!
Document*Based!Review!
for!the!
Sec.!IV!History!Examination!
Prepared by:
Tino Bordonaro
Social Sciences Consultant
This review is based on the Historical Knowledge by Social Phenomenon found in the
MELS June 2011 Examination Information Document (pp. 5 and 6). Teachers may use
it in total or in part, and are encouraged to modify the questions to better accommodate
the needs of their students. The specific documents for these questions are mostly from
past provincial examinations. Feedback and comments are appreciated.
1.
Population and settlement
1.1
First occupants (around 1500)
1.1.1
The origins of the Native Americans
1. Identify and compare the differences between the two main theories explaining the first migrations to North America?
1.1.2
The presence of three Native linguistic groups in northeastern America in the 16th
century
2. Where did the Iroquois live? The Algonkians? The Inuit?
!
!
3. The Amerindian groups of the northeastern part of America were characterized by their different
lifestyles.
Name the Amerindian group whose lifestyle is illustrated in the following document.
4. When the first Europeans came to North America, Native peoples from three major Amerindian
language groups shared the northeastern part of the continent.
a)
The lifestyle of which Amerindian group is illustrated below.
b)
Name two characteristics specific to this major language group.
5. Two major Native linguistic groups in northeastern North America, the Algonquians and the Iroquoians,
developed distinctive ways of life.
John G.Toler. National Archives of Canada, C-36647.
C.W.Jefferys. National Archives of Canada, C-69767.
Indicate whether the following descriptions of everyday life correspond to the Algonquian or the Iroquoian way
of life by placing the number of each statement in the appropriate box in your answer booklet.
1.
The families went into the forest to hunt moose, in order to survive during the winter months.
2.
After much discussion, the women of the village chose the members of the Council.
3.
After choosing their new site, the band members set up their wigwams.
4.
When a conflict was imminent, the men selected the most able warrior as their chief.
5.
At summer’s end, the women harvested corn, squash and pumpkins.
6.
Young children carried water from the river to the longhouse in clay pots.
6. The Amerindians distinguished themselves by their way of life: certain societies were nomadic,
while others were sedentary.
Of the illustrations shown below, which are associated with the Algonquins?
B)
A)
C)
E)
D)
F)
1.2
French régime (1608-1760)
1.2.1
The first settlements
7. Identify the location of the first French settlement in New France.
http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/book_images/high/v1_c5_s03_ss00_01.jpg
1.2.2
The effects of the European presence on the Amerindians
8. Europeans and Amerindians exchanged with one another several elements of their way of life.
Which illustrations characterize the European influence?
9. Which of the following illustrates an effect that the arrival of the Europeans had on the
Amerindians?
Text 1
«THE ALGONQUINS RECLAIM THEIR SOULS.
There is no doubt that the missionaries took away from the Indians their system of values and traditional rituals, which
were based upon respect for nature.»
Translated from : La Presse, Montréal, Saturday, October 1, 1968, p. H-6.
Text 2
«Indian society was in no way prepared for contact with the Europeans. The first encounter with the white man was a
brutal shock for the Indian: ... the white man’s iron knives were stronger than their knives of stone, his canoes were
huge, his weapons killed from a distance, making a thundering noise.»
Translated from : Vachon, A., L’eau-de-vie dans la société indienne, Canadian Historical Association Report, 1960, p. 26s.
1.2.3
The seigneurial system as a factor in the settlement and occupation of the territory
10. The French authorities established the seigneurial system to facilitate the settlement of New
France.
A"Typical"Seigneurie"
Translated from : D. Dion-McKinnon, P. Lalongé, Notre Histoire
(Montréal : Éditions du Renouveau pédagogique, 1984), p. 55.
Which of the following statements characterize the seigneurial system?
1.
The lots were long, narrow and perpendicular to the river.
2.
The land was divided in such a way as to facilitate the fur trade.
3.
The seigneur distributed lots in such a way as to ensure the growth of towns and villages.
4.
The distribution of land was intended to ensure a better defense of the colony.
5.
The seigneur received various payments from his censitaires
11. In order to promote settlement in New France, French authorities established the seigneurial
system.
Which two documents characterize the seigneurial system?
Document 1
«Thousands of workers who had previously lived on farms were attracted to industries which were being established in
cities and surrounding areas.»
Translated from : J.F. CARDIN, et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets (Montréal : HRW, 1984) p. 329.
Document 2
Document 3
Document 4
Document 5
DUTIES
•
To inhabit and clear his land
•
To pay various rents
•
To maintain roads on his land
RIGHTS
•
•
•
To receive a land concession
To have the use of a mill
To receive justice in the courts
12. During the 17th century the development of New France was characterized by two opposing views
of colonization.
Which document is associated with the establishment of a colony of settlement?
Document A
«The King cannot accept your reasoning on the means of creating a great and powerful state in America. It would not be
wise to empty his Kingdom for the purpose of populating Canada.» Colbert
Documents B
«The entrepreneurs, who were called seigneurs, were granted tracts of land of varying sizes on which they had to
establish settlers. Reciprocal rights and duties were specified in advance...»
M. TRUDEL, Introduction to New France, Montréal, H.R.W., 1968, pp. 176 and 171.
Document C
Economically, France used its colony as a source for the raw materials it did not have. This practice was based on the
theory of mercantilism.
Document D
13. The seigneurial system, a system of ownership which was characteristic of New France in the 17th
and 18th centuries, is described and illustrated in the documents below.
What was France’s principal goal in setting up the seigneurial system?
Document 1
«Agriculture was the occupation of the vast majority of immigrants who came to New France. In order to own land,
they had to fulfill certain conditions which were much different from those of today.»
Translated from : L. Charpentier et al., Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada, 2nd edition, Montréal, CEC, 1990, p. 76.
Document 2 : Seigneurial Territory in 1760
14. The following text by Pehr Kalm, a Swedish visitor to Canada in 1749, describes the St. Lawrence
Valley as he saw it.
Which of the following depicts the development of the countryside of New France as described above by
Kalm?
The countryside on both sides of the river [the St. Lawrence] is charming, and the highly developed farms add great
beauty to the landscape. One could say that a village stretches for 180 miles, beginning in Montréal and ending at Québec.
The farmhouses, with few exceptions, are separated from one another by no more than three to five acres. The view is
magnificent, especially where the river flows in a straight line for several miles; consequently the dwellings appear closer
to one another than they really are and give the impression of a village built along a single path that goes on forever.
Translated from : Laurier Carrière, Les Français dans les Pays d’en Haut, Montréal, 8McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1981, p. 253. All rights reserved.
15. The photograph below illustrates how land is still divided along the Richelieu River today. Long,
narrow strips of land along a waterway are characteristic of the seigneurial system.
Why was the land divided in this way?
Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, Photo: cartothèque québécoise
1.2.4 Jean Talon and his successors’ policies to promote a high birth rate and immigration
16. Between 1665 and 1675, the population of New France grew from 3200 to 7800 thanks to various
measures taken by Intendant Jean Talon.
From the texts below, identify three measures that were intended to increase the population of New
France.
“The! King! wishes! the! said...! Talon! to! invite! the! soldiers...! of! the! Carignan! Regiment,! as! well! as! the! four!
infantry! companies...! to! remain! in! the! country,! and! to! grant! to! each! of! them! a! small! gratuity! in! His!
Majesty’s!name!in!order!that!they!may!have!the!means!of!establishing!themselves.”!
Louis XIV
“The King has heard with pleasure... that of the 165 women who came last year there remained but 15 to be married...
and that the soldiers, having worked on the habitations, are capable of marrying. To this effect His Majesty has taken the
measures necessary to send 150 women this year. I am sure that as soon as they arrive you will see that they are
established and married to... soldiers and other inhabitants.”
Jean Talon (1670)
“It is ordered... that in the future all inhabitants of the... country who have up to ten legitimate children living who are
neither priests nor belong to any religious order... will be paid... a yearly gratuity of three hundreds livres, and those who
have twelve, four hundred livres;... in addition... it is the King’s will... that all males who marry before the age of twenty,
and females before the age of sixteen, will receive on their wedding day twenty livres to be known as the King’s gift.”
