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H~AN·DBOOK
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FOR RIGGERS
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FOR INFORMATION ON HOW
TO OBTAIN THIS HANDBOOK
WRITE TO THE PUBLISHER
NEWBERRY INVESTMENTS CO. LTD.
P. O. BOX 2999
CALGARY, ALBERTA, CANADA T2P 2M7
TEL. (403) 281-1957
lITHOGflAPHED IN CANADA
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HAN SOOK FOR RIGGERS
W. G. (BILL) NEWBERRY
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PREFACE
The author of Handbook for Riggers through many years of experience in the construction industry, both in Canada and the United
States, has compiled basic information, essential to the rigger.
This data is made available in handy reference form. The handbook has been made small enough for the rigger to carry around
in his pocket, for consultation, whenever he is in need of it.
The information and suggestions summarized in this publication
were compiled from sources believed to be reliable. It should not
be assumed that this material covers all rules and regulations which
should be ob~erved; rather, the thoughts expressed herein are merely guides to safety, and we cannot guarantee correctness or completeness and accept no responsibility in connection therewith.
© COPYRIGHT - W. G. NEWBERRY, 1967
PRINTED IN CANADA
ISBN 0-9690154-1-0
1969 REVISED EDITION
1
I
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEM", 4T
In compiling this book, I thank the following for their assistance
and information.
I
I
I
rn
ur~
The Brantford Cordage Company
Brantford, Ontario, Canada
Canada Western Cordage Co. Ltd.
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
D. E. Dickie, P Eng.
Construction Safety Association of Ontario
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Donald Ropes and Wire Cloth Limited
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Wire Rope Industries of Canada (1966) Limited
Lachine, Quebec, Canada
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.
Sedalia, Mo., U.S.A.
/
\.
Campbell Chain
York, Pa., U.S.A.
Industrial Indemnity Co.
San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A.
MacWhyte Wire Rope Co.
Kenosha, Wi., U.S.A.
2
WIRE ROPE INFORMATION
4- 8
General Wire Rope Information
.
Seizing Wire Rope
.
9
Safe Working Loads
. 10- 12
(Breaking Strength) Rule of Thumb
.
13
How to Measure Wire Rope
.
14
Wire Rope Trouble
.
15
Uncoiling and Spooling Wire Rope
. 16- 19
Drum and Reel Information
. 20- 21
Wire Rope Slings and Chokers
. 22- 25
Lifting and Turning Loads
. 26- 29
Sling Angles
. 30- 31
Sling Inspection Guidelines
. 32- 34
Reeving With Wire Rope
. .35- 49
Material Handling Gear, Hooks, Rings, Shackles,
Turn Buckles, Eye Bolts, and Hoisting Rings . 50- 59
Wire Rope Clips and Connections
. 60- 61
62
Handling Gear Assemblage
.
SNYTHETIC ROPES
Property Comparison and Specifications
.
SWL Rules of Thumb
.
.
SWL For Slings
Splicing Synthetic Ropes
.
Knot Efficiency (Polypropylene)
.
Knots and Hitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Whipping Rope
.
63- 65
66
67- 72
73- 80
81
82- 91
92
GENERAL RIGGING INFORMATION
Timber and Plank Strengths
93- 97
Crane Operation, Safety Procedures
98-100
Signals
101-105
Alloy Steel Chain Information .............•. 106-114
115-121
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Weights of Materials
122-123
English and Metric Systems of Measure
- With Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-127
128
Terms Used in Rigging
3
I
MATERIALS USED IN WIRE ROPE S .. ~GS
CLASSI F
la
Wire rope is a most useful form of metal fabrication. It
machine
of great versatility. Wire rope can be used to transmit fo}ces around
corners by use of sheaves through almost any plane or angle. It can
lift, guide, launch, hold back, control, counterbalance, hold down,
tie-down and guy.
CONSTRUCTION
Wire rope is composed of wires,
strands and a core.
The basic material is wire which
is formed or laid into strands.
The strands are made of a numberof individual wires laid around
a center wire. The strands are
wound helically around a core
which may be fiber or another
wire rope. There is actually no
twisting involved so the term
"laid" is used in reference to
wire rope.
-- STRAND
-- WIRE ROPE
I-
In the numerical classification of rope construction, the first num·
ber is the number of strands and the second number is the amount
of wires in each strand. 6 x 37 means six strands of 37 wires per
strand. Actually, there are three general classifications:
6 x7
6 x 19
6 x 37
When these numbers are used as designations of standard wire
rope classes, the second number representing the amount of wires
will vary.
CORE
I
I
_, nON
6 x 19 CLASS - The 6 x 19 class covers wire ropes with as few as
9 wires per strand, but not more than 26 nor more than 12 outer
wires. All of these wires are arranged in several different strand
patterns. 6 x 19 is the most widely used class of wire rope.
STRAND PATTERNS
STRANDS OF THE 19·WIRE CLASS
FILLER·WIRE SERIES
880
09
09°0°0
OtJO
21·wire FW
10·5F·5·1
·1
DIAMETER
f\
25·wire FW
12·6F·6·1
SEALE SERIES
t
OO~O
°00 0
00
19·wire Seale
9·9·1
4
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
6 x 37 CLASS - Even though the class i
~signated 6 x 37, it may
have wires varying from 27 to 49 wires per strand with no more than
18 outer wires. This class also has its wires arranged in several
different strand patterns. 6 x 37 is the extra flexible class.
STRANDS OF THE 37·WIRE CLASS
SEALE - WARRINGTONSEALE SERIES
FILLER WIRE SERIES
~
~
Qru °-\-rro~aQ)
U
OeOL ,
41-wire FW
16-8F-8-8-1
49-wire S-W-S
16-(8+8)-8-8-1
WARRINGTON·SEALE SERIES
r
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"
c
Sisalanna is the most common fibre
used in the manufacture of wire rope
cores. In the smaller ropes and cords
cotton and juto are sometimes employed for the central member.
Wire rope cores are carefully designed
and must be precisely manufactured
to close tolerances to ensure a perfect
fit in the rope.
I. W.R.C. OR STEEL CORE
The primary function of the core is to
provide adequate support for the strands.
When severe crushing or flattening of
the rope is encountered a steel core is
usually indicated.
The steel core, as the name IWRC
(Independent Wire Rope Core) implies
is actually a separate small rope inside
a larger rope.
SPECIAL CORES
b
[
FIBRE OR SISAL CORE
Other cores include nylon, plastic, paper
etc. One type, used for mine shaft communications, has an electrical conductor
embedded in the fibre.
31-wire W-S
12-(6+6)-6-1
These are the basic strand patterns used in the manulactyoing of wire rope
and slings. Normally, 6 x 19 class is recommended where tt~ diameter of rope
used is 1/8" through 1·1/8". 6 x '37 class is recommended where the diameter
range is 1-114" and larger.
STRAND CORE
A single strand used as a core and
generally confined to the smaller
ropes as a substitute for the Independent Wire Rope Core. The strand
core mayor may not be of the same
cross section as the surrounding
strands.
[
[
,-'"
6
7
SEIZING WIRE ROPE
/
\.
Th, end t;f an ordinary wire rope .hould have at lea.t Ihre, .elling. to prevenl
unlayinll, which. if il occU". would molte the rope u.el,. ... Annealed iron wi'e
ahould b, wound lightly in a clo.e helix around the rap •.
Any ann.al,d low carbon .Ieel wire may b, u.ed for lei ling,. The wi'e Ihould
b, aboul th, gaug' ahown below.
TYPES OF FRACTURES
Soft Annealed Iron Selalng Wlr.
One of the most useful aids in
selecting the proper wire rope is
to examine the worn ropes from
the same installation. The pictures
on this page are typical illustrations
of rope wires which have been
fractured in use. By knowing what
caused the deterioration the
direction of change is more clearly
indicated.
G
For example, if a rope broke up
prematurely and showed a large
number of "square end fractures"
then a more flexible construction
is indicated. If the broken wires
show signs of heavy abrasive
wear, possibly a coarser construction would give longer life.
CUP and CONE FRACTURE
Oiomoler of lope
A wire broken as a result of
tensile overload.
1/2"
5/8
)'4
7/8
1
l·lIa
1·1/4
Silt S.i1inO W".
Dlom,I" of lope
Sill S"'lnO Wlf,
No.18
NO.17
No. 16
No. 15
No.14
No. I)
No. I)
I·) 18"
I· I .. 2
1·518
1.) '4
1·7/8
2
No.12
No.12
No.ll
No. II
No. 10
No. 10
CHISEL FRACTURE
A wire broken as a result of
abrasive wear.
()ii77?(~
SQUARE END FRACTURE
1.
Wind ih, .elllng wire on Ihe wire rope by hand. Iteeping the coil log",ho,
and con.ideroble lemion on Iho wire. winding OVER from left 10 right.
2.
Twill Ih, end. of Ihe wire togelher counter·clockwise by hand •• 0 thot Ihe
twi"ed portion of the wir.. i. near the middle of Ihe \Ciling.
).
U.ing "Carew" culle... lighlen the Iwi.t jUlt enough
Do not Iry to tighten th, seiling by Iwi.'ing.
4.
Tighten Ih, ltiling by prying ,h, Iwill away from the axil of the rope wi,h
Ihe culler •.
5.
Tighlen the Iwi., again and repeat a, of len a. nece ..ary to make Ihe ,ei ling
tight. Cut off the end. of the wire and pound Ihe Iwi.t flol ogoin,t Ihe rope.
A wire broken as a result of
bending fatigue.
o
Th, appearance of th, fini.hed I,iling
.hould b, 01 .hown.
A wire broken as a result of
a combination of destructive
fractures.
C~
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8
9
10
talte up Ihe ,Ioclt.
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00
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OCO
'-
x
(l) .ii'
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x
E 00
ro;;:;-
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"0
"0
0-g~
(f)
11
£-l
0-g~
(f)
11
U
£-l
---
o~ (f)
L
6 x 19 x 1 inch fibre core rope has a breaking
strength of 42 tons
(l).-
(l)
(l)
x
E .ro
6 x 19 x 1 inch independent wire core rope
(I.W.R.C.) has a breaking strength of 45 tons
u~
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.-
l/l
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ro
W
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0 2 X B.S. of 1 inch wire rope
a.> II
(l);::......
(l) x
E N
ro;::-
N
E
ro
II
X
co
a.> II
---
0.
II:
L
Diameter squared multiplied by the breaking
strength of a one inch fibre or wire core rope.
0
0. CO
11
£-l
0
.0
BREAKING STRENGTH EXAMPLES
o ::
l/l
~.2
C
o
00...
u
ro
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....J II
OJ
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w
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a
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0
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0
ui
w
".u
r
(BREAKING STRENGTH)
RULE OF THUMB FORMULA
co
-w w
~
w0
(j)u
-q-Ocrycryl[)l[)CDCOcryCDO-q-ON
l[)ONCO-q-Or-cryl[)-q-ocor-r'~~~Nev)(9'jll-ir'oiN~eri~
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.......
:: ~ 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - ;
w >
u ~ w w o-q--q-oco-q-oooooooo
ro a.
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. ·~""':NNC'iu1r---.:cO~(,,)~O
<.9_ u:u
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-q-(j)~I'--NI'--"<t(j)COCO(j)l[)OC\J
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V2 inch fibre rope core
0 2 x 42 = Breaking Strength
112 x 112 x 42 = 42 -:- 4 = 10.5
Breaking strength = 10.5 tons
r-NCDN-q-l[)-q-l[)CONr-l[)OO
01----1-----------1
<1l W
A. Fibre rope core
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...... ...- .,... r-,.....
B. Independent wire rope core
V2 inch independent wire rope core
D2 x 45= Breaking strength
112 x 112 x 45 = 45 -:- 4 = 11.25 tons
Breaking strength = 11.25 tons
All breaking strength formulas are based on a
diameter of one inch and in a tonnage ratio.
13
I
I
HOW TO MEASURE
!
.•E ROPE
HAT TO LOOK FOR
IF YOU HAVE
ROPE TROUBLE
1~2/
Kinking-Perhaps the rope has been kinked when it was
being removed from the reel or coil, or has been allowed to
run loose and rollover to form a kink.
~
Cut-Perhaps the wire rope has been run over by a tractor
cleat when it was laid out on the ground prior to installation.
Jammed-Perhaps the rope has jumped the head sheave
and become wedged between the sheave and the housing
of the machine.
w
CORRECT
METHOD
Cross-Over Point-Often when the face of the drum has
been filled with turns of rope, the rope when positioning
itself for the beginning of the second, or even the third
layer, will not come up to this position smoothly, thus
slapping thp. last turn on the layer below. This over a period
of tirne can be particularly hard on the rope. This is a
condition which can be improved by the installation of a
riser which will ease the rope up into the new level, or
by the cutting back at the drum end at intervals to thus
change the point of contact.
INCORRECT
METHOD
WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES
DIAMETER OF WIRE ROPE
The components of a wire rope each has a small but definite size
tolerance. Therefore, the rope itself must have a diameter tolerance.
All wire rope is required to have a diameter at least equal to the
nominal, or catalog, size . . . never smaller. Standard ropes may
exceed the nominal diameter by the amounts shown below.
Nominal Oi.meter of Rope
In Inches
Undersize
Inches
0- %
0
0
0
0
0
13;'16 - 1 Va
13;'16 - 1'12
19/16 -2\14
20/16 and larger
These tolerances do not apply to elevator ropes.
O.erslze
Inches
1/32
%4
1/16
3;'32
Va
Crushing-Perhaps the rope has been crushed by poor
winding on an under·sized drum.
Overloaded-This can be caused by a shovel working in a
quarry where blasting has not been good. Here the operator may be trying to move the side-wall of the quarry, not
knowing that the lip of his shovel is engaged in solid
rock, rather than in the loose material which has fallen
over the end of the bucket.
lack of lubrication-Has this important matter
neglected.
been
Reverse Bends-These are tough on any rope, particularly
when they are close together. This condition can be
improved by using larger sheaves and a more flexible
rope.
Frozen Sheave-A sheave that won't turn simply means
that the wire rope is sawing its way down the length of the
groove, and this is sure to cut down the life of the rope.
Bad Alignment-This can only result in the wire rope
wearing itself out on the side wall of a sheave.
Wrong Kind of Cable-Perhaps yours is a case of a boy
being asked to do a man's work. Perhaps the rope is of the
wrong construction. Does the maker have wide acceptance.
~
::1
~
Tight Sheaves-A tight sheave is sure to pinch the cabJe
and reduce cable life.
14
15
I
UNCOILING AND
. ~REELING
WIRE ROPE
UN .lILING AND UNREELING
WIRE ROPE
(Continued)
When uncoiling wire rope, it is important that no kinks are
allowed to form, because once a kink is made, no amount of
strain can take it au t and the rope is unsafe for use. The best
method of removing rope from a reel is to mount the r~el on jacks
or stands by inserting a shaft through the centre hole so that the
rope is pulled off in the same manner it was installed on the reel.
A turntable may also be employed (a cart wheel mounted on a
spindle for instance) to mOlmt a reel or coil. This allows the rope
to lead with perfect safety.
If a turntable is not available, the coil of rope may he rolled
along the ground. In no rase must the roil or reel be laid on the
ground OA its face and the rope taken over the end or from the
centre of the coil, as kinks will result and the rope will he completely spoiled.
See illustrations belo\\' and on lIl'xt page.
RIGHT WAY TO UNREEL WIRE ROPE
16
WRONG WAY
RIGHT WAY
17
CORRECT SPOOLIN
~F ROPE
ON DRUM
I
I
I
(ONE LAYER WINDING)
The m.etho.d described below may be lIsed to determine the
proper rhrectJon of rope lay for spouling ur winding on Rat or
smooth face drums.
