WORKBOOK
THIRD EDITION
Rhys Lewis
SACE STAGE 1
Australian Curriculum
Chemistry
CONTENTS
Contents
ABOUT THIS BOOK
4
CHAPTER 1
TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
5
1.1: Properties and uses of materials
6
1.2: Atomic structure
21
1.3: Quantities of atoms
40
1.4: The periodic table
51
Review Test 1
64
CHAPTER 2 TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
CHAPTER 3
71
2.1: Types of materials
72
2.2: Bonding between atoms
78
2.3: Quantities of molecules and ions
110
Review Test 2
115
TOPIC 3: MOLECULES
121
3.1: Molecule polarity
122
3.2: Interactions between molecules
136
3.3: Hydrocarbons
145
3.4: Polymers
170
Review Test 3
181
CHAPTER 4 TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
187
4.1: Miscibility and solutions
188
4.2: Solutions of ionic substances
199
4.3: Quantities in reactions
208
4.4: Energy in reactions
232
Review Test 4
245
CHAPTER 5 TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
249
5.1: Acid–base concepts
250
5.2: Reactions of acids and bases
256
5.3: The pH scale
271
Review Test 5
283
CHAPTER 6 TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
289
6.1: Concepts of oxidation and reduction
290
6.2: Metal reactivity
307
6.3: Electrochemistry
316
Review Test 6
337
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND REVIEW TESTS
343
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
409
3
4
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
About this book
The Third Edition of the popular SASTA Stage 1 Chemistry Workbook
sets students on the path to success in their study of chemistry through
its clear and engaging narrative, innovative use of art and photos, and
superior contextual questions that enhance teaching and learning.
The Third Edition provides an unmatched comprehensive text fully
mapped to the Stage 1 Chemistry Course in South Australia. The text
is highly organised and emphasises essential chemistry concepts
while keeping students engaged with learning outcomes that assess
progress in understanding. The workbook has the concise, accessible,
and engaging writing style of past editions while maintaining a clear
emphasis on developing the reader’s ability to apply their knowledge
in new and familiar contexts rather than simply recalling it. Some major
strengths of the text include its ability to develop critical thinking,
problem-solving skills, comprehensive factual knowledge, and its
aesthetically stunning artwork that represents complex topics clearly and
succinctly.
The Third Edition provides hundreds of new Chapter Questions and six
Review Tests that assess student learning in the key areas of Science
Understanding, Science Inquiry Skills and Science as a Human Endeavour.
In addition, the workbook includes a comprehensive set of solutions to
all Chapter Questions and Review Tests. Each chapter is written with
a contextual-based approach accompanied by frequent assessment
provides the intellectual challenge needed to promote critical thinking
and ensure academic success. The engaging and challenging questions
have made this a leading textbook of choice for chemistry students.
SASTA is excited about the Third Edition of this quality workbook. We are
confident that the clarity of the text in combination with its assessment
tasks will support students in building the mental models needed to
understand chemistry. In addition, the book is written and reviewed by
experienced chemistry teachers who use their teaching knowledge as a
guide in producing an up-to-date text that is beautifully illustrated and
pedagogically sound, helping students to learn faster, study efficiently,
and retain more knowledge of key concepts.
This book will be updated as the curriculum changes. SASTA and the
author wish to thank its members who have written to us to identify
errors and offer suggestions for improvements. Your feedback has been
invaluable and is deeply appreciated. SASTA and the author continue
to welcome constructive feedback about the content and design of
this book. We also wish to thank the readers and schools who use our
physics, chemistry and biology workbooks. Your support is greatly
appreciated.
Both SASTA and the author wish you all the best with your studies
in Stage 1 Chemistry, and we remind you that our Stage 2 Chemistry
workbook is available for purchase if you wish to pursue Chemistry at
Stage 2.