Louis XIV (1670)
1.2.5 The demographic and social characteristics of the population
17. Which of the following texts explain the relatively small population of New France at the end of the
French Regime?
Document 1
«This policy of increasing the population could not succeed unless supported by a policy of increasing the marriage
rate... The State sent some... orphans raised at the King’s expense.»
M. Trudel, Introduction to New France (Toronto : H.R.W., 1968), p. 67.
Document 2
«The King cannot in any way agree with your reasoning on the means by which Canada can be made into a great and
powerful state... It would be unwise to empty his kingdom for the purpose of populating Canada.» Colbert
Document 3
«The King wishes ... Talon to invite the soldiers ... of the Carignan Regiment ... to remain in the country, and to grant
each of them a small gratuity ... in order that they may have the means of establishing themselves.»
C. Nish, ed. and trans. The French Régime (Scarborough : Prentice-Hall, 1965), p. 53
Document 4
«The company agreed to recruit and transport 400 settlers to New France within fifteen years as well as ensure their
welfare for three years... Difficulties arose from the very beginning... As their profits dwindled to nothing, the company
stopped sending settlers.»
Translated from : C. Bouchard and R. Lagassé, Nouvelle-France, Canada-Québec (Montreal : Beauchemin, 1986), pp. 32-33.
Document 5
«With the coming of the first intendant, the seigneurial system took root and the number of seigneuries greatly
increased: 46 were granted in 1672 and 90 more between 1673 and 1732. Between 1733 and the end of the French
Regime in 1760, another 48 were granted.»
Translated from : J.F. Cardin et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets (Montreal : H.R.W., 1984), p. 103.
18. The settlement of New France varied according to the interest shown toward to colony by the mother
country.
The following documents represent different events or periods in the social evolution of New France.
Place them in chronological order.
Document 1
«The fishermen met Amerindians along the shores and began to trade goods with them, including furs.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada
Document 2
«The Canadiens, born in New France, now made up the majority of the population [of 65 000 inhabitants living along
the shores of the St. Lawrence]. They adapted their French way of life to their new geographical and social
environment.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada
Document 3
«In order to reestablish the balance between men and women and to increase the population, the Royal Government
asked the French monarchy to send over young women without families; they were known as the filles du roi.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada
Document 4
«Samuel de Champlain approached the shores of the St. Lawrence in the region known as ‘Canada’ and with about
thirty men, he built a habitation.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada
19. In 1760, the population of New France numbered about 65 000. The population of the English
colonies to the south totalled a little more than 1 500 000.
Which of the following explains New France’s low population?
A)
First, [the mother country] strengthened its policy towards indentured servants (hired workers), a policy that had
been in effect since 1632... After fulfilling his contract, the indentured servant was free to return to France. If he
chose to stay in Canada, the seigneur would help him start a farm.
Translated from : Louise Charpentier et al. Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, 2nd ed, Montréal, CEC, 1990, p. 72.
B)
New France offered hardly any commercial outlets. The fur trade, which was the basis of the colony’s economy,
required only a small number of European traders.
Translated from : Louise Charpentier et al. Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, 2nd ed., Montréal, CEC, 1990, p. 73.
C)
The government of France sent [the colony] a number of carefully selected young women of marriageable age,
[les filles du roi.] . . . Through the offer of free land, ... many disbanded soldiers [were encouraged to settle in
Canada.]
H.H. Herstein et al. Challenge and Survival : The History of Canada, Scarborough, Ont., Prentice-Hall of Canada Ltd., 1970, pp. 69-70.
D)
During the eighteenth century, . . . the Canadian birth rate remained stable at about 55 births per 1000
population, [one of the highest in the world.] . . . The average family had seven children, . . . [even though] the
size of families was reduced by high infant mortality.
John A. Dickinson and Brian Young. Diverse Pasts : A History of Quebec and Canada, Toronto, Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1986, pp. 67-68.
1.3
British rule (1760-1867)
1.3.1 The impact of the change of empire on the composition of the population
20. Which of the following texts describe consequences of the British Conquest of New France?
Text 1
England supported its colonies and sent massive aid in the form of materials and soldiers.
Text 2
The relatively small French population of about 70 000 was scattered over a vast territory.
Restricted to the Atlantic coast by geographic conditions which blocked the movement of the settlers, the English
colonies boasted a population of 1 600 000.
Text 3
"Encouraged by rumours of an eventual attempt by the French to recapture Québec, Pontiac crisscrossed the Detroit
area in order to rally the neighbouring tribes to his cause... In less than six weeks, eight forts fell to the Amerindians."
Translated from : Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, p. 179.
Text 4
(The British merchants established themselves in the St. Lawrence Valley). «They were driven by the same motives: to
make quick profits, take control of the fur trade and establish a stranglehold on political power.»
Translated from : D. Dion-McKinnon and P. Lalongé, Notre Histoire (Montreal : Éd. du Renouveau pédagogique, 1984), p. 95
Text 5
«On the French side, ... water was starting to run out and it became difficult to make bread. They finally succeeded in
finding a tiny stream ... but it was not enough to quench their thirst.»
Translated from : J. Lacoursière and H. Bizier, Nos Racines (Montreal : T.L.M., 1982), p. 159
1.3.2 The occupation and organization of the territory after the arrival of the Loyalists
21. Which two of the following documents illustrate consequences of the arrival of the Loyalists in
the Province of Québec?
Document 1: The Montréal Trade Fair
Document 2
Document 3: The Eastern Townships
KING
Minister
of the Marine
Governor
Intendant
Captain of the Militia
People
Governor
Sovereign
Council
Bishop
Document 4
Document 5
Adapted from : M. Trudel, Initiation à la Nouvelle-France, Montréal, HRW, 1968, p. 187.
1.3.3
The impact of immigration and the birth rate on the demographic and social composition
of the population in the first half of the 19th century
22. Which period of our history is characterized by the following documents?
Document 1
«The agriculture of Lower Canada entered a long period of difficulty and decline. Agricultural
production was unable to meet foreign demand for various reasons: poor harvests, outmoded
methods and soil exhaustion. ... Overcrowded seigneuries made the situation worse... Many FrenchCanadian farmers left the seigneuries for the city or village; others emigrated to the United States.»
Translated from : Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, p. 226.
Document 2
Translated and adapted from : Dion-McKinnon, Notre Histoire (Montreal : Éd. du Renouveau pédagogique, 1984), p. 118.
Document 3
The large influx of immigrants altered the colony’s ethnic, social and religious character. The newly arrived English
and Scottish immigrants were mostly businessmen. The Irish immigrants - poor, Catholic, rural and jobless - were often
exploited in large projects such as the building of canals.
1.3.4
Emigration and colonization movements beginning in the 1830s and 1840s
23. Describe two aspects of the arrival of Irish and English immigrants on the population
of Québec during the first half of the 19th century.
Document 1: Arrival of British Immigrants in Canada East
Document 2:
Around 1815, immigration . . . grew rapidly, as people fled difficult living conditions and
famines. . . . The immigrants . . . . settled in cities, providing a cheap labour force, or in the
townships. The Canadiens, however, were still the largest cultural group.
Sylvain!Fortin!et!al.,!Panoramas:"History"and"Citizenship"Education,"Secondary"Cycle"Two,"Year"1"(Montréal:!Chenelière,!2009),!Book!
B,!p.18.
Document 3: The Occupation of Territory of Canada East after 1840
1.4
Contemporary period (1867 to the present)
1.4.1
Migration and colonization in the late 19th century
24. By the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, Canada’s population was characterized
by its geographical migration.
Give TWO reasons which would explain the increase in urban population between 1871 and 1931.
25. Which document illustrates a social consequence of the labour surplus that existed in rural areas at
the end of the 19th century?