ALIGNMENT
If sheaves are improperly aligned, considerable wear of both
rope and sheaves results. Particularly in high-speed work, it is
necessary to properly align all equipment and to balance all
sheaves.
FLEET ANGLE
,~-
o
L- -R
'
l',1 ;
~!
2· FUET
ANGLE
I
=..-:-;.-_ -. -~
UNDERWIND
Riqht to left
US E RlliHT LAY ROPE.
OVERWI NO
l.tt to Riqht
USE RIGHT LAY ROPE
Observer st'anding behind drum and looking tow'lrd the direction
of rupe travel.
\\'hen a .rope is \\'ullI\~1 UI~ to a drum any tendency of the
rop.e to tWist when tensIOn IS released will be in a direction
whIch would untwist the rope at the free end.
. The advantage in applying rope.of proper direction of lay
IS that ~hen the load IS slacked off, t he several coils on the
drum \\'1.11 hug together and maintain all even layer. \Vilh
rope of lInproper lay the coils will spread apart at each rell1?val of load and when winding is resuilled the rope may
~nss-cross and overlap on the drum with Rattening and crushIng ?f the rope as .a result. .The proper directiun uf rope la\'
to give best results IS shown ll1 the abuve sketch
This applies to either regular or lang lay rope:
L- -R
L- -R
CENTER liNE
or ROPES
. - fBI
I
4· FUET
ANGLE
~
~
~
0
The Reet angle is tha tangle
included between lines drawn
from the centre of the drum,
and from the Range of the
drum, to the lead (first) sheave.
Both (a) and (b) below are
illustrations of Reet c.ngles.
Wire rope is often seriously
damaged when this Reet angle
is excessive. Side wear and
severe scuffing result. Ofter'
individual wires become misplaced, bruised, crushed.
Grooved drums are damaged,
too, by wide Reet angles. Ropes
wear against the groove walls,
grinding them down. Wear on
the rope is excessive also.
Check the Reet angles on
!t
your equipment. Keep the
angle as small as possible. A
0
Reet angle between 1 and
"1 ~o is ideal. Fleet anglesc
as low as ~o .and up to 2
for Rat-faced drums and 4° for
grooved
drums are permissible
1 .0'
l' ·0"
for
most
hoisting equipment.
fLltl
FLEET
If the Reet angle exceeds these
values, then look out for excessive drum wear or poor spooling.
~~ ~ 1
W
IDLE ROPES
UHDERW'HD
OVERWIND
RiqhttoLfft
USf LU T LAY ROPE
Lfft to Riqht
USE LEFT LAY ROPE
18
Occasional accidents have been conclusively traced to ropes
which have been left idle without care or protection during shutdowns, as in mines. By not being kept in working condition,
lubrication "weathers" out, moisture seeps in and both core and
wires deteriorate. Records have shown that ropes which are not
frequently used give lower useful service than those in continual
operation.
19
/
DRUM AID REEL
CAPACITIES
It is often necessary to know the approximate capacity
of a given drum or reel for a particular diameter
rope. Malting certain assumptions, it is possible to
resolve the mathematical equation for this to a simple
expression and constant. We list below these con·
stants for standard rope diameters.
MIII IfIlfM RECO MMEliDED
TREAD DIAMETERS OF
SHEAVES AND DRUMS
(INCHES)
PLOW STEEL AND IMPROVED PLOW STEEL ROPES
I
Length of rope in feet
= Constant x (A+B) x A x C
(All Dimensions in Inches)
-----.----------------------.L-.
Rope
Dia.
Inches
Y4
5/16
%
7116
------c-------1
Y2
9/16
%
%
Ya
Tabl. 01 Coutant. lor
Diameter
Rope Inch••
V.
~
'/"
Y:z
"/,.
S
~
Multiplier
•. 19
1.86
1. 37
1.05
.827
.670
.465
Diam.t.r
Rope Incb••
¥I
.2618
-d2
Multipli.r
.342
.262
.207
.168
.138
.116
.099
I
1 ~.
IV.
1~
IY2
IS
Diameter
Rope Inch..
l~
Multiplier
.085
.074
.065
.058
.052
.046
.042
IV.
2
2Y.
2V.
2~
2Y2
. Not.: In moot c.... th. OU\I. (Al will .xt.nd beyond th. ouler lay.r 01 the rope; ther.·
for. Ih. dim.JUion (Al .hould be tak.n 10 th. d.plh 01 th••pool.d rope and not to Ihe
lull d.pth of lb. Oan\l •.
/
1
1 Y8
lY4
1%
lY2
1%
1%
lYe
2
2Y4
2Y2
6x7
10
13
16
18
21
23
26
31
37
42
47
52
58
63
6 x 19 Seale
18x7N.R.
6 x 19 Warr.
6 x 19 F
6 x 16 F
8 x 19 Seale
6 x 27 F.S.
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
22
26
30
34
37
41
45
49
52
56
60
67
75
8
11
13
15
17
19
21
25
30
34
38
42
47
51
55
59
64
68
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
16
18
20
22
25
27
29
31
34
36
40
45
This table applies to qeneral ropes and not to special applications
such as mine hoists and elevators. Mine hoists qenerally use a
drum-rope ratio of at least 80:1.
\.
20
6
8
10
11
13
15
16
19
23
26
29
32
36
39
42
45
49
52
58
65
6 x 37
21
/
I
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Safety Factor = 5)
Single
Vertical
Hilch
Rope
Diameler
(Inches)
e
)/,6
600
1.100
1,650
2,400
3,200
4,400
5,300
6,600
9.500
12,800
16,700
21,200
26,200
32,400
38,400
45,200
52,000
60,800
67,600
84,000
104,000
122,000
5/ 16
m
Jie
7/16
'I,
9/ 16
'I,
'I,
'I,
1
1'/8
1 1 /4
PI,
".
m
lit]
1'/,
PI ..
1'/,
2
m
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
Single
Choker
Hitch
2'/4
2 1/2
2'/,
1,200
2,200
3,300
4,800
6,400
8,800
10,600
13,200
19.000
25,600
33,400
42,400
52,400
64,800
76,800
90,400
104,000
121,600
135,200
168,000
208,000
244,000
450
825
1,250
1,800
2,400
3,300
4,000
4,950
7,100
9,600
12,500
15,900
19,700
24,300
28,800
33,900
39,000
45,600
50,700
63,000
78,000
91,500
Efficiency
'I,,' and Smaller
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
~
~
n
3/ 4 "
-I"
1'/8" - 1 ' /2"
7/ S"
1'/,' -2"
2'/,,' and Larger
I
Note:
I 6U
Angle
30'
60'
45'
1,050
1,900
2,850
4,150
5,550
7,600
9,200
11.400
16,500
22,200
28,900
36,700
45,400
56,100
66,500
78,300
90,000
105,300
117,100
145,500
180,100
211,300
850
;1.550
,
~,350
J,400
4,500
6,200
7,500
9,350
13,400
18,100
23,600
30,000
37,000
45,800
54,300
63,900
73.500
86,000
95,600
118,800
147,000
172,500
'I,.
Rope D,ameler
5/ 16 " -
A::'~::0
600
1,100
1,650
2,400
3,200
4,~00
5,300
6.600
9,500
12,800
16,700
21,200
26,200
32,400
38,400
45,200
52,000
60,800
67,600
84,000
104,000
122,000
'I,
'/,
7/ 16
'/,
9/ 16
'/,
'I,
'/,
1
1'1,
11/ ..
1'/,
1'1,
1'/,
PI..
1'/,
2
2 1/ .
2 ' /2
2'/,
......
.....\
I
'
.i
.. _':'
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11.
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%.
Efficiency
"'" and Smaller
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
3/ 4 "
7/ a" -1"
1 1/8" - 1 ' /2 "
1'1'" - 2"
2'/'" and Larger
t!n~)
Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Rope D,ameler
5/'6" -
I
Note:
I
POUNDS
2-Leg Bridie Hitch &
Single Basket HilCh
A':,;:::~
Angle
60'
45'
30'
1.750
2.750
3.800
5.200
6.900
8,650
11,100
15,400
21,000
27,400
33.900
42.300
51,600
62,400
73.100
83.80']
98,400
107,400
139,300
169,700
203,000
1.400
2.250
3.100
4.250
5.650
7.100
9.050
12.600
17,100
22,300
27,700
34,500
42.100
50,900
59,700
68,400
80,300
87,700
113,700
138.600
165.700
1.000
1,600
2.200
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.400
8.900
12,100
15.800
19.600
24.400
29,800
36.000
42.200
48.400
56,800
62.000
80.400
98.000
117.200
If used with Choker Hitch muiliply above
values by 'I,.
TABLE 1.11
For Dt>uble Baskel Hitch mUlliply above
values by 2.
".--.;
2,000
3,200
4,400
6.000
8,000
10,000
12,800
17,800
24.200
31,600
39.200
48,800
59,600
72,000
84,400
96.800
113,600
124,000
160.800
196,000
234,400
750
1.200
1.650
2,250
3.000
3,750
4,800
6,700
9,100
11,900
14,700
18,300
22.400
27.000
31,700
36,300
42,600
46.500
60,300
73,500
87,900
1.000
1,600
2,200
3.000
4.000
5,000
6,400
8,900
12,100
15,800
19,600
24.400
29,800
36,000
42,200
48,400
56,800
62,000
80,400
98,000
117,200
5/ 16
,~
U.......
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by
TABLE 1.11
m
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Safety Faclor = 5)
POUNDS
2-Leg Bridle Hitch &
Single Basket Hitch
I 6U
'I,
I
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 37 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel, Fibre Core
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 19 Classification Group. Improved Plow Sleel, Fibre Core
m
I
..
(
(
_... ...
~
... ..
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
values by 2.
I
-
(fD
Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanlcat sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1.11,
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduced loads by 20%.
,.
m
~
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124
22
-
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA) PAGE 124
23
I
--.I
(
(
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 37 Classilication Group, Improved Plow Steel, IWRC
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
6 x 19 Classification Group, Improved Plow Steel,lWRC
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Salety Factor = 5)
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS
(Safety Factor = 5)
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Rope
Diameler
(Inches)
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
I 6 D"
650
1,150
1,750
2,550
3,450
4,700
5,700
7.100
'0,200
13,750
17,950
22,750
26,200
34,600
41,300
46,600
55,900
65.400
72,600
90,300
111,600
131,100
3/ 16
'"
5/,6
'I.
1/ 16
'I,
9/ 16
"'" ,
1
".
1'1.
1
"
LJ
1 /.
1'1.
1'1,
1'"
1'/,
1'/.
2
2'/.
2'1,
2'1,
460
660
1,300
1,900
2,600
3,500
4,200
5,300
7,650
10,300
13,450
17,000
21,200
26,100
31,000
36,400
41,900
49,000
54,500
67,600
63,700
96,200
',300
2,300
3,500
5,100
6,900
9,400
11,400
14,200
20,400
27,500
35,900
45,500
56,400
69,600
62,600
97,200
111,600
130,600
145,200
160,600
223,600
262,200
Efficiency
'1,' and Smaller
5/ 16 " 3/.·
',," .
1",,' -1'1,
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
2'
and Larger
I
Note:
I
Le:~~~c:d;\\
P.-YAngle
60·
45·
30·
1,100
2,000
.:3,000
4,400
6,000
6,150
9,900
12,300
17,700
23,600
31,100
39,400
46,600
60,300
71,500
64,200
96,600
113,300
125,700
156,400
193,600
227,000
900
1,600
2,500
3,600
4,900
6,650
6,050
10,000
14,40Q.
19,400
25.400
32,200
39,900
49,200
56,400
68,700
79,000
92,500
102,700
127,700
156,100
185,400
650
1.150
1,750
2,550
3.450
4,700
5,700
7.100
10,200
13,750
17,950
22,750
26,200
34,600
41,300
46,600
55.900
65,400
72,600
90,300
111,600
131.100
'I,
1,050
1,700
2,350
3,200
4,300
5,350
6,900
9,500
13,000
17,000
21,000
26,200
32,000
39,500
45,400
52,000
61,000
66,600
66,400
105,300
126,000
5/ 16
'I.
'/ 16
'I,
9/ 16
'I.
'I,
'I.
1
1'1.
1'1,
1'1.
1'1,
1'/.
PI,
1'/.
2
2'1,
2'1,
2'1,
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according to table 1,'1,
Eyes formed by cable clips - reduce loads by 20%,
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA,) PAGE 124
El"clency
",' and Smaller
95%
90%
65%
60%
75%
70%
)/."
'/ a" -
1"
,1/8"
1 1/2"
-
1'/." - 2"
2",,' and Larger
/
Angle
60·
45·
30·
1,600
2,950
4,100
5,550
7,450
9,250
11,950
16,450
22,500
29,450
36,400
45,400
55,400
68,400
76,600
90,000
105,700
115,400
149,600
162,400
216,200
1,500
2,400
3,300
4,500
6,100
7,550
9,750
13,400
16,400
24,000
29,700
37,000
45,200
55,900
64,200
73,500
66,300
94,200
122,200
146,900
176,200
1,050
1,700
2,350
3,700
4,300
5,350
6,900
9,500
13,000
17,000
21,000
26,200
32,000
39,500
45,400
52,000
61,000
66,600
66,400
105,300
126,000
~
... .. -
- .................... ..
,
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
values by 2.
.. :
.(f\j.. . .
Table valuas are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
Hand tucked spliced eyes - reduce loads according \0 table 1.11
Eyes formed by cable clips - raduce loads by 20'1'.,
METRIC CONVERSION (APPROXIMATE)
POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS PAGE 126
INCHES TO MILLIMETERS (ROPE DIA.) PAGE 124
,~
24
A-S""9~eJ
.. •......
I
Note:
2-Leg Brielle Hitch 1\
Single Basket Hitch
With Legs Inclined
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 'I,.
Rope Diameter
5/ 16" -
:·~/.·.Q-D:.:.~·
Table values are for slings with eyes and thimbles In both ends, Flemish Spliced Eyes
and mechanical sleeves.
2,100
3,400
4,700
6,400
6,600
10,700
13,600
19,000
26,000
34,000
42,000
52,400
64,000
79,000
90,600
104,000
122,000
133,200
172,600
210,600
252,000
600
1,300
1,750
2,400
3,200
4,000
5,200
7,100
9,750
12,750
15,750
19,650
24,000
29,600
34,000
39,000
45,750
49,950
64,600
79,000
94,500
TABLE 1,11
For Double Baskel Hilch multiply above
~.
values by 2.
I
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
Single
Choker
Hitch
I 6U
CJ
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
Rope Diameter
-,
"1. 2'1,'
!\ilh
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
. ," '" '. (}:6it~:
TABLE 1,11
o
2·Leg Bridle Hilch 1\
Single Basket Hitch
POUNDS
25
I
-r
CENTER OF GRAVITY-Everyone in·
C
e
~
C
.:'
m
c
c
D
0
volved in rigging should have a basic
knowledge of statics. In this Rigger's
Handbook, we can only present sev·
eral key illustrations of the effect of
the center of gravity and the distri·
bution of forces when lifting. We sug·
gest further study on the part of the
Rigger on other aspects of statics
as related to Rigging.
The center of gravity is important
for a Rigger to understand. Turning
loads. level lifts and reactions of
loads to a lift require a working reo
lationship with the center of gravity.
The center of gravity is the point
on a load at which all of the weight
can be said to be concentrated. The
center of gravity acts downward to
bring a load to a position of equi·
librium directly under the crane
hook even though the load may not
be level.
In a rectangular load, the center
of gravity is at the intersection of
diagonals. When irregular shapes
are to be lifted, it is advisable to
visualize the load as fully enclosed
by a rectangle. Plot the shift of the
center of gravity on either side of
the center of the imag inary rectang Ie
as the irregular shape demands.
