SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ROAD
ELEVATION: A BASIS FOR INPUTS IN DEVELOPMENT
Pangasinan State University
Lingayen Campus
Lingayen, Pangasinan
KRISTINE JANE A. BANCOD
GENIBABE D. SARINGAN
MARY ANN M. ABALOS
HERVIE TCHIN B. AGUSTIN
April 2024
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
In comparison to prior years, the Philippines, a nation experiencing rapid
economic growth, has seen the largest investment in road infrastructure during the
last five years. The government infrastructure initiatives to relieve traffic in Metro
Manila and develop the countryside for economic growth are encouraging, but they
also come with several hazards and difficulties. Fernando et al. (2023) and various
road development stakeholders have also highlighted the necessity of strict road
regulations, urban and regional planning, aesthetic enhancement, urban renewal
to support car-centric infrastructures, and regular maintenance of on-road
sections. The data are structured in various categories such as public involvement,
environmental preservation, public policy, project planning, road design, road
safety, economic recovery, and construction time.
The solution to traffic in cities was to build more roads and widen existing
ones to accommodate more motor vehicles. The effect of urban roads that focus
on moving vehicles, not people, is well known. Sidewalks are narrowed or
eliminated, even shade trees along the road are removed to make the road wider.
The absence of safe pathways for pedestrians, cyclists, and persons with
disabilities puts vulnerable road users at further risk. Ground-level pedestrian
crossings are replaced by footbridges or underpasses, rendering those unable to
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2
climb stairs less mobile. To benefit the 6 percent of Filipinos with cars, the health,
mobility, and safety of many other Filipinos are undermined (Siy, 2023).
The expansion of roads has significant socio-economic and environmental
implications. The construction of new roads can promote social integration,
accessibility, and economic prosperity, it can also pose environmental risks, disrupt
local communities, and increase pollutants. Dagupan City has been plagued by
issues related to clogged draining systems and high tides, which have led to
severe flooding that has affected the community for days and weeks. The
government of Dagupan has approved four major road projects to ease the
problems of massive flooding and high tides (Inigo, 2022). This strategy aims to
reduce flood-related damages, thus promoting business continuity and improving
the lives of the residents. Such large-scale infrastructural changes can also have
potential drawbacks, such as displacement of local communities, increased traffic
during construction, and possible changes to the local environment. It is important
to note that the socio-economic and environmental effects of road elevation can
vary depending on the context, including the city's geographical features, socioeconomic status, and environmental conditions.
A comprehensive understanding of these factors is crucial for assessing the
overall effects of road elevation in Dagupan City. Roadways play a significant role
in the economic and social development of Dagupan City. Poor road infrastructure,
along with rapid urbanization and population growth, have led to increased traffic
congestion, air pollution, and negative environmental effects. It can be local, along
a road segment or extensive related to a large road network. Road construction
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may negatively affect the physical and chemical characteristics at the site and
landscape levels. There are common characteristics during construction, those
along a newly completed road, and those with long-term impacts (Diagle, 2019).
Any nation seeking positive changes in its social, economic, environmental,
and demographic aspects must actively pursue development. The Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Region 1 initiated a road elevation project in
Dagupan City as part of their flood mitigation program. The construction process
itself has the potential to cause environmental disturbances, including air pollution,
motor vehicle accidents, falls, and trips that lead to injuries. Highway infrastructure
can affect the economy in several ways, nearly all of them related to increasing
mobility. Given the importance of travel, transportation improvement projects often
can affect the local economy and quality of life. Road proponents and stakeholders
often enthusiastically proclaim the positive effects of new roads. The extent of longterm economic risks exposed to project investors and international lenders is often
not apparent or fully understood. A vital element of economic development is road
infrastructure. People's safety, health, and means of livelihood affects
socioeconomic, residential, and community contexts.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects that road elevation may
have on the social, economic, and environmental aspect of the community. The
research aims to provide insights into the perception and challenges of the road
elevation project in Dagupan City by analyzing the socio-economic and
environmental effects of road elevation.
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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the socio-economic and environmental
effects of road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan.
Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following question:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Age;
b. Sex;
c. Civil Status;
d. Highest educational attainment;
e. Type of Employment; and
f. Average Monthly Income;
2. What are the perceived effects of road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan
in terms of:
a. Social aspect;
b. Economic aspect; and
c. Environmental aspect?
3. What challenges are encountered during road elevation by the community of
Dagupan City?
4. What are the inputs that can be proposed for policy development/enhancement?
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Significance of the Study
This study is conducted to assess the socio-economic and environmental
effects of road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan. This study is deemed
significant to the following:
Community. The results of this study may be benefit the community which
involves the residents, commuters, drivers, and others by getting insights and
awareness regarding the effects of road elevation during its operation. It can
provide information about the accessibility and safety to avoid possible risks along
the way.
Business Owners. This study can help business owners to understand how road
elevation projects may affect their operations, including changes to accessibility,
customer traffic, and operating costs. Businesses can utilize this data to help them
make strategic choices and adapt to shifting circumstances.
City of Dagupan. The city can significantly benefit to this study as the area is
prone to flooding. This can provide a valuable insight that will be helpful in creating
appropriate strategies and actions especially in minimizing the effects to
environment. Understanding the overall effects of road elevation can aid in
identifying the problems and issues that are encountered during its operation.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). As the government’s
primary engineering and construction agency, the findings of this study may be
useful and applicable to the agency with regards to improving the overall road
network efficiency. This could also contribute in enhancing the road design and
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safety of the community giving its responsibility for planning, design, construction,
and flood control.
Future Researchers. This study would help the researchers to be aware and
knowledgeable of the socio-economic and environmental effects of road elevation.
It would help them to be a better analyst and as a future reference for more studies
in the future.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study concentrated on the socio-economic and environmental effects
of road elevation projects on the community of Dagupan City, Pangasinan. This
study has a total number of 155 respondents and were selected among the
community in the vicinity of the affected areas at AB Fernandez Avenue and
Arellano Street in Barangay Pantal, and along Perez Boulevard in Barangay
Herrero-Perez given their increased susceptibility to the effects of road elevation.
The researchers chose the city of Dagupan to determine how road elevation in the
area presents socio-economic and environmental issues and how the local
community responds to these challenges, excluding the technological and political
aspects as these are not applicable in this study.
This research carried out within the 2024-2025 academic year. Only the
recent data and trend are included as this study aims to provide valuable insights
on the perceptions of socio-economic and environmental aspects during the
construction of road elevation project as well as the proposed policy development
for the local LGU’s,
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Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of the study, the following key terms are further
defined conceptually and operationally.
Social Aspect. This refers to how changes in road infrastructure can affect
community, lifestyle, and cultural interactions. This includes assessing how
elevated roads may alter access to resources and affect community cohesion. It
encompasses a wide range of dimensions related to human societies, behaviors,
cultural values, and structures that shaping social life.
