5-6 / What was the European Renaissance?
Renaissance: a period of cultural and educational 'rebirth' in Europe at the end of
the Middle Ages.
Global Context
 The Bubonic Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population.
 Feudalism disappeared because of the plague.
 Many started to question the Catholic Church and its teachings and shifted
their focus to people and individual life after the plague.
 The reintroduction to trade in Western Europe led to the rise of a newer, more
wealthy class, especially in Italy since it was the center of trade.
What was the Renaissance?
 A period of “rebirth” that began in Italy in the 1300s CE
 It brought a change in artistic style, renewed interest in past civilizations like
Greece and Rome, and widespread educational reform.
 It also brought an increase in studying science and math to find answers to life
(less reliance on the Church)
Why did the Renaissance begin?
 The specific political and social situation in Italy
 Italian city states like Venice and Genoa became wealthy during the middle
ages, The Crusades linked Italy to trade in the Middle East and the Fourth
Crusade helped destroy the Byzantine Empire (no more competition)
 The financial support of wealthy families like the Medici for arts and science
 Migration of Greek and Arabic scholarship to Italy from the Islamic world
 Trade helped ancient Greek and Roman texts, preserved by Islamic scholars,
make their way to Europe
1
The Economics of the Renaissance
 In Italy, wealth shifted from rural lords to wealthy urban merchants
- Broke from the traditional church hierarchy and changed laws that prevented trade
with non-Christians
- Increased trade meant that merchant families, like the Medici in Florence, gained
more political power.
- This gave them more security than feudal lords- if a lord upset a king, they could
have their lands confiscated.
.
 Plague outbreaks decreased by the 1400s
- Europe’s devastated population began to grow again
- New demand for products and services helped create a growing class of bankers,
merchants, and skilled artisans
Was the Renaissance really a big deal?
 Argument 1: The Renaissance was a period of rebirth in which
Europe rediscovered its classical heritage and made huge advancements in art,
philosophy, and science.
 Argument 2: The Renaissance was not a singular time period, and the changes
often celebrated today actually only impacted a tiny, wealthy segment of the
European population. The modern importance placed on the Renaissance
today is due to an inflated view of Europe’s importance in world history.
1- How did Europe change during the Renaissance? ++++++++
- wealth transferred from lords to merchants.
- changed church's laws that prevented trade with non-Christians
- Increased trade meant that merchant families gained more political power.
2- Why do some historians say the Renaissance wasn't as big a change as we think
it was ?
2
7-8-9 / What was the European Scientific Revolution?
What was it?
The "Scientific Revolution" describes a change in Western European educational and
intellectual culture. Scholars moved away from reliance on ancient tradition and
religion and toward observational science and new experimentation.
Why was this important? ++++++++
 The Scientific Revolution radically changed ideas about the place of humankind
within the universe and challenged both the teachings and the authority of the
Church.
Most scientists were still Catholic, and the Church felt threatened by their work
and felt these scientists would take away their authority over the people.
 The new scientific ways of thinking challenged ancient social hierarchies and
political systems.
Nicholas Copernicus, 1473-1543
Polish astronomer, mathematician, and economist who developed the heliocentric
(sun centered) theory or the solar system. His theory about the sun as the center of
the solar system overturned the geocentric theory (Earth as the center of the solar
system). This theory was the fundamental starting point for modern astronomy and
modern science itself. His work affected many other aspects of human life as well,
opening the door to young astronomers everywhere to challenge the facts and never
take anything at face value.
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
A Tuscan (Italian) astronomer, philosopher, and physicist. His achievements include
improving the telescope, making important astronomical observations, and making
the first law of motion. He fully supported the teachings of Copernicus. He is
often called the “father of modern astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, and
the “father of science”. Because of his beliefs, he was branded a heretic by the
Roman Catholic Church and imprisoned.
3
Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630
Born in southwest Germany, he became a professor of mathematics at a Protestant
(non-Catholic Christian) seminary in Austria where he pursued the study of
astronomy and astrology. In 1609 his work called the Astronomia Nova (New
Astronomy) appeared containing three laws of planetary motion. One of these states
that the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. Another law
stated that planets sweep out equal areas in equal times. In 1610, he heard about
Galileo’s discoveries and wrote letters in support of Galileo, whose discoveries were
doubted and denied by the Catholic Church. Kepler also suffered persecution at the
hands of the Church. Kepler is considered to be the founder of physical astronomy.