A)
TheEvents at Saint-Eustache at the Time of the Patriotes’ Rebellion
B)
C) Emigration From Québec to the United States, 1840-1899
Total
Urban
Rural
Period
Population
Population
%
1840-1849
890 261
132 649
14.9
757 612
85.1
35 000
1850-1859
1 111 566
184 520
16.6
927 046
83.4
70 000
1860-1869
1 191 516
237 112
19.9
954 464
80.1
100 000
1870-1879
1 359 027
323 448
23.8
1 035 579
76.2
120 000
1880-1889
1 488 535
425 721
28.6
1 062 814
71.4
150 000
1890-1899
1 648 898
595 252
36.1
1 053 646
63.9
140 000
Population
%
Emigration
Lavoie, Y., L’émigration des Canadiens aux États-Unis avant 1930, Montréal, Les presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1972.
D)
1.4.2
The waves of immigration and the evolution of the birth rate in Québec in the 20th
century
26. The period from 1880 to 1914 witnessed the arrival of millions of migrants to Canada.
Their
arrival changed the social composition of cities of Canada as well as the territory of Western Canada.
A) Describe a social change in Montreal during the period from 1880 to 1914
B) Describe a territorial change during the same period in Western Canada
1871
40%
30%
20%
10%
Natives
Germans
Jewish
Italians
Other
0%
1871
1901
Others
Jewish
0%
Natives
50%
1901
1931
40%
30%
20%
10%
Natives
Germans
Jewish
Italians
Others
0%
1931
1.4.3 The occupation of the Québec territory in the 20th century
27. Using the documents above, explain two changes in population during the second half of the 20th
century.
1.4.4
The social and territorial conditions of the Native population
28. Describe a serious social issue on Native reserves.
Is the issue improving or deteriorating?
Native people have lived in seriously inadequate housing for years, although there have
been some improvements. Fifteen years ago, over half of the houses on reserve were
overcrowded, versus 21% today.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
1.4.5
Current demographic issues such as the aging of the population, immigration, the birth
rate and regional disparities
29. Since the 1980s the aging of the population has constituted a big change for Québec with serious
repercussions being felt in the labour force.
What have been the effects of these natural changes on Québec’s labour force?
2.
Economy and development
2.1
First occupants (around 1500)
2.1.1
Native people’s exploitation of the territory and trade networks
30. The document below represents the trade that occurred among the Natives around 1500.
In present day Quebec, with which other Native groups did the Algonkians trade?
2.1.2
The beginning of European resource exploitation
31. One of the first resources exploited by the Europeans in North America was fish.
Other than for economic reasons, why was fish popular among Europeans?
2.2
French régime (1608-1760)
2.2.1
The fur trade and its consequences for the colony
32. With the aid of the two documents below, identify one consequence of the fur trade in North
America?
Document 1
Document 2
«The St. Lawrence Valley had been penetrated by the French, who encouraged the hunting Indians to bring the furs of
the pays d’en haut, the north country, down the St. Maurice and the Ottawa rivers...
[By 1650] the French, ... if they wanted furs, had to go into the interior [themselves]... to find the hunting Indians and
trade with them.»
J.A. Lower, Canada An Outline History (Toronto : McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1973). pp. 24-25.
33. Which of the following documents illustrate consequences of the fur trade in North America under
the French Regime?
Document 1
Document 2
Document 3
«When the highest rate in the world reached 55 per 1000, it has been shown that in New France this rate was
constantly equalled or exceeded and that in the period 1751-1760 the rate reached 61.8.»
Reproduced with the permission of Editions HRW.
Document 4
Document 5
[France occupied a] vast territory extending over four drainage basins, three waterways leading into the interior
from the Atlantic, two vast water systems and about three quarters of the North American continent.
Translated from : Mon histoire, Guérin, 1985.
Document 6
The war... between the French and the English lasted for more than a century. For the Amerindian nations, this
meant long periods of undeclared conflict interrupted by open warfare.
Translated from : Louise Charpentier et al., Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, 2nd ed., Montréal, CEC, 1990, p. 59.
34. The history of New France is closely linked to the exploitation of a single resource: fur.
Which four documents characterize the fur trade under the French Régime?
Document!1!
Document 2
Talon took up Champlain's strategy of overall
Mercantilism was an economic doctrine whose purpose
development of the colony. The idea was to create a
was to make money for the mother country. France
number of industries, thereby making New France less
imported
dependent on the mother country, that is, more self-
transformed them into finished products to be sold back
sufficient.
to the colonies and to other countries.
Document 3:
raw
materials
from
Document 4
The Montréal Market
National Archives of Canada, C-011013
National Archives of Canada, C-5855
its
colonies
and
Document 5
Document 6
The total population is estimated at 64 500, of whom 55
king's administrators adopted measures to increase the
000 live in the seigneurial region of the St. Lawrence
population of New France. Their first concern was
Valley. The rest of the population is spread over a vast
immigration.
territory extending from Louisiana to Acadia.
Translated from: CHARPENTIER, Louise et al.,
Translated from: ROY, Marcel et al.,
Nouvelle histoire du Quebec et du Canada,
Je me souviens, Histoire du Quebec et du Canada,
nd
2 ed. ( 8CEC, Montréal, 1990), p. 111.
(Éditions du renouveau pédagogique inc., Montréal, 1995), p. 121.
Document 7
Document 8
Quebec Ministry of Education
Quebec Ministry of Education
35. The Amerindians played a key role in the development of the fur trade in New France.
National Archives of Canada, C-07699.
Which two statements below describe the role of the Amerindians in the fur trade?
!
!
!
1.
The Amerindians traded furs for European manufactured goods, earning very little on the
exchange.
2.
The Amerindians hunted the fur-bearing animals and prepared the skins for
transportation to the trading posts.
3.
The Amerindians obtained a monopoly of the trade in furs from the mother country and
earned most of the profits from the fur trade.
4.
The Amerindians, as company owners, exported furs to France and imported
manufactured products.
5.
The Amerindians added to their incomes by teaching the French how to hunt fur-bearing
animals.
!
2.2.2 The characteristics of agricultural activity
36. Which three of the following documents characterize agricultural activity?
Document 1: The Territory of New France around 1712
Document 2
Document 3
Adapted from : Marcel Trudel. Introduction to New France, Montréal, HRW, 1968, p. 187.
Document 4
Thus, in 1739, it represented 70 percent of the total exports. This trade helped pay for the administration of the colony.
However, the habitants made little profit.
Translated from : Jean-François Cardin et al. Le Québec : héritages et projets, 2nd ed., Montréal, HRW, 1994, p. 62.
Document 5
« The Intendant » was responsible for the settlement and occupation of the territory (the governor and he together granted
seigneuries), appointed notaries and surveyors, looked after road building, health care, public security, etc.
Translated from : Jean-François Cardin et al. Le Québec : héritages et projets, 2nd ed., Montréal, HRW, 1994, p. 108.
Document 6
Soon after their arrival, the French made contact with the Hurons and the Algonquins, the Amerindian groups most likely
to supply them with pelts. . . .The French-Huron-Algonquin alliance resulted in conflict with the Iroquois, who at the time
were trading with the Dutch and the English.
Translated from : Louise Charpentier et al. Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada, 2nd ed., Montréal, CEC, 1990, p. 59.
37. During the 17th century, there were two opposing concepts of colonization in New France: the
trading colony and the settlement colony.
Which two of the following illustrations concern agriculture?
Document 1: A Farmer in New France
National Archives of Canada, C-016952.
Document 2: Typical Layout of a Seigneury
Document 3 : Coureurs des bois
Based on Marcel TRUDEL, Initiation à la Nouvelle-France (Montréal:
HRW, 1968), p. 187.
National Archives of Canada, C-82972
Document 4: The Fur Trade
Charles William Jefferys, National Archives of Canada, C-7024.
