. hi~u va cac dac trung cluing cdt bi~u kien. (rpw c.) ung ooi
ung su/it tf/ng, cho phep tinh sue chiu. tdi tuc thai ctla nen. drit ngay
sau khi xay dung (short term) ma trong neri drit con t6n tai ap luc
nuac l6 r6ng tluing du do tdi cong trinh. va sue chiu tdi ldu. dai cila
nen. ddt sau khi tip If!C nuac l6 r6ng tluing du pluiti tan h~t (long
term). Khuynh huang nay dii duoc sa dung a cac nuac ph.uang Ttiy tit
klui ltiu.
Cd hai khuynh huang d~u chi tinh totui duoc khd ruing chiii uii
to'ng quat ctla nen. ddt rrui khong hi~u ro n~n ddt dang ung xa cti tld
th~ nao tai cac diem. rieng biet hluu: nhau. M(jt hluic, oiec tieti doan
d9 lun chi duoc tliuc hien. cho dierri tai tam mong hay true tam mong
bang tren. co sa ixi oiu giiia ly thuy~t ung sudt moi truong da~ h6i oai
k~t qua thi nghierti nen khong na hong (oedometer test) tren. mdu ddt
nguyen dang hoac hem nguyen. dang c9ng them gid thuy~t nen. d6ng
nluit va ddng huang rtit klio co duoc trong tliuc t~. Tuy utiy, co h9C drit
co~ddn dang chietri den. han 80% cac stich. giao khoa.
Trang nhung nam cuoi tluip nien 60 va ddu tluip nien 70 th~ ky
20, cong oiec tinh totiti k~t cdu. beti treri chuy€n sang ca sa ly tliuyet
dati h6i deo hoac tinh theo trang thai tai han, dai dien. La hai quy
pham tinh be tong cot thep ctla Pluip, BA 68 va ctla My, ACI 72. Muc
d9 tinh totui ung sudt trong cdu. kien. bU9Cvq.t lieu. lam vi~c liieu. qua
han ua duang nhieti luiu. qtui ee h~t sue nghieni trong neu. nlui pluin.
n~n mong cong trinh. kh6ng dap utig duoc pham. vi lun lech. giai luui
bai tinh nluiy lun. ctla h~t cdu. Trong bo'i canli nliu vq.y, ca h9C drit toi
hart dii xu/it hieti qua mo hinh. cam clay ooi sf! dong g6p rtit tan ctla
ctu: nlui ca h9C ddt ctla Yucng qudc Anh: hluii nieni co h9C ddt tai luui
(critical state soil mechanics, 1968) ctia Schofield oa Wroth; hluii niem
truit gioi luin. bien. dang deo (bien. dang khong h6i pliuc) ctia drit co' h~t
tliuong (drit y~u) va drit co' ldt truac nlie hoac ruing trong qua trinli
7
chiu. tac dQng ctla ling sudt lech. (chiu. nett - ceit hotic no - cdt hay ceit
thiuiti tuy) va duang toi luui (critical state line) ling uai trang thai plui
hoai truot (1968) ctla Roscoe va Burland; quan h~ ung sudt - bien.
dang trong ling xii: chiu tdi czta dtit (1971) ctla Burland; ... Ciing pluii
k~ d~n sf! gia tang ruing luc tinh toan nhanh ch6ng nha Sf! plui: trien.
cong ngh~ tinli toan dieti tii: va pliuang pluip tinli gdn dung la phuang
phap pluui tii: lulu hari dii gap pluin. quan trong tuu: slj ra dai va ph at
trien. nhanh chong ctla co hoc ddt tai han.
Co hoc ddt tai hari cho phep ph/in. tich. bai totui n~n cong trinh.
mot each. kha ddy dil nh.u thdy duac truong ling sudt; truang bien.
dang; truang tip luc nuac l6 r6ng tluing du; truang luu. t6c nuac cluiy
trong ddt trong cung mot bai totui 0 mot thai diem. tuy y. Pluui kluic
rdt d~ dang tinli totui d6ng thai k~t cdu ben. tren va nen. dtit hen duai
ooi df) an toan ctin. thiet.
'
M{)t s6 ky thuat n~n mong duoc ra dai va hoan chlnh. tilly thuy~t
co hoc ddt tai luui nh.u gia tdi truoc bdng hut cluut khong vi. chi co phtui
ticli bdng If) trinli utig sud: mai d~ dang thdy rang phuang phap nay
'~hong phat sinh ling sudt lech. 0 bien chiu. tdi nen. khong bi truot.
Di keni ooi co IUiC ddt toi luui la thiet k~ nen. mong theo ly thuy~t
trang thai gioi hart va ly thuy~t xac sudt, .cd hai doi hoi df) tin ctiy rdt
cao ctla ctic dac trung cluing cdt. Dang co hai khuynh huang nluim. am
hieu. cliinli xac dac trung co hoc ctla ddt d~ dua uao pluin. tich. va tinh
loan nen mong cong trinh:
- Tang df) chinh xac cong tac ldy mdu ddt nguyen. dang khi kluio
sat neti cong trinh, tang df) chinh xac· qua trinh. thi nghiem.
- Sii: dung k~t qua th.i ngliiem. liien. truang nh.u: xuyen. df)ng SPT;
xuyen. tinli CPT va CPTU; neti ep ngang (pressiometer of
Menard); cdt canli (uanetest); dilatometer; ....