I
•
I
~
C
In order to make level lifts, it is necessary to have the crane hook
directly above the center of gravity and the proper length slings
attached to the load on or above the centerline of gravity. The cen·
terline of gravity is an imaginary line drawn through the center of
gravity. The imaginary line drawn from the hook directly downward
through the center of gravity is called the centerline of force. If the
weight of the load is equally distributed, the center of gravity is
under the crane hook. The sling angles are equal and each sling leg
is carrying an equal share of the load. Using legs of the same length
with the weight of the load unequally distributed, the center of
gravity is not in line with the centerline of force. The load when lifted
will tilt until the center of gravity is below the crane hook. The remedy
is to use slings with unequal leg lengths putting the center of gravity
under the crane hook for a balanced load. The rated capacity must be
based on the greatest portion of the load supported by anyone
sling leg.
When unequal distribution of
weight occurs from irregular loads
and exact sling lengths are not avail·
able, choker slings can be used to
compensate. This is done by short·
en ing the choker attached to the
heavy end. The light side is engaged
with both eyes engaged in the crane
hook. On the heavy side, the choker
sling body is laid across the crane
hook. One eye is passed through the
other eye and back to the hook. This
fixes the position of one eye but
allows the sling body to slide over
the crane hook. In this way, the reo
maining sling body attached to the
load below the hook can be length·
ened or shortened as required.
Once the weight of the load comes
on the sling, the hitch is locked into
position and no further change
resu Its. Th is h itch is recommended
for a one·time·only lift.
CENTERLINE OF FORCE
[l..
0
26
27
.~
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e
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r:
TURNING LOADS
Perhaps the greatest difficulty in rigging is the turning of loads.
This is due to the lack of understanding of the center of gravity and
how a load would look upside down.
There usually is more than one way to turn a load and often several
points at which hitches can be made. Before making a turn, it is
necessary for a Rigger to visualize the various positions of the load
during the various stages. It is also necessary to visualize the action
slings will be subjected to and where the slings will be located at
each stage. It is vitally necessary to know that the point of control
of a turning load is the place at which the sling departs from the
load to the hoist hook, regardless of where the sling may be threaded
or connected. Be sure to protect against sharp corners.
TWO-HOot, • URNING - Two-hook turning is used for turning loads
freely in air while supported. Turn loads in air only when absolutely
necessary. It is the most difficult type of rigging operation and should
be done only after careful preparation and caution have been executed. One sling on the Main hoist supports the load and acts as the
pivot around which the turn is made. A second sling on an Auxiliary
hook is employed to provide control. Note: It is necessary to d isconnect the Auxuliary sling prior to turning in air, and then to reconnect after the turn has been made.
,\ux
• x
c
B lle
ONE·HOOK TURNING - In one·hook
turning, one edge of the load is the pivot
or turning edge. Always attach the control slin~ above the center of gravity at
a point opposite to the direction of turn.
In a 180 degree continuous turn, the
lifting hook must move as required for a
smooth turn so as to prevent sliding the
pivot edge. In tight spaces, the load can
be turned 90 degrees, lifted clear and
moved to the orig ina I tu rn ing point for
continuance of turn. Irregular shapes
may require blocking to provide support
during turning.
M"IN
o
o
c
c
CONDITIONS TO CONSIDER FOR PROPER RIGGING
ABRASION - A basket hitch made with a choker sling having both
loops in one crane hook should not be used for turning loads because
of the inevitable movement of the load against a small portion of
the sling. This movement causes abrasion of the individual wires in
the rope and possible actual failure of the sling. Where two crane
hooks are available, a pair of two·legged bridle slings can be usedone placed to unwrap while the opposite sling wraps around the
load. Slings should not be attached to the ends of a rolling load if
either slippage or rubbing of the load against the sling will occur.
DESIGN FIVE
FACTOR = TO
ONE
DOUBLE CHOKER HITCH - If possible,
when turning loads with a single sling,
use the double choker hitch. Both eyes
are placed on top of the load. Eyes point
in a direction opposite to direction of
turn. The bight of the sling is placed on
the hoisting hook. Turning will be into a
tight cable with no motion of the load
against the sling. Turning control is available at all times.
DESIGN FACTOR - This is the number of times the recommended
lifting capacity is multiplied to equal the ultimate or breaking
strength of the sling. Wire rope slings are recommended for use at a
design factor of five or more. This design factor is designated to
take care of any overload that cannot be foreseen, such as shock
loads, incorrect use or other unusual conditions. Catalog ratings are
based on new slings. Load ratings on worn slings should be reduced.
Never use a sling with a design factor less than three.
[
[
29
28
/
.:.1'
I
B
e
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e
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L
SLING ANGLES - Sling angles are shown
in different ways in various catalogs. Re·
gardless of how the sling angle is stated,
or the method used to figure the stress
in a sling leg, the load rating should be
the same.
The following description applies to the
included angle measured between one
sling and a plumb line suspended from
the hook.
It is nei .A economical nor good practice to exceed a 60 degree
sling leg angle. Angles greater than 60 degrees not only build up
tension in the sling legs out of all proportion to the weight of the
load, they also create a much greater "in·pull" on the ends of the
load. This produces eccentrically loaded column effect. Long, slender
objects have a tendency to buckle. Included angles greater than
60 degrees indicate some thought should be given to the use of a
lifting beam in connection with the lift.
Lifting capacities on slings are misleading unless the sling angle
is stated. A sling that will handle 10 tons at 15 degrees included leg
angle will only handle 5 tons if the angle is increased to 60 degrees.
A lot of misunderstanding results from the change in carrying
capacity of a sling when the leg angle is changed. Actually, there
is no change in the tensile strength of the sling leg. What happens
is that the operator is pickin9 the load straight up or vertically, but
the sling leg is pulling at a disadvantage. For quick figuring in the
shop, a 30 degree included leg angle causes a loss in lilling capacity
of 15 percent ... 45 degree leg angle-30 percent . ./60 degree leg
angle"":50 percent. It's not 100 percent accurate, hut easy to reo
member and sl ightly on the safe side.
SOnI Aw&11
with
VlrtlClI
A
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
80
SLING ANGLES
D
WEIGHT OF LOADS
[J
C
500
502
508
518
532
552
577
610
653
707
778
872
1000
2880
0
5
C
tJ.,
Stu"" "r.
SUnI III
PIr 1000 Lbs.
TalJl Lad
It is always good practice, within limits, to keep the sling leg angle
as small as possible. However, the length and width of the load, the
sling leg length or the available headroom sometimes determine
the sling leg angle.
Always study your load and determine the weight and the strength
of the connections. Never underestimate the weight. (If you are
attaching the sling to lugs, be sure they are heavy enough to take
the load.) Always use a sling of ample capacity. Broken bones or
lost time costs more than the most expensive slings on the market
today.
0
0
30
31
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USED ROPE FOR SLINGS - Wire rope u
for sling purposes is
usually of improved plow steel grade of either 6 x 19 construction
or 6 x 37 construction. There is very little saving in cost in using
rope of less tensile strength as the labor involved in making a sling
remains constant. Similarly, there is no real economy for using old
hoisting ropes to make slings.
If a rope is no longer serviceable as a hoist rope, the mere action
of splicing loops into the ends reduces its strength still further and
it is of little value in picking up heavy loads. In fact, it is a used sling
from the very start.
SHOCK LOADS - Crane hooks shoold be started slowly until the
sling becomes taut and the load is suspended. The lifting or lowering speed of the crane should be increased or decreased gradually.
Sudden starts or stops place heavier loads on the sling. This action
can be reasonably compared to jamming the brakes on a speeding
automobile. A rule of thumb: shock loads double the stress on a sling.
INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
GUIDELINES
The following information is a guide to use for inspecting wire
rope slings. Expensive objects to be lifted, personal injury or property
damage factors determine the frequency of the inspection.
The user should store slings in a manner that will protect them
from damage by moisture, heat, corrosion or physical abuse.
The user should determine that the sling is being used in accordance with the rated capacity as listed in the current catalog of the
sling manufacturer.
All slings should be inspected at some regular interval of time.
This interval can best be determined by the user and is dependent
upon the particular use of the sling and OSHA or company safety
requirements. The interval must be such that safe use of the sling
is assu red at aII times.
A sling should be inspected after any unusual situation that may
have damaged it. such as overload. accident or fire. It should not
be placed back in service until its continued safe operation has
been verified.
Inspection should be performed only by persons with sufficient
experience and knowledge to properly apply the following criteria
for rejection when examining a given sling. This is particularly important, since each of the 11 items listed depends to some extent
upon the judgment of the inspector.
The followin
IOU
be considered criteria for rejection:
1. Broken wire criteria
a. For strand laid and single part slings-ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one
strand in one rope lay.
b. For multi-part cable·laid and braided slings
Allowable Broken
Allowable Broken
Wires Per Lay or
Strands Per Sling
Sling Body
One Braid
Length
Less than 8 part braid
Cable Laid
8 part & greater braid
20
20
40
7.
Either the broken wire count or broken strand count shall apply
separately to one braid length or one lay length in cable-laid body.
Abrasion, scrubbing or peening causing loss of more than 1/3 the
original diameter of outside individual wires.
Evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion.
Kinking, crushing or other damage that results in detrimental distortion of the rope structure.
Any evidence of heat damage including bare electrical conductor.
ground, or welding arc.
Any marked reduction in diameter either along the entire main
length or in one section.
Unlaying or opening up of a tucked splice.
8.
9.
Core protrustion along the main length.
End attachments that are cracked, deformed, worn or loosened.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10. Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments.
11. More than one broken wire in the vicinity of a zinced-on or
swaged fitting; including resin-poured sockets.
BE CAREFUL-THE TOES YOU SAVE MAY BE YOUR OWN.
GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTSEquipment, wire rope & wire rope slings
GUIDELINE TO INSPECTIONS & REPORTS-Equipment, wire rope &
wire rope slings
1. Maintain all inspection records and reports for the length of time
deemed appropriate .
,
j
1
32
1
1
2
33
-I
I
I
J.. ~ "..
'.:"'f'
I .
~
I
I
2. Prior to each daily use,the following p.
guideline.
l!du're is set as a
MMETRICAL REEVING
a. Check all equipment functions.
b. Lower load blocks and check hooks for deformation or cracks.
c. During lowering procedure and the following raising cycle,
observe the rope and the reeving. Particular notice should be
paid to kinking, twisting or other deformities.
d. Check wire rope and slings for visual signs of anything causing
them to be unsafe to use: broken wires, excessive wear, kink·
ing or twisting. Particular attention should be given to a new
damage during operation.
m
3. Monthly inspections are recommended with a signed report by
an authorized competent inspector. The Monthly Reports should
include the inspection of the following:
a. All functional operating mechanisms for excessive wear of
components, brake system parts and lubrication.
m
c. Crane hooks for excess throat opening or twisting along with
a visual for cracks.
b. Limit Switches.
d. Wire rope and reeving for conditions causing possible removal.
rn
I
c
m
c
e. Wire rope slings for excessive wear, broken wireS", stretch,
kinking, twisting and mechanical abuse.
/
f. All end connections: hooks, shackles, turnbl~dles, plate
clamps, sockets, etc. for excessive wear, distortion and broken
wires.
g. Electrical apparatus for signs of pitting or deterioration of
controller containers, push button stations, limit switches and
other electrical controls.
A Quarterly Report is suggested to combine the Monthly Reports
and be signed by a responsible, competent authorized inspector.
An Annual Inspection with signed report is suggested for the
following:
a. Magnetic particle test of crane hook for cracks.
b. Hoist drum for wear or cracks.
c. Structural members for cracks, corrosion and distortion.
d. For loose structural unions such as bolts, rivets or weldments.
load
Load
u
Unsymmeltlcally
Aee-wed
-
-
Block Tilts
~
rn
34
35
Symmelr1cal
Reeving
BlockS Aun True
SYMMETRICAL BOOM POINT REEVING
t
3·Sheave
Boom POint
Two Part Line
Three Part Line
Four Part Line
SYMMETRICAL BOOM POINT REEVING
-~-
2-Sheave
Boom POint - - -
Two Part LIne
Three Part Line
t
Four Part Line
I
-~l~""
. .VE:: PART FALLS
~
Stationary
Block
Stationary
Block
0
0
Using a two and three
sheave block a five part
reeve is accomplished by
entering the
lead
line
througll the front of the
stationary block at sheave
'B', then go down in back
of traveling block and
through at sheave 'E', up
behind stationary block and
through at sheave 'C',
down in front 11')1 traveling
block
and ,through
at
sheave '0', 'tip in front
of stationary block and
through at sheave 'A',
down to the traveling block
and becket off.
G
1
G
~
,,2
4
.3
,l
~.-,"
c
"'j
D
m
D
!~
:\
Using a pair of three sheave
blocks a six part reeve is accomplished, by entering the
lead line through the front
of the stationary block at
sheave 'B', then go down in
front of traveling block and
through at sheave 'E', up behind stationary block and
through
at
sheave
'A',
down behind traveling block
and th rough at sheave '0',
up in front of stationary
block and through at sheave
'C', down in front of traveling block and through at
sheave 'F', up to stationary
block and becket off.
Travel
Block
Fig. 10
This reeving is more commonly used for rope
(manila), but is also used for wire rope. (cable).
38
5
2£11:1 t14
3
6
Travel
Block
~
rn
SIX PAR r' FALLS
falls
This reeving is more com·
monly used for rope falls
(manila), but is also used
for wire rope (cable).
39
.,..
~
'-'.
SEVEN PART
FALLS
SEVEN PART FALLS
Fig. 12
Stationary
Block
® \
Using a three and four sheave block, a seven part reeve
is accomplished, by entering the lead line through the
front of the stationary block (four sheave) at sheave 'C',
go down in front of traveling block and through at sheave
T, up behind the stationary block and through at sheave
'A', down behind traveling block and through at sheave 'E',
up in front of stationary block and through at sheave '0',
down in front of traveling block and through at sheave
'G', up behind stationary block and through at sheave 'B',
then down to the traveling block and becket off.
(2
Travel
Block
40
41
.
~~
E
I
I
E
EI '~IAND NINE PART FALLS
EIGHT AND NINE PART FALLS
Fig. 13
Stationary
Block
C
I
Using a pair of four sheave blocks, an eight part reeve
is accomplished, by entering the lead line through the
front of the stationary block at sheave 'C', go down in
front of traveling block and through at sheave 'G', up
behind the stationary block and through at sheave 'A',
down behind the traveling block and through at sheave
'E', up in front of the stationary block and through at
sheave 'D', down in front of the traveling block and
through at sheave 'H', up behind the stationary block and
through at sheave 'B', down behind the traveling block
and through at sheave 'F', then up to the stationary block
and becket off for eight parts,
For a nine part reeve simply invert the diagram on the
opposite page, and add a single block over which the
lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make
sure that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.
~:.
','
"
C·
,'1
,"
~
CJ:CJ2~~l,.,fT.
L
Traveling Block
L
..) I
--------.w -
"\(K; b6 WeD ~ .
H (·DflPA· CONfJ
~
4' YJ(J)-W(- 4--
CPg.NO. JJDO 0;.
L
j ~AJJ. IlL 01. . ~Ilf- 63
[
[
X _
j(. f,ff
42
43
~,y
I
C
I
E
TEN AND ELEVEN
PART FALLS
I~N AND ELEVEN PART FALLS
Fig. 14
Stationary
Block
r
[
t
Using a pair of five sheave blocks, a ten part reeve is
accomplished, by entering the lead line through the front
of the stationary block at sheave 'e', go down behind the
traveling block and through at sheave '1', up behind the
stationary block and through at sheave '0', down in
front of the traveling block and through at sheave 'G',
up in front of the stationary block and through at sheave
'8', down behind the traveling block and through at sheave
'J', up behind the stationary block and through at sheave
'E', down in front of the traveling block and through at
sheave 'F', up in front of the stationary block and through
at sheave 'A', down behind the traveling block and through
at sheave 'H', then up to the stationary block and becket
off for ten parts,
For an eleven part reeve simply invert the diagram on the
opposite page, and add a single block over which the
lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make
sure that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.
