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飛 機 燃 油 系 統
Aircraft Fuel System
虎尾科技大學 飛機工程系
113年度 第一學期
授課教師：劉昇祥
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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 Aircraft Fuel Systems
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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 Airframe Fuel Systems
機體燃油系統
 Engine Fuel Systems
發動機燃油系統
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Reference
Training Material
 EASA Part-66 Cat. B1
– M11A 11.10 (Airframe fuel system)
– M15A 15.11 (Engine fuel system)
 FAA Handbooks and Manuals
– http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/
aircraft/
• FAA-H-8083-31 AMT Airframe Vol.2 (CH.14)
• FAA-H-8083-32 AMT Powerplant Vol.1 (CH.2)
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Class
Disciplines 課堂規範
 上課紀律:
– 教師連續兩節授課，中途不休息。(提早10分鐘下課)
– 學生於課堂進行期間，有任何離開教室需求時，
可逕自離席，不必請求授課教師許可。
– 學生於課堂進行期間，不可
• 趴桌面睡覺，或 從事與課堂無關之行為，影響旁人上課。
 師生互動
– 本課程非常重視學生的學習態度:
– 上課時常會提問，要求學生即席思索、回答相關問題。
– 除上課投影片大綱外，另外需要研讀四份輔助講義
（機體及發動機燃油系統）。
 成績評量方式
– 筆試 (問答題)
– 書面報告
– 課堂表現/出席狀況
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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AMTC-B1.1-M11A
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Module 11A
Licence Category B1
11.10 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Reference
Training Material
 Airframe fuel system
– EASA Part-66 Cat.B1 – M11A (11.10 – Fuel Systems– ATA 28)
– FAA-H-8083-31 AMT Airframe Vol.2 (CH.14)
• http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/
 Course lectures are uploaded from time to time to the
NFU e-Campus platform. 上課講義將不定時上傳至本校數位學習網
站。
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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COURSE
OUTLINES 課程綱要
 Airframe Fuel Systems (ATA 28) (M11A) 機體燃油系統
– Lecture 01
• Basic Fuel System Requirements
• General familiarization of Aviation Fuel
– Lecture 02
• Aircraft Fuel Systems Overview
– Lecture 03
• Construction and Components of Airframe Fuel System
– Lecture 04
• Aircraft Fuel System Operations
•
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Basic Fuel System Requirements
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Reciprocating
engines vs. Turbine engines
 Reciprocating engines (used on propeller aircrafts)
– Internal combustion engine ( 4-stroke / Otto cycle ) (gasoline)
– Multiple ignitions / Intermittent combustions
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Reciprocating
engines vs. Turbine engines
 Turbine engines (Jet engines)
– External combustion engine (jet fuel / turbine fuel)
– One-time ignition / Continuous combustions
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Steady and safe supply of fuel
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under any likely operating conditions
 Each fuel system must be constructed and arranged to
deliver fuel steadily and safely to the engine
under each likely operating condition.
在飛機任何可能的操作模式及環境下，燃油系統都必須能安全而穩定的
傳送燃油至飛機引擎內部。
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Correct fuel flow and pressure
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under different operations
 Each fuel system must be constructed and arranged to
ensure fuel flow at a designed rate and pressure for the
engine under operation.
在不同操作模式下，都要能提供正確的燃油流量及燃油壓力
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Elements
of a Fuel System
 In order to fulfill the regulatory requirements to endure that
fuel may be steadily and safely delivered to the engine,
Fuel systems typically contain the following elements:
– Fuel storage system (fuel tanks / refueling / defueling / fuel transfer)
– Fuel feed system ( fuel selectors / pressurization pumps )
– Fuel metering/control systems
– Fuel contaminant-avoiding system ( inlet screens / strainers / filters )
– Fuel indication systems
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Basic
Fuel System Requirements
 燃油系統在設計需要具備/達到以下基本功能及要求:
– 飛機必須具備能夠安全儲存燃油的裝置
• 油箱
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Fuel
System Independence 發動機供油系統的獨立性
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 Regulatory requirement:
EASA Certification Specification CS-25 ; EASA/FAR Part- 23 & 25
Each fuel system of a multi-engine aircraft must be
arranged in such a way that the failure of any one
component (except the fuel tank) will not cause more
than one engine to lose power.