Francis Bacon, 1561-1626
An English philosopher, statesman, essayist, and defender of the
Scientific Revolution. His works established and popularized an inductive method
for scientists to use to explore things they did not fully understand. This method was
called the “Baconian Method” or simply the Scientific Method. The scientific method
is still used as a framework for scientific research today.
Isaac Newton, 1643-1727
Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher from England. He stated the
three universal “laws of motion” that were not improved upon for more than two
hundred years. He used the Latin word gravitas (weight) for the force that would
become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation. Newton’s
calculations changed the way people understood the universe. No one had been able
to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. Less than 50 years before Isaac
Newton was born it was thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible
shield. Newton proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity. He also
showed that the force of gravity was affected by distance and by mass.
4
Scientists & Major Discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
Part I: Scientists & their Contributions. Using the short biography provided and your own
knowledge, fill in the chart below, documenting the contributions made by scientists of the
Scientific Revolution.
Scientist
Copernicus
Discovery/Theory/Laws/Beliefs
and economist who developed the
heliocentric (sun centered) theory or the
solar system
Galileo
Kepler
Bacon
Newton
5
Impact on Science and Society
Part II: Backlash from the Catholic Church. Use the timeline below as a reference to
help you understand the documents that follow. Then, read and analyse the documents,
answering the questions that follow each.
1543: Nicolas Copernicus published a book supporting the heliocentric theory.
1545: Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent to stop the spread of Protestantism and to
revive the Catholic Church. It said only the Church could interpret the Bible, and it set up
the Inquisition to combat heresy.
1564: Galileo Galilei was born.
1600: The Inquisition tried Giordano Bruno and burned him at the stake for heresy. He
supported the heliocentric theory.
1609: Galileo invented a telescope that convinced him of the heliocentric model.
1615: The Catholic Church told Galileo to stop sharing his theory in public.
1615: Paolo Antonio Foscarini published a book defending Copernicus and arguing the
heliocentric model did not go against the Bible.
1616: The Catholic Church added Copernicus’s work (and others supporting the
heliocentric model) to its list of banned books.
1632: Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
1633: The Inquisition charged Galileo with heresy and tried him in Rome.
1642: Galileo died.
1661: Isaac Newton began teaching Galileo and Copernicus’s ideas in England.
1758: The Catholic Church ended the ban on books teaching the heliocentric model.
1939: Pope Pius XII called Galileo a hero of research.
1979: Pope John Paul II ordered an investigation into the Church’s treatment of Galileo.
Document 1 - Galileo Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)”
“Some years ago, as Your Serene Highness well knows, I discovered in the heavens many
things that had not been seen before our own age… [The Church] Showing a greater fondness
for their own opinions than for truth, they sought to deny and disprove the new things which,
if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them.
To this end they hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain
arguments, and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from
6
places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly, and which were ill suited to
their purposes...”
1- According to Galileo, why do some people think his teachings are heretic
(against the Church)?
2- How does Galileo defend himself against this?
Document 2 - Galileo’s Testimony to the Papal Court (1633)
“With sincere heart and unprecedented faith I (reject)…, and detest the aforesaid errors and
heresies (of Copernicus) and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear
that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar
suspicion toward me.” – Galileo
3- What is the meaning of Galileo’s statement, “I detest the aforesaid errors and
heresies and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church”?
4- What promise does Galileo make about the future?
7
Document 3 - Indictment (a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime) of
Galileo by Catholic Church (1633)
We pronounce, judge, and declare, that you, the said Galileo . . . have rendered
yourself vehemently suspected by this Holy Office of heresy, that is, of having
believed and held the doctrine (which is false and contrary to the Holy and Divine
Scriptures) that the sun is the center of the world, and that it does not move from east
to west, and that the earth does move, and is not the center of the world; also, that an
opinion can be held and supported as probable, after it has been declared and finally
decreed contrary to the Holy Scripture. It is Our pleasure that you be absolved
(forgiven), provided that with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, in Our
presence, you abjure (reject), curse, and detest, the said error and heresies, and every
other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Church of Rome.