Economic Aspects. The financial implications and benefits associated with
constructing elevated roads. It includes how resources are allocated generally
within an economy as well as production, distribution, and consumption.
Environmental Aspect. This refers to how raising or lowering the height of a road
can affect the surrounding environment. This can include changes to water
drainage, soil erosion, and the landscape. Elevated roads might block water flow
or disturb ecosystems, while lowered roads could cause flooding or erosion if not
properly managed.
Socio-economic. The effect of road infrastructure on economic activities and
community development. Elevated roads can enhance accessibility, facilitating
trade and transportation, which boosts local economy.
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Community. The social unit that affected by the road elevation. It encompasses
the separation of residents from essential services, facilities, and social networks
due to barriers created by roads. It is collective involvement of local residents in
identifying and addressing road safety and maintenance issues.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The executive department
of the Philippine government responsible for the planning, design, construction,
and maintenance of infrastructure projects. Ensuring that all construction complies
with established criteria for safety and functionality as its mandate includes
ensuring safety and efficiency in public works, particularly national highways and
flood control systems
Road Elevation. The height of a road constructed above ground level to improve
traffic flow, and reduce flooding risks.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter draws on studies in road construction given the limited focus
on road elevation literature, to explore the anticipated socio-economic and
environmental effects of road elevation. Through an examination of these effects,
a comprehensive understanding of how road elevation may influence social,
economic and environmental can be achieved, forming a framework for future
studies on this road elevation project.
Related Literature
Socio-Economic Effects
In recent years, with the rapid economic development of the Philippines,
road development projects have also continued to develop. As a fast-growing
country, the Philippines has had the highest road infrastructure investment for the
past five years compared to the previous years. The governments infrastructure
programs as a solution to decongest Metro Manila and develop the countryside for
economic growth are promising results in various risks and challenges (Fernando
et al., 2023). A crucial element of inclusive growth in the Philippines is the state of
its provincial roads. Research from all around the world has shown that building
and maintaining a sufficient road network can improve a country's capacity to
develop and prosper. A country's development and progress can be hampered by
inadequate road infrastructure, which is one of the reasons for traffic congestion,
especially in Metro Manila. Increased trade, economic opportunity, poverty
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10
reduction, and improved living conditions in remote areas are all facilitated by
increased capacity and improved connectivity between cities and countries.
According to Wahab and Helmi (2023), traffic congestion is a widespread
issue in cities with high mobility, such as Palembang. It creates significant socioeconomic impacts on road users, including increased fuel costs and reduced
economic benefits due to wasted time. Road users experience financial losses
from purchasing additional fuel and facing delays that affect their productivity.
These effects ripple through the economy, reducing efficiency and increasing
transportation
costs.
Road
construction
creates
short-term
employment
opportunities and long-term benefits through enhanced labor mobility. Kumar and
Patel (2019) found that improved road networks, including elevated roads, lead to
better access to job markets and education. UNEP (2020) notes that these benefits
are often unevenly distributed, with marginalized communities less likely to gain
from the economic opportunities created by such projects.
Well-planned road development can promote socio-economic growth on
several different scales. Roads may significantly improve the accessibility of
outlying villages to necessary services like markets, clinics, and schools. They can
also boost social mobility and migration, creating more economic prospects for
people’s lives and overall well-being. These developments are considered
necessary precursors to economic modernization and prosperity in many
developing nations. The results of this economic pursuit are frequently disastrous
for the displaced communities. A recent study by Ng et al. (2019) emphasizes the
role of road infrastructure in improving regional market access and stimulating
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economic growth, particularly in remote areas. By reducing transportation costs
and increasing connectivity, road elevation enhances trade and economic
activities. ADB (2012) supports this by highlighting that elevated roads in floodprone regions ensure year-round accessibility, which is crucial for maintaining
supply chains during adverse weather conditions
Nuissi & Sidentop (2021) highlighted that road construction significantly
raise property values in surrounding areas, fostering urbanization and
development. Road infrastructure in flood-prone regions accelerates land use
changes and urban sprawl. Guinta (2020) cautions that this often leads to
gentrification, displacing low-income communities as rising property prices make
these areas unaffordable. The need for strict traffic rules, regional and urban
planning, aesthetic enhancement, urban redevelopment to support infrastructures
based around cars, and routine maintenance of on-road segments was raised by
a number of road development stakeholders. Project planning, environmental
protection, public policy, length of construction, road design, safety, and economic
recovery are the categories into which the data is divided.
Environmental Effects
Road construction can have profoundly detrimental effects on the
environment, primarily manifested through noise, dust, and vibrations. The
excavation of soil generates excessive noise, which can be disruptive, particularly
in residential areas. While maintenance operations produce a lesser degree of
noise, the crushing of gravel and aggregate layers contributes to significant dust
emissions. The operation of heavy machinery and rollers not only creates further
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vibrations but can also lead to substantial environmental disturbances, affecting
both nearby ecosystems and local communities.
Dagupan City is frequently subjected to flooding but as to Ogras & Onen
(2020) define floods as natural calamities that occur as a result of a variety of
factors beyond human control, causing both material and human losses. Floods
disrupt life, induce environmental imbalances at all levels, including both natural
and human, and result in the loss of property and life, as well as poor economic
development. Flooding is a natural calamity that transpires in numerous regions
worldwide.
In an effort to mitigate the potential adverse consequences of flooding on
transport routes, preserve the connectivity of the road network, and encourage
evacuation from flooded areas, the article Climate Adapt recommends that road
transport infrastructure that is susceptible to flooding undergo floodproofing.
Structural precautions like flood protection barriers, regular, meticulous
maintenance, and the implementation of suitable designs and materials are all
viable alternatives for mitigating the adverse effects of flooding. The construction
of suspended and elevated roads is an alternative option that provides additional
benefits in addition to climate-proofing road transportation.
Due to the fact that the world will be constructing over 25 million kilometres
of new roads, with 90% of these being constructed in developed countries, there
is an increasing interest in the environmental and social consequences of road
construction. The road lifecycle construction, utilization, maintenance, and
rehabilitation accounts for a substantial portion (72%) of the transport sector's
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contribution to total GHG emissions, which is nearly 14%. Numerous megacities
have constructed extensive elevated roadways to address traffic demands and
augment the capacity of the urban road network, consequently improving internal
and external connectivity (Wu et al., 2022). A detrimental consequence of road
construction
is
the
reduction
of
shady
spaces.
A cross-
section clearance affects residents.
