LECTURE 5
THE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS
Divison of Labour:
As businesses grow from sole trader to medium size to large different persons had to
specialise in different functional departments as follows:
Functional Areas in the Operation of Businesses
Departments in a business organization are structured according to certain functions. The
departments of various organizations will differ depending on the type of business.
Production
The production department is responsible for transforming raw materials into finished
products. They are also responsible for quality control to ensure that required standards are
met.
-
Input to output
Quality control
Purchase and storage of stock
Organising production schedules
Finance/Accounts
The accounts department makes and receives all payments on behalf of the business and
records all financial transactions
-
Producing end of year financial statements – Annual reports, Balance sheets and
Profit and Loss.
Advising Management
Payments and receipts
Managing cash flow
Marketing
This department creates awareness for the firm products and motivates consumers to buy.
They also carry out market research to identify customer’s needs.
-
Market research and sales forecasting
Advertising and sales promotion
Distribution of products
1
Human Resources/Personnel
The human resource department recruits and selects staff for the business organization. They
are also responsible for staff training and welfare.
-
Hiring and firing
Promotion criteria
Training
Employee record keeping
Interviews
Wage negotiation
Public Relations
The Purchasing Department
This department is responsible for the purchasing of the firms raw material, stationery and
goods for re-sale.
Customer Service/ Customer Relations Department
This Department bridges the gap between a business and its customers. It deals with
customers’ queries, advising and assisting customers to place orders and handling customers’
complaints.
Legal Department
This department is concerned with legal problems that might arise for the company. For
example, compensation for employees and customers, who have brought lawsuits against the
company.
Research and Development (R&D)
This department is involved with research to explore ways of improving the company’s
existing products, developing new ones and identifying efficient processes to increase
production. This department works closely with the marketing department as products
developed must satisfy consumers’ needs.
Organisational Structure- refers to the way a business is structured to achieve maximum
efficiency. An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation,
coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims
Formal Structure - Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organization
procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing eg. Org Chart.
Informal Structure – the unofficial relationships that exist in the firm.
Span of Control - refers to the number of subordinates a supervisor has.
2
Factors that influence the span of control
- Competence, skill and experience of the workers
- The nature of the job i.e. complexity
- The actual skill of the manager
- How motivated workers are
Lines of Communication- this represents the standards and procedures associated with the
movement of information
Organizational Charts
An organizational chart is a diagram of the organization of an enterprise. Its pyramid shape
illustrates the hierarchy system that exists in the organization. The most senior position in the
organization is placed by itself at the apex. The pyramid gets wider towards the bottom
depicting the greater number of workers at its base.
Those who have the power to issue commands have authority in an organization. In the
organization chart above the sales manager has the authority in the Sales department. All
persons with the same level of authority are placed at the same level on the chart. For
example the sales manager and the accounts manager have the same level of authority in their
various departments.
Responsibility is the capacity to accept duties and to carry out their tasks. For example, both
sales supervisors are responsible to the sales manager.
The chart shows the following:
-each person’s position
-the number of levels of managers
3
-to whom each employee is responsible (reports) to
-the span of or (area) of control for senior staff members.
Types of Organizational Charts
1.
2.
3.
4.
Line
Staff
Functional
Committee
Line or Direct
The line organizational chart depicts a straight line of command. Authority is said to flow
downwards only in the line organization. The line organizational structure is found in schools
or in the military.
4
Advantages
1. Simplicity- simple to understand and implement.
2. Responsibility is fixed- Every employee is clear about whom he is answerable to and
who is accountable for him.
3. Unified Control – Good control and direction.
4. Quick decisions made.
5. Flexibility- changes to circumstances
Disadvantages
1. Overloading of the executive as several duties are managed independently.
2. Lack of Specialisation – because different jobs are supervised.
Functional Organizational Chart
The Functional organization chart is a diagram of an organization that is arranged by its
functions. For example, there is a manager in charge of marketing, and another in charge of
production. This type of organization has an advantage over the Line as experts are
appointed to run each department. All managers report to the General Manager.
The Functional organizational chart combines the straight line of command of the line
organization with horizontal dotted diagonal lines representing functional authority. The
dotted diagonal lines in the figure above show the authority that the Human Resource
Manager has over other departments. The Human Resource Manager is allowed authority in
these department over human resource matters only e.g. to hire and fire workers. He therefore
cannot give directives on production or marketing matters.