5- What is the judge referring to as “a doctrine which is false and contrary to the
Holy and Divine Scriptures”?
6- What is the judge saying will happen if Galileo abjures (rejects) his statement?
 How did the Scientific Revolution change Europe?
Point: scientific revolution which introduced new ideas and technology challenging
the church’s authentic
Evidence: Galileo and Copernicus faced punishments for observing that the sun, not
the earth, is the centre of the solar system.
Explain: many scientists challenged the church with new evidence based on the
scientific method and new information shared from the Arab world.
8
 What was one invention from the Scientific Revolution?
Telescope created by Galileo.
10-11 / Why was Martin Luther so unhappy with the Catholic Church?
In 1415 Jan Hus, a priest from Bohemia (modern day Czechia) was burned at the
stake for heresy. He had gone against the teachings of the Catholic Church and was
executed as a warning not to disobey the Pope.
He had demanded:
1. That priests should be allowed to get married.
2. That people should be allowed to read the Bible in their own languages – not
just in Latin
3. That the Pope give up his wealth and live modestly, like Jesus had.
102 years later a German monk named Martin Luther made exactly the same
demands.
Martin Luther made a list of his complaints which he called the 95 Theses.
Task:
 Read through Martin Luther's writings and explain three reasons he is
opposed to the Catholic Church. ++++++++
 He wanted every religious person to live a good life,
 He wanted the bible to be written in every language to be accessed by many
people.
 He was also against indulgences, as he says rich men buy their way out of hell
and it is wrong and shows the bad side of the church.
Stretch:
 Why would Martin Luther want the help of Duke George of Saxony?
 Martin Luther opposes the sale of Indulgences, which were........ because he
sees them as corrupt.
 Luther believes that the only way to get into Heaven is through...... whereas
the Catholic Church taught....
9
 Why did Martin Luther sacrifice his life for this?
 Explain two reasons Luther opposed the Church
Stretch:
 Why was the punishment for heresy so severe?
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
Directions: These are extracts from Luther’s 95 Theses - for each one, explain why
Luther is going against the Catholic Church.
1. “The Church sells Indulgences to sinners so that their sins are forgiven, in
exchange for gold. That rich men may buy their way out of Hell is wrong and shows
the corruption of the Roman Church.”
Why is Luther objecting ?
- He was also against indulgences, as he says rich men buy their way out of hell
and it is wrong and shows the bad side of the church.
2. “The Pope teaches those donations to the Church, of land or money, can get
you into Heaven, whereas the Bible says clearly that through faith alone can you
enter Heaven. No amount of gold or charity can cause a non-believer to go to
Heaven.”
Why is Luther objecting ?
- he was against the popes teaching that donations to the Church, of land or
money, can get you into Heaven, because the pope/ church is going against the
bible.
3 . “The Church for hundreds of years has forbidden the people to read the
Holy Bible in their own tongue. Instead they force us to listen as priests speak a
language we cannot understand. What are they hiding from us? Why is Christ’s
church so afraid of His own words? The Bible should be in German, or any
language that the common people can understand so that they can read it for
themselves.”
Why is Luther objecting ?
10
- He wanted the bible to be written in every language or any common
language that everyone speaks to be accessed and understood by many
people.
4. “The pennies of poor Christians go to Rome in their millions. They are told that
they are serving God, but instead they serve the Pope in his life of luxury. How
much gold is stored up in his palaces? Poor Christians work all week and save a
penny hoping to serve God, but instead their charity goes on buying fine wines,
luxurious paintings and fancy silks for a man who is supposed to be a servant of
the servants of God.”
Why is Luther objecting ?
“That the Pope should give up his wealth and live modestly, like Jesus had.”
5. “Nowhere in the Bible does it say that priests should be celibate. Christ’s first
followers all had families, yet the Church forbids us priests and monks from
marrying.”
Why is Luther objecting ?
That priests should be allowed to get married, and nowhere in the Bible does it say
that priests should be celibate ( don’t get married or have children )
 Read the extract below from a letter from Martin Luther to Duke George of
Saxony, a powerful German ruler:
“You have protected me for a long time in your fine city of Wittenberg and for that I
give you thanks. You have helped God’s cause by supporting my mission to reform the
Church and end its corruption. Yet now you must protect me, for the Pope wants
nothing more than to burn me as he did to Hus. I would happily die for my faith, but I
have so much work still to be done.”
