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Gt*yHk}qJ?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div>In element notation, A is the<font color=""#e12727"">&nbsp;</font>{{c1::Mass number}}</div></div></div>""<div><img src=""Mass Number.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
F*wD?KVS7[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div><div>In element notation,&nbsp;Z is the {{c1::atomic number}}</div></div></div></div>""<div><img src=""Mass Number.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
u~D>YQO((?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Atomic weight}} is the <b>weighted average</b> of the masses of an element's <b>isotopes</b>"<div>Each mass is multiplied by the isotope's natural abundance</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Atomic Weight.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/atomic-weight-and-atomic-mass"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
et2^:UhGmACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe {{c1::Rutherford Model::... Model}} states that&nbsp;an atom is mostly empty space, with <i>electrons orbiting</i> a fixed, positively charged nucleus"<div><img src=""Rutherford Model.jpg""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/history-of-atomic-structure/v/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
BO__hG/>2&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryAccording to the {{c1::Bohr Model::... Model}}, electrons orbit the nucleus in <u>orbits</u> that have a set size and energy"<div><div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><img src=""Bohr Model.png"" /></font></div></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
qmjNqfwr*rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<div>The {{c1::Heisenberg&nbsp;Uncertainty Principle::... Principle}} states that it is <u>impossible</u> to know the momentum and&nbsp;position of an electron <u>simultaneously</u></div>"<div><img src=""Heisenberg.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
"x|IF)T6}-#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Hund’s Rule}} states that all orbitals must <i>first have one electron</i> before any orbital can obtain a second electron"<img src=""Hunds Rule.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
Mhb/:7$gA_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe {{c1::Pauli Exclusion Principle::... Principle}} states that no two electrons can share the<u> same four</u> <u>identical</u> <u>quantum numbers</u>"<div>That means, for paired electrons, one must be +1/2 spin and the other -1/2 spin</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Pauli Exclusion Principle.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
"xK>8!ce74#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryAvogadro’s Number =&nbsp;{{c1::6.022 × 10²³&nbsp;= 1 mol}}"<img src=""Avogadro's Number.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
AHT{_4+pK>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryPlanck’s Constant (h) =&nbsp;{{c1::6.626 × 10^-34&nbsp;J•s}}"<img src=""Plank's Constant.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
C)f)3f2$e5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistrySpeed of Light (c) =&nbsp;{{c1::3.0 × 10⁸&nbsp;m/s}}"<img src=""Speed of Light.png""><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/bohr-model-hydrogen/v/introduction-to-light"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
"k;.C-o#U6("Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the equation for <u>energy of a photon</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Light Energy Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =&nbsp;Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Light::Equations
JU]3t;f`0{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<i>Diamagnetic</i> materials are&nbsp;{{c1::repelled}}&nbsp;by an external magnetic field"<div>All electrons are <i>paired</i> and have opposing spins&nbsp;↑↓</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
rH(,4kGeRXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<u>Paramagnetic</u> materials are&nbsp;{{c1::pulled<font color=""#0d73ff"">&nbsp;</font>into}}&nbsp;an external magnetic field""<div>Contain one or more <u>unpaired</u> electrons with spin&nbsp;↑<span class=""Apple-tab-span"" style=""white-space:pre""> </span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Paramagnetism (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
A]]16|8fUMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryHe is {{c1::diamagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}"<div><img src=""Diamagnetic vs Paramagnetic.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
uMAB9PCDz+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryLi is {{c1::paramagnetic::diamagnetic or paramagnetic}}"<div><img src=""Diamagnetic vs Paramagnetic.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
cF~1kNp[.3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryQuantum number&nbsp;{{c1::n}} is the <i>principal</i> quantum number and gives the electron {{c1::<i>energy level</i> or&nbsp;<i>shell number</i>}}"<div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,&nbsp;the shell # matches the row of&nbsp;the periodic table</div></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Principal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
h2dSU:NcZkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryQuantum number {{c1::l}} is the <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number and gives the {{c1::<i>3D shape</i>&nbsp;(subshell)}}&nbsp;of an orbital"<div><div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Azimuthal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
t6@YlgU(=;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryQuantum number&nbsp;{{c1::m<sub>l</sub>}}&nbsp;is the <b>magnetic</b> quantum number and gives the orbital {{c1::sub-type}}"<div>Integers&nbsp;-l&nbsp;to&nbsp;+l</div><div><br></div><div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div><div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Quantum Number.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
c98h8x8$f`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryQuantum number&nbsp;{{c1::m_s}}&nbsp;is the <u>spin</u> quantum number and gives the {{c1::electronic spin}}&nbsp;of the electron"<div>+1/2 or -1/2</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Spin Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
Gq8wijmK=BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe maximum number of electrons in a single <i>energy level</i> in terms of <i>principal </i>quantum number =&nbsp;{{c1::2n²}}"Example: What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the second energy level?<div><br /></div><div>2n² =&nbsp;2(2²) = 8 electrons</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Electron Energy Level.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg1UKBJIgEQ"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
kq9A<w-?Z]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe maximum number of electrons&nbsp;in a single <i>subshell</i> in terms of the&nbsp;<i>azimuthal</i>&nbsp;quantum number =&nbsp;{{c1::4l&nbsp;+ 2}}The number of orbitals in a <i>subshell</i> = 2l + 1<div><br /></div><div>With a maximum of 2 electrons per orbital, the maximum number of electrons per <i>subshell</i> = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2</div><div><br /></div><div>Example: For the d <i>subshell</i>, we know the mathematical value for d is l = 2</div><div><br /></div><div>4l + 2 = 4(2) + 2 = 10 electrons at maximum in the d <i>subshell</i></div>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
u&v=5lKa}zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA/an {{c1::free radical}} is an atom or molecule with an <i>unpaired electron</i>"<div><img src=""Free Radical.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/free-radical-reaction-alkanes/v/free-radical-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
ES0iFvDJAYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div><img src=""S Orbital.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::0 = s orbital}}</div>""<img src=""S Orbital Complete (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
y88V98C!4~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""P Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::1 = p orbital}}</div>""<img src=""P Orbital Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
hNt!q:|+(`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""D Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::2 = d orbital}}</div>""<img src=""D Orbital Complete.png"" />&nbsp;<div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
y(xZ)m^L2sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""F Oribtal.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is {{c1::3 = f orbital}}</div>""<img src=""F Orbital Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
ljM?c>RJs9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Orbitals.png"" /><div><br /><div>Give the <u>principal</u> and <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number labels for the periodic table</div></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Periodic Table Orbitals Complete.png"" />}}</div>""<div><u>Principal</u>&nbsp;(n) quantum number = 1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><i>Azimuthal</i>&nbsp;(l) quantum number = &nbsp;0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/electron-shells-and-orbitals/v/periodic-table-groups"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers
intEVvF<clCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe {{c1::Aufbau Principle::... Principle}} states that electrons will <u>fill the lower energy</u> levels before moving to higher energy orbitals"<img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.43.35.png"" /><div><br />
<a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
lWg(vQU_(4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Alkali Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::alkali metals}}</div></div>""<div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