供應給每一具發動機的燃油，都必須經由其專屬的燃油系
統(包括附件及管路) ，不得與供應給其他發動機的燃油系
統共用一套設備(油箱除外).
• 目的是為了確保 : 當某一個燃油系統附件故障時，
不致同時影響其它發動機的供油。
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Fuel
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System Independence 發動機供油系統的獨立性
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Air
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in the Fuel System
 Hot-Weather Performance【高溫操作特性】
– 當飛機場時間停放在地面，且週遭環境處於高溫狀態時，金屬管路
的溫度會更高，導致管路內部份的燃油可能揮發成氣體，聚集在管
路彎折處，形成所謂「氣鎖」
(vapor lock) 現象。
• Vapor lock 會降低fuel flow，甚至可能完全堵塞油路，造成引擎
供油中斷的嚴重後果。
– 為因應燃油系統可能產生的 vapor lock，法規要求:
• 航空用燃油的性質，在critical temperature以下時，任何操作情
況時，其揮發性不得大到足以產生vapor lock的現象。
◆ Turbine fuel 的critical temperature = 110 (430C) +5/-0 0F
◆ 飽和蒸氣壓≤ 7 Psi.
• Transport-type aircraft 的油箱，必須要有加壓燃油的裝置，排
除管路產生的vapor lock.
◆ 油箱底部出油口，通常都配備Fuel-boost pumps, 加壓輸出的燃油，以排
除管路可能產生的vapor lock.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Air
in the Fuel System
 Regulatory requirement for Fuel Interruption :
– Any unwanted air introduced into the fuel system must not …
燃油系統(管路)內部的空氣氣泡，不能導致妨礙引擎運作
• result in power interruption for more than 20 seconds
for a reciprocating engine
對往復式發動機而言，燃油供應的中斷不得超過20秒
• cause flameout of the turbine engine.
對渦輪式發動機而言，燃油供應的中斷導致引擎熄火
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Fuel
Flow (F/F) Requirements
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 For Reciprocating Engines
– with gravity-fed system
• at least 150% of T/O consumption of the engine
– with pressure-fed system
• at least 125% of T/O consumption of the engine
 For transport-Category Airplanes
– at least 100% of F/F required under any intended operation
 Fuel switching between fuel tanks
– For reciprocating engines , the fuel system must supply 75%
of max. continuous power to that engine after switching …
• in 10 seconds ( for natural single-engine)
• in 20 seconds ( for turbo-charged or multi-engine aircraft )
– For turbine engines：
• Must have appropriate manual switching capability
• Must provide automatic switching capability
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Fuel
Flow (F/F) Requirements
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 燃油系統必須確保能穩定供油至引擎
Assure a steady supply of fuel to the engine.
– Fuel Pumps
– Fuel Control Units
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Water
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in the Fuel System
 Operation Characteristics of Fuel at high attitudes
高空運作特性
– 飛機操作(飛行)的環境都在高空:
• 國內線通常飛航在高度20,000呎
• 國際線通常飛航在高度30,000-45,000呎以上
– 在高空時，周遭環境溫度極低 ( < -20C )
• 燃油溫度也會隨之降低
• 吸附在燃油內的水分，在自然情況下，會結冰形成許多小型冰晶，
沿著燃油管路匯集到Fuel Filters ，堵塞油路。
 Turbine aircraft 用的燃油，每一加侖的含水量，不得超過
0.75cc. ( @ 80F)
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Fuel
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Indication System
 燃油系統在設計需要具備/達到以下基本功能及要求:
– 燃油系統必須提供燃油存量的指示裝置
Provide a means of monitoring fuel quantity during flight.