 Why did Martin Luther risk his life by objecting to the Catholic Church?
To help everyone and end corruption.
 Why did Martin Luther object to the Catholic Church?
 Why was Martin Luther willing to risk his life?
11
12 / What was the Protestant Reformation?


Started in 1517 by a German priest named Martin Luther
Wrote a document called the 95 Theses
- Nailed it to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany
- Outlined his complaints against the Catholic Church
The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was critical ( against ) of the following things the Catholic
Church did:
1. Selling church positions
2. Selling indulgences (certificates issued by the church that reduced or
canceled punishment for a person’s sins → people would buy them to ensure
going to Heaven)
3. Luxurious life of the popes
4. Corruption and immorality ( the bad behavior and lifestyle )of some priests
Martin Luther’s Beliefs
1. Salvation (heaven) comes from faith, not money
2. Source of religious authority: the Bible (as interpreted by the individual), not the
Pope or church leaders
3. These ideas created a big conflict between Catholic and Protestant Christianity
Spread of Protestantism
Reformation thinking spread quickly within and beyond Germany thanks to
the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg

12
Luther’s 95 Theses, many pamphlets, and his German translation of the
New Testament were soon widely available
As the movement spread to the rest of Europe, it splintered, creating a variety

of different Protestant churches
Ex: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist, Puritan, etc

 Explain how and why the Protestant Reformation started?
(Use the video, your notes, and work sheets from class.)

Explain how one event in the story led to another.

Use conjunctions like this led to..../because of...
 One reason Martin Luther disagreed with the Catholic Church was...
13
 The Church of England
King Henry VIII (ruled from 1509-1547) wanted a divorce from his first
wife (Catherine of Aragon)
 She had 6 children -- only 1 survived (a girl named Mary)
 King wanted a male heir to the throne
 He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, but he already had a wife
 Problem = the Pope refused to grant the King a divorce and the pope was
the head of the English church
Result:
 Henry VIII separated England from the Pope and the Catholic Church
- Made himself head of the new “Church of England”
- Kept Catholic practices & traditions, but denied authority ( power) of the Pope
- Had supporters of the old religion killed
King Henry VIII had the Church of England end his marriage with Catherine &
he married Anne Boleyn
- Anne bore him a daughter = Elizabeth I
- Henry VIII married 4 more times after this & only got 1 son = Edward VI (got
the throne, but died in his teens)
 Henry’s daughter Mary tried to restore Catholicism when she became Queen
oBurned hundreds of Protestants at the stake
oNicknamed “Bloody Mary”
Anglicanism
 Mary’s sister Elizabeth I became Queen when Mary died → blended features
of the Church of England and Catholicism
14
- Protestant church called Anglicanism
- Pleased most people
- Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all
its Catholic elements → ended up leaving for North America where they
could have more religious freedom
Religious Conflicts
 1562 – 1598 = violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France
- French Protestants = called Huguenots = the minority
- In one day (in 1572) = about 3,000 Huguenots were massacred by Catholic
mobs
 1598 = King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
- Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
- Goal: return to the Catholic Church


Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) = war between Catholics and Protestants
- Started in Holy Roman Empire; soon took over most of Europe
- Destructive war
- 15-30% of German population died from violence, famine, or disease
1648 = Peace of Westphalia signed
- Redrew some European political boundaries
- Said each state was independent and could control its own religious affairs
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul III wanted to reform the Catholic Church to win back followers and
stop the growth of Protestant faiths

Council of Trent (1545-1563)
1. Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices
2. Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church
positions
3. Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

 What religion was Henry for most of his life?
He was Catholic most his life.
15
 What is a heretic?
A person who goes against the church and its sayings.
Stretch:
 What problems might happen following the death of Henry ?
New ruler.
New English church might collapse
New ruler might change the religion.
13 / Was there a Tudor Religious Rollercoaster?
The Tudor family.
All three of Henry VIII's children ruled England. They were all wildly different from
one another, each one tried to dramatically change England in their own way.
Henry (died 1547)
Edward VI (1547 – 1553)
Mary I (1553 – 1558)
Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603)
Edward VI.