"N#u!1%X25G"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::alkaline earth metals}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
L/5dh@X(KbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::transition metals}}</div></div>""<div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
feKQ~No@F7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Post Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::post-transition metals}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
k}HR>4&m5zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Metalloids.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::metalloids}}</div></div>""<div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
ecE8G][&a6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table non metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::non-metals}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
N]d]Y}~qSWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Halogens.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::halogens}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
OyMYyrRy[{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Noble Gases.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::noble gases}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
Nx*/i~_=F]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Periodic Table Rare Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as {{c1::rare earth metals}}</div></div>""Lanthanides and Actinides<div><br /><div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table
Iphylr/!x^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Z<sub>eff</sub>}}&nbsp;is&nbsp;the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on <u>valence electrons</u>"<div>Z<sub>eff</sub>&nbsp;is&nbsp;always <b>less</b> than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the&nbsp;<i>shielding effect</i>&nbsp;from other electrons in the atom</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Z Effective Force (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvSmfgxCSNQ"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
uiG*,>{znZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div><div>What is the periodic trend for <u>effective nuclear charge</u>?</div></div><div><sub><br></sub></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Zeff Periodic Trend Complete.png"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvSmfgxCSNQ"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
pZ9nu!kn=aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Ionization energy}} is the amount of energy required to <i>remove</i> an electron"<img src=""Ionization Energy.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/ionization-energy-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
IAK&>lU=a(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div>What is the periodic trend for <b>ionization energy</b>?</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Ionization Energy Trend Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/ionization-energy-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
u773lZPFH?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Electron affinity}} is the amount of energy <u>released</u> when an electron is&nbsp;<i>added</i>&nbsp;to the atom"<img src=""Electron Affinity.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/electron-affinity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
NI^f{_Rk]ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div>What is the periodic trend for <i>electron affinity</i>?</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Electron Affinity Trend Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/electron-affinity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
un|V%,cu+FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Electronegativity}} is a measure of how strongly atoms <i>attract</i> electrons"<img src=""Electronegativity.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
Ivk=aq(%(.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div>What is the periodic trend for <u>electronegativity?</u></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Electronegativity Trend Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
O%8Mgvma(hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div>What is the periodic trend for <i>atomic size</i>?</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Atomic Size Periodic Trend Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/atomic-radius-trend"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
N.7&1/0:[~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<div><div>Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F</div></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Common Electronegativities Complete.png"" />}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends
ChTBeyizp6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA/an {{c1::covalent}} bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements"<img src=""Covalent Bonds.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/ionic-covalent-and-metallic-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
"D5m#c&L#?I"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<div>{{c1::Coordinate covalent}} bonds are when a single atom provides <b>both bonding electrons</b></div>"<div>Most often found in Lewis acid-base chemistry</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Coordinate Covalent Bonds (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzbGMJ4ZgEM"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
M|V%GO4J,CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Ionic}} bonds are formed by the <u>complete transfer</u> of valence electron(s) between atoms"Usually formed between an element with a&nbsp;<u>low ionization energy</u> and an&nbsp;element with a&nbsp;<i>high electron affinity</i><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Ionic Bonds.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/ionic-covalent-and-metallic-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
QWFX_}HkxhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Bond order}} refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond)"<div><img src=""Bond Order.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvk8yN4TzGc"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
"w#cc.z?]2K"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe greater the number of bonds (bond order) the {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} the bond strength and the {{c1::shorter::longer or shorter}} the bond"<div><img src=""Bond Order.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvk8yN4TzGc"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
C6fHA.9JOtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryNon-polar bonds have a △EN that is {{c1::less than 0.5}}"<img src=""Bond Types Delta EN Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
b8_>3&Rmr>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryPolar bonds have a △EN that is between {{c1::0.5}} and {{c1::1.7}}"<img src=""Bond Types Delta EN Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
MRM$t)8`HBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<i>Cations</i> are ions with a {{c1::positive}} charge"<font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cations vs Anions.png"" /></font><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-compounds/v/introduction-to-ions"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
"FOgyiTu#+C"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<u>Anions</u> are ions with a {{c1::negative}} charge"<font color=""#0d73ff""><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cations vs Anions.png"" /></font><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-compounds/v/introduction-to-ions"">Khan Academy Link</a></font>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
s3v:J,W)?ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Crystalline lattices}} are large, organized arrays of ions"Example: solid carbon<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Crystalline Lattices.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNKsbnH1vw8"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
qmoTrD2>o[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<b>Hydrogen bonds</b> are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements: {{c1::O, N and F}}"O-H, N-H, F-H<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Hydrogen Bond Graphic (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
"u{uh)U_N^#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<b>Van der Waals Forces</b> is a general term that includes&nbsp;{{c1::dipole-dipole}} forces and {{c1::London dispersion}} forces"<div><img src=""Van de Waals.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
lZ3)QTn_j,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Dipole-dipole}} forces are&nbsp;attractive forces between the <i>positive</i> end of one polar molecule and the <u>negative</u> end of another polar molecule"<div><img src=""Dipole Dipole.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
PEKMX[?CrhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::London dispersion}} forces are temporary attractive forces created when a <b>temporary</b> dipole <b>induces</b> a dipole in a neighboring molecule"The weakest intermolecular force<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""London Dispersion Forces.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
E{2l4ZweX4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Place in order of strength:<div><br /></div><div>hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 12.16.19.png"" />}}</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
"P*L#jN1XD5"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Sigma}} bonds are formed by&nbsp;<u>head-on</u> overlapping between atomic orbitals"<img src=""Sigma Bonds.png"" /><div><br />
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybridized-orbitals-and-sigma-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