Mttc du, co hoc ddt tai han. ra doi dil hati ba cliuc ruirn. va la mot
buac pluit trien. klui xa trong linli cue co hoc dtit va nen mong cong
trinli nliung ciing chi moi duoc ling dung rf)ng rtii a nliiing nuac pluit
trien. trong oong hati muoi ruirri qua. Tren thi truang sach. Co hoc ddt
toi luin chi moi dat khodng 20% vi. sinh sau de muon. Hiett nay, mon
co hoc ddt bao trurri cd co hoc ddt tai han.
Di~u mong moi ctla cluing toi la giup cho sinh oien, hoc oien. cao
hQC, ctu: nha nghien. cuu v~ co hoc ddt - n~n mong cong trinli co them
8
mot tai lieu. nho d~ tham khdo. Nhung kdn thuc co han. mong duac slj
Luong tlui khi co nhilng sai sot trong quy~n sach. nay va nit vui mung
duac nluui cac j ki~n gop j.
M9i j kdn dong gop, pht: binli va tluic mdc xin gili v~ dia chi:
Bi) man Dia Co Nen Mong, Khoa Ky thtuit Xay dung, Truang Dai
h9C Bach khoa - Dei h9C Qu6c gia thanli phd H6 Chi Minh, 268 Lj
Thuang Kift, Quq,n 10, Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh.
Hoac theo dia chi e.mail: cnan@hcmut.edu.vn.
T6c gia
PGS - TS CHAu NGQC AN
591
.
'A
?
TAl LIEU
. THAM KHAO
1.
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2.
D.W.Taylor, Fundamentals of soil Mechanics, John Willey, 1948.
3.
K.Terzaghi, R.B.Peck, Mecanique des sols appliquees aux travaux
publics et au btitiment, Dunod, 1957.
4.
G.A.Leonard, Foundation engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1962.
5.
A.Caquot, J. Kerisel, Traite de Mecanique des sols, GauthiersVillards, 1966.
6.
R.B.Peck, Hanson, Thornburn, Foundation.
Willey, 1957 &1974.
Engineering,
7.
G.E.Sowers, Introductory
MacMillan USA, 1970.
and
8.
G.Parry, Stress-strain
1971.
9.
Spangler, Soil Engineering, lTC-Pennsylvania, 1971.
10.
Design Manual, Soil Mechanics, Foundation,
structures, Navfac DM-7, Washington D.C, 1971.
11.
Broms, Precast Pilling Practice, Thomas Telford-London, 1981.
12.
Sanglerat,
1972.
13.
Quy pham xay dung 45-78, Chl ddn thi~t k~ mong nong, 1978.
14.
T.W.Lambe, R.V.Whitman, Soil
Willey, 1979.
15.
Das, Principles of Foundation
1984.
16.
Xirtovich, Co hoc dtit, 1987.
17.
F.Schlosser, Elements
Chaussees, 1988.
Soil
Mechanics
John
Foundations.
behaviour of soil, Cambridge University,
The penetrometer
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soil exploiration,
mechanics
Engineering,
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des
SI
Earth
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version,
John
PWS-Kent_Boston,
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A.R.Rodriguez, H.Castillo, G.F.Sowers, Soil
mechanics
in.
highway engineering, Trans Tech Publications - Germany, 1988.
19.
F.Darve, Greco
Grenoble, 1989.
20.
W.F.Chen, E. Mizuno, Nonlinear
Elsevier, 1990
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Holtz, Kovacs, Introduction
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22.
Bergado, Chai, Improvement
techniques
of soft
subsiding and lowland environment, AIT, '1992.
23.
Atkinson, An introduction
to the
Foundations, John Willey, 1993.
24.
D.M. Wood. Soil behaviour and critical
Cambridge University, 1994.
25.
NF P94-074 Essais a l'appareil triaxial, Homologuee, 1994.
26.
F.Schlosser, Exercises
Chaussees, 1995.
27.
Whitlow, Basic Soil Mechanics,
McGraw-Hill, 1995.
28.
Raj, Geotechnical
McGraw-Hill,' 1995.
29.
F.Darve,
P.Y.Hicher,
J.M.Reynouard,
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Mecanique
30.
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theories, Balkema, 1995.
of critical
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K.Terzaghi, R.B.Peck, G.Mesri, Soil Mechanics
practice 3rd ed., John Willey, 1995.
32.
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SCI- London, 1998.
34.
Chau Ngoc An, Analyse de l'influence
des caracteristiques
mecaniques et hydrauliques sur le comportement des barrages
enterre et en enrochement, These de Docteur, Institut National
Polytechnique de Grenoble, France, 1999.
-
--
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Institut
de
Mecanique
anlysis
in Soil
a La Geotechnique,
Engineering,
tri
the
Mechanics,
Polytechnique
Mechanics
de Mecanique
de
Ground
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---------------------------!.....
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36.
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37.
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38.
Chau
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Coussy, Fleureau,
Hermes, 2002.
I
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Mecanique
des sols non eaturee,
Lavoisier-
,
40.
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41.
Das, Principles
Stenqtlist, 2002.
42.
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Cambrige Uni, 2002.
43.
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44.
Chau Ngoc An, Ca hoc ddt, NXB DHQG TP HCM, 2004.
45.
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Soft Soils, Springer, 2006.
and Foundation
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47.
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48.
Chau Ng<;>c
An, Nen. mong cong trinh, NXB Xay dung Ha N9i,
2008.
of
Balkema Publishers, 2002.
Geotechnical
Engineering
Plasticity
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and
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Bill
Geotechnics,
in
Springer, 2006.
co HOC BAT
•
Chau Ngoc An
.•.
",'
?
NHAXUATBAN
D~I HQC
GIA TP HO CHi MINH
KP 6, P. Linh Trung, Q. Thu Due, TPHCM
So 3 Cong trirong Quoe te, Q'.3, ],PHCM
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ouoc
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