Before Henry died ( Edwards Father ) , he told his closest advisors to look after his
son and help him rule England while he was a child.
Most of these advisors were strict Protestants who wanted to use their power over
the boy to make the English Church more Protestant.
16
Task:
 Read the sources and describe what kind of change each one is describing.
Then explain whether you think the person writing the source supports or
opposes these changes.
Stretch:
Who is making these changes?
Source
What kind of change is
happening?
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of
Canterbury and advisor to Edward VI,
sends orders to priests who work for
him:
"Take out the stained glass windows
which distract people from God. Make
our churches plain and simple so that
people focus on celebrating true religion
and are no longer slaves to superstition."
Stephen Gardiner, writing to a friend
from jail. He was sacked as Bishop
of Winchester by Edward for his Catholic
views:
"Cranmer and his band of heretics have
robbed the churches and taken
religion away from the people. While he
lived, Henry stopped them from going
too far but now a child is on the throne
and he can do nothing to stop them. I
weep at the thought of the people being
separated from their holy churches that
17
Do you think the author
of the source supports or
opposes the changes?
have stood for a thousand years,
destroyed by this bunch of savages."
Princess Mary, Edward's older sister, in
her diary:
"My brother the King has ordered me to
give up my Latin prayers and instead
to read the Bible in English. Not even my
father asked me to do this and
abandon my faith. Although I will go
along with him, in private I will say my
prayers like I did before and hope in time
he sees how wrong he is, for he is still a
child and is controlled by his evil
advisors."
Source
What kind of change is
happening?
A sermon by John Fisher, Bishop of
London:
"Edward is like a king from the Bible,
who cleaned the Temple, chased out
the demons and restored true religion.
Thank you, God, for giving us a King,
so young yet so wise, who has brought
his people back to your light."
The Duke of Somerset, Edward's
guardian, writes to his brother:
"The King today signed a law that I wrote
ordering churches to give their gold and
silver to the King. By doing this we will
get rid of Catholic superstition
and greatly add to our fortunes."
Drawing from 1556 of the "Oxford
Martyrs".
In 1556 Mary had Thomas Cranmer, the
Archbishop of Canterbury, and Nicholas
Ridley, the Bishop of London, burned
alive
18
Do you think the author
of the source supports or
opposes the changes?
for heresy. They had been close
advisors
to Edward VI and were Protestants.
Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester,
writes to Mary in 1556.
"Do not burn Cranmer. He is a heretic
and as guilty as the devil, but if you kill
him you will make him a martyr. The
people will never forgive such a
bloodthirsty act. I have defended the
Catholic faith all my life but making
martyrs does nothing for our cause."
Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury,
makes a speech to Mary in 1555.
"We thank Your Majesty for seeing the
light and restoring England to the Holy
Catholic Church. His Holiness the Pope,
leader of God's Church on Earth,
welcomes you and your people back to
the Church and thanks you for your
punishment of the vile heretics who led
your good people away from Christ."
Order from Mary to Reginald Pole, 1557:
"You must put the statues and treasure
back into the churches so that people
can properly worship. But I will not
return the land my father took from the
Church, for I and my nobles need the
land. The Pope can have his church, but I
will have my land."
Pitstop: True or False?
1. Thomas Cranmer believed that stained glass windows distracted people
from God. (True )
2. Stephen Gardiner was in agreement with Cranmer's efforts to simplify
churches.
( False )
3. Princess Mary willingly gave up her Latin prayers and started reading the
Bible in English. ( False )
19
4. John Fisher believed that Edward had restored true religion. (True )
5. The Duke of Somerset ordered churches to give their gold and silver to the
King to eliminate Catholic superstition. (True )
 Describe the religious changes in England following the death of Henry VIII.
When Edward VI ruled, his closest advisors were very strict protestants who wanted
to use their power over the boy to make the English Church more Protestant.
Then after Edward VI died, his sister queen Mary took over throne she tried to
restore Catholicism and she Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake (Nicknamed
“Bloody Mary”).
After she died, her sister queen Elizabeth blended features of the Church of England
and Catholicism and called the church Anglicanism
Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all its
Catholic elements → ended up leaving for North America where they could have
more religious freedom
15/ Protestant Reformation Quiz
 Answer the following questions regarding the Protestant Reformation:
(A) When did it begin?