• Fuel Quantity Indication System ( FQIS )
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Fuel
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Indication System
 飛機上常見 指示/警示燈號的涵義
– RED
• Warning Light
• 飛機發生警急飛安狀況，即使發生
在空中，
也必須立刻處置，排除故障，
否則會造成人、機的嚴重傷亡。
• 有時會伴隨警告聲響一併發出。
– AMBER
( 琥珀色 ) ( 實際顏色偏向橘黃色)
• Caution Light
• 提醒飛機裝備發生故障(或未啟動)，
• 若發生在空中，則毋須立刻處置，
只要在飛機落地後儘速排除故障。
– WHITE ( 實際顏色偏向淡黃色)
• 提醒飛機裝備已啟動，且功能正常。
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Fuel
Indication System
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 Fuel System 指示/警示燈號
– Fuel Quantity Indicator 燃油存量指示系統
• Fuel quantity LOW warning 低油量警示燈
– Fuel-Flow Transmitter 燃油流量表
• Must provide BYPASS function of the fuel flow in case of malfunction.
必須提供「旁通」的功能，以避免故障時堵塞油路
– Fuel Pressure Indicator ( for reciprocating engine only )
燃油壓力表
• Installed downstream of any fuel pump
安裝在fuel pump出口
• Fuel-Pressure Warning Light (amber & red )
有低油壓警示燈（ amber & red 各一）
– Fuel-Tank Selector Control 供油油箱選擇開關
– Each emergence control must be marked RED.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Lightening
Protection 【雷擊預防】
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Lightening
Protection 【雷擊預防】
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 The fuel system must be designed and arranged to
prevent ignition of fuel vapor within the system by direct
or swept lightening strikes.
 Fuel vapor cannot be ignited at fuel vent outlets.
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General Familiarization of
Aviation Fuel
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Fuel
load on aircraft weight
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 The weight of the fuel constitutes a good percentage of
the total weight of the aircraft.
– range from about 10% of the gross weight (for small personal
aeroplanes),
– to more than 40% of the gross weight
(for some business jet aircraft used on long overseas flights).
– A sufficiently strong airframe must be designed.
– Varying fuel weights and shifts in weight during flight must not
negatively affect control of the flight operation.
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Basic
Fuel System Requirements
 All powered aircraft require fuel on board to operate the
engine(s).
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Basic
Fuel System Requirements
 The type/grade of aircraft fuel must be matched to the
engine. 不同種類的發動機可能使用不同等級的燃油
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Aviation
Fuel 航空用燃油
 航空用燃油大致分為
– Reciprocating engine fuel
• 又稱為 Aviation gasoline (AVGAS)
– Turbine engine fuel
• 又稱為 jet fuel or kerosene.
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Aviation
Fuel 航空用燃油
 航空用燃油是從原油，經分餾法提煉而成.
 分餾法的原理，是根據不同油品的沸點不同，由低而高，
逐步蒸餾出沸點相近的燃油
– Gasoline
 Turbine Engine Fuel
 Diesel Fuel
 Furnace Fuel
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Characteristics
of Aviation Fuel
 Volatility 【燃油的揮發性】
– 航空用燃油是一種混合物，
組成的成分，各自有其不同的沸點，及飽和蒸氣壓。
– 航空汽油揮發性比車用汽油低。
 燃油的揮發性對於燃油系統的影響
– 若燃油揮發性不佳，可能導致:
•
•
•
•
•
hard starting,
引擎不易啟動
slow warmup,
引擎熱俥慢
poor acceleration,
引擎加速性差
uneven fuel distribution to the cylinders, 引擎各汽缸供油不平均
excessive crankcase dilution.
引擎汽缸內部污染
– 若燃油揮發性太快，可能導致:
• vapor lock.
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Vapor
Pressure Measurement of Aviation Fuel
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 Fuel evaporation 可能導致
管路中產生 vapor lock,
影響引擎正常的供油.