Document 5: The Intendant's Visit
L.R. Batchelor, National Archives of Canada, C-11925
2.2.3 Measures to promote economic diversification
38. Explain how Jean Talon’s economic policies affected the development of the colony.
Under Talon's guidance, the three-way trade
between Canada, the West Indies and
France enjoyed significant success from
1667 onwards. Following the fall harvest,
ships left New France filled with wood, fish
and seal oil. Unloaded in December in the
West Indies, these same ships were then
loaded with sugar, rum, cotton and tobacco,
destined for the markets of France. The
ships returned to Canada from France at the
beginning
of
summer,
bringing
fabrics,
wines, firearms and other manufactured
goods
The Intendant's stay in the colony was all too brief. The settlers did not have time to familiarize
themselves with the cultivation of commercial crops such as hemp, linen and hops. Of the industries
set up by Talon, only the production of shoes was truly successful — largely because of contracts
obtained from the army. The brewery, which opened its doors in 1670, produced more than 4,000
casks of beer the following year, half of which were destined for the West Indies
Shipbuilding and ship repair are among Canada's oldest industries. The long inland waterways and
coastlines, rich timber supplies, fisheries and offshore oil, together with the need to export natural
resources, have generated a demand for ships. Though Canadians have demonstrated high-quality
workmanship in both enterprises, and at times innovation on a world scale, success has been cyclical.
Although the inhabitants of New France could produce enough wheat to feed themselves, they
remained entirely dependent on French imports for their clothing. Talon thus began encouraging
settlers to sow linen and hemp, in order to produce fabrics and rope. He also encouraged the raising
of sheep, as well as the development of a home-based weaving industry. In addition, two tanneries
[opened] in Montreal
2.2.4 Obstacles to the economic development of the colony
39. Throughout the French Regime, New France had to obey the wishes of the mother country. The
colony’s economy therefore had to follow the rules of French mercantilism.
Which two of the following documents describe the effects of French mercantilism on the
development of New France?
Document 1
«Along the river banks there appeared numerous sawmills, where logs carried down by the current were sawed into
boards and beams.»
Translated from : J.F. Cardin et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets
(Montréal : H.R.W., 1984), p. 222.
Document 2
«Furs represented 70 percent of total exports; agricultural products, 18 percent; fish, 9 percent; iron, 1.3 percent and
wood, 0.5 percent.»
Translated from : D. Vaugeois et al., Canada-Québec Synthèse historique
(Montréal : Éditions du Renouveau pédagogique, 1973), p. 153.
Document 3
«It is marvellous to see their country at the present time... They have beautiful towns, with mail-coach service between
them. They even have carriages.»
Translated from : L. Charpentier et al., Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada (Montréal : Centre éducatif et culturel, 1985), p. 69.
Document 4
«Several of Talon’s initiative and those of his successors, notably hat manufacturing, were disallowed by the king and
his minister.»
Translated from : Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, p. 112
Document 5
«For forty years we have worked to convert the savages, without much success to date, since the entire number of
converts consists of some one hundred persons.»
Translated from : D. Héroux, R. Lahaise and N. Vallerand, La Nouvelle France,
(Montréal : Centre de Psychologie et de Pédagogie, 1967), p. 87.
40. How did a fur-based economy discourage settlement in New France?
2.3
British rule (1760-1867)
2.3.1 Elements of continuity and changes in the colonial economy following the change of
empire
41. Which of the following documents depict society in Lower Canada during the first half of the 19th
century (1800-1850)?
Document 1: British Immigrants Crossing the Atlantic
Document 2: Mechanization of Agriculture
Document 3 : WHEAT PRODUCTION
Document 4: The Loyalists en Route to their New
Lands
KING
Minister
of the Marine
Governor
Intendant
Governor
Sovereign
Council
Bishop
Captain of the Militia
People
Adapted from : Fernand Ouellet, Histoire économique et sociale du
Government of Ontario Collection : MGS621238
Québec, Montréal, Fides, 1971.
Document 5: The Timber Trade
Document 6: Triangular Trade
National Archives of Canada, C-73702
Government of Ontario Collection : MGS621238
2.3.2
Economic changes in the first half of the 19th century
42. Which of the following documents illustrates an important economic change that occurred in
Lower Canada at the turn of the 19th century?
Document A
With the acquisition of the region south of the Great Lakes including the Ohio Valley, the English merchants could
expect a much greater trade in fur.
Document B: FLOATING LOGS DOWNRIVER
Archives nationales du Québec
Document C: MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
Public Archives of Canada C-31 469
Document D
«Farmers who left the land to look for work in the city were attracted by the prospect of higher wages... A factory
worker in Montréal earned 17.5 % an hour for a 60-hour week...»
Translated from : J. HAMELIN et al., Histoire du Québec (Montréal : France-Amérique, 1976), p. 420.
43. Which document represents an economic change that occurred in Lower Canada in the period
between 1791 and 1840?
A)
Burns, Log Driver Scene
B)
C) THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
Adapted
from
:
Fides,1971, map 32.
Letarte,
J.,
Atlas
d’histoire
économique
et
sociale
du
Québec,
Montréal,
D) DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORTS
44. Which three of the following documents depict society in Lower Canada during the first half of the
19th century (1800-1850)?
Document 1
British Immigrants Crossing the Atlantic
Document 2
Mechanization of Agriculture
Document 3
Document 4
WHEAT PRODUCTION
The Loyalists en Route to their New Lands
250 000
200 000
150 000
Surplus
100 000
50 000
0
-50 000
-100 000
-150 000
Déficit
-200 000
-250 000
Adapted from : Fernand Ouellet, Histoire économique et sociale du
Government of Ontario Collection : MGS621238
Québec, Montréal, Fides, 1971.
Document 5
Document 6
The Timber Trade
Triangular Trade
National Archives of Canada, C-73702
Government of Ontario Collection : MGS621238
45. During the first half of the 19th century, Lower Canada underwent a series of economic
transformations.
Which two illustrations below show economic activities that became important in this period?
Document 1: Exports at the End of the
Period
Document)2:!Canadian!Electro.products!Factory!in!Shawinigan!
Furs
Agriculture products
Public Archives of Canada, PA-24468.
Fish
Iron
Timber
"
Document 3: The Timber Trade
National Archives of Canada, C-73702.
Document 4: Canal Construction
Québec Ministry of Education
Document 5: The Mechanization of Agriculture
Omer BEAUDOIN, Archives nationales du Québec, E6-7/96968.
46. Which of the following documents illustrates a major economic change that occurred between
1800 and 1840?
A)
Amerindians trading furs
Public Archives of Canada, C-73431. Photo by C.W.
B) 300 pairs a day
McCord Museum, Walker collection.
Jefferys
C)
Based on Jacques Letarte. Atlas d'histoire économique et sociale Montréal: Fides, 1971, Map 32.
D) Floating logs down the river
Archives nationales du Québec, N83-1116.
2.3.3
The change from protectionist measures to economic liberalism
47. Throughout the first half of the 19th century, certain supporters of the free trade doctrine put
pressure on the British Parliament to end protectionist trading practices with its colonies.
What were two consequences of abandoning protectionist policies in the colony?
[This ]Treaty, was a trade treaty between the colonies of British
North America and the United States. It covered raw materials
and was in effect from 1854 to 1866. it represented a move toward
free trade, and was opposed by protectionist elements in the
United States.
48. How was the signature of the Reciprocity Treaty tied to the decline of British
mercantilism?
2.3.4
The role of agroforestry in the colonization movements
49. In the mid-19th century, led by such pioneering entrepreneurs, a new industry was developed in
Quebec, and as a result new areas were colonized.
Identify this industry, and the areas where it was developed.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
2.3.5
The beginning of industrialization
50. At the end of the 19th century, Québec underwent significant industrial growth. This growth was
characterized by major social repercussions.
A)
The table below shows a phenomenon that was a major consequence of industrialization.
What was this phenomenon?
B)
Indicate one means used by workers to improve their working conditions.
Year
Percentage)of
Population of Main Cities
City Dwellers
Montréal
Québec
Sherbrooke
Hull
1871
19.9%
107 225
59 699
4 432
3 800
1881
23.8%
140 747
62 446
7 227
6 890
1891
28.6%
216 650
63 090
10 097
11 264
1901
36.1%
277 730
68 840
11 765
13 993
Translated from : Jean-François Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, Montréal, HRW, 1986, p. 320. Source : Census Canada
2.4
Contemporary period (1867 to the present)
2.4.1
The first phase of industrialization and its social consequences
51. Which of the following texts characterize social and economic changes which took place during the
first phase of industrialization (1867 to 1896)?