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
𝒆𝒆
𝑒𝑒
u
𝐮𝐮
21
26
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
28
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
Δ𝐸𝐸
𝜆𝜆
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
29
32
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
𝑋𝑋
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝑍𝑍𝑋𝑋
𝐴𝐴 𝑍𝑍
𝐴𝐴
𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁
12
6C
−
−
−
−
−
−
𝑁𝑁
=
𝐴𝐴 − 𝑍𝑍
𝑁𝑁
=
144
𝑁𝑁
=
238 − 94
𝑍𝑍
14
6C
−
𝑍𝑍
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
𝑿𝑿
−
15
8O
−
−
−
−
−
𝑵𝑵
𝑨𝑨
18
9F
−
−
𝒁𝒁
67
31Ga
81
37Rb
99
43Tc
111
48In
123
53I
201
81Tl
𝑍𝑍
𝑵𝑵
𝑁𝑁
𝑨𝑨
𝐴𝐴
33
40
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
𝑚𝑚
•
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀
𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁
'
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
𝑁𝑁
=
𝑁𝑁
=
𝑁𝑁
=
𝑛𝑛 x 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
0.0037 x 6.02 x 1023
1.1 x 1019 atoms
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
𝑀𝑀
𝑀𝑀CO2
=
𝑀𝑀C + (𝑀𝑀O x 2)
𝑀𝑀CO2
=
44.01 g mol−1
𝑀𝑀CO2
=
12.01 + (16.00 x 2)
𝑀𝑀CaCO3
=
𝑀𝑀Ca + 𝑀𝑀C + (𝑀𝑀O x 3)
𝑀𝑀CaCO3
=
100.09 g mol−1
𝑀𝑀CaCO3
=
40.08 + 12.01 + (16.00 x 3)
41
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
43
54
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 1 • TOPIC 1: MATERIALS AND THEIR ATOMS
55
72
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
CHAPTER 2 • TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
73
74
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 2 • TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
–
75
76
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
82
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
102
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
•
δ−
δ+
CHAPTER 2 • TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
103
106
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
CHAPTER 2 • TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
107
CHAPTER 2 • TOPIC 2: COMBINATIONS OF ATOMS
109
CHAPTER 3 • TOPIC 3: MOLECULES
𝛿𝛿 +
𝛿𝛿 −
137
CHAPTER 3 • TOPIC 3: MOLECULES
•
•
•
δ+
δ+
139
140
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
δ−
δ+
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
189
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
•
•
δ−
δ+
199
200
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
NaCl(s)
+ (aq) → Na+
(aq)
+ Cl−
(aq)
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
2+
2RCOO−
(aq) + Ca (aq) → Ca(RCOO)2 (s)
205
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
•
𝜌𝜌
𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚
,
𝑉𝑉
𝑛𝑛
𝑐𝑐 = ,
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌 =
•
•
𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌 =
𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉
𝜌𝜌
=
𝜌𝜌
=
𝜌𝜌
𝑚𝑚
V
𝜌𝜌
=
𝑚𝑚
V
57.5
0.600
95.8 g L−1
𝑚𝑚
=
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑚𝑚
=
15.0 g
𝑚𝑚
=
60.0 x 0.25
𝑐𝑐
211
214
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
𝒄𝒄
𝑽𝑽
𝑴𝑴
218
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