 Reid vapor pressure test
– 量測燃油飽和蒸氣壓的儀器
– Aviation gasoline 在110F (43C) 時，
飽和蒸氣壓不得超過 7 PSI ，
以減少vapor lock的產生機會。
 AVGAS 的飽和蒸汽壓
約介於5.5-7 PSI (@ 100F)
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Vapor
Lock Prevention
 預防Vapor Lock的方法
– 最常見者，是在Fuel Tank出口加裝boost pump.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
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Carburetor
Icing 【化油器結冰現象】
 Fuel在化油器內，經由Fuel Spary揮發成氣態的過程中，
可能產生結冰的現象，稱為 Carburetor Icing
– 常發生常溫下(於環境溫度在 30-40°C，甚至更高溫時)
– 燃油從液態轉變成氣態(Fuel Spary)的過程中，會從週遭環境吸熱，
導致週遭環境溫度降低，
– 當週遭環境溫度降低至0C以下時，空氣內含的水分就會開始結冰.
– 結冰的結果，可能導致Carburetor 內部氣動力特性改變，或卡死油
門連桿.
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Carburetor
Icing 【化油器結冰現象】
 解決Carburetor Icing 的方式－Carburetor Heating
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Fuel Detonation & Engine Knock
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【燃油爆震現象】
 Engine Knock
– If air-fuel mixture in a normal spark-ignition engine is heated or
compressed too much, then it will explode when ignited, or even
self-ignite before the ignition system sparks.
– This causes much higher pressures than engine components are
designed for.
– 因燃燒速率不均，作用在活塞面壓力不均勻，使活塞撞擊汽缸壁。
– 此一現象又被稱作 “Engine Knock"
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Fuel
Detonation & Engine Knock
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 Engine Knock 對汽缸的影響
– 導致cylinder head 溫度急遽升高,
– the piston or cylinder head 結構受損.
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Fuel
Detonation & Engine Knock
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 Causes of detonation include
– Incorrect (low-grade) fuel,
– Pre-ignition of the fuel (during the compression stroke) ,
– high engine temperature at high power settings, e.g. takeoff,
– extended operations with an extremely lean mixture, and
– operation at high revolutions per minute (rpm) with low airspeed.
 Resistance to fuel detonation
-- Using fuel with high Octane rating
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Octane Number / Octane Rating
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of Aviation Gasoline
 Octane Number / Octane Rating of Aviation gasoline
– Octane rating or octane number is a standard measure of the
performance of an engine on aviation gasoline to describe their
resistance to detonation.
– Octane numbers are based on a scale on which
• iso-octane (辛烷) is 100 (minimal knock), and
• heptane (庚烷) is 0 (bad knock).
– The higher the octane number, the more compression the gasoline
can withstand before detonating (igniting).
– Using a fuel with too low an octane rating can lead to pre-ignition
and engine knock.
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Octane Number / Octane Rating
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of Aviation Gasoline
 The octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine
and is defined by comparison with the mixture of
iso-octane and heptane that would have the same antiknocking capacity as the fuel under test:
– For example, a gasoline with octane rating of 80:
has the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of
80% iso-octane and
20% heptane .
– Octane numbers for some fuels
may be greater than 100.
( more knock-resistant than
pure iso-octane )
 The higher the octane number, the
more compression required
for fuel ignition
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Octane Number / Octane Rating
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of Aviation Gasoline
 Fuels with a higher octane rating are used in gasoline
engines that require higher compression ratios.
– because the air-fuel mixture is heated due to being compressed,
which may cause self-ignition before the ignition system sparks.
– Use of gasoline with lower octane numbers may lead to the
problem of engine knocking.
– Therefore, high compressibility of the fuel matters mainly for
gasoline engines.
 Fuels with lower octane numbers are ideal for diesel
engines
– because diesel engines do not compress the fuel, but rather
– compress only air and then inject the fuel into the air heated up by
compression.
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Octane Number / Octane Rating
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of Aviation Gasoline
 Aviation Gasoline 的等級可分為
– Avgas 80/87,
• has the same resistance to detonation as an 80% C8H18 and
20% C7H16 mixture
• 1加侖最大含鉛量為0.5克
• 只用於壓縮比非常低的引擎。
– Avgas 100/130
• 是一種高辛烷值的航空汽油，每加侖最大含鉛量為4克。
– Avgas 100LL. ( LL=Low Lead,低含鉛量)
• Rating 同Avgas 100/130，用於取代 Avgas100/130。
• 1加侖最大含鉛量為2克。
• 是現今最常用的航空汽油。
– 上述等級的第1/第2個數字，分別代表
fuel lean/ fuel rich 時燃油的Octane Number.