According to Lie et al. (2023), road construction, especially elevated
highways, leads to increases in vehicle emissions, exacerbating urban air pollution
and contributing to climate change. UNEP (2020) echoes this concern, noting that
while roads reduce travel times, the increased traffic volume often negates these
benefits through higher emissions. Because of the pollutants emitted into the
atmosphere throughout various stages of construction and the use of dieselpowered equipment, road building has a substantial negative effect on both the
environment and the health of people. Concerns about the harmful effects of
pollution on the environment, workers and residents health are growing. Prior
research evaluated the deterioration of air quality caused by road building,
accounting for the emissions of gases and particles from different construction
processes and activities as well as the length of the project for more thorough
analyses.
Challenges encountered by the community
Enhancing road substantially fosters national and regional economic growth
and yields social benefits, including heightened safety, improved connectivity and
access to social services, decreased travel time and costs for users, increased
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urban competitiveness, greater investment appeal, business development
prospects for local entrepreneurs, and an improved quality of life. Poorly executed
road projects can result in several unintended adverse social, economic, and
environmental consequences. New road construction may result in the
displacement of individuals residing along the intended path. Expanding or
enhancing current roadways may affect roadside vendors either temporarily or
permanently, profoundly influencing their lives and livelihoods.
The development of roads is recognized to have several adverse societal
effects. The primary concerns typically include traffic volume, safety, vibration and
noise, transport equity, health effects from pollutants, aesthetic effects on the
surroundings, and interruption and discomfort during construction. According to
Gerrits (2024), local communities face considerable risks due to challenges related
to the predominantly male workforce and project-induced migration or influx.
Inadequate planning, execution, and oversight of road and other projects
engenders community conflict, prolongs project timelines, escalates costs, raises
road safety issues, and precipitates social and environmental challenges that may
diminish the advantages of infrastructure development. Confronting these
problems necessitates a holistic strategy that incorporates community involvement
and sustainable methodologies to guarantee both project efficacy and the welfare
of local residents.
The local economy and accessibility of the location are considerably
impacted by major road projects, which typically have a lengthy implementation
timeframe. The planning of road projects should take into account a variety of
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factors that may affect local people and communities, such as the displacement of
people, the impact on livelihoods, the demolition of houses and other buildings,
and the provision of adequate compensation. Ensuring the success of road
projects requires that the government and project managers better identify and
address all social risks associated with road development and monitor the efficacy
of any mitigation measures that might be implemented (Kahangirwe & Vanclay,
2022).
Related Studies
Foreign Studies
Travel demand has been progressively increasing with the continuous
growth of contemporary civilization and the need for more movement of people
and goods on the roads. The effect of this increasing travel demand is persisting
congestion on limited road networks, an upsurge in air quality problems, and a
shortage of intact and reliable transportation infrastructure (Kukkapalli &
Pulugurtha, 2019). Road construction projects create physical changes on roads
that result in capacity reduction and travel time escalation during the construction
project period. A study by Ali et al. (2023) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, found that road
infrastructure significantly improved traffic flow, which in turn reduced travel time
for commuters. This time-saving translated into increased productivity and
economic benefits for local businesses, as residents had better access to markets
and employment opportunities. The study also highlighted the displacement of
informal vendors and businesses, raising concerns about socio-economic
inequalities within affected communities
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Hendricks (2022) highlights the social equity issues related to road elevation
projects. In their study of urban areas, they found that marginalized communities
often bore the brunt of environmental impacts, such as increased noise and
pollution, while not reaping the economic benefits. The authors called for policies
that prioritize environmental justice, ensuring that the needs of vulnerable
populations are addressed in the planning and implementation of road elevation
projects.
Discussed by Lyndon et al. (2023), that road construction has adversely
impacted the health of Atonsu lake road inhabitants but saw a decline in the
number of cases recorded at the hospital due to restrictions associated with
COVID-19 and its accompanying stigmatization, which prevented people from
reporting to the hospital. There was also a significant impact on the income levels
of the inhabitants, which has a significant correlation with the frequency of client
patronage before and during the construction of the road. Findings reinforce the
need to greatly consider including effective dust abatement practices and a phaseby-phase implementation of road construction projects to reduce the negative
impacts associated with the process.
Understanding the broader health and economic impacts of road projects
on local communities. Similar to the Atonsu lake road inhabitants, road elevation
in Dagupan City could have adverse effects on public health, especially due to dust
and other environmental factors. The decline in hospital visits due to COVID-19
restrictions also raises concerns about underreported health issues during
construction periods. The impact on income levels, driven by a reduction in client
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patronage during construction, underscores the need to assess economic
disruptions caused by infrastructure projects. The findings highlight the importance
of implementing dust abatement strategies and considering phased construction
approaches to mitigate negative social, economic, and environmental effects in
Dagupan City.
Explained by Polash et al. (2019), that the spatial analysis methods, models
and salient features of conducting GIS-based EIA of highway projects in
mountainous areas. It is observed that spatial analysis of impacts of highway
projects on the environmental attributes, especially air, noise, water and socioeconomy in mountainous areas are largely unexplored. While Dagupan City is not
mountainous, using GIS-based models can similarly enhance the assessment of
road elevation impacts on air quality, noise levels, water systems, and local socioeconomic conditions. The observation that such spatial analysis is underutilized
highlights an opportunity to adopt these methods in Dagupan City to provide more
precise and data-driven insights into how the road elevation affects both the
environment and the community. This can lead to more informed decision-making
and targeted mitigation strategies.
Traffic congestion is one of the major barriers to the economic development
of developing economies, resulting in severe social and economic impacts. The
severity of traffic congestion in port and industrial areas is more thought-provoking
than destructive barriers. The congestion level in the four divided road sections
was identified using the Level of Service index and based on respondent opinions.
The delayed costs, fuel loss costs, pollution costs, and loss of vehicle operators
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due to traffic congestion have been estimated. The study found that excessive
vehicles, narrow roads, ineffective public transport modes, and bus operators
attitudes are causing congestion, resulting in high to extreme stress levels for road
users, with a total economic loss of $2.01 million per day. Improving road and rail
networks can have social and economic benefits but also significant environmental
consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Weighing the ecological
consequences of building and operating transport infrastructure in specific
locations against the social and economic benefits that would result is essential for
making sound decisions.
Local Studies
In the Philippines, the Department of Public Works and Highway (DPWH) is
responsible in major infrastructure projects for national roads and bridges, and in
the major flood control system. Its task is to continuously develop technology for
the safety, efficacy, and quality of the planning, construction, and maintenance of
the infrastructures (McCawley, 2021). The Philippine Development Plan envisions
safe,
secure,
efficient,
viable,
competitive,
dependable,
integrated,
environmentally sustainable, and people-oriented Philippine transportation
system. Applying these insights to Dagupan City's road elevation project can help
prioritize design and construction practices that not only improve traffic efficiency
but also limit environmental harm and reduce long-term maintenance expenses,
ultimately enhancing the sustainability of the project.