[
r
o
c
Traveling
Block
[
[
[
44
45
./-r
I
C
"
II.i
~
TWELVE AND THIRTEEN
PART FALLS
Fig. 15
Stationary
Block
~
~
~.
LJ
TWELVL' AND THIRTEEN PART FALLS
Using a pair of six sheave blocks, a twelve part reeve is
accomplished, by entering the lead line through the front
of the stationary block at sheave '0', go down in front of
the traveling block and through at sheave 'J', up behind
the stationary block through at sheave 'A', down behind
the traveling block and through at sheave 'G', up in front
of tile stationary block and through at sheave 'F', down
in front of the traveling block and through at sheave 'L',
up behind the stationary block and through at sheave 'B',
down behind the traveling block and through at sheave
'H', up in front of the stationary block and through at
sheave 'E', down in front of the traveling block and
through at sheave 'K', up behind the stationary block and
through at sheave 'C', down behind the traveling block
and through at sheave 'I', then up to the stationary block
arid becket off for twelve parts.
For a thirteen part reeve simply invert the diagram on
the opposite page, and add a single block over which the
lead line will now go to the new traveling block. Make sure
that it fair-leads properly into the traveling block.
[
~
~
D
D
Traveling
Block
[
[
[
47
.-
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I
m
m
~
m
La
~
~
[
FORMULA FOR FIGURIf,
FOR FALLS
Total load to be lifted in Ibs.
Lead line pull in Ibs.
Refer to 8.47 in table below-II parts of line.
E.G., To find lead line pull needed when weight of load
and number of parts of line are established.
44,000 (load) Ibs.
10,000 Ibs.
4.39 (ratio of 5 part line)
(lead line pull)
TABLE FOR FIGURING LINE PARTS FOR FALLS
Ball bearing
sheaves in good
condition
safe load
(Ibs. )
1
8300
9120
2
16100
18000
3
23450
26550
4
30350
34900
-Ratio for
/ball bearing
\.
sheaves
5
36850
43000
6
42950
50800
1
0.98
1.94
2.88
3.81
4.71
5.60
6.47
7.32
8.16
7
48650
58400
8
54050
65800
9
59100
72950
10
63850
79900
11
68350
86600
12
72550
93150
13
76700
99550
r.
11
12
13
9.68
2
3
4
5
6
7
9.11
C
[
Number of parts
in falls
Bronze bushed
sheaves in good
condition
safe load
(Ibs.)
Ratio for
bronze bushed
sheaves
8
LJ
10,000 Ibs. lead line pull at engine
Number of
parts of
line
9
10
C
Improved plow 3;4 6 x 19 steel core
of load and lead line pull are established.
84,700 (load) Ibs.
10,000 (lead line pull) Ibs. =
8.47
(RATIO)
E
'~
;<
SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR REEVED FALLS
RATIO
E.G., To find number of parts of line needed where weight
0.96
1.87
2.76
3.59
4.39
5.16
5.90
6.60
7.27
7.91
8.52
"
m
RECOMMENDED
\=.NE PARTS
48
8.98
9.79
10.60
11.40
The above values are based on two fair-lead blocks be·
tween the engine and the falls. For each additional fair·lead
block add 6% to the lead line pull for bronze bushed
sheaves; add 3% to the lead line pull for ball·bearing
sheaves.
49
@
ClevIs
CHAIN SLIP HOOKS
(CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE)
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
(SAFETY FACTOR = 4)
c0
Type
Throat
Opening
(Inches)
For Size
of Chain
(Inches)
,/,
'5/,.
1 '/16
1 5/,.
1 9/,.
1"/'.
2
2 'I.
2 J/,
3
-
( ')
5/,.
J/.
7/,.
'/2
5/.
'/,
7/.
1
SWIVELS (ALL TYPES)
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
Ey.
Type
Throat
Opening
(Inches)
For Rope
Size
(Inches)
Maximum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
2.750
4.300
5.250
7.000
9.000
13.500
19.250
26.000
34.000
'/2
5/.
7/.
1'/.
1 'I.
'I. - 5/,.
l/.
'/2
1.500
2.600
3,400
5.100
8,000
15.000
23.000
30,000
'/,
850
1,250
2.250
3.600
5,200
7.200
10,000
12.500
15,200
18,000
45.200
'/2
5/.
'/,
7/ 8
1
1'/8
1'/,
1'/2
F/,.
PI,
2 J /16
@..- ~~.,_. @;,,-_.
5/.
l' /,6
1
1 'I,.
1 'I.
1 '/,
1 '/8
1"/"
1 '/2
1 ' 7/ l2
1"/,.
12 5 / "
1 7/.
l' 5/,.
2 '/16
2 'I.
2 '/,
2 5 /,.
2 '/2
2 "I,.
3
3 ' I,.
3 '/8
3 '/16
4
..
7/. _ 1
1'/.-1'/.
P/.-l'/2
DOUBLE CLEVIS LINKS
- Weld less Construction
- Forged Alloy Steel
Maximum
Safe Working load
(Pounds)
600
800
1,500
2,000
2,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,800
8,000
8,400
10,000
10,400
11,000
12,500
13,000
16.000
18,000
19,200
20,000
24,000
26,000
33,400
[ffi.
Small Pin
Diameter
(Inches)
Large Pin
Diameter
(Inches)
Maximum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
Sf ,.
'/2
5/.
3.250
6,600
8.750
11.250
7/,.
9/ 16
5/.
EYE HOOKS. SHANK HOOKS.
SWIVEL HOOKS
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
(SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
Throat Opening
(Inches)
5/.
'/,
~~g
Max. Safe Working
Load (Pounds)
'/.
@
.......
Maximum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
Stock Diameter
(Inches)
5/,.
SLIDING CHOKER HOOKS
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
(SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
11/ 16
'/,
"S.
TYPICAL SORTING HOOK
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
1.0. of Eye
Opening at Top of Hook
Safe Working Load 2'/2"
From Tip
Safe Working Load at Bottom
of Hook
11
ClevtS
Type
\\
" ,;J
\~J
1'/."
2 13/ .."
2 Tons
7'/2 Tons
CHAIN GRAB HOOKS
(CLEVIS TYPE AND EYE TYPE)
FORGED ALLOY STEEL
Throat
Opening
(Inches)
For Size
of Cham
(Inches)
"/32
'I.
5/,.
7/,.
'/2
"/16
2'/l2
'/.
'I,.
' /2
5/.
lS/32
, sf,.
1 'I,.
1 '/••
'/.
'I.
1
ol!)
~
Ere
Type
Maximum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
2,750
4,300
5,250
7,000
9,000
13,500
19,250
26,000
34,000
-
Ii;'"'~
SHACKLES:
STRENGTH OF SHACKLES
There are two types of shackles commonly
used in rigging. They are the anchor (bow type)
shackle and chain ("0" type) shackle both of
which are available with screw pins or round
pins.
Shackles. like most other rigging hardware
are sized by the diameter of the steel in the bow
section rather than the pin size. They should
only be of forged alloy steel.
Never replace the shackle pin with a bolt.
only the proper filted pin should be used. Bolts
are not intended to take the bending that is
normally applied to the pin.
Never use a shackle if the distance between
the eyes is greater than listed in the following
table. All pins must be straight and all screw
pins must be completely seated. Colter pins
must be used with all round pin shackles.
Shackles worn in the crown or the pin by
more than 10% of the original diameter should
be destroyed.
Never allow a shackle to be pulled at an
angle because the capacity will be tremendously reduced. Centralize whatever is being
hoisted on the pin by suitable washers or spacers.
Do not use screw pin shackles if the pin can
roll under load and unscrew.
PEAR SHAPED LINKS
(Sling Links)
- Weldless Construction
- Forged Alloy Steel
((j
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
Inside
Length
(Inches)
MaxImum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
3/.
'/2
5/ 8
3/.
7/.
2'/,
3
3 3/.
4 1/ 2
5'/,
6
7 31.
8'1.
1.800
2.900
4.200
6.000
8.300
10,800
16.750
20.500
)
1
1'/.
PI.
ANCHOR
CHAIN
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
Inside Width
At Pin
(Inches)
Max. Safe
Working Load
Single Vertical
Pull (Pounds)
3/ 8
' 3/'6
1 '/'6
1 '/.
1 7/'6
1"/ '6
1'3/,6
2 '/n
2
2 3'8
2 7/ 8
3 ".
4 '/8
5
5 3,.
6 "2
665
1.000
1.500
2.000
3.000
4.000
6.500
9.500
13.000
17.000
19.000
24.000
27.000
34.000
50,000
70,000
100,000
150.000
200.000
260.000
RINGS
Weld less ConstructIon
Forged Alloy Steel
(~)
3/ ,6
'/.
'5/ 32
17/ n
2'/n
23/ n
5/ ,6
3/ 8
7/'6
'/ 2
5/ 8
3/.
7/ 8
1
1'/8
1'/.
13/8
1'/2
I,.
13/.
2
2'/2
3
3'/2
4
-
1'/
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
71.
71.
1
1'1.
1'I.
1'1.
InSide
Diameter
(Inches)
MaXimum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
4
5'12
4
6
5
6
7.200
5.600
10.800
10.400
17.000
19.000
C")
to
C\J
to
-
END LINKS
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
S/,6
31.
'12
51.
31,
7/,
1
1'1,
PI,
IIiiI
(c=D
Inside
Width
(Inches)
Maximum Safe
Working Load
(Pounds)
'12
2.500
3.800
6.500
9.300
14.000
12,000
15.200
26,400
30.000
9, 16
31,
1
1'1,
2
2'/,
2'12
2 31,
-
MASTER LINKS
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
InSide
Width
(Inches)
MaXimum Safe
Working Load
(pounds)
'12
51.
31,
2'12
3
2)1,
3'1 2
4)1,
5 'I,
6
7
3.250
4,400
7,000
16.500
25.000
35,500
44.500
57.500
1
1'I,
1'12
1'1.
2
....
~c::-::a
0)
-
...,-:-~~:a
,/
SECURING OF TURNBUCKLE END FITTINGS
I
I
I
Do nOI use Jam nuts
Lock Wife will hold
\
~aHllllllllllllllllllll)
111\111111111111111\111
TURNBUCKLE INSPECTION AREAS
;
.>
Check tor crackS & bends
m
Check lor thread
damage & bent rods
I
I
~
I
E
m
I
~
-
End Fittings must be secured.
TURNBUCKLES
Weld less Construction
Forged Alloy Steel
.>
i
SWL of
SWL of
Any Combination Any Turnbuckle
End
Having a
Fitting,
of Jaw End
Hook End
Fittings, Eye End
Stock
Fitting
Diameter Fittings and Stub
(Lbs)
End Fittings
(Inches)
(Lbs)
Check lor cracks & bends
, /4
Check lor thread
damage & bent rods
!
5/ '6
3/ 8
'/ 2
5/ 8
3/ 4
~
D
1\
Check lor cracks & bends
~
5'"
_ _ _ _ Check lor thread damage
& bent rods
~
10' ",,', & "Io,m",oo,
7/ 8
1
l' /4
l' /2
13/4
2
2'/2
23 /4
500
800
1,200
2,200
3,500
5,200
7,200
10.000
15,200
21,400
28,000
37,000
60,000
75.000
F
L
E
54
55
400
700
1,000
1,500
2,250
3,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
7.500
-
-
Lifting With Eye Bolts
Never run a sling through a pair of eye bolts as shown.
The \oads In t h l s - - - - - ,
fitting result In an effect!'. .
load at a much
mor. sever. angle.
The load angle is reduced
lrom P to a and the
loads In A and 8
combine to give C.
I
B
Use a pair of shackles instead.
Alignment of Eye Bolts
{
SHIM
o
,/
Use a shim or washer.
When the eye bolts cannot be aligned.
VERT
-
~
EYE BOLTS
,
Shoulder Type Only '-..,.
Forged Carbon Steel
j
45"
00 NOT USE
I.e
,.
\
~
Stock
Diameter
(Inches)
1/4
5/ 16
3/8
'/2
5/ 8
3/4
7/ 8
1
1'/4
1'/2
SAFE WORKING LOADS (LBS) CORRESPONDING
TO ANGLE OF PULL
Vertical
75 0
60 0
45 0
Less than 45 0
500
800
1,200
2,200
3,500
5,200
7,200
10,000
15,200
21,400
Reduce
Vertical
Loads
By
45%.
Reduce
Vertical
Loads
By
65%.
Reduce
Vertical
Loads
By
75%.
0
W
0
Z
r..- W
O~
Z~
0
()
W
a:
Note: S. W. L. for plain (shoulderless) eye bolts are same as for shoulder bolts under vertical load. Angular
loading is not recommended.
<0
LO
Shoulderless Eye & Ring Bolts
CorrKt
Incor,..ct
ShOuld. den evlt .no
It shoulde,leu eye .and fino bOlts
fino bolls .r~ de$9"ed
.r. pulled .1 .In .n91• .IS shown
lor ...rhe.-t IO~S only
they ..... 111 .ll~r be'nd or br.elo,
Shoulderless
Eye 801t
ShoukJer1eu
Rmg Bolt
Sf'K)ulderlen
Shoulde,le"
Ring Boll
Eye Bolt
a>
LO
HOIST RINGS, can greatly
reduce the risk involved in
material
handling.
(Machinery, construction
components, and cargo). They
are ideal for cargo fastening
and tie down devices.
ADVANTAGEOUS
FEATURES:
able to pivot 180· and
swivel 360" from centre.
low centre of gravity resists
binding or breaking
stresses.
SAFETY HOIST RING
St.nlbrd
Bo~
Si,e
(In Inch..)
X,
~
'h
~
'4
1'.
1
Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Bolts
ProvIdIng loads are reduced 10 account lor angular loadIng
CAPACITY AT ANGULAR LOADS
45 Deere..
90 Deere..
Slraieht lilt
safe
break
load
load
pounds pounds
800
1.000
2.500
4.000
7.000
8.000
10.000
8,900
8.500
27,000
30.000
61,000
56.500
63.000
safe
break
load
load
pounds pounds
800
1.000
2.500
4,000
7.000
8.000
10.000
4,000
5,000
12.500
20.000
35,000
40.000
50.000
safe
break
load
load
pounds pounds
800
1.000
2.500
4.000
7.000
8.000
10.000
4,000
5.000
12.500
20,000
35.000
40,000
50.000
Incorr.-ct
/
_..". Pack ..... llh
w;uh.r" to
...-
ensur. Ina'
S~uld.r IS
hrmly In contact
"""tl'1 surfac.
NUl musl
Of P'O~rly
torQued
ex:>
Correct
O,lenletkM -
Load .s ,n tne
plane 01,,...
eye.
.....
'-r.-:--, :l!I
E~.-:III
~
De In lull contaCI
"",,11'1 surf.c.
"0'.'.
~,
-F"'~
LO
Inco"-.cl Orient_lion _
Wnen lne IOlid IS .applied 10 Ihl! eye
m Itus. ell/echon II .....,11 Dend
I ..... ,
I
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E
The only correct method of attaching U·bolt wire rope clips to rope ends IS
shown in the illustration. The base of the clip bears ogoinst the l,ve end 01 the
rope, while the "u" of the bolt presses ogainst the deod end.
The clips ore usuolly spoced obout six rope diometers aport to give odequate
holding power.
Before ropes are ploced under tension the nuts on the clips should be tIghtened.
It is odvisoble to tighten them ogain after the load is on the rope to toke core
of uny reduction in the rope's diameter co used by the weight or tension 01 the
load.
A wore rope thImble should be used in the loop eye to prevent kinkIng when wore
rope clIps ore used.