Text 1
The government created the ministries of Agriculture and Colonization. It opened up roads and railways leading into
new areas of settlement. The daily industry assumed an important role in agricultural production. Québec sold horses,
peas, hay and especially dairy products to the United States and in the urban centres.
Text 2
«Mining became an important aspect of the Québec economy... The focus was on the extraction and initial processing
of minerals ... for purposes of export. Québec’s impact on the world’s mining industry was mainly the result of asbestos
production. Québec became the world’s chief producer of this natural resource, resulting in the development of the
Asbestos region.»
Translated from : F. Charbonneau et al., Mon Histoire, (Montreal : Guérin, 1985), p. 356.
Text 3
«City living conditions were especially difficult... Houses were hurriedly built to meet the needs of a rapidly growing
urban population... It was difficult to respect even the minimum standards of health and hygiene. Most housing lacked
an adequate supply of water and an effective sewage system. These deplorable living conditions were not conducive to
public health.»
Translated from : G. Cachat, À la Recherche de mes racines, (Montreal : Lidec, 1984), p. 485.
Text 4
« Following the stock market crash, the ensuing economic crisis forced workers to accept reductions in wages
averaging 40 %. Faced with unemployment, workers became powerless and destitute. »
Translated from : Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, p. 385.
Text 5
«We have given the right to vote to the women of our province because they, as educators of the young and managers
of the home, must have a say in everything that directly and indirectly affects the welfare of the family.»
Godbout
Adélard
52. Which document represents a consequence of the first phase of industrialization in Canada (18701896)?
Document A)
Workers, increasing in number, began organizing to improve their working conditions.
Document B)
«Thousands of workers lost their jobs when their companies closed. Many waited months or even years before finding
other steady work.»
Translated from : Dion-McKinnon, Notre Histoire, p. 233.
Document C)
«In many ways government intervention... in the economy led to the rise of a new class of French Canadian
businessmen in industry, finance, engineering and construction.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada, p.386.
Document D)
The settlers developed better techniques in extensive wheat farming. The majority of farmers owned a tractor.
53. Identify two aims of John A. Macdonald’s national policy.
Translated from : J. F. Cardin et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets, (Montréal : H.R.W., 1984), p. 315.
54. The following documents illustrate a period in the history of Québec, which one?
Document 1
EMIGRATION OF FRENCH CANADIANS TO THE UNITED STATES
%
12
9
6
3
0
10-Year Periods
Document 2
Adapted from : Jacques LETARTE,
Montréal, Fides, 1971, map. 32.
Atlas
d’histoire
économique
et
sociale
du
Québec,
1851-1901,
2.4.2
The acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in the early 20th century
55. The following characteristics describe the industrialization of Québec during a particular period of
its history. Which one?
•
Electricity became an essential source of energy for a large number of industries.
•
Industries were set up in the Saguenay-Lac St. Jean, Abitibi and Mauricie regions.
•
Industrial production was geared to meet the needs of foreign markets.
56. What economic development was responsible for the population shift towards the cities during the
second half of the 19th century?
Table 1
Year
Urban Population
Rural Population
(%)
(%)
1861
16.6
83.4
1871
19.9
80.1
1881
23.8
76.2
1891
28.6
71.4
1901
36.1
63.9
Table 2
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN QUÉBEC, 1861 TO 1901
(IN DOLLARS)
Sector
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
3 830 307
18 650 000
22 440 000
34 700 000
33 099 000
Tobacco
262 050
1 430 000
1 750 000
3 600 000
8 231 000
Leather
1 206 527
14 330 000
21 680 000
18 900 000
20 325 000
Textile
788 316
1 340 000
2 400 000
4 300 000
12 352 000
Clothing
28 000
5 850 000
10 040 000
13 600 000
16 542 000
Lumber
4 155 693
11 690 000
12 790 000
18 500 000
16 340 000
Food
Adapted from : Hamelin, J. And Y. Roby, Histoire économique du Québec 1851-1896, Montréal, Fides, 1971, p. 267.
57. The following documents can be associated with the second phase of industrialization in Canada.
A)
What major change occurred during this period in relation to the source of foreign investments?
B)
What major change occurred during this period with respect to market?
Document 1
Adapted
from
Paul-André
:
M.C.
Linteau,
Urquhart
René
and
K.A.H.
Durocher
and
Buckley,
Historical
Jean-Claude
Robert,
Statistics
of
Histoire
Canada,
du
Les Éditions du Boréal, Montréal, 1989, t.1, p. 443.
Document 2
American and British markets consumed the bulk of our newsprint, asbestos, aluminum and minerals.
p.
Québec
169,
cited
in
contemporain,
58. Which two documents below illustrate the second phase of industrialization (1896-1929) in
Quebec?
Document)1):)Canal)Construction)
Québec Ministry of Education.
Document)2:)The)Canadian)Electro:products)Factory)in) Document)3:)Emigration)to)the)United)States)
Shawinigan)
Thousands of people
500
400
300
Quebec
Canada
200
100
0
10
20
30
40
50 year period
Public Archives of Canada, PA 24468.
Québec Ministry of Education.
50
Document)4)
Québec Ministry of Education.
Document)5)
"Most industries were located in Montréal… At first they were concentrated in four sectors: flour, iron, wood and leather… These were followed by new
types of enterprises, such as textiles and clothing factories, meat packing plants, sugar refineries and railway equipment manufacturing."
Jean-François Cardin et al. Le Québec : Héritages et projets, Montréal, HRW, 1994, p. 287. Translation.
59. Between 1896 and 1929, Québec developed new characteristics as it underwent its second
phase of industrialization.
Which three documents below illustrate the second phase of industrialization (1896-1929) in
Québec?
Document 1: The town of Arvida and its aluminum smelter
Public Archives of Canada, PA-15582.
Document 2: Manufacturing Production (in dollars)
Total production at the beginning of the
Total production at the end of the
period
period
Industry
Food"
Tobacco
Leather
3 830 307
262 050
1 206 527
34 700 000
3 600 000
18 900 000
Textiles
788 316
4 300 000
Clothing
28 000
13 600 000
1 472 680
7 600 000
Iron and steel
Ministère de l’Éducation.
Document 3: St-Lawrence seaway, Lake St-Louis lock
Chris Lund, NFB, National Archives of Canada, PA-15163
Document 4: La Tuque Pulp Company–a pulp and paper plant
National Archives of Canada.
Document 5: The Canadian Electro-Products factory in Shawinigan
Public Archives of Canada, PA-24468.
Document 6: Loading squared timber in the city of Québec
Paul-André Linteau, et al. Québec: A History, translated by Robert Chodos, Toronto, James Lorimier, 1983, p.
111.
60. Which documents below present aspects of Canada’s political and economic context in the
early 20th century (1900 to 1929)?
Document!1:!Canal!construction!
W. H. Bartlett. National Archives of Canada, C-002367.
Document!2!
Document!3!
This province of Québec is Catholic, and it will remain Catholic and French. Although we respect other races and
religions… and wish to maintain friendly relations with them, we vow never to relinquish our rights, which are
guaranteed by treaties, legislation and the Constitution.
Honoré Mercier
Translation.
Document!4!
Let us embrace the Empire…. Throughout the world, the British and their compatriots join forces to honour it.
They are the standard bearers of that spirit of universal brotherhood that makes the British Empire one big family.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Translation.
Document!5:!Immigrant!recruitment!poster!
Public Archives of Canada, C-63482.
2.4.3
The consequences of the Depression and the Second World War for Québec society
61. The documents below characterize a particular period in the history of Québec and Canada, which
one?
Document 1
«It was ‘Black Sunday’ that grabbed the headlines in most Canadian newspapers. The stock exchanges in New York,
Philadelphia, Chicago and Baltimore plummeted as shares were sold by the tens of thousands.»