N6r<E(<:EDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Pi}} bonds are formed by <i>lateral</i> (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals"The 2^nd and 3^rd bonds in double and triple bonds are pi bonds<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Pi Bonds.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitals"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
t|>}IdKKSxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Formal charge}} is the charge given to an <b>individual element</b> within a molecule"<img src=""Formal Charge.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/formal-charge-and-dot-structures"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
PKT44w}rdrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryGive the formula for formal charge<div><br /></div><div>Formal Charge = {{c1::valence electrons&nbsp;− dots − sticks}}</div>"<div>""<b>Dots</b>"" are nonbonding electrons&nbsp;</div><div>""<b>Sticks</b>"" are pairs of bonding electrons</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Formal Charge.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/formal-charge-and-dot-structures"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
x85:jeRahYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Hydrogen Bond (1).png""><br><div><br></div><div>O is the hydrogen bond {{c1::acceptor::acceptor or donor}}</div><div><br></div><div>N is the hydrogen bond {{c1::donor::acceptor or donor}}</div>""<div><div>The <i>acceptor</i>&nbsp;must possess a <i>lone electron pair</i></div><div>The <u>donor</u> is usually <u>strongly electronegative</u>&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydrogen Bond Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces
mw.O>hqu9JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is&nbsp;{{c1::180°}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
K&hV;NoR>&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe bond angle of an sp²&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;{{c1::120°}}"<div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
JtFA@PA[z7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe bond angle of an sp³&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;{{c1::109.5°}}"<div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
pDE/)iDR`>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryBond angles of an sp<sup>3</sup>d hybridized atom are&nbsp;{{c1::90°}} and {{c1::120°}}"<div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
nl=(VUTVK_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe bond angle of an sp<sup>3</sup>d<sup>2</sup> hybridized atom is&nbsp;{{c1::90°}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
xfY8[[amH6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryAn H<sub>2</sub>O molecule is a bent because&nbsp;{{c1::the&nbsp;lone pair of electrons repulse&nbsp;each other and push the H atoms away}}"<div><img src=""H2O Lewis Structure (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
C*Z74kd_rCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryAn {{c1::empirical}} formula is the <b>simplest</b>&nbsp;whole-number ratio of atoms"<div><img src=""Molecular Formula vs Empirical.JPG"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/empirical-molecular-formula/v/empirical-molecular-and-structural-formulas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds
PZ:Yc)/s68Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe {{c1::molecular}} formula shows the&nbsp;<i>exact&nbsp;number</i>&nbsp;of atoms&nbsp;of each element"<div>It is a multiple of the empirical formula</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Molecular Formula vs Empirical.JPG"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/empirical-molecular-formula/v/empirical-molecular-and-structural-formulas"">Khan Academy Link</a>
"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds
yrIK68OQHICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in {{c1::prokaryotes::eukaryotes or prokaryotes}} and contains {{c1::DNA}}"<div><img src=""Prokaryote.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/v/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
ul|roB$^g[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe nucleolus makes {{c1::ribosomes}}"<div><img src=""Nucleolus.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/the-nucleus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
l[$R0c2*>_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyPeroxisomes {{c1::break down}} material"<div><img src=""Peroxisome.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
t|NG/&kkvGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::rough::smooth or rough}} ER makes proteins from mRNA"<div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
M$&{S?5}v2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::smooth::smooth or rough}} ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation"<div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
nyzb`)XRtbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::Golgi Apparatus::organelle}} modifies and distributes proteins"Eukaryotes only<div><br /><div><img src=""Golgi Apparatus.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
d}[h:@sTnkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are&nbsp;{{c1::static}}&nbsp;structures"<div>The <u>contents</u> are <u>physically shuttled</u> from each cisterna to the next</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vesicular Transport (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
d3d@x^X~wKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae {{c1::evolve and mature}}"<div>The cis-Golgi matures and becomes the medial-Golgi, then eventually, the trans-Golgi</div><div><br></div><div>Vesicles move in <b>retrograde</b> motion</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cisternal Maturation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
qL?$K~@KL[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Lysosomes}} are the demolition and recycling center"<div>Made by <b>Golgi</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Lysosome.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
uJKx+8bK{=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of {{c1::microtubules}} and they pull {{c1::chromosomes}} apart"<div><img src=""Centriole (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
gb{6?:S8:2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::plasmid}} is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate&nbsp;from chromosomal DNA"<div>Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with <i>genetic advantages</i>, such as antibiotic resistance</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Plasmid.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-biotechnology/v/dna-cloning-and-recombinant-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell
ATp(C.<TiICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyMicrofilaments make up part of the cell's&nbsp;{{c1::cytoskeleton}}"
<div>Polymers of<font color=""#5fce19"">&nbsp;</font><i><b>actin</b></i></div><div><i><b><br></b></i></div><div><img src=""Microfilaments.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton
"M0}NBw2v#L"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyMicrotubules help the cell&nbsp;{{c1::resist}} compression&nbsp;forces"Made of&nbsp;<u>tubulin</u> proteins<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Microtubules (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton
K?1/~szHJBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple squamous}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
c<nL[<9?XMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue (1).jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple cuboidal}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
qVSH+V8C<OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::simple columnar}} epithelial tissue</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
z,Rli`_g4dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg""><div><br><div>This is an example of {{c1::pseudostratified columnar}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
wetl8CG1=MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified squamous}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
JrvZ|?0L&)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified cuboidal}}&nbsp;epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
B(|SwDz_qGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::stratified columnar}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
xSi_rKvF6qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Transitional Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::transitional}} epithelial tissue</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
nq`zt@xol:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyBone, cartilage,&nbsp;tendon, and blood are examples of&nbsp;{{c1::connective}}&nbsp;tissue"<div><img src=""Connective Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
A2n}1U&H(bCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyEpithelial tissue covers {{c1::internal}} and {{c1::external}} surfaces of the body"<div><img src=""Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Tissues
ta(j%eF`_|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Bacillus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::bacilli (rod)::shape}} bacteria</div>""<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
JdL$*&<KP=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Coccus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of {{c1::cocci (sphere)::shape}} bacteria</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
xipMP8:GRGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<img src=""Sprillus Bacteria Shape.png""><div><br><div>This is an example of {{c1::spirilla&nbsp;(spiral)::shape}} bacteria</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
kK/YF|3(dCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Obligate aerobes::type of microorganism}} require O<sub>2</sub>"<div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><sub><a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></sub></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