P:1
~
Ib
o 10
. 3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
i/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
I
c
~
L
'i.
I
I""
I"I.
1'/.
2
2'/.
2'h
~
Spacing·
Clip. for
foch Rope End
01 Clip.
in.
1'/.
i '/'
1'/.
2 '/.
2'1.
3
3'/.
4'h
5'I.
,
/
\.
6
6'/.
7""
8 '/.
9
9'/.
10'h
12
8
13'h
8
15
= " U 74
~l=
The Right Way to Clip Wire Rope
The Wrong Way 10 Clip Wire Rope
\
_
.
[
c
Minimum No.
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
.19
.29
.47
.70
.78
106
1.59
2.40
272
3.20
4.50
4.60
5 80
720
9.50
12.50
15.50
18.00
1'/.
1'/.
E
[
L
Approx.
Weight
3
4
5
6
7
70%
80"/.
50%
80%
80%
100"/.
95 "/.
88 "/.
82%
75%
70%
o \l~
--
Fig
'J
~~~/,~
~
·'t. ',.~~.~&'~'-
Fig. 6
~
(....--::;::
--- - -
r·
o, ; , . . '- ; . .
.
.;:,
I
Fig. 5
=11!1:i'lIIlhhllu~~~~~~
Fig. 7
MECHANICAL
SPLICE
FLEMISH EYE
'PRESSED SLEEVE
~.~)sss
, " ? - .,.,- ... ..,..
60
100%
100%
Wire Rope.
.
.
Sockets - Zinc Type - properly attached ..
Wedge Sockets
Clips - Crosby Type
..
Knot ond Clip (Contractors Knatl
Plote Clamp - Three Bolt Type
.
Smooth Clamp
SplIced Eye and Thimble:
'/." and smaller
'/." to J/."
'/." 10 I"
1'/." to l'h"
1'/." to 2"
2'/." and lorger
.
1
2
Number of Clips and Spacing for Safe Application
Diem.
in.
Efficiency
Type of Connection
Figure
The correct number of clips for sofe applicotlon, ond spocing distonces, are shown
in the toble below.
Rope
L
EFFICIENCY OF WIRE ROPE CONNECTIONS
As Compared to Safe Loads on Wire Rope
APPLYING WIRE Rur'E CLIPS
I:~
61
SWAGED
ENDINGS
ROTARY SWAGING
EHiciency
90-
95%
95 .
100%
r
~
I
/
SY~.,.HETIC
\.
ROPES
FIBRES USED IN ROPES
rn
:- :- - :- -
w -
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Synthetic Ropes
:I
3
~"
_. :J
;. ~
< Q. ~
;;;
oz
D
LJ
r-
",0
-:-:-:--;--
~
Natural Fibre Ropes
Two main types of natural fibres are used for the
manufacture of Ropes. Manila fibre is strong and
durable and makes a Rope that is first choice where
dependability, ability to stand up under severe use, and
weathering is required. Sisal fibres, while less durable
and lower in strength, are made up into Ropes to be
used where the requirements are less demanding and
low cost is a major factor.
62
a
c;)
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There is a number of man made or synthetic fibres
being used to manufacture Ropes. Nylon, Terylene
Dacron and Polypropylene are the most popular.
Generally, synthetic Ropes have one major characteristic in common not found in natural fibre Ropes; that
is their resistance to rot or mildew. In other respects
they vary greatly to one another.
NYLON is probably the best known of synthetic Rope
fibres. Not only was it the first true synthetic to be
used for this purpose but it has also gained the widest
acceptance. It has many excellent qualities. Nylon Rope
is very strong - approximately twice the strength of
manila. It also has unusually high abrasion resistance
qualities and good resistance to weathering. Finally,
Nylon Rope has a high degree of stretch; excellent for
some uses but a serious disadvantage for others.
TERYLENE is another synthetic which has been used
extensively in the manufacture of Rope. In most respects, it is quite similar to nylon except it is somewhat
lower in tensile strength and has much less stretch.
POLYPROPYLENE, multi-filament and monofilament, is the most recent addition to the synthetic
family of Ropes. It is already showing great promise of
surpassing the others in popularity. In strength it is
only slightly less than nylon but at the same time it
has a degree of stretch about that of Terylene. Polypropylene is very light - it actually floats on water.
For this reason, and because of its resistance to rot it
has gained great favour for water sports especially as
63
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I
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!
U
,
t
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a ski tow Rope. It is also ideal foJ. 'marine lines where
its lightness makes it much easier to handle than other
heavier Ropes.
CONSTRUCTION OF ROPE:
In order to understand Rope handling, it is good to
know something about the general construction of Rope.
Normally a Rope is made of 3 strands each of which
is, in turn, made of a number of threads. The Rope
itself is twisted in a right-hand direction, each strand
in a left-hand direction, and the individual threads in
a right-hand direction. This reversal of twist in the
strand gives the Rope a balance or set and eliminates
the tendency towards unwinding.
UNCOILING AND COILING:
When taking Rope from a coil always remove it from
the center in a counter-clockwise direction. After use, a
Rope should be recoiled in a clockwise direction. Under
certain conditions of use, twist may be thrown into a
Rope. On the other hand, certain types of usage may
cause twist to be thrown out of a Rope causing kinking.
Therefore, it is important that either of these conditions be corrected.
MECHANICAL INJURY AND BENDING:
Do not drag Rope over the ground, or over sharp or
rough edges. Do not drag one part of the Rope over
another part.
Abrupt bending of Rope interferes with th-e distribution of the strain on the various fibres t)1at make up
the strands. With a straight pull, a Rop€\will give 100
per cent efficiency; tie a knot in the same Rope and
you weaken it approximately 50 per cent.
-
important ,,'hat all Ropes, whether natural or synthetic
fibre be kept out of contact with acids or other substances of a corrosive nature.
MILDEWING AND DRY ROT:
The most important factor affecting Rope life is the
care given to it to prevent mildewing and rotting. A
hard-fibre Rope will withstand long periods of use
under wet, dirty or rot producing conditions provided
it is cleaned and dried at frequent intervals and provided it is stored so that air may circulate around it.
The ideal for cleaning is to wash the Rope in water
or hose it down, then hang in loose folds or coils over
pegs so that air may circulate freely around the Rope.
Care to prevent mildewing and rotting cannot be overestimated since much of the deterioration of Ropes
considered as normal ageing is simply the accumulated
action of mildew over a period where insufficient care
has been given a Rope. Slings and safety lines should
receive special attention in this regard.
Manila Rope, used for general purposes, if dried out
after being wet, and then properly stored should need
no added lubricant. If, however, a Rope becomes stiff
and hard, a thin coat of lubricating oil or warm petrolatum applied with a paint brush will make the Rope
pliable again.
The synthetic Ropes are not generally affected by mildewar dry rot. They can withstand long periods of
wetting without. any noticeable loss of strength or
change in appearance to the Rope.
CHEMICAL INJURY:
Great care should be taken to prevent a Rope from
coming in contact with acid, as any exposure to acid
will shorten its service. Keep a Rope out of reach of
animals.
Most of the synthetics will withstand corrosive chemicals better than natural fibre Ropes, however, it is
64
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Rules of thumb for new ropes when
load tables are not available.
MANILA ROPE
-
Change the rope dIameter Into eighths of an
Inch.
Square the numerator and multiply by 20.
-
POLYESTER ROPE
-
Change the rope diameter into eighths of an
Inch.
Square the numerator and multiply by 60.
Example:
'/2 inch polyester rope = c/8 inch diameter.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 60 = 960 lb.
Example:
(al
'/ 2 Inch manola rope = c/8 Inch diameter.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 20 = 320 lb.
(b) '/8 Inch manila rope
SWL = 5 x 5 x 20 = 500 Ib
(c) 1 inch manila rope = 8/8 Inch diameter.
SWL = 8 x 8 x 20 = 1280 lb.
NYLON ROPE
-
Change the rope diameter Into eighths of an
Inch.
Square the numerator and multiply by 60.
Example:
'/2 inch nylon rope = c/8 Inch diameter.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 60 = 960 lb.
POLYPROPYLENE ROPE
-
Change the rope diameter into eighths of an
inch.
Square the numerator and mult,ply by 40.
Example:
'/, Inch polypropylene rope = c/ 8 Inch diameter.
SWL = 4 x 4 x 40 = 640 lb.
\
POLYETHYLENE ROPE
-
Change the rope diameter into eighths of an
inch.
Square the numerator and multiply by 35.
Example:
1 inch polyethylene rope = 8/8 inch diameter.
SWL = 8 x 8 x 35 = 2240 lb.
CO
CO
Since rope on a job is rarely new, the rigger
will have to use jUdgment as to what value to
use. If there is any doubt as to the type or
condition of the rope it should not be used at
all. There can be no substitute for safety.
I
I
D
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Safety Factor ~ 5)
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
m
3/,6
'I,
.5/ 16
3/,
D,
'I,
9/ 16
'I,
3/,
I
D
G
,.
NYLON ROPE SLINGS
Spliced Eyes in Both Ends
1J/ 16
'I,
1
, '/15
1 'I,
1 '/.
1 .5/, I
1 'I,
1 'I,
1 3/,
2
2 Il a
2 If"
2 'I,
2 'I,
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
I 60
200
300
500
700
1,250
1,500
2,000
2,800
3,200
3,800
4,800
5,500
6,300
7,200
8,200
10,200
12,400
15,000
17,900
20,200
23,800
26,600
30,700
150
225
375
525
940
1,125
1,500
2,100
2,400
2,850
3,600
4,125
4,725
5,400
6,150
7,650
9,300
11,250
13,400
15,150
17,850
20,000
23,000
400
600
1,000
1,400
2,500
3,000
4,000
5,600
6,600
7,600
9,600
11,000
12,600
14,400
16,400
20,400
24,800
30,000
35,800
40,400
47,600
53,200
61,400
...
..... '
./
POLYPROPYLENE ROPE SLINGS
Spliced Eyes in Both Ends
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Safety Factor ~ 5)
POUNDS
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
2-Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
With Legs Inclined
ASli09~tJ
Angle
60·
45·
30·
350
520
870
1,200
2,200
2,600
3,500
4,850
5,500
6,600
8,300
9,500
10,900
12,500
14,200
17,700
21,500
26,000
31,000
35,000
41,200
46,100
53,200
280
420
700
1,000
1,770
2,100
2,800
4,000
4,500
5,400
6,800
7,800
8,900
10,200
11,600
14,400
17,500
21,200
25,300
28,600
33,700
37,600
43,400
200
300
500
700
1,250
1,500
2,000
2,800
3,200
3,800
4,800
5,500
6,300
7,200
8,200
10,200
12,400
15,000
17,900
20,200
23,800
26,600
30,700
J1I6
'I,
.5/ 16
3/,
'I,
9/ 16
'I,
3/,
13 /16
'I,
1
1 1/ 16
1 II,
1
1 .5/ 16
1 'I,
1 'II
1 3/,
2
2 'I,
2 'I,
2 'I,
2
'I,
'I,
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
110
190
300
375
620
720
975
1,275
t,425
1,650
2,175
2,250
2,800
3,150
3,300
4,500
5,500
6,500
7,800
8,600
9,900
11,300
12,750
300
500
800
1,000
1,660
1,920
2,600
3,400
3,800
4,400
5,800
6,000
7,500
8,400
8,800
12,000
14,600
17,400
20,800
23,000
26,400
30,200
34,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
G
..',"b,_,.
D
. (''--) cJ!:::J
'
.-, -. Y·'.J
2·Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
With Legs Inclined
I 6U
150
250
400
500
830
960
1,300
1,700
1,900
2,200
2,900
3,000
3,750
4,200
4,400
6,000
7,300
8,700
10,400
11,500
13,200
15,100
17,000
As;;og~tJ
Angle
60·
45·
30·
260
430
700
860
1,400
1,700
2,250
2,900
3,300
3,800
5,000
5,200
6,500
7,300
7,600
10,400
12,600
15,100
18,000
19,900
22,900
26,200
29,400
210
350
560
700
1,200
1,350
1,800
2,400
2,700
3,100
4,100
4,200
5,300
5,900
6,200
8,500
10,300
12,300
14,700
16,300
18,700
21,400
24,000
150
250
400
500
830
960
1,300
1,700
1,900
2,200
2,900
3,000
3,750
4,200
4,400
6,000
7,300
8,700
10,400
11,500
13,200
15,100
17,000
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
values by 3/"
~.
(-i~
0::::::: .::::.::::::-,
~
D
.... _.........
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
.."" b, ,
,., <'.
Note: For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Multiply Above Values by 2.
,."-." ...
. .....
cJ!:::J
("'-e') .......
-.
.......... _................
_....._.._. ......_...)
Nole: For Safe Working Loads' of Endl... or Grommet Slings, MUltiply Abov. Values by 2.
NYLON IS SELDOM USED IN RIGGING NOW - DUE TO
ITS EXCESSIVE STRETCH UNDER LOAD,
POLYPROPYLENE IS THE MOST COMMON ROPE USED
FOR RIGGING NOW.
68
69
~
B
. __ .
For Double Basket Hitch mUltiply above
,~""
',~-,.",
POUNDS
-
,_
NYLON WEB SLINGS
(8000 Iblin Material)
POLYESTER ROPE SLINGS
Spliced Eyes In Both Ends
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS (Safety Factor a 5)
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
JJ 16
'I,
5/ 16
'I,
'I,
'I,
'I,
lJ/ 16
'I,
9/ 16
1
1 '/16
1'I,
1 'I,
,
5/ 16
1 1/ 2
'I,
'I,
2
2 'I,
2 1/.
2 'I,
2 'I,
1
1
Single
Vertical
Hitch
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
150
225
375
525
900
1,125
1,425
1,800
2,200
2,550
3,150
3,675
4,200
4,725
5,325
6,675
8,100
9,675
11,400
13,050
15,300
17,400
19,500
400
600
1,000
1,400
2,400
3,000
3,800
4,800
5,900
6,800
8,400
9,800
11,200
12,600
14,200
17,800
21,600
25,800
30,400
34,800
40,800
46,400
52,000
Web
Width
(Inches)
2-Leg Bridle Hitchot
& Single Basket Hit ,1
With Legs Incline'l
I 60
200
300
500
700
1,200
1,500
1,900
2,400
2,950
3,400
4,200 '
4,900
5,600
6,300
7,100
8,900
10,800
12,900
15,200
17,400
20,400
23,200
26,000
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS (SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
(Eye & Eye, Twisted Eye, Triangle Fittings, Choker Fittings)
POUNDS
As,,"g~€J
~
Angle
60'
45'
30'
350
520
870
1,200
2,100
2,600
3,300
4,150
5,100
5,900
7,300
8,500
9,700
10,900
12,300
15,400
18,700
22,300
26,300
30,100
35,300
40,200
45,000
280
420
700
1,000
1,700
2,100
2,700
3,400
4,200
4,800
5,900
6,900
7,900
8,900
10,000
12,600
15,300
18,200
21,500
24,600
28,800
32,800
36,800
200
300
500
700
1,200
1,500
1,900
2,400
2,950
3,400
4,200
4,900
5,600
6,300
7,100
8,900
10,800
12,900
15,200
17,400
20,400
23,200
26,000
Single
Vertical
Hitch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
1,600
3,200
4,800
6,400
8.000
9,600
11,200
12,800
14,400
16.000
17,600
19,200
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
1U
1,200
2,400
3,600
4,800
6,000
7,200
8,400
9,600
10,800
12,000
13,200
14,400
3,200
6,400
9,600
12,800
16,000
19,200
22,400
25,600
28,800
32,000
35,200
36,400
ij(~::~':e
.