Stated by Lexter et al. (2018), that there were lapses between the delivery
and receipt of information but the project served its main purpose of resolving the
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flood risk of the community. Deficiency on environmental and social impact
assessment (ESIA) of the project had been observed due to the absence of the
Municipality Environmental Management Department. These resulted in various
risks involving the road improvement project. Gender difference on the perceived
environmental and social risks. The relevance of these findings to the study lies in
understanding the gaps in communication and project management, particularly in
delivering and receiving critical information. While the road elevation project
successfully addressed the community’s flood risks, deficiencies in the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) due to the absence of a
dedicated Environmental Management Department led to various project-related
risks. This highlights the importance of proper environmental oversight in
infrastructure projects. Exploring gender differences in the perception of these
risks provides valuable insights into how diverse groups within the community
experience and assess the socio-environmental effects, thus guiding more
inclusive decision-making processes.
The Philippines has been implementing various measures to address roadrelated issues, including environmental and social impacts, traffic congestion in
flood-prone areas. Road improvement projects, such as road widening, have been
proposed to improve facilities for pedestrians and vehicles, ease traffic congestion,
and enhance road safety (Gannaban 2019). To guarantee transparency, equity,
and safety in the use of the roads, improved road systems have also been
recommended. These include the adoption of centralized payment systems,
stringent enforcement of fare matrices, and the elimination of unlicensed vendors.
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The Philippines has suggested raising roads and building thoughtfully planned
drainage systems that flow to creeks as well as making maps of flood inundation
and pinpointing sensitive locations in significant river basins as ways to mitigate
flood-prone areas.
Mayor Belen Fernandez said road elevation and fixing broken or
disconnected pipelines in the drainage system here is the way to deal with the
perennial problem of flooding brought by high tide and heavy rains (Austria 2022).
Road construction has been one of the main focuses of the Philippine government
in the last 6 years under the Build, Build, Build Program. In addition to the existing
road network, the program constructed more than 29,000 km of roads. This
continued construction of new roads warrants a road monitoring system capable
of keeping up with the growing inventory of road networks (Bronuela et al, 2023).
Siy (2023) The most important roads in Philippine cities are called national roads;
they are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH). When national roads in cities are deliberately built or widened to enable
more cars to go further and faster, the welfare and safety of all other road users
(the 94 percent of Filipino households who do not own cars) diminishes, making
our cities less livable and less environmentally sustainable. A different approach is
needed for national roads in urban areas. They need to be placed in the service of
all Filipinos instead of prioritized for the car-owning minority.
National roads were described as routes that connected cities, including
capital cities of provinces. They were intended to function as "expressways,"
allowing four-wheeled vehicles to move quickly and unhindered. Today, national
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highways go through the heart of both big and small cities across the nation. Many
national highways today cross major marketplaces, schools, hospitals,
government buildings, houses of worship, and business districts directly in front of
them rather than just connecting cities. The economy, environment, and society
can all be significantly impacted by risks on a global scale. The accelerated
expansion of urbanization results in an annual increase in the severity of risks.
Environmental risks are the actual or prospective threats that impact the air, water,
soil, natural habitat, and ecosystem. The livelihood, health, and safety of
individuals are influenced by social risks, including socioeconomic position,
ethnicity, gender, social relationships, and residential and community contexts, as
per the Committee on Accounting for Socioeconomic Status in Medicare Payment
Programs. The environmental effect assessment was suggested by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as a method to identify the potential
environmental, social, and economic impacts of the project during the planning,
application, and post-application phases. The Environmental Assessment Impact
(EAI) is the foundation for decision-making when selecting the most
environmentally favorable alignment, as the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) underscores the importance of road economic and social
development for societal benefit. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a
vital part of the development cycle. To identify probable complications that may
arise during and after the project, the EIA is initiated during the early phases of
project proposal preparation. The authorities are obligated to monitor, evaluate,
and take action to minimize all actual environmental effects during the
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implementation phase. The authorities are obligated to conduct an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) as soon as possible if a project is presently in progress
without one. The Post-Project Analysis (PPA) is a process that assesses the
environmental impacts of a project in order to gain insight from the experience and
incorporate all the available assessments to improve future planning.
According to Office of the Undersecretary for Railways 2023 in Cebu, In
addition to protecting key industries and infrastructure, road elevation projects can
also have positive economic impacts by improving connectivity and reducing traffic
congestion. The construction of the Cebu-Mactan Bridge (4th Bridge) and Coastal
Road Construction Project is expected to improve connectivity between Cebu and
Mactan, alleviate traffic congestion in Cebu City, and lower logistics costs by
allowing easier movement of people, goods, and services. The project is also
expected to create and expand businesses along the highway, further boosting the
local economy. It is important to note that road elevation projects can also have
negative environmental impacts, such as air-borne dust, air pollution, noise level,
vibration of the ground, and contamination, which can affect the health and wellbeing of nearby communities. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) tools in analyzing possible impacts and
ensuring the safety and well-being of affected communities (Cunanan, 2023)
Based on the census conducted by the National Statistics Office, Cainta is
included in the first-class municipality and the one of the most urbanized and
richest towns in Rizal. Cainta is the second most populous municipality in the
Philippines, in the same census. The municipality serves as the secondary
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gateway to the rest of Rizal province from Metro Manila and is one of the most
urbanized towns due to its proximity to Manila. The location of Cainta is ideal for
investment, hence road construction and improvement are being mandated to
secure the safety of the residents. The village is divided into two phases comprising
Cainta (Phase 1) and Pasig (Phase 2). The northern part is bounded to Hakbangan
Creek, eastern part is bounded to Vista Verde Subdivision, western part is
bounded to Pasig Greenpark Subdivision and the southern part is bounded to
Metroville Subdivision. Its land use is open for residential, commercial, institutional,
and community facilities with a total lot of 6,100 sq.m. The development features
have concrete roads and footpath, with drainage, water system, centralized
sewage system, schools and BDCN, church site, pocket parks, electricity lines,
and production centers.
The researcher found out that there were lapses on the part of receiving the
information of the road improvement prior to conducting the project. Posting
announcement and informing the residents via barangay meeting is not enough.
As recommendation to this matter, the researcher would like to suggest the modern
method of informing the residents in which social media could be a good source of
information. The lack of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the
municipality resulted in different environmental and social risks to the residents.
The importance of the ESIA is to see beforehand the potential risk that the project
may give and how to resolve the possible risks before the implementation of the
project. This is in line with what Charlery, Nielsen, Meilby and Smith-Hall (2016)
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opined that the road improvement would never have negative environmental
impacts on at least can be minimized of ESIA will be implemented.
Conceptual Framework
This study was conceptualized to determine the socio-economic and
environmental effects of road elevation in Dagupan City. The researchers
implemented the input-process-output (IPO) model, which encompasses all the
necessary information for the process. The input for this study includes the profile
of the respondents, the effects of road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan, as
well as aspects related to the research variables and the challenges encountered
during road elevation by the community in Dagupan City, Pangasinan. The process
of this study includes the analysis of data through survey questionnaires, data
gathering procedures, statistical treatment of data, and interpretation of results.