𝜌𝜌
=
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜌𝜌
=
0.90 g L−1
𝜌𝜌
=
5.0 x 10−3 x 180.156
𝜌𝜌
=
0.90 x 1000
𝜌𝜌
=
900 x 1000
𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌
=
=
9.0 x 102 ppm
9.0 x 105 ppb
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
𝑛𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑛2 ∴ 𝑐𝑐1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑐𝑐2 𝑉𝑉2
𝑐𝑐1
𝑉𝑉1
𝑐𝑐2
𝑉𝑉2
𝑐𝑐1 𝑉𝑉1
=
𝑐𝑐2
=
𝑐𝑐2
𝑐𝑐2
=
=
𝑐𝑐2 𝑉𝑉2
𝑐𝑐1 𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉2
0.50 x 10 x 10−3
0.25
0.02 mol L−1
223
226
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 4 • TOPIC 4: MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
227
228
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
238
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
•
𝑄𝑄
∆𝐻𝐻 = 𝑛𝑛
•
∆𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄
𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑐
∆𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄
=
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄
=
−2090 J
𝑄𝑄
=
200 x 4.18 x (20.0 − 22.5)
240
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
253
254
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
HNO3 + H2 O → H3 O+ + NO−
3
258
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
•
•
∆𝐻𝐻
+
H(aq)
−
+ OH(aq)
→ H2 O(𝑙𝑙)
∆𝐻𝐻 = −55.9 kJ mol−1
Na2 O + H2 SO4 → Na2 SO4 + H2 O
K2O
CaO
+ 2HNO3 → 2KNO3 + H2 O
+ 2HCl
→ CaCl2
+ H2 O
Na2 O + 2H + → 2Na+ + H2 O
K 2 O + 2H + → 2K +
CaO
+ H2 O
+ 2H + → Ca2+ + H2 O
259
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
HCl
+ H2 O → H3 O+
HNO3 + H2 O → H3 O+
+
Cl−
+ NO−
3
H2 SO4 + 2H2 O → 2H3 O+ + SO2−
4
H2 SO3
H3 PO4
+ 2H2 O ⇌ 2H3 O+ +
+ 3H2 O ⇌ 3H3 O+ +
CH3 COOH + H2 O ⇌ H3 O+
SO2−
3
PO3−
4
+ CH3 COO−
269
270
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
272
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
pH = −log⁡[H + ]
pH = −log⁡[H3 O+ ]
pH = −log⁡[H + ]
pH = −log⁡[1.0⁡x⁡10−7 ]
pH = 7.0
[H + ] = 10−pH
[H + ] = 10−pH
[H + ] = 10−2.86
[H + ] = 1.38⁡x⁡10−3 ⁡mol⁡L−1
274
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
•
•
CO2 + H2 O ⇌ H2 CO3
H2 CO3 + H2 O ⇌ H3 O+ + HCO−
3
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
S
4FeS2
+ O2
+ 11O2 → 8SO2 + 2Fe2 O3
2SO2 + O2
SO2
+ H2 O ⇌
→ SO2
H2 SO3
⇌ 2SO3
SO3
N2 + O2
→ 2NO
2NO + O2
→ 2NO2
+ H2 O → H2 SO4
2NO2 + H2 O → HNO2 + HNO3
275
276
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
2NO + 2CO
→ N2
+ 2CO2
278
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
HNO3
H2 SO4
+
+
H2 O
2H2 O
+
3H(aq)
+ Al3+
(soil)
2H +
→
→
H3 O+
2H3 O+
+
+
+
→ 3H(soil) + Al3+
(aq)
+ Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2H2 O
2H + + CaCO3 → Ca2+ + H2 O + CO2
NO−
3
SO2−
4
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
283
284
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
CHAPTER 5 • TOPIC 5: ACIDS AND BASES
287
290
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
•
•
•
2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O
2HgO → 2Hg +
O2
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
2Na + Br2
Br2
→ 2NaBr
+ 2e− → 2Br −
