Physics 10
Advance Physics
What is Physics?
Physics is the study of everyday phenomena. It aims to
explain these phenomena in terms of the fundamental
laws, or the laws of nature.
Physics is the study of matter and energy and their
relationship.
Physicists believed that most everyday phenomena can, in
one way or another, be explained through Physics, as
matter and energy are the basic constituents of the
natural world; they are what the entire universe is made of
What is Science?
Three main branches;
• Natural Science
• Social Science
• Applied Science.
Social Science deals with human behavior
primarily in its social and cultural aspects.
Applied Science is the application of the
theoretical sciences, like those in social
and natural sciences.
Natural Science deals with the
understanding and description of nature.
Biological Science and Physical Science
Physics and Its Branches
Physics is divided into two main branches:
Classical Physics and Modern Physics.
Classical Physics refers to the
traditional
topics in physics that were recognized
and developed before the beginning of
the 20th century
Modern Physics, on the other hand,
refers to concepts in physics that have
surfaced since the beginning of the 20th
century.
This branch is mostly concerned with the
behavior of matter and energy under
extreme conditions
Classical Physics
1. Mechanics – the study of forces acting on
bodies whether at rest or in motion
a. Statics – on forces acting on bodies at rest
b. Kinematics – on motion without regard to its cause
c. Dynamics – on motion and the forces that
affect it
2. Acoustics – the study of the production
and propagation of sound waves
3. Optics – the study of light
a. Physical Optics – on the production, nature
and properties of light
b. Physiological Optics – on the part played
by light in vision
c. Geometrical Optics – on the reflection and
refraction of light as encountered in the study
of mirrors and lenses
4. Thermodynamics – the study of the
relationship between heat and other forms
of energy
5. Electromagnetism – the study of the
properties of electric current and
magnetism, and their relationship
a. Electrostatics – on electric charges at
rest
b. Electrodynamics – on moving charges
c. Magnetostatics – on magnetic poles at
rest
Modern Physics
1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – the study
of the components, structure and behavior
of the nucleus of the atom
2. Quantum Physics – the study of the
discrete nature of phenomena at the
atomic and subatomic levels. Its focus is on
the indivisible units of energy called quanta
as described by the Quantum Theory
3. Relativistic Physics – the study of
phenomena that take place in a frame of
reference that is in motion with respect to
an observer
4. Solid State Physics – the study of all
properties of solid materials, including
electrical conduction in crystals of
semiconductors and metals,
superconductivity and photoconductivity
5. Condensed Matter Physics – the study of
the properties of condensed materials (
solids, liquids and those intermediate
between them, and dense gas ) with the
ultimate goal of developing new materials
with better properties
6. Plasma Physics – the study of the
fourth state of matter, plasma
7. Low – Temperature Physics – the study
of the production and aintenance of
temperatures down to almost absolute
zero, and the various phenomena that
occur only at such temperatures
Newton's first law
states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled
to change its state by the action of an external
force.
Newton's second law of motion is called a law
of momentum.
It states that the acceleration produced in an
object due to applied net force on it is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the force.
Newton's third law:
the law of action and reaction
Newton's third law states that when two bodies
interact, they apply forces to one another that are
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The
third law is also known as the law of action and
reaction.
Impulse and Momentum
Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum of an object of mass (m), moving with
a velocity (v), is defined as the product of the mass and
the velocity. It is represented by the symbol ρ.
In symbols, p = mv
Linear momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is
the direction of the velocity. It has dimensions mass x
length / time and so the SI unit is kg.m/
A 2500 – kg bus from Zamboangita moves at
25 m/s to Dumaguete City. What is the
momentum of the bus?
Given:
m = 2500 kg
v = 25 m/s
Find p.
p = mv
p = (25oo kg) (25 m/s)
p = 62500 kg . m/s
Calculate the momentum of a 0.145 kg baseball
being thrown at a speed of 40.0 m/s
Determine the linear momentum
of a body whose mass is 10kg
moving with a speed of 20m/s.
The linear momentum of a body is
40 kg m/s and the mass of the
object is 5kg. Determine the
velocity of the object.
Impulse
Impulse is the product of the force and
time during which it acts. It is a vector
quantity with the same direction as the
force. Its SI unit is Newton – second (Ns)
An official major league baseball has a mass of 0.14
kg. A pitcher throws a 40 m/s fastball which is hit by
the batter straight back up the middle at a speed of
46 m/s.
a. What is the impulse of the ball during the collision
with the bat?
b. If this collision occurs during a time of 0.012
seconds, what is the average force exerted by the
bat on the ball?
A toy car collides with a wall and stops after the
collision. If the mass of the car is 0.5 kg and it
was travelling at a velocity of 10 m/s before it hit
the wall, what would be the impulse?
Using the formula:
Δp = p final -p initial
Δ p = I = mvf – mvi
I= (0.5 kg)(0 m/s) – (0.5 kg)(10 m/s)
I = -5 kg m/s
Law of Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of a system does not
change if there are no external forces acting on
it.
In symbols:
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
Two Categories of Collisions:
A marble of mass m1 = 0.04 kg mowing
with a speed v1 = 2.0 m/s strikes a second
marble, initially at rest, of mass m2 = 0.04
kg. As a result of the collision, the first ball
comes to rest and the second ball moves in
the opposite direction. What is the velocity
of the second marble?
A tennis ball may leave a top player’s racket on the serve with
a speed of 65.0 m/s. The ball’s mass is
0.0600 kg and it is in contact with the racket for 0.0300 s.
Assume the ball begins at rest.
a. What is the change in momentum of the tennis ball during
the collision with the racket? 3.9
b. What is the average force exerted on the ball by the racket?
130KN
3
A 0.15kg baseball moving at 26 m/s is slowed to a stop
by a catcher who exerts a constant force of -390 N.
How long does it take this force to stop the ball? 0.10s
A 0.45kg dodge ball is thrown at an opposing player at a
velocity of 38 m/s to the right. Unfortunately, it
misses the player and bounces off the wall at 28m/s to
the left. What is the impulse of the ball hitting the
wall?29.7
Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves are also known
as
EM
waves.
Electromagnetic
radiations
are
composed
of
electromagnetic
waves
that
are
produced when an electric field comes
in contact with the magnetic field. It
can also be said that electromagnetic
waves
are
the
composition
of
oscillating( move or swing back and forth at a regular
speed)electric and magnetic fields.
Frequency, in physics, the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
How Are Electromagnetic Waves Formed?
• The electromagnetic field is produced by an accelerating charged particle.
• Electromagnetic waves are nothing but electric and magnetic fields travelling
through free space with the speed of light c.
• An accelerating charged particle is when the charged particle oscillates about an
equilibrium position.
• If the frequency of oscillation of the charged particle is f, then it produces an
electromagnetic wave with frequency f.
• The wavelength λ of this wave is given by λ = c/f. Electromagnetic waves transfer
energy through space.
Electromagnetic Spectrum