The output includes the results of the study.
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INPUT
PROCESS
I. What is the profile
of the respondents in
terms of:
a. age;
b. sex;
c. civil status;
d. high educational
attainment;
e. type of
employment; and
f. average monthly
income
Survey
Questionnaires
Data
II. What are the
perceived effects of
road elevation in
Dagupan City,
Pangasinan in level
of:
a. social aspect
b. economic aspect
c. environmental
aspect
III. What challenges
are encountered by
the community of
Dagupan City,
Pangasinan?
Gathering
Procedure
Statistical
Treatment of Data;
and Interpretation
of the results
Figure 1
Research Paradigm
OUTPUT
Assessed SocioEconomic and
Environmental
effects of Road
Elevation in
Daguapn City,
Pangasinan.
Basis for
recommendation to
policy development/
enhancement for
socio-economic and
environmental
effects of road
elevation for LGUs
in Dagupan City,
Pangasinan.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides a brief overview of the research methodological
choices and procedures used in the study. It includes the research design, the
population and sample of the study, the data gathering instrument, the data
gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of the data.
Research Design
The researchers will conduct the study using quantitative methods to
measure the aspects, including social, economic, and environmental. A
quantitative method is a formal, objective, and systematic process that provides
numerical data for various responses that will be used to obtain information about
these studies variables and identify the patterns and connections among the
variables. This method seeks a more precise analysis that enables us to conclude
the perceived situation of the road elevation in Dagupan City.
The researchers will use a descriptive research design as the study aims to
determine the socio-economic and environmental effects, challenges of road
elevation as well as the proposed policy development/enhancements for the local
LGU’s. The research objective will be effectively addressed through the data
gathering and analysis methods without manipulating variables; instead, it will be
measured using surveys or questionnaires and this approach can be analyzed
using statistical methods.
26
27
Population and Sample
The target population of this research consists of 300 respondents from
Dagupan City, Pangasinan. Due to time and accessibility constraints, it is
impossible to survey the whole population. The researchers used Slovin’s formula
in determining the appropriate sample size. From a population size of 21,772, a
sample size of 155 respondents was chosen to represent the population with an
8% margin of error.
𝑛=
N
1 + Ne2
Whereas:
n – sample size
N – population size
e – margin of error
𝑛=
21,772
[1 + 21,772(0.08)2 ]
𝑛 = 155.137
Barangay
Population
Sample Size
Herrero Perez
2,651
52
Pantal
19,121
103
TOTAL
21,772
155
Table 1
Population and Sample Size
28
The total respondents will be divided into three (3) groups: 52 in the vicinity
of Barangay Herrero-Perez, 51 in AB Fernandez Avenue and 52 in Arellano. We
created the study's sample using the convenience random sampling technique. By
using convenience random sampling, researchers can select a sample population
that is most accessible to them. This could be due to factors such as their
willingness to participate in the study, their availability at a specific time, or their
geographic proximity.
Data Gathering Instrument
The data gathering tool used was the survey questionnaire and online
forms, which the researchers created and validated with our research adviser.
Questionnaires can be used to collect quantitative information. This tool helps lay
the foundation of the study about the road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan.
The survey questionnaire and online forms is formulated in three parts,
wherein the first part, the guided response type, researchers ask questions about
the demographic profile of the respondents according to the sex, age, civil status,
highest education attainment, type of employee and average monthly income. In
the Second part, the researchers identified the perceive effects of road elevation
in terms of social aspect, economic aspect and environmental aspect. It can be
answered or rated using a Likert scale. Respondents choose the option that best
corresponds with how they feel about the statement or question. The researchers
gathered the data by measuring the frequency of the answers on a scale of 1 to 5,
29
where 5 strongly agree, 4 agree, 3 moderately agree, 2 disagree, and 1 strongly
disagree. Lastly, to determine the challenges encountered during road elevation
and how this affect in the community using the checklist.
The goal of the survey questionnaire and online forms was to obtain
significant information that matched the objectives of the study. Three validators
reviewed the questionnaire and assisted the researchers in improving and
validating it. Researchers then sought comments from their thesis adviser to check
the validity of the questionnaire. The adviser reviewed the questionnaire to ensure
it adhered to proper standards and was relevant to the research problem. The
researchers updated the survey questionnaire based on the thesis adviser's
suggestions to make it more effective and fit the study objectives. Lastly the
researchers distributed the validated questionnaires to the chosen respondents.
Data Gathering Procedure
The self-administered survey questionnaire was formulated by the
researchers. Then the researchers consulted their research adviser to ensure the
format and statements aligned with the problem statement, and three validators
were engaged to review the questionnaire’s content validity. The recommendations
from the adviser were shared with the other validators. A statistician was consulted
to determine the appropriate statistical treatment for the data.
The survey was self-administered, allowing respondents to answer the
questionnaire independently. This approach ensured community had the privacy
30
and freedom to express their thoughts and experiences with the effects of road
elevation. The survey questionnaire was distributed to 155 respondents involved
in effects of road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan. Once the respondents
completed the questionnaire, the data obtained from the respondents underwent
a systematic process of tabulation, where the information was organized and
structured for clarity. Then, the researchers conducted an analysis of the tabulated
data, employing statistical methods. Finally, the interpreted results were
synthesized, providing a comprehensive understanding of the findings, which
forms the basis for conclusions and making informed recommendations in the
context of the study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
As soon as the researchers gathered the data, they were compiled, sorted,
organized, and tabulated. They were subject to statistical treatment to answer the
questions proposed in the study. The statistical tools employed were the frequency
distribution, percentage, ordinal scale, and weighted mean.
For specific question number 1:
Frequency Counts and Percentage were used to the profile of the
community in terms of sex, age, monthly income, and highest educational
attainment. The formula of percentage is:
31
Percentage =
𝑓
𝑁
𝑥 100%
where:
f = frequency
N = total population
100 = constant
Problem 2. The researchers used the Likert Scale to identify the frequency of the
effect of road elevation in terms of social, economic, and environmental aspects.
The weighted mean is used to compute the responses, and the descriptive
equivalent is also included. The formula used for Problem 2 is:
𝐴𝑊𝑀 =
∑𝑓𝑥
𝑛
where:
AWM = Average Weighted Mean
f = frequency
x = relative value
n = population
Using the descriptive equivalent, the weighted mean computation for the
variable was evaluated and examined for each numerical value. The Likert Scale
was thus used by the researchers in the study. This methodology made it possible
32
to analyze every variable in-depth, giving researchers a complete grasp of the
study findings.