B3v+4Ww~2wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Obligate anaerobes::type of microorganism}} die in O<sub>2</sub>"<div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><sub><a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></sub></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
zN;J0}6^~YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Facultative anaerobes::type of microorganism}} toggle between aerobic and anaerobic"<div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
dQBuMlU)ujCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Aerotolerant anaerobes::type of microorganism}} do not use O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;but tolerate it"<div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
"w]#dLUv0Er"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Gram +&nbsp;is {{c1::<font color=""#ad52da"">purple</font>::color}} and has a {{c1::thick::thick or thin}} wall""<div>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b>/lipoteichoic acid</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Positive.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
E8Vm>VsrMoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Gram -&nbsp;is {{c1::<font color=""#ee7ec9"">pink / red</font>::color}} and has a {{c1::thin::thick or thin}} wall""Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Negative.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
P-]Q{TOr8?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Transformation}} is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment&nbsp;"<div>Griffith experiment with mice (<b>R strain safe</b>, <u>S strain deadly</u>)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Transformation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
Ls6L>JQhVmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an {{c1::conjugation bridge}}"<div><img src=""Conjugation 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
e.wAl(@AR~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Transduction}} is the transfer genetic material using&nbsp;a&nbsp;bacteriophage"<div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Transduction.png"" /></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br /></span></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
wmQldlj.(iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Transposons}} are&nbsp;DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome"This sometimes <b>creates</b> or <b>reverses</b> mutations<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Transposon (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
w0}1J%L.f!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::<b>inner</b>&nbsp;mitochondrial membrane::cellular component}}"<div><img src=""ETC in Mitochondria.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
hugsG9>svJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the {{c1::cell membrane::cellular component}}"<img src=""ETC in Prokaryotes.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5soSpVWMT8"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"x/&jqcJA*#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyEukaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::mitosis}}"<div><img src=""Mitosis (3).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
F5*r^=,p0]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyProkaryotic cells reproduce via {{c1::binary fission}}"<div><img src=""Binary Fission.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
B!&aSt]Uf8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Prions}} are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding"<div>Causes&nbsp;<b>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</b></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Prions.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
B5k%j}U)z6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Viroids}} are&nbsp;plant pathogens&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Viroids.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
Os6[!K!$e7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Bacteriophages}} are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA"<div><img src=""Bacteriophage.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
p2kv?89WywCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::capsid}} is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u>"<div><img src=""Capsid (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
y[CJd<U;Z_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Virions}} are individual virus particles that are found extracellular"<img src=""Virion.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
fUH.l)=|y!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Viral}} genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded"<img src=""Viral genomes.png"" /><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
bB(o)`S+a)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA {{c1::positive::positive or negative}} sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can&nbsp;be transcribed <b>directly</b> into DNA"<div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Positive and Negative Sense Strands of RNA.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQtJdiOUv0I"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription
e{8p_!~_r@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyRetroviruses are single stranded {{c1::RNA}}"<div><i>Reverse transcriptase</i> is needed to&nbsp;make DNA</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Retrovirus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/retroviruses"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
"g7#.l`5YI&"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>In a {{c1::lytic}} bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div>"<div>Viruses enter cells and use the cell to <i>make copies of themselves</i>, often destroying the cell in the process</div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Lytic vs Lysogenic (1).png"" /></font></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
rvESy6o@vuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyDuring the&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>1</sub>&nbsp;phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells synthesize&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b>"This is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis<div><br /></div><div>G1 stands for ""Gap 1""</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
OrLTxRav<{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA cell will enter&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;phase::cell cycle phase}} if it <b>does not</b> need to divide"<div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
GohdKP?E4:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyAt the&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>1</sub>}} checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide"<b>P53</b>&nbsp;is in charge<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg"" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href="""">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
KcDplh*ASoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyDNA is replicated in the {{c1::S phase::cell cycle phase}}"<div>S = <i>synthesis</i> phase</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
An{eT1*0ydCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn the&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;phase::cell cycle phase}}, cells grow and make&nbsp;<b>organelles</b>"<img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
"k|SV+]J#kr"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyAt the&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>2</sub>}}&nbsp;checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b>"<div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/stem-cells-and-cancer/a/cell-cycle-checkpoints-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
we|6js0cZICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Mitosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the&nbsp;{{c1::M phase::cell cycle phase}}"<div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
gyk&j}KjihCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Prophase}}</div><div>{{c1::Metaphase}}</div><div>{{c1::Anaphase}}</div><div>{{c1::Telophase}}</div></div>"<div>Acronym: PMAT</div><div><br /></div><div>Note: Interphase&nbsp;<i>precedes</i>&nbsp;mitosis, it is not part of mitosis</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /><div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
kV>qLv(?3xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyInterphase includes&nbsp;{{c1::G<sub>1</sub>, S, and G<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;phases::cell cycle phases}}"Phase where the cell spends most of its life<div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div></div>
<div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-the-cell-cycle-and-mitosis/v/interphase"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle
yeYFcLCL,6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn {{c1::prophase::mitosis phase}}, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and&nbsp;<u>microtubules</u> form"<div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
KRL?J.DnDiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn {{c1::metaphase::mitosis phase}}, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell"<div>Metaphase = ""meet in middle""&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<b>metaphase plate</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
bKZ6e_C}[2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn {{c1::anaphase::mitosis phase}}, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u>"Anaphase = ""<u>Apart</u>""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
B5Q/C&o5C<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn {{c1::telophase::mitosis phase}},&nbsp;<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>&nbsp;occurs"<div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