Angle
60'
45'
30'
2,770
5,550
8,300
11,100
13,850
16,600
19,400
22,200
25,000
27,700
30,500
33,300
2,260
4,520
6,800
9,050
11,300
13,600
15,800
18,100
20,400
22,600
24,900
27,200
1,600
3,200
4,800
6,400
8,000
9,600
11,200
12,800
14,400
16,000
17,600
19,200
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
",",,,,,. ~
,
(~i.·.·.
:' .
.~
~ ..~........
.......
.............
it···
. . _..
. ... - _.... -.-
Note: For Sale Working Loadl 01 Endle.. or Grommet Slingl, Multiply Abov. Velull by 2,
.......
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
values by 2.
.....
~'.'_')
'~~
"'""b,2
values by 'I,.
-6);.
.()jj
....~~~~~..._.:~~~~.
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
......•
Not.: For Sal. Working Lo.dl 01 Endl... or Gromm.t Slingl, MUltiply Abov. V.lutl by 2,
70
2·Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
71
';
..
"
I
"
~
DACRON WEB SLINGS
(5000 Ib/in Material)
MAXIMUM SAFE WORKING LOADS - POUNDS (SAFETY FACTOR = 5)
(Eye & Eye, Twisted Eye, Triangle Fittings, Choker Fittings)
Web
Width
(Inches)
B
~
[
1
[
[
Single
Vertical
Hitch
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12.000
Single
Choker
Hitch
Single
Basket
Hitch
(Vertical
Legs)
! U
750
1,500
2,250
3,000
3,750
4,500
5,250
6,000
6,750
7,500
8,250
9,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
u
~g,;"g~
I- ~
~
Angle
60'
45'
30'
1.730
3,460
5,200
6,950
8,660
10,400
12,100
13,850
15,600
17,350
19,100
20,800
1,400
2,830
4,250
5,650
7,070
8,500
9,900
11,300
12,700
14,100
15,500
17,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
In splicing Nylon or Polypropylene the same
general direction for splicing Manila can
be followed, but a few extra precautions
should be taken owing to the large number
of filaments in each yarn and the smooth
surface of the strands.
The working ends of each strand should be
well taped in several places, so that the
strand will maintain its original form. In
splicing always add two extra tucks.
If used with Choker Hitch multiply above
"'",b".
~
./
..
.
.
(:i.·.~·.~:::~·. .·.: ..:
[
',11\..
For Double Basket Hitch multiply above
~
[:
2-Leg Bridle Hitch
& Single Basket Hitch
With Legs Inclined
SPLICING
SYNTHETIC ROPES
..,"" b,
The Guessing Game is no game for those in
the Rigging Game.
AUTHOR
Note: For Safe Working Loads of Endless or Grommet Slings, Muillply Above Values by 2.
E
c
[J
[
72
73
I
A
.J
o
D
D
o
B
o
D
G
u
u
9
A
~
B
This completes the first round of tucks in the left hand half of
the splice. Each strand should now be tucked at least twice more,
always over one and under one as before, making sure that each
strand lies snug and with no kinks.
7. To finish the splice, reverse the rope end for end so that strands
D, E and F are now at the left instead of the right (in the same
position of strands A, Band C in the illustrations) and repeat the
tucking operation on their side of the rope. Each of the six strands
will now have had at least three tucks. A tapered splice is made
by taking two more tucks with each strand, cutting away some of
the threads from each strand before each extra tuck.
o
B
o
[J
[
£:
[
Now bring the ends tightly together and apply a temporary seiling
where they join, as shown in Fig. 2.
3. Next, take anyone strand and begin tucking, the sequence being
over one and under one. Fig. 3 shows how Strand A is passed over
the strand nearest to it, which is Strand D, and then under the
next strand, Strand E.
4. Rotate the splice away from you one-third of a turn and make the
second tuck, shown in Fig. 4. Strand B is passed over Strand E
and then under Strand F.
5. Before making the third tuck, rotate the splice again one-third of
a turn away from you. Strand C is then passed over Strand F, and
under the next one, Strand D. The splice now appears as in Fig. 5.
6.
D
A
c
Used whEre it is not necessary for the spliced rope to pass through a
pulley block, the Short Splice provides maximum strength since it is
nearly as strong as the rope. The diameter of the rope is almost
doubled at the point of joining, making this splice too bulky for
pulley work.
1. To make a Short Splice, the first step is to unlay the strands at
one end of each rope for 6 or 8 turns. The ends of the strands
should be whipped to prevent their untwisting, and brought together so that each strand of one rope alternates with a strand of
the other rope. This can be seen in Fig. 1.
2.
(
n
SHORT SPLICE
8. When tucking is finished, remove the centre seiling and cut off
the ends of all strands, leaving at least 3;4" on each end. To give
a smooth appearance, roll the splice back and forth, either under·
your foot or between two boards. The completed Short Splice
(hould look something like Fig. 6.
(
o
-
..
-~~~~~~
74
'-
75
I
,
LONG SPLICE
J
The Long Splice is used for puliey work since it permits the ropes that
have been sp~ced to be run through sheave blocks without jamming
or chafing. Unlike the Short Splice, the diameter of the spliced rope
is increased very slightly.
"
1.
To make this splice, begin by un laying one strand of each rope for
10 or 15 turns, and whip the ends of each strand to prevent
untwisting. Then lock the two ropes together by alternating the
strands from each end, as shown in Fig. 7.
2.
Starting at one end, take an opposite pair of strands, A and B,
and unlay Strand A. Follow it with Strand B, turn by turn, continuing until only a foot or less of Strand B remains. Kei:p Strand
B tight during this step and pull it down firmly intoj.:itr.and A's
former place. Repeat this operation with strands C ana D. Strand
o is un laid and Strand C is laid in its place. Fig. 's shows the
splice at this stage.
'J
[
L
L
3.
Now each pair of strands is tied loosely together with a simple
overhand knot, as indicated by strands A and B in Fig. 9. Each
knot is then pulled down into the rope like strands C and D.
4.
Each strand is now tucked twice, over and under, as done in
making tlie Short Splice. Fig. 10 shows strands C and 0 after
tucking. If a smaller diameter splice is desired, tapering can be
done by tucking each strand twice more, cutting away some of the
th~eads for each additional tuck .
5.
When tucking is finished, cut all strands off close to the rope and
roll the splice on the floor under your foot to smooth it out. The
completed Long Splice is shown in Fig. 11.
I'll
[ .;
[]
o
"'-J
e
o
c
o
o
[
[
(
CID
[
[j
F
c
[J
(D
76
~
77
EYE OR SIDE ~ LICE
The Side plice is also called the Eye Splice because
it is used to form an eye or loop in the end of a rope.
by splicing the end back into ih own side. This splice
is made like the Short Splice except that only one
rope is used.
1. Start by seizing the working end of the rope.
Unlay the three strands, A, Band C, to the seizing and whip the end of each strand. Then twist
the rope slightly to open up strands 0, E and F
of the standing part of the rope, as indicated in
Fig. 12.
2. The first tuck is shown in Fig. 13. The middle
strand is always tucked first, so Strand B is tucked
under Strand E, the middle strand of the standing
part.
3. The second tuck is now made, as shown In Fig.
14. Left Strand A of the working end is tucked
under Strand 0, passing over Strand E.
4. Fig. 15 shows how the third tuck is made. In
order to make Strand F easy to get at, the rope
is turned over. Strand C now appears on the left
side.
5. Strand C is then passed to the right of and·
tucked under Strand F, as shown in Fig. 16. This
completes the first round of tucks.
6. Fig. 17 shows the second round of tucks started,
with the rope reversed again for ease in handling.
Strand B is passed over Strand 0 and tucked under
the next strand to the left. Continue with strands
A and C, tucking over one strand and then under
one to the left. To complete the splice, tuck
each strand once more.
7. The finished Eye Splice is shown In Fig. 18.
Remove the temporary seizing and cut off the
strand .ends, leaving at least 1/2 on each end.
Roll the splice back and forth under your foot·
to even up and smooth out the strands.
D
o
o
u
[
[
/1
[
[
c
78
/
79
en
e
C1l
en
~
a.
QI
C
~
o
'S
o
~
o
CD
ll'I
~
en
C1l
o
I---------+---------+----------j~
It)
CO
-
...o
i~
o
~
~
CD
ll'I
QI
'0
o
en
e
.:.:.
::J
o
.c
0
~
C1l
I---------+---------+----------ja.
e
o
-::.c
01-
.c
~
00
:I:
QI
C
... :11::
o
:::l
Q)
111_
>
QI
C1"GI
(/)a:
U
L..-
L-
e Ol
ale
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-~
.cen
"SO
(D
--
01 0
.roo
... 0
----'oCi5~
CROWN KNOT (BACK SPLICE)
(
The sale purpose of the crown knot (back
splice) is to keep the strands at the end of a
rope from unraveling. The one drawback is that
it won't fit through a sheave.
I
Unlay the strands, as shown in illustration, and
lay strand A over the centre of the rope, then
bring B down over A, finally bring C down over
B and through the bight of A.
o
CD
Pull the strands tight, then tuck each one by
passing it over the second strand in the rope
and under the third. There should be three
tucks in each strand when using natural fibre
rope and five tucks when using synthetic fibre
rope. Trim the ends after completing the tucks.
(3)
.....
r.---,
I MBER
FIGURE EIGHT KNv
HITCH
Can be tied simply and quickly. Used in the end of a rope
to temporarily prevent the strands from unlaying.
(fig. 3a)
Does not jam as easily as the overhand knot and is there·
fore useful to prevent the end of a rope from slipping
through a block or an eye.
o
Very useful for hoisting planks, timbers and pipe. Holds
without slipping and does not jam. A half hitch is added in
(fig. 3a) this is done to keep a plank or length of pipe on
end, while lifting.
BLACKWALL HITCH
o
REEF KNOT
Also known as the square knot. Used to join two ropes
or lines of the same size. Holds firmly and is easily untied.
NOTE:
NOT RECOMMENDED
FOR LIFTING LOADS
Handy to secure a rope temporarily to a hook for hoisting.
Used exclusively for light loads and safe only when the
tension is not allowed to slacken.
82
83
/
I
I
I
BOWLINE ON THl BIGHT
This knot is used in emergency to lift an injured man off
a building or out of a hole, this is done by sitting in one
loop, and putting the other loop around the back and
under the arms. Also to tie bowline in middle of line.
CLOVE HITCH
Also known as builder's hitch because of its wide use by
construction workers in fastening rope to upright posts
on staging to act as a rail, or safety line. Another common
use is for making a line fast.
~
~
D
CATSPAW
D
[
~
E
U
SHEEPSHANK
Useful to secure the middle of a rope to a hook. To make,
take two bigllts (loops) in the rope and twist in opposite
directions. Then bring the loops together and pass over
hook.
Used for shortening a rope. The method shown is especially useful where tile ends of the rope are not free as it
can be employed in the center of a tied rope. Anotller
use is for taking the strain off a damaged piece of rope
when there is not time to immediately replace wi til sound
rope. More secure when seized as shown.
~
D
~
IJ
84
85
SLIPPERY eLO E HITCH
SPANISH BOWLINE·
Quick and easy knot to tie. Used for lifting light loads. ~
EMERGENCY RESCUE HITCH.
~X
@
ROLLING HITCH
This knot is used for lifting round loads, such as pipe or
bar steel. Add half hitch, short end around long end for
more efficient knot.
Short
CD
88
89
0
D>
::J
cr
CD
3
\
'-<.',
D>
~
- XI
,..,--;-r-r--,....
I
-------
I
,_.-1 -
!- _
..J. -
~~~~...:=-
0-
CD
\ '
- ---=-,---\.....
0
::T
\
--------
0
0-
XI
m
.., ....
cr
D>
..,
co
o
CD
CIl
::T
\
0..,
I
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- -----
N·
0
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>- - -
~_
::J
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d
::J:
-< r
--.:::::::.=.:::--
0
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<
CD
;:;.
()
D>
':<
SCAFFOLD HITCHES
The diagrams below are self explanatory. These hitches are used for fastening single scaffold planks and needle beams, to hang level. Scaffold ropes should be 1" manila or equivalent.
THE HITCH
RECOMMENDED
~
_'2JA
Self-Centering
Bowline
Self-Centering
Bowline
C
0
HOW TO PUT A WHIP.,. NG
ON A ROPE
SAFE LOADS FOR TIMBER
PLANKS
The end of a rope should always be bound
or whipped to prevent it from fraying or
DOUGLAS FIR "STRUCTURAL PLAN KS" ESPECIALLY
SUITED FOR SCAFFOLDS
becoming unloid. Whippings are usually
mode with a strong twine and the length
Surfaced Lumber Graded for 1900 psi Bending Stress
should be approximately equal to the
Suggested Maximum Loads in Pounds Concentrated at Center of Span
diameter of the rope on which it is used.
Plank span ill feel
Size in inches
4
The above illustration shows a simple
method of whipping a rope. It is mode by
Ia.ying a loop along the rope and then
taking a series of turns over the loop. The
7~ ..•.•...•.....•
," xx U\1
...............
G
8
1"
5~~
348
2(j:!
I~
G02
RIXI
HI
.'):]·1
Ij:'W
330
400
470
1.1.';0
1.39.';
1,li37
1,04G
1,230
I ~, x II~ .... - ... --_.
I), x 13~~ ..............
2)' x U\1 ........ ' " ' ' ' '
2~' x 11\1 ..............
.-71
,
x 13\1 ..............
)~
\l'W
1.7:l0
~,0Il2
2,451j
81i5
10
1:.1
14
IG
207
:11:1
57G
li97
819
4!H
598
702
,12:1
18
2fi-t
3~O
:171;
1;\12
8-17
982
lil4
5~:,
working end is finally brought up through
this loop and hauled out of sight by pulling
on the other end.
trimmed.
Both ends are then
DOUGLAS FIR "SELECTED LUMBER" FOR ORDINARY
SCAFFOLD PLANK SERVICE
Surfaced Lumber Graded for 1500 psi Bending Streaa
Suggested Maximum Load. in Pounds Concentrated at Center of Span
[
Plunk span in feel
Another method, also very simple, is shown
D
[
Bize in iochee
above. Lay one end of the twine on the rope
and take several turns aver it, then haul
taut . Toke the other end of the twine, loy
it on the rope as shown and take several
additional turns over it with the loop that
I;c. x 7\1 ...............
IV. x 9}i ...............
IV.Ill}i ..............
IV.I )J}) ..............
2V. I 9~ ...............
2V. I IHi ..............
2V. I 13~ ..............
•
G
8
10
12
14
1G
18
413
523
033
743
1,300
1,04,;
1,93G
275
349
422
495
910
1,097
1,290
200
2GI
311i
371
682
82:1
9G8
209
253
297
54G
1,.18
774
21 I
247
4.H
549
G45
3110
470
553
411
484
430
is formed. Now pull the end tight. To finish
[
[
it off, the ends can be trimmed close to the
whipping or tied together with a Reef Knot.
92
93
·UM04 S SdZ!S 1dpUn ",X p~}JEJlns s~UEId uo pdSEq;}lE udA!l1 SPBOI ~JES
·SPEOl JIqEMoIlE dAoqE d41 01 ~~)01 ppE uoqlpUOJ SSEIJ 1S1U U! S){UEfd
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·uEds d41 JO 1dlUdJ d411B Pd1B11UdJUOJ spunod U! d1E U;}A!1j SPBOI d41.
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062
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061
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081
Sf'TT
086
0<::8
OvLT
06£
Sz.£
092
SS
£r
££
009
OOS
OOr
9
V
vI x £
II x £
S6rI
SvZl
OI x £
21 x l
01 x l
8 x l
01 x 1
8 x 1
9 x 1
06
ZL
vS
·s81 NI avol 33VS
91
81
or
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r. -.-- --7!l
r
-...o-
•••
'!l
,--TIMBER
.Safe Loads on Timber Used as Beams
Vert.