Translated from : Bouchard, Nouvelle-France, Canada-Québec, p. 240.
Document 2
Unemployed!men!boarding!freight!cars!to!join!the!trek!to!Ottawa!to!protest!the!shortage!of!jobs!
National Archives of Canada
Document 3
BENNETT’S)NEW)DEAL
•
a minimum wage
•
an eight-hour workday and a 48-hour workweek
•
a program of social assistance
62. The Depression of the 1930s produced a variety of reactions in Canada.
Which two of the following documents describe reactions to this Depression?
Document 1
«Some Canadian socialists founded the... C.C.F... They rejected economic liberalism and favoured a greater role for
the government... They supported the nationalization of vital sectors of the economy.»
Translated from : Cardin, Le Québec : héritages et projets, p. 395.
Document 2
«Women became a part of the labour force. Cities provided office and factory work for young girls.»
Translated from : G. Cachat, À la Recherche de mes racines (Montréal : Lidec, 1984), p. 484.
Document 3
«Let us return to the earth! Let us colonize!... May I be spared the painful task of painting the desolate picture of
unemployment in our cities.»
Translated from a speech by Irénée Vautrin, Minister of Colonization.
Document 4
«Minorities served as scapegoats : they were blamed for society’s problems... The Asians became... victims of racism.
The War provided the opportunity to seize their belongings.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada, p. 341.
Document 5
«If, in addition to cutbacks, governments were tempted to sell state-owned corporations to the private sector, it was
largerly to stabilize public finances.»
Translated from : A. Dubuc, Simple comme l’économie (Montréal : Les Éditions La Presse, 1986), p. 202.
63. Which of the following documents illustrate an effect of the Second World War on Québec
society?
Document A)
Document B)
Document C)
«They agreed... to the idea of an association of fully autonomous nations...Canada was no longer in any way a British
colony and became totally independent.»
Translated from : Charpentier, Nouvelle Histoire du Québec et du Canada, p. 69.
Document D)
Direct assistance was created and became the principal form of aid of the unemployed. Work camps were also
established for unemployed single men.
64. Which two documents illustrate effects of the Second World War on Québec society?
Document 1
«...The government established the Québec Pension Plan which provided compensation for the disabled and a monthly
pension for all citizens 65 years of age and over.»
Translated from : J.F. Cardin et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets, (Montréal : H.R.W., 1984) p. 463.
Document 2
Document 3: Unemployment Allowance
GOOD FOR TEN CENTS for clothing, food or fuel
Document 4
Document 5: WOMEN MANUFACTURING BOMBS
65. To what major event in the history of Canada do the following documents refer?
Wild Tumble of Shares on New York and Montréal Exchanges
«Thousands of workers lost their jobs when their companies closed. Many waited months, even years, before finding
other steady work. The jobless wandered the streets in despair.»
Translated from : D.DION-McKINNON and P. LALONGÉ, Notre Histoire, (Montréal : ERPI, 1984), p. 233.
66. Québec society was deeply shaken by the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Which document presents one of Québec’s reactions to the depression?
Document A
The Great Hemorrhage
Approximately 500 000 Quebecers, mostly French Canadians, emigrated to the United States. Entire families left the
province to settle mainly in New England where it was easy to find work in the textile mills.
Document B
Believing that a return-to-the-land movement was an «effective and permanent solution» to the unemployment problem,
Premier Taschereau encouraged settlement in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region.
Document C
The government established the Québec Pension Plan, which provided compensation for the disabled and monthly
pension for all citizens aged 65 and over.
Document D
«The government launched an extensive program to provide electricity to rural areas by subsidizing the installation of
power lines. It then called upon the hydroelectric co-operatives in rural municipalities to supply energy to the
consumers.»
Translated from : J.-F. CARDIN, Le Québec : héritages et projets, Montréal, HRW, 1984.
67. Which map illustrates characteristics of the second phase of industrialization in Quebec (18961929)?
A)
Quebec Ministry of Education
B)
Quebec Ministry of Education
C)
Quebec Ministry of Education
D)
2.4.4
Prosperity and mass consumption in the postwar period
68. The following documents represent a particular period in the history of Québec, which one?
Document 1
Document 2: Mining Development in New Québec
Document 3
The Québec government has decided to exercise its taxation powers by imposing a provincial tax on personal income.
69. At the end of World War II, the return of the troops contributed to the growth of the population.
In a short text, summarize the effects of the baby boom on Québec society?
Document 1: Birthing ward of a hospital, 1950s
atypique.ca/.../2010/06/babyboom1-610x343.jpg
Document 2: New Housing Project
Document 3: The number of inhabitants in Québec’s main cities from 1941
to 1961
2.4.5
State intervention in the economy since the 1960s
70. Describe some of Quebec’s public inventions since the Quiet Revolution.
http://www.opensourcecinema.org/files/imagecache/project_thumb-w190/project-img/turcot.jpg
http://3scape.com/pic/7424/Manic-2-hydroelectric-dam
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://media.canada.com/
2.4.6
The impact of globalization on Québec’s economy
71. Identify Quebec three most important trading partners.
http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie
3.
Culture and currents of thought
3.1
First occupants (around 1500)
3.1.1
The transmission of a world view through beliefs, myths and rituals among the Native
peoples
72. At the turn of this century, Canadian politicians were debating Canada’s role in the British Empire.
Which text reflects the viewpoint of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime minister of Canada at the time?
Document 1
«Our kind of nationalism is Canadian nationalism based on the duality of the races and on the particular traditions of this
duality. We are working to develop Canadian patriotism, which we believe to be the best guarantee for the preservation
of the two races and the respect they have for each other.»
Document 2
«Let us unite the Empire... Throughout the world, English descendants and compatriots are joining together in its
honour. They are the torchbearers of this spirit of universal brotherhood that makes the British Empire of today one large
family.»
Document 3
«We want to see French Canadian patriotism flourish; for us, our people are French Canadians; for us, our country is not
specifically the province of Québec, but French Canada; the nation we wish to see founded, at the time which Divine
Providence chooses, is the French Canadian nation...»
73. Identify 3 Amerindian influences (items or practices), which the French adopted from the
Amerindians.
3.1.2
The values and way of life underlying social relations among the Native peoples
74. In typical Native villages, how was the chief selected?
3.2
French régime (1608-1760)
3.2.1
The influence of absolutism and Catholicism on social and political institutions in the
colony
75. The French that immigrated to New France brought along their values, standards and religion:
Catholicism. Representatives of the Catholic Church were present from the beginning of colonization.
Describe TWO roles of the Catholic Church in New France.
76. According to French absolutism, where did the king’s power emanate from?
3.2.2
The independent spirit and adaptability of the Canadiens
77. What cause the French settlers to develop a spirit of adaptability within the colony, and
independence beyond the colony?
Document 1
www.firstmonday.org
Document 2
"Coureurs de bois" were ... unlicensed fur traders of New France ... Few French colonists had ventured
west of the Ottawa River until the mid-1660s, when ... peace with the Iroquois made the change both
necessary and feasible. ... Renegade traders persisted, becoming the primary bearers of the designation
"coureur de bois"
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
3.3
British rule (1760-1867)
3.3.1
Signs of attachment to the British Empire in the colony
78. Identify the act that discouraged the French Canadians from joining the American Revolution
against the British Authorities.
3.3.2
The influence of liberal ideas on political institutions and on the formation of public
opinion up to 1848
79. Was the “Parti rouges” in favour of conservative or liberal ideas? Explain briefly.
Parti rouge, also known as Parti démocratique, was established about 1848 by a group of
radical young francophone intellectuals who had helped found the Institut Canadien and
who were inspired by the republican ideas of Louis-Joseph Papineau. In the legislature …
the rouges advocated repeal of the Act of Union, annexation of Canada to the US,
extension of the elective principle of government to all offices, abolition of the seigneurial
system and universal suffrage. Although their extremism was moderated over time, they
remained staunchly anticlerical and opposed to ultramontane doctrines …
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
3.3.3
The opposition between ultramontanists and anticlerical liberals after 1840
80. Did the following document inspire the ultramontanists the liberals?
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
First Amendment of the Bill of Rights, United States of America, 1791
3.4
Contemporary period (1867 to the present)
3.4.1
Québec society between modernism and traditionalism up to 1960 (capitalism,
agriculturism, Americanism, nationalisms, feminism, and secularism)
81. The Duplessis era was marked by conflict between the forces of change and the traditional
elements in Québec society.