Owdvngi)@gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the {{c1::ploidy}} of a cell"<div><img src=""Ploidy (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/intro-to-cell-division/v/fertilization-haploid-diploid-gamete-zygote-homologous"">Khan Academy</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
n|wT3_Ms!oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Prophase I<div>Metaphase I</div><div>Anaphase I</div><div>Telophase I</div><div><div>Prophase II</div><div>Metaphase II</div><div>Anaphase II</div></div>Telophase II}}</div>"<div>PMAT x 2</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/rB_8dTuh73c"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis
BqL`tJqt:WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Nondisjunction}} is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate&nbsp;</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b>"<div>Results in <i>aneuploidy</i></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Mitosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/sex-linkage-non-nuclear-chromosomal-mutations/a/aneuploidy-and-chromosomal-rearrangements"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis
v~6_AI|gzBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Crossing over}} is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other"<div><div><img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis
Ds0<RjhI?}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyCrossing over occurs in {{c1::prophase I::meiosis&nbsp;phase}}"<img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis
gWsgbFB?ZeCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::The law of segregation}} states&nbsp;that two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring"<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Law of Segregation.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis
pEM-0R*VXcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe law of segregation occurs in {{c1::anaphase I::meiosis phase}}"<img src=""Law of Segregation 2.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis
b+R*`F]^VXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are {{c1::XX::XX or XY}}&nbsp;"<font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
v!Z^H>8f`DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are {{c1::XY::XX or XY}}&nbsp;"<font color=""#e12727""><font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></font>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
B2DkY{P[Z-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::X-linked recessive inheritance}}&nbsp;refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b>"<div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes
DZg+[Vid>5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;{{c1::will::will or will not}}&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;"<div><div>This is because males only have one X chromosome</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes
h4_mD%dZ|PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;{{c1::will not::will or will not}}&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp;"<div><div>Females have two X chromosomes, so the mutation is&nbsp;<i>carried</i>&nbsp;but <i>not expressed</i>. The normal X chromosome will be expressed because this is a <u>recessive trait</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes
h0Q<DW;-BSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::SRY gene::gene}} is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes for&nbsp;testicles"""Sorry you're a male""<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""SRY Gene.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/v/sex-linked-traits"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes
n`@*8Ts`A|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologySemen is a combination of {{c1::sperm}} and {{c1::seminal fluid}}"<img src=""Semen.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
wCdv&bd$gdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::bulbourethral gland}} makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
CesV+h;7h:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Seminal vesicles}} and the {{c1::prostate gland}} make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the&nbsp;<i>acidic</i>&nbsp;environment of the female reproductive tract</div>"<div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
O~`f6NoN]nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyPathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<div>SEVE(N) UP mnemonic</div><div>}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Seven Up Mnemonic.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4nEzMxgZaA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
zM@M<4f5Z<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::ovaries}} have follicles that produce ova"<div><img src=""Ovary.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/the-ovarian-cycle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
Is4jq[nF^kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Oogenesis}} is the production of female gametes&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Oogenesis (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
ju,uOt[z-?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Estrogen::Hormone}} <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall"<div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone <u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Estrogen</b> responds to <b>FSH</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
gYbl!kM^CXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Progesterone}} <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium"<div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone&nbsp;<u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><u>Progesterone</u> responds to <u>LH</u></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyT6IJb6Wbk"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
G,40P~cON<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Female egg pathway:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Egg Pathway (1).jpg"" />}}</div>""<div>Note: If <i>unfertilized</i>, the egg will leave through the cervix and vagina, otherwise it implants into the uterus as an <u>embryo</u></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction
ws@6?>j7RhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Luteinizing Hormone (LH)}}&nbsp;<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div>"<img src=""LH.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FFFYnr-69w"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
IR?[w~kUE5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>GnRH</b> stimulates the&nbsp;anterior pituitary&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>{{c1::FSH}}</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>{{c1::LH}}</b>"<div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
lwIadKRP0XCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyFertilization occurs in the {{c1::fallopian tube}}"<div><img src=""Fertilization.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilization"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
AhFf1^y3^VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::morula}} is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b>"<img src=""Morula.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
I)u/$9!f|PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::blastula}}&nbsp;is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining"<img src=""Blastula.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
J~6XT,n}q]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Ectoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus"<div>“Atract-oderm”: Skin and hair are things people are <i>attracted</i> to</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
C0r4_@Y(izCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mesoderm::Germ layer}} develops into&nbsp;<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex"<div>“Move-oderm”: Involved in <u>moving things</u> such as muscles, RBC, steroids</div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
ugA-f$tAzpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Endoderm::Germ layer}} develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach"<div>“In-doderm”: Things that are <b>inside</b></div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
6zbkV,v6hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe CNS and PNS derive from the {{c1::ectoderm::germ layer}}"<div><img src=""Ectoderm Path.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
g%!F5S>9r1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Totipotent}} stem cells&nbsp;have the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body"<div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
NPf3WtuCVCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Pluripotent}} stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i>"<div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
Df,nr38|]RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Multipotent}} stem cells can&nbsp;develop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types"<div>Most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
Cb5MY8b&TmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a {{c1::greater::greater or lesser}} affinity for O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin"<div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglobin.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
vj@Q,hK`MhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyBlood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is {{c1::deoxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}"<img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
N;zQrm~5KTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyBlood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is {{c1::oxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}"<img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
