VOCABULARY • abase • pulchritude • despotic • persiflage • dexterity • amorphous • penchant • transmuted • rancor • carnal • mundane • profanity • apocalyptic • emulating • impertinent • imminent • loquacious • voracious • abandoned • conflagration • volition • esoteric • aplomb • queue • docile • brusque demoted loveliness cruel praise glowingly manual skill shapeless fondness changed bitterness worldly ordinary obscenity prophetic imitating irrelevant near verbose very eager left behind large fire will understandable by few composure/relaxed/calmness line manageable rude • eloquent • frugality • imperative • swathe • flair • euphoria • erudite • sine qua non • soiree • connoisseur • chauffeur • mesdames • renaissance • acapella • alter ego articulate thriftiness essential wrap around weakness state of well-being learned indispensable evening party expert in taste driver madame rebirth without accompaniment close and inseparable friend PHRASES and STATEMENTS • Amor con amor se paga • Caveat emptor • Ad nauseam • Coup de grace Love begets love Let the buyer decide excessive degree death blow CORRELATION • prodigy-offspring • formally-unconventionally • formerly-heretofore • ready-at the same time • species-variety FIGURES OF SPEECH • Simile (Pagtutulad) • Metaphor (Pagwawangis) • Hyperbole (Pagmamalabis) • Personification (Pagsasatao) • Onomatopoeia (Paghihimig) • Alliteration (Pag-uulit) like, as direct comparison exaggeration human attributes sounds repetition of sounds (tounge twister) • Irony (Pag-uyam) opposite to what actually meant or sarcasm • Apostrophe (Pagtawag) • Synecdoche (Palit-saklaw) • Metonymy (Palit-tawag) • Litotes (Pagtanggi) • Paradox (Salantunay) calling inanimate objects • Antithesis (Tambisan) • Allegory • Oxymoron • Anaphora • Euphemism • Understatement parts to whole related but not part negating its opposite contradicting statements with truth juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases fictional beyond literal two opposite/contrasting words repetition at the beginning substitution of an inoffensive term making a situation seem less important or serious CONDITIONAL SENTENCES • Zero Conditional always true or factual • First Conditional possibilities in the present or in the future • Second Conditional imaginary situations in the present or in the future • Third Conditional imaginary situations in the past IN - city, municipality, province, country, world ON - street, avenue, boulevard AT - exact IN - month, year, decade ON - weeks, days AT - hours, minutes IN - jeepney, tricycle (di nakakatayo) ON - plane, bus, train (nakakatayo) IN - printed materials ON - electronics STRESS JUNCTURE PITCH VOLUME INTONATION POSTURE placement of emphasis on syllables pauses or rests highness or lowness of sound loudness or softness of voice rising and falling way a body is carried while speaking PANGUNGUSAP Karaniwan Di-Karaniwan nauuna ang panaguri nauuna ang simuno, may panandang 'ay' ANTAS NG WIKA • Balbal • Kolokyal • Lalawiganin • Pambansa • Pampanitikan pangkalye impormal dayalekto BARAYTI NG WIKA • Idyolek • Dayelek • Sosyolek • Etnolek • Ekolek • Pidgin • Creole • Rejister/Jargon tatak ng isang pagkatao partikular na rehiyon o lalawigan partikular na grupo pangkat etniko loob ng bahay walang pormal na estraktura pinaghalo-halo espesyalisasyon PAGBABAGONG MORPEMIKO • Asimilasyon • Metatesis pang, pam gitlapi (fillers) "in" TEORYA NG WIKA • Bow-wow hayop o tunog ng kalikasan • Ding-dong bagay sa paligid • Pooh-pooh masidhing damdamin • Yo-he-ho puwersang pisikal • Ta-ta kumpas o galaw ng kamay • Ta-ra-ra Boom De Ay ritwal PONEMA kaibahan ng isang salita mula sa isa pang salita • Ponemang Malayang Nagpapalitan ✓ madumi/marumi • Ponemang Segmental ✓ katinig, patinig, diptonggo, klaster • Ponemang Suprasegmental ✓ haba, tono, antala, diin MORPEMA pinakamaliit na yunit ng isang salita na nagtataglay ng kahulugan • Morpemang Malaya ✓ salitang-ugat • Morpemang Di-Malaya ✓ unlapi, gitlapi, hulapi, kabilaan, laguhan LEKSIKON mga salita na ginagamit sa isang wika ng nga mananalita nito, "bokabularyo" • Pagtatambal • Akronim • Pagbabawas o Clipping • Pagdaragdag • Paghahalo o Blending balatsibuyas NSO dok, direk bossing crispylicious SINTAKS/PALAUGNAYAN pagsasama o pag-uugnay ng mga salita para makabuo ng pangungusap ANYO NG PANGUNGUSAP • Payak ✓ isang kaisipan lamang (isang sugnay na makapag-iisa) • Tambalan ✓ ginagamitan ng pangatnig (dalawang sugnay na makapag-iisa) • Hugnayan ✓ (sugnay na makapag-iisa at sugnay na di makapag-iisa) • Langkapan ✓ (dalawang sugnay na makapag-iisa at isang sugnay di makapag-iisa)