Five-Point Likert Scale
Scale
Mean Range
Descriptive Equivalent
5
4.21 – 5.00
Strongly Agree
4
3.41 – 4.20
Agree
3
2.61 – 3.40
Moderately Agree
2
1.81 – 2.60
Disagree
1
1.00 – 1.80
Strongly Disagree
Problem 3. The researchers used frequency and ranking to understand the
challenges encountered during road elevation by the affected community in
Dagupan City, Pangasinan.
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered in the study, the detailed analysis
made, and the interpretation of the findings based on the results used in the
instrument. The data is discussed in the following sequence of profiles of the
respondents, the perceived effects of road elevation in terms of social, economic
and environmental aspect, and the challenges encountered during road
construction by the affected community of Dagupan City, Pangasinan.
I. Profile of the Respondents
The profile of the respondents included in this study are age, sex, civil
status, highest educational attainment, type of employment and average monthly
income.
Table 2.a
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Age
Age
18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
56-65
65 above
Total
Frequency (f)
81
23
20
22
7
2
155
Percentage (%)
52.3
14.8
12.9
14.2
4.5
1.3
100
Table 2.a shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of the
respondents. Out of 155 respondents, 52.3% belongs to ages 18-25 years old, as
these changes are likely to significantly affect their employment opportunities,
mobility, and access to services, given their reliance on road networks for
33
34
education and economic participation, while 1.3% belongs to ages 66 years old
and above indicating that the effects of road elevation may be less noticeable for
this group.
Table 2.b
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Sex
Sex
Male
Female
Total
Frequency (f)
78
77
155
Percentage (%)
50.3
49.7
100
Table 2.b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents based on sex, indicating that 50.3 were male while 49.7 of
respondents are female. This means that most of the respondents were male.
The findings indicate significant gender distinctions in how road elevation
and construction activities affect males and females. According to Sackey et al.
(2023), disruptions in transportation and commerce tend to affect men more,
particularly those in transportation and labor-intensive roles. Women, who often
manage household responsibilities and local businesses, may experience these
changes differently, especially regarding access to markets and healthcare
services.
Ajiboye and Orebiyi (2022) further highlight that the effects of these projects
on livelihoods, service accessibility, and environmental conditions vary by gender,
reflecting their distinct community roles.
35
Table 2.c
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Civil Status
Civil Status
Frequency (f)
Percentage (%)
Single
108
69.7
Married
47
30.3
Total
155
100%
Table 2.c shows the frequency and percentage of respondents' civil status.
The data indicates that 108 respondents, or 69.7% of the total, are unmarried,
while 37 respondents, accounting for 30.3%, are married. This distribution
suggests that the majority of respondents are single, likely reflecting their
classification as young adults who have chosen to remain single.
The Spring Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences (2023) reports
that 102 respondents, or 93.58%, are single, while 7 respondents, representing
6.42%, are married. This data indicates that the majority of respondents are
unmarried, suggesting a preference for prioritizing employment and maintaining
autonomy over their time, finances, and leisure. The findings imply a reluctance
among single individuals to take on the household responsibilities often associated
with married life, which can include fulfilling duties as spouses and parents
alongside professional commitments.
Table 2.d
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Highest Educational Attainment
Highest Educational
Attainment
Elementary Graduate
High School Undergraduate
High School Graduate
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
Total
Frequency (f)
Percentage (%)
2
6
29
72
46
155
1.3
3.9
18.7
46.4
29.7
100%
36
Table 2.d reveals that 72 respondents, or 46.4%, are college
undergraduates,
while
only
2
respondents,
or
1.3%,
are
elementary
undergraduates. This indicates that the majority of those affected by the road
elevation project are college undergraduates.
Despite the lack of studies on the effects of road elevation on college
undergraduates, an article from Loyola Maroon (2024) suggests that road
construction can cause significant inconveniences for students. These disruptions
may affect their commutes, parking availability, and overall college experience, as
they already face challenges related to transportation costs and reliability.
Table 2.e
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Type of Employment
Type of Employment
Frequency (f)
Percentage (%)
Government Employee
19
12.3
Private Sector Employee
23
14.8
Self-Employed
38
24.5
Unemployed
17
11
Students
58
37.4
Total
155
100%
Table 2.e reveals that 37.4% of respondents are students, while 11% are
unemployed, indicating that the predominant group affected by the road elevation
project consists of college undergraduate students.
Employment plays a crucial role in development, linking economic growth
to poverty alleviation. According to the International Labour Office, the
developmental employment impacts of improved roads depend on various
complementary inputs and conditions, making them complex and context-specific.
37
Improved roads can stimulate economic activity by reducing transport costs,
enhancing market accessibility, and ultimately increasing employment through
expanded economic opportunities.
The nature of these employment impacts varies significantly between rural
and urban contexts, presenting challenges for assessment. Additionally,
conventional quantitative methods may not fully capture the long-term
transformational effects of improved infrastructure on the economy and society, as
these impacts extend beyond mere changes in employment quantity and quality.
Overall, the findings suggest a significant potential for road elevation to influence
both students' employment opportunities and broader economic development.
Table 2.f
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents According to
their Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly Income
Frequency (f)
Percentage (%)
Below Php20,000
122
78.7
Php21,001-Php30,00
17
11
Php31,001-Php40,000
13
8.4
Php41,001-Php50,000
3
1.9
Total
155
100%
Table 2.f shows that 122 respondents, or 78.7%, have an average monthly
income below Php20,000, indicating that the majority of the affected community is
economically vulnerable. Only 3 respondents (1.9%) reported an average monthly
income ranging from Php31,001 to Php40,000.
The road elevation in the area significantly influences the community’s
average monthly income. Given that most respondents are earning below
Php20,000, delays caused by road elevation could adversely affect their economic
activities and pose financial challenge. A report with GMA Network in Dagupan City
38
highlighted that the road elevation has made trips more time-consuming and costly,
requiring passengers to transfer jeepneys and incur additional expenses.
Part II. Perceived effects of road elevation.
Table 3. a
Perceived Effects of Road Elevation in terms of Social Aspect
A. SOCIAL ASPECT
Weighted
Mean
Descriptive
Equivalent
1. Road elevation has made it easier for
2.96
Moderately Agree
PWD's and Senior Citizens go to
establishments.
2. Road elevation has enable better access to
3.35
Moderately Agree
cultural and recreational activities.
3. Road elevation has reduced travel time for
3.05
Moderately Agree
daily commuters.
4. Road elevation improved social interaction
3.31
Moderately Agree
in the community.
5. Road elevation has promote healthier
3.38
Moderately Agree
lifestyle since the residents prefer to walk or
bike rather than commute.
6. Road elevation provides a safer space for
3.50
Agree
pedestrian.
Average Weighted Mean
3.26
Moderately Agree
Table 3.a presents the perceived effects of road elevation on social aspects.