1517
(B) Who started it?
Martin Luther
(C) What is the name of the document that started it?
95 theses
 What abuses (corruption) within the Catholic Church did Luther oppose?
indulgences, the wealth and lifestyle of the pope, that the church was selling
positions, and the bad behavior and lifestyle of some priests.
 What invention helped spread Protestant Reformation thinking quickly
throughout Europe?
The printing press
20
 What is a heretic?
Someone who goes against the church and its teachings.
 What is a martyr?
Someone who dies for their religion
 What is celibate?
When a priest can not marry or have kids
16/ Protestant Reformation Summary
Source 1: Martin Luther
The 95 Theses
Martin Luther began to question the Catholic Church. Some of his beliefs about the
church were:
 People could not buy forgiveness for their sins (indulgences), only God could
forgive sins.
 People get to heaven by believing in God and doing good works, not with
money
 Priests should have to follow the same law the same as ordinary people and
should not live expensive lifestyles
 All people should be allowed to read the Bible, not just priests. People should
interpret the Bible for themselves, and their interpretation of the Bible is just as
important as that of a Priest.
On October 31, 1517 Luther posted the 95 Theses on a church door in Germany. The
Church was mad, but the people followed Luther. These people became known as
"Lutherans."
21
In 1520, the Catholic Pope Leo X ordered Luther to give up his beliefs.
Luther burned the order (paper letter) in front of a cheering crowd and was
excommunicated (kicked out of the Catholic church) by Pope Leo X.
In 1521 Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, declared Luther a criminal when he
wouldn't give up his Protestant views. Martin Luther went into hiding in a castle and
translated New Testament into German, making it possible for more people to read
the Bible.
Some local German churches accepted Luther's ideas. Lutheranism won enormous
support and spread throughout Europe because:
 People didn't like all their money going to Rome.
 They didn't like the Italians controlling all church property.
 German princes saw a chance to get church property. In 1529, German
Princes issued a formal "protest" against efforts by the Church to suppress the
reforms.
 The reformers came to be known as "Protestants." They broke away from
the Catholic Church, thus beginning the Protestant branch of Christianity.
1. What is a “Lutheran”?
The people followed Luther in his protesting and ideas.
2. What was the Pope’s response to Martin Luther?
He ordered Luther to give up his beliefs.
3. What did Martin Luther do when the Pope send him an order? What does
this show us about Martin Luther?
Luther burned the order (paper letter) in front of a cheering crowd, this shows us
that he strongly believed in his theses.
4. Why did people accept Martin Luther’s ideas? Give at least two reasons.

People didn't like all their money going to Rome.
 They didn't like the Italians controlling all church property.
 German princes saw a chance to get church property. In 1529, German Princes
issued a formal "protest" against efforts by the Church to suppress the reforms.
 The reformers came to be known as "Protestants." They broke away from the
Catholic Church, thus beginning the Protestant branch of Christianity.
22
Source 2: Thomas Cranmer:
Archbishop of Canterbury, advisor to King Edward VI
"Take out the stained-glass windows which distract people from God. Make our
churches plain and simple so that people focus on celebrating true religion and are
no longer slaves to superstition."
1. Is Thomas Cranmer a Catholic or a Protestant? How do you know?
Protestant, because “When Edward VI ruled, his closest advisors were very strict
protestants who wanted to use their power over the boy to make the English Church
more Protestant.”
2. According to Source 2, what change does Thomas Cranmer want to make in
the church?
He wants to take out the stained glass windows because they distract people from
god.
Source 3: Reginald Pole,
Archbishop of Canterbury, makes a speech to Queen Mary in 1555.
"We thank Your Majesty for seeing the light and restoring England to the Holy
Catholic Church. His Holiness the Pope, leader of God's Church on Earth, welcomes
you and your people back to the Church and thanks you for your punishment of the
vile heretics who led your good people away from Christ."
1. Is Reginald Poe Catholic or Protestant? How do you know?
He is catholic because he thanks queen Mary for restoring England to the Catholic
church.
2. Who are the “vile heretics” that he mentions?
The vile heretics are the protestants that bloody Mary killed to bring back the catholic
church
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