b+7PU5ME!mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyFraternal twins are {{c1::dizygotic}}"<img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
Fy0Epl?g0TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentical twins are {{c1::monozygotic}}"<img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
NJU%%<WmzbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cell determination}} is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell&nbsp;"<img src=""Cell Determination.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
GZ=_Z9_(KrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cell&nbsp;differentiation}} is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell"<div><img src=""Cell Differentiation.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
"c#XN[UTP=V"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Induction}} is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells"<div>Mediated by&nbsp;<b>inducers</b>, which are commonly <b>growth factors</b></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""Induction.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
gU,g)$DHHBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Autocrine signaling}} is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u>"<div><img src=""Autocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
MFh%<S1~`!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Paracrine}} signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i>"<div><img src=""Paracrine (4).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
s*VC=iX`aiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Juxtacrine}} signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b>"<div><img src=""Juxtacrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
"iE#WIB`nT;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Endocrine}} signaling&nbsp;releases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body"<div><img src=""Endocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
"p!#aD-@)Y#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::shunt}} is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another"<div>Example: Shunt vessels connect an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Shunts (1).png"" /><div><br /><div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/cyanotic-heart-diseases/v/shunting-in-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
va1cZfjE08Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Patent Foramen Ovule}}&nbsp;is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i>"In the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Patent Foramen Ovale (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Development
ul7QaWAB%qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::Patent ductus arteriosus}} is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u>"It connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Ductus Arteriosus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Development
N!~Y3j%J!HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glycine}}</div>""<div>Gly, G</div><div><div>Hydrophobic</div></div><div><br></div><div>The only amino acid that is <i>not chiral</i></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
uQ,<[YV1cqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Alanine.png""><div><br><div>This amino acid is&nbsp;{{c1::Alanine}}<br></div></div>""<div>Ala, A<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
h=iMnH8lG3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Valine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Valine}}<br></div>""<div>Val, V<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
G_$4*C]Fp<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Leucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Leucine}}<br></div>""<div>Leu, L<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
"lheOtn.#)]"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Isoleucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Isoleucine}}<br></div>""<div>Ile, I<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
t1`Feg!Y3JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Methionine.png""><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Methionine}}<br></div>""<div>Met, M<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains a <u>thioether</u> group</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
G)7%T*OUaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Proline.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Proline}}<br></div>""<div>Pro, P<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Typically found in <b>β-pleated sheets</b> at the turns</div><div><br></div><div>""<i>Kinky</i>""</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
y0oNC?gyEjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Phenyalanine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Phenylalanine}}<br></div>""<div>Phe, F<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic, can <b>absorb UV light</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
r5ja.oC}D6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Tryptophan.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Tryptophan}}<br></div>""<div>Trp, W<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic</div><div>Contains the <i>indole</i> group</div><div>Emits <u>fluorescent light</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
"eEj@leUg#+"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Serine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Serine}}<br></div>""<div>Ser, S<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
c5)Sjt/$ViCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Threonine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Threonine}}<br></div>""<div>Thr, T<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
I6!]G%5JqGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Tyrosine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Tyrosine}}<br></div>""<div>Tyr, Y<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic</div><div><br></div><div><div>Tyrosine&nbsp;is the precursor to&nbsp;<i>catecholamines</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenylanlanine to Epinephrine.jpg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
QGbPfi>|F|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Cysteine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Cysteine}}<br></div>""<div>Cys, C<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
lk6TEkt0WECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Asparagine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Asparagine}}<br></div>""<div>Asn, N<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
nMU?/X4P-&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glutamine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamine}}<br></div>""<div>Gln, Q<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
Nu49_]FC[BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Lysine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Lysine}}<br></div>""<div>Lys, K<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
r1B?Qu,!/cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Arginine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Arginine}}<br></div>""<div>Arg, R<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains the&nbsp;<b>guanidinium</b> group<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
"F(?o(}#gRL"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Histidine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Histidine}}<br></div>""<div>His, H<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains the <u>imidazole</u> group<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
s%gI!h;&d<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Aspartate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Aspartate}}<br></div>""<div>Asp, D<br></div><div>Negatively Charged</div><div>Acidic</div><div><br></div><div>Related to Asparagine<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
kJX,%[fk^%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glutamate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is {{c1::Glutamate}}<br></div>""<div>Glu, E<br></div><div>Negatively Charged</div><div>Acidic<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
A%$*7D`P<HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Indole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the {{c1::indole}} group<br></div>""<div>Found in <b>Tryptophan</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
r&I}?mVSE[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Imidazole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the {{c1::imidazole}} group</div>""<div>Found in <u>Histidine</u></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
cge(/l5U|ECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Guanidinium.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the {{c1::guanidinium}} group</div>""<div>Found in <i>Arginine</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
O{p3n64mV{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Amino acids</i>&nbsp;are simple organic compounds containing both a/an {{c1::carboxyl&nbsp;(—COOH)}} group and a/an {{c1::amino&nbsp;(—NH<sub>2</sub>)}}&nbsp;group"<div><img src=""Amino Acid 1 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/amino-acid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
cTIA|G[2LVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycine}} is the only&nbsp;amino acid that is <i>not</i> <i>chiral</i>"<div><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Glycine.png""></b></div><div><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></b></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></b></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
KE=`@~0QdTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is {{c1::L}}&nbsp;"<div><div><img src=""All Amino Acids Are L Config.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
Dukwk>PXvVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><u>All chiral amino acids</u> except cysteine have {{c1::(S)}}&nbsp;configuration</div>"<div><img src=""L Configuration.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddVGGlPyRP0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