Which two of the following documents illustrate traditional elements of Québec society during the
Duplessis era (1944-1959)?
Document 1
Document 2
Document 3:
Development of Mining
in Northern Québec
The large, beautiful families of Québec
Document 4
The Asbestos strike, 1949
Document 5
Television at last
82. Quebec society between 1945 and1960 was influenced by both traditional values and the forces of
change. Maurice Duplessis was then Premier.
a)
Traditionally, who was responsible for social matters in Quebec?
b)
Which group staged a number of strikes in an attempt to bring about change?
c)
Which figure below illustrates the influence of American values and styles on Quebec society
during this period?
Figure 2
Figure!1!
Figure 3
Public Archives of Canada, PA-21394
3.4.2
The opposition between imperialists and nationalists at the turn of the 20th century
83. Which of the following texts reflects the opposition of Canadian nationalists towards British
imperialism?
A)
«I do not hesitate for a moment in affirming that the supremacy of the British Empire is
absolutely essential for the preservation of the empire itself... I am convinced that England’s
salvation is the salvation of our own nation.»
Wilfrid Laurier
B)
«Love of the religion and the nationality of our fathers is stamped upon our hearts, and no one, not even the most potent of tyrants, can take
this love from us. This province of Québec is Catholic and French, and it shall remain Catholic and French.»
Honoré Mercier
C)
«Let us look after Canada first... It will be neither the English nor the Australians who will come and put order in
our domestic affairs.»
Henri Bourassa
D)
«Let us accept the fact that our political ties with England protect us, to a certain extent,
against the intrigues of our brothers from Ontario, the West and the East.»
Jules-Paul Tardivel
3.4.3
The influence of currents of thought in Québec between1929 and 1945
(cooperatism, socialism and fascism)
84. Identify and briefly describe the ideology advanced by Adrien Arcand’s Parti national social
chrétien.
Adrian! Arcand! [was! a]! fanatical! and! shrillTvoiced! follower! of! Adolf! Hitler.! Arcand! edited! several! newspapers!
and! founded! and! led! a! series! of! farTright! QuébecTbased! political! parties.! The! Ordre! patriotique! des! Goglus!
(founded! in! 1929)! actively! promoted! antiTSemitism! (hostility! toward! Jews).! The! Parti! national! social! chrétien!
(established! in! 1934)! had! as! its! emblem! a! swastika! surrounded! by! maple! leaves! with! a! Canadian! beaver!
appearing! at! the! crown.! This! party! advocated! antiTcommunism! and! French! Canadian! nationalism! and! it! also!
continued!Arcand's!campaign!against!Canadian!Jews,!demanding!that!they!be!resettled!near!Hudson!Bay.!
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
3.4.4 Currents of thought during the period of major change in Québec society beginning in
1960 (nationalisms, feminism, secularism and Aboriginalism)
85. From 1960 to 1966, the period known as the Quiet Revolution, Québec society underwent great
political, economic and social change.
Which document characterizes this period?
Document A
Document B
Document C
Document D: Pierre Laporte’s Funeral during the October Crisis
The army is keeping a close watch. Photo from Le jour
86. The two following slogans were used by the Liberal party during the Quiet Revolution.
Give two accomplishments of the Québec government that illustrate the new role of the State between
1960 and 1966.
A people such as ours must take use of every means of economic freedom that is at its disposal...
Now or never! MASTERS IN OUR OWN HOUSE!!!
Translated from : Manifeste du parti libéral, 1962.
At the beginning of this period, the Liberal government launched the slogan
«To be educated is to be enriched.»
3.4.5
Currents of thought in the context of globalization (neoliberalism)
87. Which three documents relate to the 1970-1990 period in Quebec?
Document 2 :
Document)2):!
Manifesto of the Action Libérale Nationale
A Sister and her Students in Church
Séminaire de Trois-Rivières (Archives)
Frank Royal, NFB National Archives of Canada PA-151654
Document 3: Cardinal Léger Surrounded by Bishops and Political Figures
National Archives of Canada PA-119877
Document 4: Arrival of Asian Immigrants
Ministère des Communautés culturelles et de Iimmigration
Document 5: Demonstration on International Women's Day
Journal de Montréal
Document 6 : Mohawk Crisis at Oka
Ron Kocsis/Publiphoto
4.
Official power and countervailing powers
4.1
First occupants (around 1500)
NONE
4.2
French régime (1608-1760)
4.2.1
Power relations between the mother country and the colony
88. From 1663 to 1760 New France lived under Royal Government. Power was distributed in a very
unequal manner in New France.
A)
Name the official representative of the King in New France.
B)
What were the political rights of New France’s inhabitants?
89. Which of the following documents characterized New France at the end of the French Regime?
Document 1
«The first thing that strikes you ... is the difficulty in establishing an understanding between the anglophone and
francophone groups... The first group hoped that the Canadiens would be drowned in a sea of massive immigration
while the second group feared they would be forced to learn English...»
Translated from : G. Parizeau, La société canadienne-française au XIXe siècle Montreal : Fides, 1975), p.39
Document 2
Document 3
The King appointed the Governor and the Intendant. In the flow of authority the Governor remained the most important
official. The Intendant, however, was the official with the most influence: in reality, he was the colony’s chief
administrator. The Governor and the Intendant, along with the Bishop and a number of councillors, composed the
Sovereign Council.
Document!4!
Document!5!
«The construction of a sawmill is always the first important step in the establishment of a settlement in a forested area.
At first, one or two pioneers use their modest capital to buy a few acres of land along a fast-flowing river or stream.»
Translated from : Hectorine Frenette-Cloutier, Jalons d’histoire du Canada, Vol. II : 1760-1867, (Toronto : House of Grant, 1982), p. 51
4.2.2
Power relations between the colonial authorities and the Amerindian nations
90. How did the relationship of the colonial administrators to the Amerindians change
as the colony developed?
4.2.3
Power relations between the state and the Church
91. Identify two ways that the Catholic Church exerted its power in New France.
4.3
British rule (1760-1867)
4.3.1
Power relations between the state and the Church
92.
In New France, the Church played an important role in the colony’s political, social and
religious development.
Indicate whether each of the following statements describe the political, the social or the
religious role of the Church.
1.
2.
3.
The clergy tried to convert the Amerindians to Christianity.
The religious orders looked after education and the care of the sick.
The bishop sat on the Sovereign Council.
4.3.2
Power relations between the governor and the British merchants in the colony
93. Which law passed by Lord Elgin in 1849 was extremely unpopular among the English business
class in Montreal? How did they react to this bill?
Document 1
Document 2
4.3.3
Power relations between the governor and the legislative assembly between 1792 and
1848
94. The three documents below are associated with a particular period in the history of Quebec and
Canada, which one?
Document 1
Document 2
Archives nationales du Québec
Document 3
Parliamentary institutions were established for Lower Canada. This system was not completely democratic because the
elected representative did not have control of executive power.
Translated from : J.F. CARDIN et al., Le Québec : héritages et projets (Montréal : H.R.W., 1984), p. 218.
95. In the decade between 1830 and 1840, Lower Canada experienced a period of political unrest.
What solution did England propose to resolve the situation?
A)
«It is by military force we are to govern the... province... It will be too hard a task for me to govern in
the civil way a great populated country of a different religion, different language, different manners and
customs, without the aid of the troops or the assistance of the law.»
James Murray
B)
«In our confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants, English, French, Irish and Scotch, and
each by its efforts and success will add to the prosperity, the might, and to the glory of the new
federation. We are of different races, not to wage war among ourselves, but to work together for our
common welfare.»