– 上述aviation gasoline 簡稱為 Avgas 80, 100,100LL.
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Fuel
Identification
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 Aviation gasoline中常會添加鉛
( 四乙基鉛 )
( Tetra Ethyl Lead,TEL)
– 加強燃油抗震爆性
– 潤滑Engine Valve, 防止汽缸內部積碳.
 依據法規，含鉛汽油必須作適當的染
色，以與無鉛汽油區隔.
– Avgas 80 is red,
– Avgas 100 is green, and
– 100LL is dyed blue.
 油管及加油嘴也必須作相同的顏色標
示。
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Characteristics of Aviation Fuel
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－Turbine Engine Fuels
 Gas turbine aircraft 使用比汽油熱含量更高的燃油，一般稱
之為” jet fuel” 或 “Turbine Fuel”.
 Jet fuels 無須染色。( 無色透明 )
– 但隨著原油的品質不同，或儲存時間的變長，可能呈現無色到淡琥
珀色。
 目前被使用的 turbine fuel 有以下2種
– JET A and JET A-1 煤油 ( kerosene ) 等級
– JET B ( 汽油和煤油的混合物，使用於軍機 )
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Volatility
of Fuel 燃油的揮發性
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 在常溫下，aviation gasoline 的揮發
性極強，通常油氣混合物的濃度太高
( fuel/air mixture may be too rich ),
以致無法點燃.
 JET-A的揮發性太低，油氣混合物的
濃度太低, 也無法點燃.
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Water
In Turbine Fuel 【水分對於渦輪引擎燃油的影響】
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 燃油中的水分，來自與空氣接觸時，水氣溶入燃油當中。
 在高空低溫時，燃油中的水會凝結成冰，堵塞fuel filter.
– 在Fuel filters 上/下游處分別安裝有「差壓指示器」( differential
pressure sensor ), 以提醒飛行員是否發生燃油結冰現象.
 防止燃油結冰的方法
– Fuel anti-ice additives
• can be added to the fuel tank,
usually during refueling.
• These are basically diethylene glycol
solutions that work as antifreeze.
• They dissolve in free water as it
comes out of the fuel and lower its
freezing point.
– 透過熱交換器加溫燃油，
可以預防燃油結冰.
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Water
In Turbine Fuel 【水分對於渦輪引擎燃油的影響】
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
 水分對燃油系統的另一個不利影響，
是提供了微生物 ( microbes )
滋生的環境，導致油箱腐蝕生銹，
損傷結構強度.
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Water
In Turbine Fuel 【水分對於渦輪引擎燃油的影響】
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 防止Turbine Engine Fuel 微生物滋長的措施:
– 避免飛機長時間停放，造成水沉澱在油箱底部。
– Drain油箱底部積水。
– 添加抗微生物藥劑。
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Check
for microbes in Fuel System
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Contaminant
Avoidance Systems
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 FAR Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards 適航標準
– Turbine aircraft 用的燃油，每一加侖的含水量，不得超過
0.75cc. ( @ 80F)
– 每一個油箱，在滿油位時，至少仍需保留 2% 空間.
(油箱有裝置通氣孔時，則無此限制。)
– Turbine Engine Aircraft 的每一個油箱，都必須配備通氣孔(vent)及
卸油口(drain)
– 每一個油箱，都必須配備 strainer，收集過濾固體雜質.
• Strainer 的位置，通常都在油箱供油口出口（或 boost pump出口）附近，且通
常是位於燃油系統的低點。
• Strainer的外型類似集水盃，底部有一卸油口(drain) ，維護人員會定期打開卸
油口，排除雜質。
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Contaminant
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Avoidance Systems
 燃油系統必須具備防止燃油污染的方法
– Fuel Filters  to trap contaminants
– Fuel Heaters  to prevent ice formation
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按一下以編輯母片標題樣式
END of Lecture 1
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