The average weighted mean for these perceived effects is 3.26, which
corresponds to a descriptive equivalent of "Moderately Agree." The indicator "Road
elevation provides a safer space for pedestrians" received the highest mean score
of 3.50, reflecting an "Agree" response. Conversely, the indicator "Road elevation
has made it easier for persons with disabilities (PWDs) and senior citizens to
access establishments" received the lowest mean score of 2.96, still falling within
the "Moderately Agree" category.
Arellan et al. (2020) highlight the positive impact of significant investments
in pedestrian safety, mobility, and crossing facilities. By analyzing data from both
39
before and after these investments, it offers a thorough assessment of
improvements for pedestrians. It provides important insights into the design,
upkeep, and enhancement of pedestrian infrastructure, emphasizing the need for
continued attention to pedestrian-friendly urban planning.
While Igomy (2021), revealed that the majority of respondents assigned low
ratings to each of the usability indices—safety, accessibility, reliability, and
affordability. This implies that the road infrastructure in the study area does not
ensure the safety and easy accessibility of PWDs and senior citizens while
simultaneously creating obstacles that result in unreliable and less affordable
journeys. It indicates that road construction causes significant frustration for
individuals with mobility impairments.
Table 3.b
Perceived Effects of Road Elevation in terms of Economic Aspect
B. ECONOMIC ASPECT
Weighted
Mean
Descriptive
Equivalent
1. Road elevation increased the number of
customers for local businesses.
2. Road elevation has created new job
opportunities in the area.
3. Road elevation project has increased
tourism and visitors spending time in the
community
3.03
Moderately Agree
3.02
Moderately Agree
3.09
Moderately Agree
4. Road elevation has attracted more
investors.
5. Road elevation has increased the property
values in the surrounding area.
6. Road elevation has enhanced
infrastructure and property development.
Average Weighted Mean
2.72
Moderately Agree
3.21
Moderately Agree
3.39
Moderately Agree
3.08
Moderately Agree
40
Table 3.b presents the perceived effects of road elevation in Dagupan City,
Pangasinan in terms of economic aspect. Based on the table, the garnered
average weighted mean is 3.08 with a descriptive equivalent of “Moderately
Agree”. It can be observed that the indicator, “Road elevation has enhanced
infrastructure and property development.” has the highest weighted mean of 3.39
with a descriptive equivalent of “Moderately Agree”. The indicator, “Road elevation
has attracted more investors.” has the lowest weighted mean of 2.72 with
“Moderately Agree” as descriptive equivalent.
Research by Alfa Elmas (2024) highlights that road construction and
improvements in public transportation significantly influence the attractiveness of
specific locations. As a result, elevated roads have led to increased property and
land development, along with enhanced amenities. However, the low score for the
indicator regarding investor attraction aligns with Bhatti's (2023) assertion that
investors are more likely to invest in areas with strong infrastructure, as wellmaintained roads signal preparedness and efficiency for business.
This perspective contrasts the claim of Evangelista (2024) that the
development of road infrastructure tends to attract investors and stimulate
economic growth. One of the local highway projects in Kenya also affects
livelihoods of small businesses, but has attracted many investors since its
improvement, leading to the development of shopping malls, housing estates, and
universities.
41
Table 3.c
Perceived Effects of Road Elevation in terms of Environmental Aspect
C. Environmental Aspect
1.Road elevation has improved the overall
traffic flow, reducing vehicle emissions.
2.Road elevation reduces the air, dust, and
noise pollution.
3.Road elevation has minimized the risk of
flooding in the community.
4.Road elevation made the surrounding more
attractive.
5.Road elevation project has improved water
drainage system.
6.Road elevation improved the water supply
and reduces the risk of contamination.
Average Weighted Mean
Weighted
Mean
3.04
Descriptive
Equivalent
Moderately Agree
2.87
Moderately Agree
3.29
Moderately Agree
3.43
Agree
3.41
Agree
3.30
Moderately Agree
3.22
Moderately Agree
Table 3.c perceived effects of road elevation in terms of environmental
aspect. The computed average weighted mean for this table is 3.22 with a
descriptive equivalent of “Moderately Agree”. It shows that that the indicator, “Road
elevation made the surrounding more attractive”, got the highest weighted mean
of 3.43 with a descriptive equivalent of “Agree”. “Road elevation reduces the air,
dust, and noise pollution,” has the lowest weighted mean of 2.87 with a descriptive
equivalent of “Moderately Agree”.
According to Yadav (2023), Aesthetics in road construction enhance the
surrounding area's beauty, create a positive image, and improve quality of life.
Incorporating local culture, landscapes, sidewalks, and viewpoints provides a
memorable experience for travelers. Attractive, well-lit roads foster community
pride, encouraging residents to monitor and maintain the space.
42
Contrary to the consensus that "road elevation reduces the air, dust, and
noise pollution" as stated by Lie et al. (2023), the construction of roads,
particularly elevated highways, increases vehicle emissions, thereby
exacerbating urban air pollution and contributing to climate change. Because of
the pollutants emitted into the atmosphere throughout various stages of
construction and the use of diesel-powered equipment, road building has a
substantial negative effect on both the environment and the health of people.
Part III. Challenges Encountered during Road Elevation
Table 4
Challenges Encountered during Road Elevation
Challenges
Frequency Ranking
Traffic
131
1
Flooding on the road side
114
2
Additional travel time
112
3
Air or Dust pollution
107
4
Road Closure
104
5
Mobility difficulties for the PWD’s and Senior Citizens
87
6
Business closure/relocation
85
7
Noise pollution or Vibrations from machineries
82
8
Higher transportation cost
70
9
Property damage
60
10
Limited access to essential services (e.g. Pharmacies
48
11
and Hospitals)
Lack of notice and signages for motorist from LGU’s
46
12
about construction plans.
Unemployment
43
13
Table 3 presents the challenges encountered by the affected community
during the road elevation in Dagupan City, Pangasinan. The top five challenges
identified are traffic, flooding on the roadside, additional travel time, air or dust
pollution and road closure. Traffic is the most significant issue, with a frequency of
131 responses. Following this, flooding on the roadside ranks second, with a
43
frequency of 114. Additional travel time comes in third, with 112 responses. Air or
dust pollution ranks fourth, with a frequency of 107, while road closures are fifth,
receiving 104 responses. Finally, unemployment is the least reported challenge,
with a frequency of 43.
The respondents identified five challenges associated with the road
elevation process in Dagupan City. The first, third and fifth challenge is traffic,
additional travel time and road closure can be connected to each other. Dagupan's
traffic situation deteriorates during road elevation construction, as the closure of
roads leads to their narrowing, causing congestion and increasing travel time. New
traffic routes force commuters from La Union, Baguio City, and other provinces to
take two rides to reach the city center, a situation that is both frustrating and
increases their expenses. Buses are being diverted from their original routes,
forcing commuters to change to jeepneys after being dropped off.