C)
Georges-Étienne Cartier
«Such a union would at once decisively settle the question of races; it would enable all the provinces to
co-operate for all common purposes... I entertain no doubt of the national character which must be given
to [the lower province]... It must henceforth be the first and steady purpose of the British government to
establish an English population, with English laws and language, in this province, and to trust its
government
to
none
but
a
decidedly
English
legislature.»
Lord Durham
D)
«The first and most obvious remedy that presents itself is to deprive them of the constitution, ... that is of
that representative part of the government which was unquestionably prematurely given them.»
James Craig
4.4
Contemporary period (1867 to the present)
4.4.1
Power relations between the state and interest groups (the Church, financial circles, the
unions and nationalist movements) from 1867 to the present
96. The texts below describe various stages in the development of the union movement in Québec.
Place these stages in chronological order.
Document 1
"In the few factories, the division of labour, which occurred on a craft basis, was rudimentary... In this environment,
strikes or trade unions were rare. One finds only... embryonic worker organizations [campaigning] for the ten-hour day."
Denis Monière, Ideologies in Québec: The Historical Development (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), pp. 156-57.
Document 2
"[In a favourable economic climate,] labour made considerable gains... The labour code gave workers better protection...
40 percent of the Québec workforce was unionized. The unions... were more radical than earlier ones and demanded
social as well as work-related changes... Québec civil servants made substantial gains."
John A. Dickinson and Brian Young, Diverse Pasts: A History of Québec and Canada, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1995), pp. 370-71.
Document 3
"The clergy was organizing special Catholic unions. Priests were often union officers, and usually only Catholics were
admitted into the unions. These unions tried to settle conflicts through arbitration rather than through strikes... a
confederation of Catholic unions−the Confédération des travailleurs Catholiques du Canada − was formed."
John A. Dickinson and Brian Young, Diverse Pasts: A History of Québec and Canada, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1995), p. 269.
Document 4
Changes in the labour market and the high unemployment rate led to changes in the union's behaviour... They became
more accommodating... In many cases, they had to reduce their demands or even accept wage decreases in order to avoid
job cuts.
Jean-François Cardin et al., Le Québec: héritages et projets, 2nd ed. (Montréal: HRW, 1994), p. 453 (Translation).
4.4.2
Power relations between the state and interest groups (feminist movements and the
media) from 1900 to the present
97. Québec society in the Duplessis era changed despite the persistence of traditional values. Which
document illustrate the desire for change in Québec society during the Duplessis era?
Document A)
A DEMONSTRATION BY STRIKING WORKERS
Document B)
«...Economic development was left entirely in the hands of private enterprise; social and educational concerns were left
to religious orders; the state... maintained a low profile.»
Translated from : F. Charbonneau et al., Mon Histoire (Montréal : Guérin, 1985), p. 450.
Document C)
Jean Drapeau, Cardinal Léger, and Maurice Duplessis, second row from the left.
98. Which political right did women obtain at the end of the First World War?
«As the men went off to fight overseas, the jobs they had left in the factories were often taken over by women.... The
important role played by women in this war effort forced society to change its attitude toward them.
For years women had been demanding political rights. Now, as a result of the war, men for the first time were willing
to listen.»
Evans, A.S. and I.L. Martinello, Canada’s Century, 2nd ed., Toronto, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1988, p. 137.
4.4.3
Power relations between the state and interest groups (Native peoples, language
groups, environmentalist groups and movements for social justice) from 1960 to the
present
99. The First Nations of Canada have lived here for thousands of years. The documents below
represent some of the issues that have had an impact on the First Nations' way of life.
In your own words, explain how the First Nations have been treated by the various levels of
government in Canada since Confederation.
100. Political actions by Aboriginal populations in Québec were rekindled beginning in the 1960s and
1970s. Aboriginal peoples reacted to the industrial exploitation of resources on their ancestral lands.
The Canadian Constitution in 1982 confirmed their ancestral rights.
In a few sentences explain the various means used by the Aboriginal people to negotiate with the
governments for a better way of life.
4.4.4
The characteristics of federal-provincial power relations from 1867 to the present
101. Which of the concerns addressed in the following headlines relates exclusively to the Federal
Government?
Document 1
Ten CEGEP associations declare their opposition to the increase in tuition fees.
Translated from : Vincent Cliche, Le Soleil, Québec, Jan. 24, 1990, A7.
Document 2
Bold statement by Hospital Association
Doubts raised about medicare
Translated from : Louise Lemieux, Le Soleil, Québec, Jan. 19, 1990, A1.
Document 3
Natural gas deposits in Yamachiche will be used to generate electricity.
Natural gas deposits in Yamachiche will be used to
produce electricity in 1990. Jaltin will also invest
$ 500 000 for natural gas exploration in the Gaspé region.
Translated from : Michel Corbeil, Le Soleil, Québec, Dec. 27, 1989, B1.
Document 4
Proposal to sell Postal Corporation to employees
Yesterday Harvie André, the minister responsible, revealed that the government is studying the possibility of selling the
Canada Post Corporation to its employees.
Translated from : Canadians Press, Le Devoir, Nov. 1, 1989, p. 3.
102. In a federation, powers are shared by two levels of government, each of which exercises exclusive
control over certain areas of jurisdiction.
Today Canadian politics is still based on this arrangement.
Which of the concerns addressed in the following headlines relates exclusively to the Federal
Government?
A)
Quebecers satisfied with Hydro
According to a CROP - La Presse poll ...
Translated from : L. Falardeau, La Presse, January 23, 1989, A1.
B)
25 years after the creation of the ministère de l’Éducation, Claude
Ryan and three of his predecessors agree :
The school day is too short!
Translated from : A. Pratte, La Presse, May 6, 1989, A1.
C)
How should our
hospitals be financed?
Translated from : Opinions in La Presse, Wednesday, January 24, 1990.
D)
WAR)IN)THE)PERSIAN)GULF)
Role of Canadian Forces grows since
outbreak of hostilities
Translated from : P. Dubuisson, La Presse, January 18, 1991, A1.
103. In a federation powers are shared between two levels of government, each of which has
exclusive control over certain areas of jurisdiction.
Today Canadian politics is still based on this arrangement.
Which two of the following headlines relate to powers held exclusively by the Provincial
Government?
Document)1)
Employment situation worsens in the Québec City region.
Unemployment payments more generous
Translated from : J. DALLAIRE, Le Soleil, Québec, Dec. 11, 1990, Section A-3.
Document 2
Banks begin New Year on an aggressive note : interest rates drop.
Translated from : D. FESSOU, Le Soleil, Québec, Jan. 4, 1991, Section B-1.
Document 3
Municipalities should help
C.T.C.U.Q. to raise bus fares
Translated from : B. ROUTHIER, Le Soleil, Québec, Aug. 21, 1991, Section A-1.
Document 4
Defence!Department!to!lay!off!1000!
OTTAWA - The Ministry of Defence will lay off 1000 and delay or simply cancel arms purchases, Defence Minister,
Marcel Masse, announced yesterday.
Translated from : P. MOONEY, Le Soleil, Québec, May. 18, 1991, Section A-1.
Document 5
Superior Council of Education claims sciences overemphasized in school.
Translated from : Canadian Press, December 27, 1990.
104. The following newspaper excerpts bring to mind an important political debate which has
shaken Canada, particularly since the 1980s.
What is this political debate?
Document 1
Pierre Trudeau, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, the day of the signing of the
Constitutional Act of 1982, which included the Charter. © Bettmann Newsphotos, New York. With permission.
Document 2
I’m not ready to lead Meech rescue operation, McKenna says
Gazette News Services
FREDERICTON - The Meech Lake accord suffered a minor setback yesterday when New Brunswick Premier Frank
McKenna spurned a federal government request he take a lead role in saving the deal.
The Gazette, Montréal, January 9, 1990, p. A1.
Document 3
What Allaire report says
Clyde Wells says the Allaire
The Allaire report calls for radical changes to Québec and report will lead to the destruction
Canada... Negotiations on this new arrangement would take of Canada.
place over the next 18 months.
The Gazette, Montréal, March 9, 1991