[I Hor. c:::J
Span in Feet
Size
In
Inches
4
Position
2X 4
4x 4
4x 6
6x 6
6x 8
Gx 8
8x 8
8 x 12
8 x 14
8 x 16
10 x 10
10 x 12
10 x 14
12 x 12
12 x 14
12 x 16
14 x 14
Hor.
Hor.
Hor.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
Vert.
I 6
130 I 90
200 I 650
990
480
1530 1010
750
34Ll·O 2290 1700
4700 3120 2320
6430 4260 3180
6690 6660 4330
10250 10200 10160
12050 12000 11940
13820 13760 13690
10740 10690 10640
12960 12900 112840
15220 15150 15080
15690 15620 15550
18430 18340 18260
21170 21070 20970
21630 21520 21420
14 I 16
12
10
i 8
18
20
24
SAFE LOAD IN LBS.
260
220
380
310
400
340
590
480
930
800
690
610
1340 I 1110
1830 1510 1270 1090
950
830
2520 2080 1760 1520 1330 1170
3440 2840 I 2400 2070 1810 1600
8150 6740 5730 4970 4370 3890
11260 9320 7940 6890 6070 5410
13630 12310 10500 9130 8040 7180
7020 5800 4930 4270 3740 3320
10320 8540 I 7260 6300 5540 4.930
14280 11810 10050 8730 7690· 6860
12490 I 10340 8790 7630 6710 5970
17240 14300 12170 10570 9310 8300
20880 18870 i 16090 14000 12330 11020
21320 16780 114290 12410 10930 9750
I
940
1280
3160
4410
5870
2680
4000
5590
4840
6760
9000
7940
The loads gIven are In pounds concentrated at the center of the span.
The above allowable loads are for fir or spruce timber in first class condition.
For yellow pine beams in first class condition add 10% to the above allowable loads.
Most yellow pine timber now available is short-leaf. Inspect carefully for cross-grain.
If badly cross-grained reduce above safe loads accordingly.
All loads given are based on surfaced timber.
TIMBER
Safe Loads on Timber Columns, Post~ or Braces
-t.
Length of Column in Feet
Size
in
Inches
8
12 I 14 I 16
10
18
20
25
30
40
35
45
50 I 60
SAFE LOAD IN TONS
B .......... ..........1
-
4x 4
4.7
A - - - --
6x 6
8x 8
10 x 10
12 x 12
14 x 14
4.01 ........... .......... .......... ..........
. - --
13.4 12.2
27.3 25.6
45.9 43.9
69.4 67.0
97.7 I 94.8
I
I
11.0 9.8 8.6 7.5 ~ 6.3
24.0 22.4 20.8 19.2 "T7·.·S· T:fs' L..~ ~.I,
41.9 39.8 37.7 35.7 33.6 28.5 23.4 : 18.2 13.1
64.5 61.9 59.4 57.0 54.5 48~3 42.1 ··35:9····2~ri· 23.4 17.2
91.8 89.0 86.0 83.1 80.2 72.9 65.5158.3151.1 43'.'1'136.5121.9
j
I
.
CD
m
The above loads are based on yellow pine or fir timber in first class condition.
Safe load on ~Jood column is frequently limited by bearing on cap or sill.
Loads below lIne .A can only be permitted if the end grain of post rests on steel beam vr slab.
Loads betw~en lInes A & B can only be permitted if the load is transferred in and out
of post by bean.ng on oak <?r similar pedestal or corbel, to distribute the load over a greater
area of yellow pIne cap or sdl.
.
~ermissible pressure across the grain of yellow pine is 400 lbs. per square inch and for
oak IS 750 lbs. per square inch.
Most yellow pine now available is short-leaf. Inspect carefully for cross-grain. If badly
cross-graIned. reduce above safe loads accordingly.
..
.......
E""
':jl
.-....1;'...
~
......
r::'i2!
I
E
JIB
GANTRY
Set on ground as near level and as close to the Load as
possible. Check for soft spots, also for high tension wires
and always stay as far away from them as possible. Pull
out the Outriggers and block up securely witll the Crane
as near level as possible.
In the case of near maximum loads, make sure of tile
exact weight. It is the duty of the Rigger to be thorougilly
familiar with the Crane's capacity chart and never exceed
tile safe working loads.
Mal,e sure" the load is slung correctly and see that the
Chokers, Shackles, and all equipment" used for lifting is of
sufficient size and strength to maintain the proper safety
factors.
Ov
JIB
LINES
I~
cJ!
()!
BOOM
MAIN
LINE
WHIP
LINE
-+
YOKE
SPLICE
TOPPIN
HEAOACHE
CAB
BALL
•
COUNTER
WEIGHT
1.1 A I II
In Ilandling loads, all safety rules shall be followed ex·
plicitly. Work safely at all times.
\1 ...- - - - - R A 0 IUS
98
LINE
(PENNENTS)
When the load is properly slung, the foreman shall have
tile operator float the load just clear of the ground, to
check the gear clear under load and to give the operator
a chance to get the feel of it, and to satisfy himself that
he can comfortably handle the load.
Only one man in tile gang shall give signals. (Make sure
all signals are given clearly and correctly.) In some cases
where tile operator cannot see the signal man, another
man shall be stationed where he can see both the signal
man and the operator and relay the signals to the operator.
All gear should be inspected daily and any that is found
to be faulty should be discarded immediately.
OF A MOBILE CRANE
PART
THE PROCEDURE FOR SETTI!fCi UP
AND WORKING A MOBILE ~ CRANE
99
------.I
LOA 0
BL0 CK
-.
/'
I
I
I
I
LEVELLING THE C ~NE
~
~
I-
I
Crane Levelling With a Level
After initial levelling with the carpenter's level,
raise the boom and lower the load line. The line
should lie dead in the centre of the boom in all
positions, end, side and corner.
TE~ "seOPING BOOMS
e
e
SHORTEN BOOM
EXTEND BOOM
HORN SIGNALS FOR
TRAVELLING
AND MOBILE CRANES
and as a warning for travel direction
for Crawler Machines
STOP
FORWARD
BACKWARD
or REVERSE
1 BLAST2 BLASTS
3 BLASTS
MINIMUM ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE
The opelolion of any equipment c10stt 10 high voltogt lines than the dislonce
Ilsled below is positively prohibited.
Minimum
Cleoronce
Voltoge
300'0
8700 Vol ••.
8700'0
15000 Vol.,
15000 10
35000 Vol ••
6 f•••
..
.
35000 10 50000 Vol ...
Levelling With the Load Line
12 f•• '
50000 '0 100000 Vol' •.
IS fu'
100000 '0 132000 Volts ..
17 f•••
THE ABOVE CLEARANCES APPLY IN ANY DIRE"tTlON,
VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL.
100
Slut
10 f•••
101
/
I
t:iCOPTER HAND SIGNALS
HELICOPTER HAND ~. 'NALS
0
E
D
~
Left arm extended horizontally; right
arm sweeps upward to position over head.
I
C
MOVE
UPWARD
HOLDHOVER
MOVE
RIGHT
MOVE
LEFT
Hands above arm, palms out using a
noticeable shoving motion.
Arms extended. palms up; arms
sweeping up.
The signal "Hold" is executed by placIng arms over head with clenched fists.
TAKEOFF
C
RELEASE
SLING
LOAD
' '
I
Right arm extended hOrizontally; left
arm sweeps upward to position over head.
Right hand behind back; left hand
pointing up.
Left arm held down away from body.
Right arm cuts across left arm in a
slashing movement from above.
Arms extended. palms down; arms
sweeping down.
L
,.,
f';
I
!
I
I
MOVE
FORWARD
LAND
Combinat)on of arm and hand movement
in a collecting motion pulling toward body.
104
Ar~s. crossed In front of body and
pOinting downward.
Always approach or leave on the down slope side (to avoid main rotor).
105
~
I
D
I
E
E
I
~
til
~
e
INSPECTIO.., CARE, AND USE OF CHAIN SLINGS
ALLOY STEEL CH", N
Alloy Steel chain is considerably heavier than wire rope of equal breakI~g strength. Neve.rtheless, chain is more suitable for some applications because It withstands rough handling, does not kink, is easily
stored, has dead flexibility and, when used as a sling, grips the load
well. Also, deterioration due to stretch, interlink wear, abrasive action
or corrosion is relatively easy to detect and measure.
In the past, chain had a reputation for failing under shock load. Modern
alloy chain has overcome this problem, and it can be used with confidence for hoisting.
Actual
Material
Diameter,
Inches
Inside
Length,
Inches
Inside
Width.
Inches
Links
Per
Foot
Pounds
Per 100
Feet
.218
.276
394
512
.630
0.69
0.87
1.22
17 '/2
13 3/4
10
7 3/4
43
70
142
244
20
22
.787
219
245
0.30
0.40
055
0.75
0.87
1.09
1.22
6'/4
5V2
356
563
5
683
1
25
2.80
1.40
4 '/.
1'/0
32
1.000
1.250
350
t 1'/2
38
1.500
4.49
175
1,94
3'/2
2 5/8
965
1,525
Trade Size
Inches I MM
7/J2
9/32
3/8
'/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
5.5
7
10
13
16
866
1.57
1.93
2140
Working Load
Limit'
Kgs.
Pounds I
2.100
3.500
7.100
12.000
18.100
28.300
34,200
970
1.570
3.200
5,400
8.200
12,900
15,700
47.700
21.900
72.300
80,000
32.800
36.300
L
C
L
Above chain offers a design factor of a minimum of 4 to 1 when used
at recommended working load limits. This also meets NACM's new
proposed System 8 working loa~ limits, and is in line with the<jesig~
factors required by the International Standards Organizat!9n (ISO).
\.
Dimensions and weights are approximate
C
[
t Manufacturered to System 6 specifications.
·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
106
To maximize life expectancy, A CONTINUAL
INSPECTION PROGRAM MUST BE
UNDERTAKEN.
SLINGS AND ASSEMBLIES MUST NEVER BE
USED ABOVE THE WORKING LOAD LIMIT.
Overloading causes stretching and reduction in the
material diameter of the links. Stretched chain must
be removed from service. Refer to the charts in this
handbook for individual working load limits.
Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
Do not rest load on chain.
Inspect load at contact with hooks to be sure the
load is properly seated within throat opening .
Balance the load. Unbalanced loads can put too
much stress on one leg of multiple chain slings.
Never bounce or jerk load when lowering or lifting.
Never force or hammer hooks or chain into position.
Store chain slings in a clean dry area, preferably by
hanging on racks or walls rather than placing slings
on floors where they are subject to abuse.
Never anneal alloy slings. Return sling to factory for
proper repair procedures.
Clean chain slings regularly as dirt and grit can
cause wear at link bearing points.
A link-by-link inspection will afford an opportunity to
discover deep gouges, distortion, spread in the
throat opening of hooks and damage to master
links and coupling links. An inspection can also
detect elongation of the legs themselves (i.e., reach)
and should also include a link-by-link inspection to
uncover individual link wear.
107
I
/'
LINK DAMAC:.
LI~
--'STRETCH AND BEND
!!!
I
d
~
Li nks tend to
close up and
elongate
D
C
Stretched Link
New Link
~'.
f
~
&
l]eomeasure
same number
M"""
length of
of link,
Extreme wear
at bearing surfaces
D
When new - gauge
a length of the chain.
E
Re-measure the same section after use
to determine the amount of stretch.
''
[
Bend
C
."
",
L
Measure the
remaining material
C
Link wear - using calipers, measure the reduced diameter at the point
of maximum wear. Replace the chain if the reduction is more than
10 per cent.
Elongated, stretched, bent or twisted links - compare a length of
chain with the same number or links as a new chain. If stretch exceeds 3 per cent replace the chain.
C
108
109
...
Single Types: ~
Basic Types of Chain Slings
BasIc Iypes of chain slings are deslgnaled
throughoul Ihe Industry by the following symbols.
nd C
0----<
First Symbol (Basic Type)
S Single Chain Sling With masler link and hook. or
hOOk each end.
C Single Choker Chain Sling wllh master link each
end No hooks.
o Double Chain Sling Wllh standard maSler link
I
and hooks.
T Tflple Chain Sling Wllh standard maSler link and
hooks.
o and
Quadruple Chain Sling wllh standard master link
hooks.
Second Symbol (Type of master link or
end link)
o Standard Oblong Masler Link-Recommended
slandard for all Iypes.
I
P Pear Shaped Masler Link-Available on request.
R Master Rlng-NOI recommended. Available on
special quolat,on only.
Iype co
Tlwd Symbol (Type of Hooks)
S ~llng Hook
G Grab Hook
F Foundry Hook
Type SSS
Type SOF
Specifications and Working Load Limits
How to Order Chain Slings
[
Type SSG
Typp' SOG
s
,. Delermlne Ihe maximum load to be lifted by the
chain sling you are ordenng.
2 Choose the proper type of chain sling (single.
double. elc.) which the size. shape and welghl 01
the load dictate.
3 Est,male Ihe approximate angle to the load In
WhiCh the legs of Ihe sling will be posilioned lor
operation.
4 Select Ihe proper attachments for your chain
sling
(
Type SOS
Type ros
5 Determine the overall reach from beaflng point
on master link 10 bearing point on attachment
6 Refer to Ihe Working Load Limit Chart and to
your pre·delermlned angle of Ihe Iype sling you
have selected.
7 Choose the chain sIze which meels your
requlfements.
8 When enleflng your order be sure you give
complele InformatIon as to the sIze. reaCh and
attachments reqUIred.
Note: Angle to the load on multiple leg slings will be
60° or greater as long as the distance between
lifting eyes of load IS NOT greater than reach shown
on Idenlilicalion Tag
110
Master
Oblong Link
Oblong Link, Inches
Chain Size
~
J
f3
Inches
I MM
9h'2
7
:l/fl
10
'/2
3/4
'/2
13
1
5/8
16
:1/4
20
1
1 1/4
'/8
22
1
1 1/4
t 1'12
fj
J
Sling Hook
/
Nominal
Size
Material
Inside
Width
Inside
Length
2'/'2
5
3
4
Working Load
Limit'
Pounds
I
Kgs.
1.570
6
3.500
7.100
3.200
8
12.000
5.400
4
8
18.100
8.200
4
8
28.300
12.900
1 '/2
5'/4
10'/2
34.200
15.700
26
13/4
6
12
47.700
21.900
32
2
7
14
72.300
32.800
38
2
7
14
80.000
36.300
Load \,
·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
111
"
I'
I
Double Type: D
Triple Type: T
o
Type DOS
Type DOG
Type DOF
Type TOS
Type TOG
Specil,callons and Working Load Liml:s
Specifications and Working Load Limits
Working Load Limil'
I
I
Oblong Masler Link. Inches
Cha,n S,ze
Inches I MM
9JJ2
7
.lIe
'I,
'1.
)/.
'I.
1
1'/.
t 1'I,
10
13
16
20
22
26
32
38
Nominal
td· ~ 6
Malerial
Width
Length
Double at 50'
Pounds I Kgs.
'I>
2'1>
)/.
3
4
4
5'/.
6
7
8
9
5
6
8
8
10'/,
12
14
16
16
6.100
12.300
20.800
31.300
49.000
59.200
82.600
125.200
138.600
Size
1
1'/.
1 '/2
PI.
2
2'/.
2)/.
Inside
Inside
2.700
5.500
9.400
14.200
22.300
27.200
37.900
56.800
62.900
• Warning: 00 not exceed Working Load Limit.
112
Working Loed Umit'
lO'
Double al 45'
Pounds I Kg•.
Double at 30'
Pounds T Kgs.
4.900
10.000
17.000
25.600
40.000
48.400
67.400
102.200
113.100
3.500
7.100
12.000
18.100
28.300
34.200
47.700
72.300
80.000
2.200
4.500
7.600
11.600
18.200
22.200
31.000
46.400
51.300
1.570
3.200'
5.400
8.200
12.900
15.700
21.900
32.800
36.300
0bl0nQ Maa\er Link. Inchn
Chain SiZI
Inc,," I 101M
9/32
3(.