z*w/9:je]SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>L</b> and <b>D</b> indicate&nbsp;{{c1::relative}}&nbsp;configuration<div><br></div><div><i>S</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>R</i>&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;{{c1::absolute}}&nbsp;configuration</div>"<div><img src=""R and S vs D and L.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
wuru_0HW1]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Amphoteric</i> molecules can act as either a/an {{c1::base}}&nbsp;or a/an&nbsp;{{c1::acid}}"<div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHWNeIL1Cbg"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases
&O=,nktvUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe pH at which&nbsp;<i>half&nbsp;of the species is&nbsp;deprotonated</i> is called the {{c1::pK_a}}"[HA] = [A-]<div><br></div><div><img src=""Titration Curve of Acetic Acid.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/ka-and-pka-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
D3R68y2~RtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA <u>low</u> pH will cause amino acids to be {{c1::full protonated}}"<div><img src=""Effect of pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j0796RPGtI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
"fLZ>g=$#vJ"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Isoelectric point}} is the&nbsp;<i>pH</i>&nbsp;at which an amino acid is in&nbsp;<u>zwitterion</u>&nbsp;form"<div>The charges cancel out to make a neutral molecule</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isoelectric Point.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions"">Khan Academy Link</a><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
JFa]3K<*]NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::zwitterion}} is when <b>all charges cancel out</b>, so the molecule is&nbsp;neutral"<div><img src=""Zwitterion 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
l0w<6n$?/<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div>The isoelectric point formula when there is <u>no side chain</u> is:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""pI No Side Chain.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
d{H@E(KnsTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<b>neutral side chain</b> is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""pI Neutral Side Chain.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
cht2E+/SKZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<u>basic&nbsp;side chain</u> is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""pI Basic Side Chain.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
hd6;%*kgb}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The isoelectric point formula when there is an&nbsp;<i>acidic side chain</i> is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""pI Acidic Side Chain.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
y@3<u?>w2qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAt the <u>midpoint</u> of a titration, the pH = {{c1::pK_a}}"<div><img src=""Titration Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r20BiheYBSc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
kix2{=+)ooCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAt the <i>equivalence point</i> of a titration, pH = {{c1::pI}}"<div><img src=""Titration Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/titrations-and-solubility-equilibria/a/acid-base-titration-curves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
N+ym$53uoaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::1°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the linear<i> sequence of&nbsp;amino acids</i>&nbsp;in a peptide"<div>Stabilized by&nbsp;<i style="""">peptide bonds</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amino Acid Sequence (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
IB_r1&QJxBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>local folding</b> of neighboring amino acids including&nbsp;<i>α-helices</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>β-pleated sheets</u>"<div>Stabilized&nbsp;by <b style="""">hydrogen bonding</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
fZumSP|^gBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::3°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the&nbsp;<u>3-D shape</u>&nbsp;of a single polypeptide chain"<div>Stabilized by <u>hydrophobic interactions</u>, acid-base&nbsp;interactions, hydrogen-bonds, and disulfide bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Tertiary Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
jWcbi{%DMLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::4°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>interaction between peptides</b> in proteins that&nbsp;contain multiple subunits"<div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div>The&nbsp;4° structure of hemoglobin:</div><div><img src=""Hemoglobin Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
JeQMaLN{)&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::α-helices}} are clockwise <b>coils</b> around a central axis and are a common {{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure"<div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
NI!)j_qE51Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::β-pleated&nbsp;sheets}} are <u>rippled strands</u> that can be parallel&nbsp;or antiparallel and are a common&nbsp;{{c1::2°::1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°}} protein structure</div>"<div><u>Proline</u> is typically found at the turns in&nbsp;β-pleated&nbsp;sheets<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
k(f{4:;*9LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Proline::Amino acid}} has a&nbsp;<i>rigid cyclic structure</i>&nbsp;and can&nbsp;<b>interrupt</b> <b>2°</b>&nbsp;<b>protein</b>&nbsp;<b>structure</b>"<div>Proline is ""kinky""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proline in Beta Turn.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/amino-acids-peptides-proteins-5d/v/special-cases-histidine-proline-glycine-cysteine"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
icvB|Is(!QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"{{c1::Denaturation}} is when a protein (or nucleic acid)<b style="""">&nbsp;l</b><b style="""">oses its&nbsp;4°,&nbsp;3°, and&nbsp;2°&nbsp;structures</b>&nbsp;due to breaking non-covalent interactions&nbsp;""<div><img src=""Denaturation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/conformational-stability-protein-folding-and-denaturation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
xy))w@I<BsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The {{c1::hydrophobic effect}} pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a&nbsp;protein, which&nbsp;{{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} <i>entropy</i>&nbsp;of the surrounding&nbsp;water molecules<br></div>"<div>When multiple <b>hydrophobic molecules</b> are in water, the molecules group together spontaneously</div><div><br></div><div>The <u>combined</u> molecules have <u>less surface area</u> touching water so fewer water molecules are needed to interact with the hydrophobic surface</div><div><br></div><div>This means <i>more water molecules can roam freely</i> which is an <i>increase</i> in entropy<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydrophobic Effect.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfZL0tmcIPM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
c;>g!&gdzkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Disulfide bonds}} occur when <u>two&nbsp;cysteine&nbsp;molecules</u> are oxidized and&nbsp;create a covalent bond between their thiol groups"<div>This forms&nbsp;<u>cystine</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Disulfide Bond.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/tertiary-structure-of-proteins"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
nlr^2Dx3YpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Conjugated proteins}} are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids <i>combined</i> <i>with other substances</i>"<img src=""Conjugated Protein (1).png""><br>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
obmT{PE$6jCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::prosthetic group}} is the <b>attached molecule in a conjugated protein</b> and can&nbsp;be a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, or&nbsp;nucleic acid"<div><img src=""Conjugated Protein (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO2DvzAvnPY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
ystW5lIY62Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Peptide Bonds.png""></div><div><br></div><u>Peptide bonds</u> link the&nbsp;{{c1::α-carboxyl&nbsp;group::... group}} of one amino acid to the&nbsp;{{c1::α-amino&nbsp;group::... group}} of the next amino acid""<div><img src=""Polypeptide Sequence.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/peptide-bond-formation-and-cleavage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
l!Tcf&LbJhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Enzymes}} are reusable&nbsp;<b>catalysts</b> that are&nbsp;<u>unchanged&nbsp;by the reactions&nbsp;they catalyze</u>"<div>Catalyze both the forward and reverse reactions<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enzyme.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enzyme Free Energy.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/v/enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
cFj~|7jr&VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Exergonic</i> reactions {{c1::release::require or release}} energy"<div>-∆G&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/endergonic-exergonic-exothermic-and-endothermic-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
"F=OzR#NHA`"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Endergonic</u>&nbsp;reactions {{c1::require::require or release}} energy"+∆G<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/endergonic-exergonic-exothermic-and-endothermic-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