Second, flooding on the roadside can also result from heavy rainfall. The
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) reported that high tides in Dagupan City led to flooding in key streets,
including AB Fernandez Avenue. The tide reached four feet above normal at 6
a.m., submerging several roads and entering local establishments. Flood-prone
areas often occur where streets intersect with waterways in low-lying regions.
When rainwater accumulates quickly and cannot drain to nearby streams or when
creeks overflow, flooding worsens. Potential solutions include constructing welldesigned drainage systems and elevating roads. Similar strategies proposed for
Metro Manila could help mitigate the traffic issues caused by brief rain events.
44
According to the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), flooding
costs the Philippine economy approximately 2.4 billion pesos daily (Lagmay et al.
2017).
The article by Bishop (2023) addresses the fourth challenge of air or dust
pollution, stating that construction activities such as loading and unloading, raw
material preparation, and road building significantly contribute to air or dust
pollution through dust emissions. This dust, which contains harmful particles and
chemicals, can spread to nearby areas due to wind. To mitigate this pollution,
construction sites frequently employ dust control strategies such as water
sprayers, mist cannons, or sprinkler systems to minimize airborne dust.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The findings of the study are summarized in this chapter, and conclusions
and recommendations are developed based on an in-depth interpretation of the
accumulated and presented data. It provides a thorough response to the inquiries
raised in the problem statement. It provides a variety of suggestions that could be
beneficial to Local Government Units (LGUs) in the development or enhancement
of their policies for future road elevation initiatives.
Summary of Findings
1. The survey collected responses from a population of 155 respondents, of
which 78 respondents (50.3%) were male. The largest age group
represented was 18 to 25 years, with 81 respondents (52.3%). In terms of
civil status, 108 respondents (69.7%) were single. Regarding highest
educational
attainment,
72
respondents
(46.4%)
were
college
undergraduates. Students made up the largest, with 58 respondents
(37.4%). 122 respondents (78.7%) reported an average monthly income of
below PHP 20,000.
2. The respondents evaluated the effects of road elevation in Dagupan City,
Pangasinan,
across
three
dimensions:
social,
economic,
and
environmental. In terms of the social aspect, the assessment yielded an
average weighted mean of 3.26, interpreted as "moderately agree." The
highest-rated indicator within this category was "Road elevation provides a
47
48
safer space for pedestrians," which received a mean score of 3.50,
indicating "agree." For the economic aspect, the average weighted mean
was 3.08, also reflecting a "moderately agree" response. The highestscoring indicator, "Road elevation has improved infrastructure and property
development," received a mean of 3.39, classified as "moderately agree."
In the environmental aspect, the overall assessment achieved an average
weighted mean of 3.22, signifying a moderate level of agreement. The
statement "Road elevation enhanced the surrounding area's attractiveness"
garnered the highest score in this category, with a mean of 3.43, indicating
“moderately aggree”.
3. The study identified the key challenges faced by the community in Dagupan
City, Pangasinan, during the road elevation process. The most common
issues were traffic, roadside flooding, additional travel time, air or dust
pollution, and road closures. Traffic ranked as the top challenge with 131
responses, followed by roadside flooding with 114, additional travel time
with 112, air or dust pollution with 107, and road closures with 104. Road
elevation, while beneficial in the long term, it also caused significant
challenges for the community. Traffic congestion and flooding were the
most frequent issues, along with additional travel time and pollution.
49
Conclusions
From the listed findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn.
1. The profile of the respondents highlights a predominantly young, single, and
student-based population with a majority earning below PHP 20,000 per
month. This suggests that the sample group is likely to be in the early stages
of their careers or education, which may influence their economic status and
perspectives. The data also provides valuable demographic insights that
could inform future studies or interventions tailored to this group.
2. The majority of the community said that the road elevation in Dagupan City
had a generally positive effect, particularly in terms of pedestrian safety and
enhancing the attractiveness of the area. The moderate levels of agreement
across all dimensions highlight that while improvements were recognized,
there may still be areas where further development or attention is needed
to fully address the community’s needs and expectations.
3. The road elevation process in Dagupan City, though aimed at improving
infrastructure, brought about several challenges for the local community,
particularly in terms of traffic, flooding, and pollution. The findings
underscore the need for better planning and mitigation strategies to
minimize these disruptions in future projects, ensuring smoother
implementation and reducing the burden on affected residents.
50
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion of this study the recommendation:
1. Barangay Captain should prioritize community engagement by
establishing transparent consultation protocols. Establishing clear and
inclusive processes for consultations will ensure that the voices and
concerns of the affected residents are heard and addressed.
2. LGU’s should provide regular updates twice a month by keeping the
community informed about the progress and outcomes of road elevation
through public meetings and local government social media page.
3. The researchers also recommend the use of economic impact analysis.
Examining local economic factors like the effects on businesses,
property values, and job opportunities, for the LGU’s to identify and
address potential negative impacts as it will help support economic
stability and growth in affected communities.
4. Provide the mentioned financial assistance for affected businesses and
LGU’s should promote businesses that are affected by the construction
to help them maintain stability during the road elevation project.
5. DPWH should make use of environmental impact assessments, as they
are important for the project and enhance environmental sustainability.
By analyzing biodiversity and emissions, it provides valuable insights
into potential environmental consequences and help develop strategies
to mitigate adverse effects.
51
6. The researchers suggest to Dagupan City POSO to improve their Traffic
Management Scheme and enforce strict traffic rules to minimize
stubborn motorist and traffic congestion during road elevation
construction.
7. Monitoring and Evaluation by regularly assessing the socio-economic
and environmental impacts allows LGU’s to make adjustments to the
strategies. This proactive approach ensures that policies remain
effective and can adapt to the community's standard.
8. The entire city may be the subject of further study to include their
perceptions and challenges of road elevation in Dagupan City. And
incorporating the technological and political aspects that the researchers
did not cover in the study can provide further insights into the road
elevation.
52
Proposed
Policy/Enhancement
Community
Consultation Protocols
Provide Regular
Updates
Economic Impact
Analysis
Support Local
Businesses
Comprehensive
Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIA)
Improve Traffic
Management Scheme
Robust Monitoring and
Evaluation Frameworks
Key Actions
Expected Outcome
Involve local
residents and
stakeholders in the
planning process to
gather input and
address concerns
Keep the community
informed through
updates, public
meetings, and social
media
Conduct detailed
analyses on local
economic factors
Develop programs to
assist businesses
affected by
construction, such as
financial aid or
marketing
Mandate detailed
EIAs, including
biodiversity and
carbon assessments
Strict plans to
minimize stubborn
motorist and traffic
congestion during
road elevation
construction
Establish continuous
monitoring and
periodic reviews
Enhanced community
involvement and
satisfaction
Ensure transparency
and maintain
community
engagement
Mitigated negative
economic impacts
Help maintain local
economic stability
during transitions
Improved
environmental
sustainability
Reduce traffic delays
and improve flow
Adjustments and
improvements