'/2
"I.
3/.
'1.
1
1'I.
7
10
13
16
20
22
26
32
~i~1 Inlida
Sill
Matarial
3/.
1
1'/.
1'/2
PI.
2
2'/.
231.
WIdIh
3
4
4
5'/.
6
7
8
9
I
~
4~'
~
JIJ'
~
Inlida
LIOlIlh
T,iDIe II eo'
Poundl I Kge.
T,ioIe at 45'
~I
Kat.
T,ioIe at 30'
PoundI I KaI.
6
8
8
10'/2
12
14
16
16
9.100
18.400
31.200
47,000
73.500
68,900
123.900
187.800
7.400
15.100
25.500
38.400
60.000
72.500
101.200
153.400
5.200
10.600
18.000
27.100
42.400
51,300
71.500
108.400
4.100
8,300
14,000
21.300
33.500
40,800
56.900
85.200
'Warning: 00 not exceed Working Load Limit.
113
3.300
6.600
11.500
17.400
27,400
33.300
46.500
69.600
2.400
4,800
8.100
12.300
19.300
23.500
32.800
49.200
t'
D
GO\..uand Bad Rigging Practices
Quadruple Type: Q
Railroad cars should not be moved by crane unless snatch
blocks and ropes are properly rigged 80 that the crane is pulling
straight up.
m
D
C
D
D
Type GOG
Type OOS
G
C
SpeCllicallons and Working Load Limits
SpeClllcalions and Working Load limits
Wgrlung L~ limit"
~QM . .
.
~
;lj"
U
'I
',',:1
'.
.~
'1
"
,.,"
fl
. Correct Way to Move Railroad Car with Crane
MUll' CouplIng
lin.... Inch••
t.'
Link. Inche, t
SIze
~.no:1
...... MIllnl1 Wl<fIh
e",'n S'U
Inc_
In.1OI
'I.
'"
'I,
7
\0
13
\6
~.
20
,'"
22
?6
32
2
'2'1.
9(,.,
...
1"_
,'/.
J
4
4
1'1;,
5'/,
III.
6
7
8
9
1
2 1,.
I
In.,de
LinDt"
6
8
8
10" ..
12
14
16
'6
~.n~:1
SIlt
In,lde
M,le"11
W~"
I
InaloLtngH'l
ABC
1 1, ..
2"1,
'J.'
:'ft,'
1
I',.
1'I:
1'1.
I",,.
2'1...
1"1,
3
4
4
4
5
6
2'/"
5
5
6
6
7
9
~
~~:'
Quad II 50'
J'S.,...
(j:J
Quad II 45'
Quad II JO'
Kas
Pounds
Kg.
Pounda
Kas
Poundl'l
9100
18400
J1200
47000
73500
88900
\2J.9OO
187800
4100
8.300
14.000
21.300
3J.500
40.800
56.900
85200
7400
\5.100
25.500
38.400
60.000
72.500
101.200
153.400
J300
6.800
11.500
17.400
2/400
J3.JOO
46500
69600
2.400
5.200
4.800
10600
8.100
18.000
27.100 12.300
42400 19.300
51.300 . 23.500
7' 500 J2.800
108 400 49.200
RIGHT
WRONG
·Warning: Do not exceed Working Load Limit.
[
[J
l.J
Center Crane Over Load Before Lifting
115
114
/
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Navar Wrap a Ropa Around a Hook
C hack on Sling Angle
r-----..::.----=--------~
NO!
If L is greater than
S then sling angle is OK.
Do Not Parmlt Bending Naar Any Splice or Attachad FItting
SEVERE BENDING
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
<0
T"""
T"""
00 Nol u •• $ct•• ~ Sheelil", It Itl. P'ln c_n "011 Under
t.oed eftd Un-.c,...
[CC",trk: $tucltle Loltd'
"_''',_llC.
.......' '''0- ~"'Io(."
10 eo. o.."eo ,I."
'''9'' - ,o.• .. q~
....
"~,..
..,,
Good
eIIC •
P.c. , 0'"
....,
v ...·,
'0 l.
,
.
' ••,,'. , ....
,
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Wh.".
P1ecltd 0
t
2 or more rope••r. to be>
, . Hook -
UI•• Shackle
U•• Tag Un•• to Control All Loltd.
r---~~=____==:_=_----___,
0>
.....
.....
Secure All Unused Sling Leg.
Yes
'\
I
Sl!Cure un-used
5hng legs
- -. " - - ----.--_._. -- .. _-------------------_._--.
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
B.'or. Being Unhooked An Load' Mu.t Be S.fely landed
and Property 8k»ek~
AU Rigging Equipment MUlt be Counted ••
P.rt of the Load
load and Secure All Mat.rlal. eo •• to Pr.....nt Any
Movemant or Po ••lbUity of Olakxigement
co
Stay Away From SlIngl When They Ar. Being Pulled Out
From Under Load.
.....
.....
Everythll''IQ
Delo...... the
boom pOlnl
IS 10"
OJ
,
EI
Ilre:'.:-:~
~
OJ
OJ
t: .. j
~
I
D
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
Eye Bolls
Hoisting Structural Steel
~
GoodUse space
blocks and
pad corners
~
Vertical lift on eye bolt is
good practice
[
m
~
~
[
r
LJ
"
Eye Splices
Good Practice-Use of thimble
in eye splice
~
IW
,
Bad Can bend
flanges and
cut rope
Good Practice-Note ,,./se of
thimble in eye splice "
[
:
GoodHooks are
turned out
Good-No cutting action on
running lines
III
.:
Hook Slings
Use 01 Chokers
~6
E
E
Good and Bad Rigging Practices
00
Bad Because 01
cutting
action 01 eye
splice on
running line
Bad Hook
openings
should be
turned
out
Bad Bolt on
running line
can work
loose
Double slings shall be used
when hoisting 2 or more
pieces of material over 12
feet long
Suspending Needle Beams
or Scallolds
Qm~
Bad Practice-Wire rope knot
with clip, Efficiency 50'10 or
less
@C~
Bad Practice - Lifting on eye
bolts from an angle reduces
safe loads as much as 90'/,
Bad Practice- Thimble should
be used to increase strength
of eye and reduce wear on rope
Right-Load over 12 feet long
Good Sharp corners
padded
1~
BadSteel can
cut rope
Wrong-Load over 12 feet long
n
I
;i.
,,Ii
[
'l.
~ ~\.
i"",
I"
! '.
120
121
spunod vS'S
~U!l0IOE.8 uOllE's
I
spunod £f'S
J~lEM. u0l1E8
I
l~~J :>!qn:> I.l,
s;»q:>U! :>!qn:> 8Z! I
s uOlI~8 St'!
lOOJ :J!qn:> I
lO~tPU!
pJ~'< :>!qn:> I
looJ :>!qn:> I
uOlI~.8 I
:J!qn:> I £Z
I;lJ.n:q I
suoll~8 ~ 1£
uOll~8 I
slJ~nb t
~1!W ~nnbs I
lJ~nb 1
SlU!<1 Z
lU!<1 I
sm.8 t
S;J.1:>~
I
~.1:>~
Ot9
SP.1~'< ~.1~nbs Ot8t
pn.< ;J.J~nbs 1
l~;»J ~.J~nbs 6
s;»q:>U! ~.1~nbs ttl
s~q:>U! ;Jnnbs 96Z1
pJ~'< ;Jnnbs I
100J ~nnbs 1
~.ms~w ~.I'enbs
IOpunod OtJZZ
U01.sUOIl
spuno<1 OOOZ
UOll
UOl I
lq.s!~M.p~Jpunq OZ
lq.s!~M.p;lJpunq I
IOpuno<1001
\
puno<11
s~:>uno
~1!W
~~~J 08ZS
spn.< 091.1
~1!w I
pO.J 1
pn.< 1
100J 1
91
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METRIC SYSTEMS OF MEASURE
MEASURES OF LENGTH
A myriameter (mym) is equal to 10,000 meters
A kilometer (km) is equal to
1,000 meters
A hectometer (hm) is equal to
100 meters
A decameter (dkm) is equal to
10 meters
Cubic Meter
A cubic decimeter (dm 3 )=0.00 1 of a cubic meter
A cubic centimeter (em")=O.OOO,OO 1 of a cubic meter
A cubic millimeter (mm")=O.OOO,OOO,OOl of a cubic
meter
MEASURES OF CAPACITY
A Meter
A decimeter (dm) is equal to 0.1 of a meter
A centimeter (em) is equal to 0.01 of a meter
A millimeter (mm) is equal to 0.001 of a meter
......
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01
SURFACE MEASURES
A square kilometer (km 2 ) is equal to 1,000,000 square
meters
A square hectometer or
hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters
A square decameter or arc (a) = 100 square meters
A Square Meter
A square decimeter (dm')=O.O 1 of a square meter
A square centimeter (em 2 )=0.000 1 of a square meter
A square millimeter (mm 2 )=0.000,00 1 of a square
meter
...
100 liters
10 liters
Liter
A deciliter (dll
A centiliter (eD =
A milliliter (mil =
liter
0.1
0.0 1 liter
0.001 liter
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MEASURES OF WEIGHT
A
A
A
A
metric ton (t)
=
kilogram (kg)
=
hectogram (hg) =
decagram (dkg) =
1,000 kilograms
1,000 grams
100 grams
10 grams
Gram
A decigram (dg) =
A centigram (eg) =
A milligram (mg) =
0.1
gram
0.01 gram
0.001 gram
CUBIC MEASURES
A cubic hectometer= 1,000,000 cubic meters
A cubic decameter =
1,000 cubic meters
A hectoliter (hll =
A decaliter (dkll =
The abbreviations have been officially adopted by
the Intemational Congress of Weights and Measures.
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CONVERSION OF METRIC SYSTEM TO ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS
METRIC SYSTEM
ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS
Length
Length
Meter
Kilometer
SQuore meter
Square centimeter
Square Kilometer
Hectare
Cubic meter
Cubic centimeter
Stere
Yard
0.9144 meter
Foot
0.3048 meter
Inch
0.0254 meter
Mile
1.609 kilometers
to turn miles into kilometers, multiply by 8 and
divide by 5
Surface
0.836 square meter
Square yard
0.092 square meter
Square foot
6.45 square centimeters
Square inch
2.590 square kilometers
Square mile
0.405 hectare
Acre
Volume
= 0.764 cubic meter
Cubic yard
= 0.028 cubic meter
Cubic foot
= 16.387 cubic centimeters
Cubic inch
= 3.624 steres
Cord
1.093 yards
3.281 feet
39.370 inches
0.621 mile
Surface
1.196 square yards
10.764 square feet
0.155 square inch
0.386 square mile
2.471 acres
Volume
1.308 cubic yards
35.314 cubic feet
0.061 cubic inch
0.275 cord (wood)
Capacity
Liter
Hectol iter
Gram
Kilogram
Metric ton
Carat
0.880 Imperial liquid Quart or
1.056 U.S. liquid Quarts
0.908 dry Quart
0.220 Imperial gallon or
0.264 U.S. gallon
2.75 English bushels or
2.837 U.S. bushels
Capacity
Weight
Imperial liquid Quart
U.S. liquid Quart
Dry Quart
Imperial gallon
U.S. gallon
English bushel
U.S. bushel
0.7883 liter
0.946 liter
1.111 liters
4.543 liters
3.785 liters
0.363 hectoliter
0.352 hectoliter
15.432 groins
0.032 troy ounce
0.0352 avoirdupois ounce
2.2046 pounds avoirdupois
2204.62 pounds avoirdupois
3.08
groins avoirdupois
Groin
Troy ounce
Avoirdupois ounce
Pound
Short ton
= 0.0648 gram
=31.103 grams
=28.35
grams
0.4536 kilogram
0.907 metric ton
Weight
=
To convert English units to metric, multiply by the factor in
the ~ column. To convert from metric to English units,
multiply by factor in..- column.
Unit
Volume
Multiply By
~
..-
UnIt
..-
Unit
Mult,ply By
Unit
~
rAass
2B4
0.0352
Millilotre ImLl
Ounce
2B.3
0.035
Gram Ig)
Pont (Imperial)
0.568
1.760
LItre III
Pound
0.454
2.2
Kilogram Ikg)
Quarl llmperial)
1.136
O.BB
L,tre III
Ton
0.907
1.102
Gallon lImperial)
4,55
0.22
L,tre III
Cubic Inch
16.39
0.061
Millimetre lmml
Cub,c Foot
0.02B3
35.3
Cub,c Metre (m) I
Cubic Yard
0.764
1.3OB
Cub,c Metre 1m))
Ounce (Imperial)
Megagram IMgJ
or Tonne
Pressure
P.S.1.
6.B9
0.145
K,Iopaseal Ik Pal
..-
Temperature
Force
OF
Pourds· Force
445
0.225
Newtons INJ
Pounds- Force
0454
2.2
Kilograms·
Force Ikg.fj
Miles per Hour
Miles per Hour
1.61
0447
0.621
2.24
0.566
177B
I.B
°c
+32
Length
254
0.0394
FOOl
0305
32B
Metre 1m}
Hour Ikmlh}
Yard
0914
1.094
Metre (m)
Metres per
rAdp
1609
0621
K dome-He Ii( m)
Inch
Speed
K dometres per
Millimetre (mm)
Second (ml,)
Feet per Minute
0.305
328
Metres per
Minute (m/mln)
Area
SqrJare Inch
Feel per Minute
5.0B
0,197
Mdllmetre~ per
F~et per Second
0305
3.2B
Metres p~r
Second lmm/sl
~cnnd Imlsl
<.0
C\I
SrJuare F-oot
Acres
Acres
645
0.0929
004047
0405
0001550
Sq Millimetre (mm'2 1
1076
Sq Mettp. 1m 2 )
247 1
2471
Sq K lIomette lk m 2)
He<:tare (hal
I
I
I
TERMS USED IN RIGGIf\ .... ~
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CHOKER: sling, wire rope with eyes spliced on each end.
Is used to lift load.
SOFTENERS: anything used to protect the load or cable,
also rope, from damage while making a lift, also
prevents load from slipping.
LACED BLOCKS: passing cable through a set of blocks by
starting from an outside sheave and following in rotation. Will usually tilt travel block when running
empty.
REEVED BLOCKS: passing cable (or rope) through a set
of blocks, as opposed to laced blocks and in such a
manner, so that there are no lines crossed or rubbing
each other.
FALLS: a set of blocks reeved or laced, with cable or rope.
TWO-BLOCKED, OR BLOCK AND BLOCK: when the blocks
are right up to each other and can go no farther. Also
used as a term, that you are as far as you can go,
with whatever you are doing.
BIGHT: the bend of a line, rope or cable.
TAG·L1 N E: a length of rope used to guide a load, being
lifted, into a desired position.
SPREADERS: a set of chokers or slings, of equal length
used to lift a load.
HEADACHE BLOCK: the travel block of the mUltiple, or
main load line.
JIB OR WHIP LINE: the single load line.
,
MOUSI NG: wiring the throat of a hook, to pre.4ent a
choker from jumping out of the hook, also to '.prevent
a block that is hooked to lashing or a choker, from
slipping off.
LU FF: usi ng two or more sets of falls, by attaching to the
lead line of the first set of falls another set, to give
greater pulling power.
BLEEDING LINE: when cable is overloaded, the lubricant in
the cable will be squeezed out, and run excessively.
ROCKER BEAM: beam used for hoisting flimsy trusses. or
long flimsy loads, also used to equalize the weight,
and to keep the load from buckling, such as tank
plate.
MONKEY TAIL: anything used, such as a four by four
(wood), to prevent a travel block from twisting. Also
to prevent a turnbuckle from twisting while tightening,
and after it has been tightened.
n
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