(Wanigasekara & Witharana, 2016)Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provides researchers with a way to identify different types of cell death—either necrosis or apoptosis. This technique relies on two components. The first, annexin V, is a protein that binds certain phospholipids called phosphatidylserines, which normally occur only in the inner, cytoplasm-facing leaflet of a cell’s membrane, but become “flipped” to the outer leaflet during the early stages of apoptosis. The second component is the DNA-binding dye molecule PI, which can only enter cells when their membranes are ruptured—a characteristic of both necrosis and late apoptosis. The AnnexinV-FITC kit uses annexin V conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to label phosphatidylserine sites on the membrane surface. Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. (Hasanzadeh et al., 2020)Hasanzadeh, A., Alamdaran, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company ’ s public news and information . January. Wanigasekara, J., & Witharana, C. (2016). Applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery and design an insight. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 10(1), 78–91. PILOCARPUS Synonyms Jaborandi, Arruda do Mato, Arruda brava, Jamguarandi, Juarandi. Biological Source The drug consists of the leaves of Pilocarpus jaborandi, belonging to family Rutaceae Geographical Source It is indigenous to South America and especially grown in Brazil also it is found in Venenzuela, Caribbean islands and Central America. History Dr. Coutinho in 1874 sent the plant to Europe from Pernambuco, hence the name Pernambuco jaborandi or Pilocarpus jaborandi. Later, Byasson in 1875 showed its alkaloidal nature and further Gerrard and Hardy isolated the main alkaloid pilocarpine. Characteristics The shrub grows from 4 to 5 feet high; the bark is smooth and greyish; the flowers are thick, small and reddish-purple in colour, springing from rather thick, separate stalks about 1/4 inch long. The leaves are large compound, pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet, with two to four pairs of leaflets. 211 pupil of the eye. Its principal use is as a powerful and rapid diaphoretic. It induces also free salivation and excites most gland secretions, some regarding it as a galactagogue. It is also used in ophthalmic practice in the treatment of glaucoma. 15.13. QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS Fig. 15.20 Pilocarpus jaborandi Chemical Constituents The drug contains imidazole alkaloids among, which pilo carpine is most important. Other alkaloids are isopilo carpine, pilocarpidine, pilosine, pseudopilocarpine and isopilosine. The range of total alkaloids in different species is between 0.5% and 1%. O O N N CH3 CHCH 32 Pilocarpine Chemical Test O O OH Pilosine 1. To the drug containing pilocarpine, small quantities of dilute sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, benzene and potassium chromate solution is added and shaken, organic layer gives bluish-violet colour and yellow colour appears in aqueous layer. Uses Pilocarpine is antagonistic to atropine, stimulating the nerve endings paralysed by that drug, and contracting the Atropine is a tropane alkaloid from the members of the Solanaceae family. It is present in Atropa belladona (Deadly Night shade), Datura stramonium (Thorn apple), and Hyoscy amus niger (Henbane), Other important solanaceous alka loids are hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), apoatropine,belladonine and norhyoscyamine. Atropine is an optically inactive laevorotatory isomer of hyoscyamine.