5
Advantages
1. Specialisation – allows for specialisation by function thereby developing their skills.
2. Efficiency and Productivity improved.
Disadvantages
1. Lack of Teamwork- difficulty working with other units.
2. Difficult Management Control- Difficult to manage a growing organisation.
Line and Staff Organizational Chart
The Line and Staff organizational chart combines the line and functional organization with
the addition of staff personnel. Staff workers assist and advise line workers. Staff workers
include consultants, advisors, company lawyers, executive secretary, auxiliary workers
etc. Staff officers do not have authority, that is, the power to delegate tasks to subordinates in
the organization. Their main role is to advise and assist line officers. This is why there are no
vertical lines connecting staff officers to any other member of staff on the chart. They are
therefore, placed at the side directly below the line officer whom they assist or advise.
Advantages
1. Decision efficiency- able to use staff specialist skills without interference of a
hierarchy.
2. Expert Advice
3. Productivity increases because line managers can have more free time to focus on
other duties.
Disadvantages
1. Authority- confusion between the line and staff positions for authority.
2. Decision Making- line position relies heavily on a staff position for decision making.
6
3. Conflict between staff and line positions.
4. It is more costly to hire staff specialist.
Committee Organizational Chart
Committees are advisory bodies. They are usually appointed to advise
organizations. Examples of committees include; parent teachers associations and student
councils which are committees within a school organization. Committees usually delegate
certain duties to sub-committees. For example, an executive committee may appoint a finance
committee to advise it on financial matters. Note that an element of the line organization
exists in the committee organization as all sub-committees are responsible to the executive
committee.
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Improved problem solving because of differing ideas.
Authority is shared
Different interest groups are represented.
Assist in coordination amongst various divisions.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
High cost and long time to make decision.
Conflict among members.
Dominant members may control decision making.
No one particular person can be held responsible.
Matrix structure:
This is a combination structure that joins functional areas with structures for projects and
teams. The functional areas flow vertically down the chain of command. Simultaneously, a
worker can be horizontally attached to a project team. Matrix structures offer flexibility for
organisation employees to utilize skills and competencies. It is based on the individual having
7
expertise in functional areas and be able to transfer these skills to projects. Difficulties can
occur in areas of control of tasks, role ambiguity and role conflict.
Advantages
1. Efficient Information Exchange
2. Increased Motivation – shared decision making encourages employees
Disadvantages
1. Internal Complexity- this may cause miscommunication and confusion because of
dual authority.
2. Expensive to Maintain and Internal Conflict
Chain of Command- The definition of a chain of command is an official hierarchy of
authority that dictates who is in charge of whom and of whom permission must be asked. An
example of chain of command is when an employee reports to a manager who reports to a
senior manager who reports to the vice president who reports to the CEO.
Types of Org Charts:
1. Vertical
2. Circular
3. Horizontal
Departmentalization- is an aspect of organizational design that includes the subdivision of a
business into units based on their function or other criteria.
Types of Departmentalization:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
By Function
By Process or Equipment
By Geographic Territory
By Product
By Customer and Client
TEAMWORK
Definition of Team:
A group of two or more persons interacting regularly and coordinating their work to
accomplish a common objective.
8
Role of Teamwork
Many firms adopt a teamwork approach to complete tasks more efficiently. For example a
major Caribbean airline encourages its workers to work as a team to achieve the main task of
having each flight leave on time. Workers therefore move to various positions if needed, to
have each flight leave on time.
Advantages
1. It improves the working relationship among workers
2. It increases communication
3. Skills and knowledge are passed on through the interaction
4. It satisfies the social needs of workers
5. Ability to solve problems constructively.
6. Ensures continuity, i.e. if one team member is absent the other will complete the task.
7. The quantity and quality of work will improve due to collaboration.
Disadvantages
1. Adds unnecessary bureaucracy (slow to make decisions)
2. Only effective with clear objectives
3. Personality clashes (Conflict)
4. Additional cost in terms of time and human resources (training)
5. Unwieldy and Unproductive
Groups are formed naturally by persons with similar interest, common goals and similar past
experiences in an organization. The establishment of various clubs, work socials and outings
will encourage greater interaction among workers, better relationships and a teamwork
approach to completing tasks.
9