Na → Na+ + e−
291
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
+
MnO−
+ 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2 O
4 + 8H
3+
Cr2 O2−
7 → 2Cr
3+
Cr2 O2−
7 → 2Cr
+ 7H2 O
+ 14H + → 2Cr 3+ + 7H2 O
Cr2 O2−
7
Cr2 O2−
7
+
14H +
→
2Cr 3+
+
7H2 O
+
+ 6e− → 2Cr 3+ + 7H2 O
Cr2 O2−
7 + 14H
301
302
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
C2 H5 OH
C2 H5 OH
C2 H5 OH
+ H2 O
+ H2 O
C2 H5 OH
+
C2 H5 OH
+ H2 O
3C2 H5 OH
+ 3H2 O
→ CH3 COOH
→ CH3 COOH + 4H +
CH3 COOH +
4H +
→ CH3 COOH + 4H +
+ 4e−
+ 12e− → 4Cr 3+
+ 14H2 O
H2 O
+ 28H +
2Cr2 O2−
7
3C2 H5 OH
→ CH3 COOH
→
→ 3CH3 COOH
+ 12H +
+
+ 2Cr2 O2−
7 + 16H → 3CH3 COOH
+ 12e−
+ 4Cr 3+
+ 11H2 O
308
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
2Al(s)
3+
+ 3Cu2+
(aq) → 2Al(aq) + 3Cu(s)
Al(s)
Cu2+
(aq)
→ Al3+
(aq)
+ 3e−
+ 2e− → Cu(s)
Mg
+ 2Ag + → Mg 2+ + 2Ag
Ag
+ Mg 2+ → No reaction
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
Ca + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2
Ca
+ 2H +
M
→ Ca2+ + H2
→ M+
+ e−
2H + + 2e− → H2
313
316
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
•
•
•
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
Mg
→ Mg 2+ + 2e−
Cu2+ + 2e−
→ Cu
317
318
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
Cu2+ + Mg
→ Cu
+ Mg 2+
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
•
Zn
+ 2OH − → ZnO + H2 O + 2e−
HgO + H2 O + 2e− → Hg
HgO
+ Zn
→ Hg
+ 2OH−
+ ZnO
327
334
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
−
Pb + SO2−
4 → PbSO4 + 2e
+
−
PbO2 + SO2−
→ PbSO4 + 2H2 O
4 + 4H + 2e
+
PbO2 + 2SO2−
4 + 4H + Pb → 2PbSO4 + 2H2 O
+
2PbSO4 + 2H2 O → PbO2 + 2SO2−
+ Pb
4 + 4H
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
LiC6 → C6 + Li+ + e−
CoO2 + Li+ + e− → LiCoO2
Li+ + e− + LiCoO2 → Li2 O + CoO
335
CHAPTER 6 • TOPIC 6: REDOX REACTIONS
SOLUTIONS TO
CHAPTER QUESTIONS
AND REVIEW TESTS
343
344
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
’
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND REVIEW TESTS
347
SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND REVIEW TESTS
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−
Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4+ → Zn2+ + 2MnO(OH) + 2NH3
Zn + Ag 2 O → ZnO + 2Ag
LiC6 + CoO2 → C6 LiCoO2
C6 LiCoO2 → LiC6 + CoO2
+
PbO2 + 2SO2−
4 + 4H + Pb → 2PbSO4 + 2H2 O
+
2PbSO4 + 2H2 O → PbO2 + 2SO2−
4 + 4H + Pb
393
394
SASTA STAGE 1 • CHEMISTRY WORKBOOK
’
𝑛𝑛
=
𝑛𝑛
=
𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁Cl−
𝑛𝑛Cl−
𝑛𝑛Cl−
𝑛𝑛Cl−
𝑚𝑚Cl−
𝑚𝑚Cl−
𝑚𝑚Cl−
79
35Br
=
=
=
=
=
𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀
11 x 10−3
22.99
4.78 x 10−4 mol
𝑛𝑛Cl− x 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
𝑁𝑁Cl−
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
3.22 x 1020
6.02 x 1023
5.35 x 10−4 mol
=
𝑛𝑛Cl− x 𝑀𝑀Cl−
=
1.90 x 10−2 g (0.0190)
=
5.35 x 10−4 x 35.45
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟
=
(A𝑟𝑟 (79
x %(79
) + (A𝑟𝑟 (81
x %(81
)
35Br)
35Br)
35Br)
35Br)
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟
=
79.90
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟
=
78.918 x 0.5069 + 80.916 x 0.4931