Kxbut+M@ARCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::oxidoreductase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes&nbsp;<i>REDOX</i> reactions that involve the transfer of electrons"<div><img src=""Oxidoreductase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
JwYWUX4>$;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::transferase::type of enzyme}} <b>moves a functional group</b> from one molecule to another<br></div>"<img src=""Transferases.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
Hrq;GxvwB=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::hydrolase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage <u>with the addition of H<sub>2</sub>O</u>"<img src=""Hydrolases.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
rEV,*tl-RNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::lyase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes cleavage without the addition of<i> H<sub>2</sub>O</i> and&nbsp;without the transfer of<b> electrons</b></div>"<img src=""Lyases.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
f4r!(YlJ}FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::isomerase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the <i>interconversion of isomers</i></div>"<img src=""Isomerase.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
g:v5|FLP$gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::ligase::type of enzyme}} <b>joins two large biomolecules</b>, often of the same type"<img src=""Ligase.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
Ia]6zFq~f$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::lipase::type of enzyme}} catalyzes the <i>hydrolysis of fats</i></div>"<div><img src=""Lipase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/overview-of-amino-acid-metabolism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
oBA(MZ&zhPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::kinase::type of enzyme}}&nbsp;<i>adds</i><b> </b>a phosphate group <b>from ATP</b> to a substrate"<div><img src=""Kinase and Phosphatase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kinase Meme (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
c*5!c!|R<ECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::phosphatase::type of enzyme}}&nbsp;<u>removes</u> a phosphate group"<div><img src=""Kinase and Phosphatase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
e+eadIPZeDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::phosphorylase::type of enzyme}} <i>adds</i> a phosphate group from an <u>inorganic phosphate</u>&nbsp;like HPO<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;to a substrate</div>"<div><img src=""Phosphorylase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W11XV-_tI04"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
h<7h=e-YScCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA&nbsp;<b>Michaelis-Menten</b> curve is {{c1::hyperbolic::shape}}"<div><img src=""Michalis Menten Curve (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
gv?`x]k~QkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"{{c1::K_m}}&nbsp;is the <u>substrate concentration</u> that gives you a reaction<i> </i>rate that is<i>&nbsp;halfway to V<sub style="""">max</sub></i>""<div><img src=""Km and Vmax.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
mCL8aF/M:KCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::V_max}}&nbsp;is the <b>maximum rate</b> at which an enzyme can catalyze a&nbsp;reaction"<div>This is when <u>all enzyme active sites are&nbsp;saturated</u> with substrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><div>_{<img src=""Km and Vmax.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
E@JfOSQrhjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div>The <b>Michaelis–Menten equation</b> is:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Michalis Menten Equation.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/steady-states-and-the-michaelis-menten-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
"fwXzKVAF;#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Cooperative</b> enzymes display a {{c1::sigmoidal::shape}} curve</div>"Sigmoidal because of the change in&nbsp;activity following initial substrate binding<div><br></div><div><img src=""Cooperative Binding Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/cooperativity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
PLEn%$N<0yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Cooperative binding}} is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A <i>changes the binding affinity</i> of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind"<div>Results in a sigmoidal curve</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cooperative Binding Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/cooperativity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
J9=s<]KH0rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::active site::part of enzyme}} is the <i>site of catalysis</i>"<div><img src=""Enzyme.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/v/enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
qB5~XN|m>WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::lock and key theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate are <u>exactly complementary</u>&nbsp;and fit together like a key into a lock"<img src=""Lock and Key Model.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/qO2DvzAvnPY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
kS6qCHaHCqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::induced fit theory::... theory}} states that the enzyme and substrate undergo <i>conformational&nbsp;changes</i>&nbsp;in order to interact fully"<div><img src=""Induced Fit (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-catalysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
xQIU|ptwEPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::cofactor}} is a <i>metal cation</i>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes"<div><img src=""Cofactor and Coenzyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitamins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
D6E,ISGfDoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::cofactor or coenzyme}} is an <b>organic molecule</b>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes<br>"<div><img src=""Cofactor and Coenzyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitamins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
"vb6/#[;<2l"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"{{c1::Feedback inhibition::... inhibition}} of an enzyme is when an enzyme is <i style="""">inhibited</i> by high levels of a <b>product&nbsp;from later in the&nbsp;same pathway</b>""<div><img src=""Feedback Inhibition.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKiXfqaWNHI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
e65S_W^}MbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><div>A/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} <i>binds at the&nbsp;active site</i>&nbsp;and thus prevents the&nbsp;substrate from binding&nbsp;</div></div>"<div>Can be overcome by adding more substrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/competitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
k5Cn-vr6utCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} binds only with the&nbsp;<u>enzyme-substrate&nbsp;complex</u></div>"<div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
cvtxb?KefECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}} <b>binds at the&nbsp;allosteric site</b>, away from the active site"<div>It does <i>not</i> prevent the substrate from&nbsp;binding to the active site<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/noncompetitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
J2&i^YSt>JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <i>competitive inhibition</i>:<div><br></div><div>V_max: {{c1::has no change}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::goes up}}</div>"<div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/competitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
q>d<?);H^dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn&nbsp;<u>uncompetitive inhibition</u>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: {{c1::goes down}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::goes down}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
nn-lZS/cUtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn&nbsp;<b>noncompetitive inhibition</b>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: {{c1::goes down}}</div><div>K_m: {{c1::has no change}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/noncompetitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
BwQfw>X:etCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Lineweaver Burk.png""><div><br><div><u>Lineweaver-Burk Plot</u>:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>X-intercept = {{c1::-1/K_m}}</div><div>Y-intercept = {{c1::1/V_max}}</div><div>Ratio indicated by the slope = {{c1::K_m/V_max}}<br></div></div>""<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Complete.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0&quot;"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
gsnV,o<z}iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Competitive .png""><div><br></div><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::competitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}</div>""<img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
PeJU<zjB5oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Uncompetitive.png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::uncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}</div></div>""<img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
i=Z$XLD-urCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Noncompetitive .png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an {{c1::noncompetitive inhibitor::... inhibitor}}</div></div>""<img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
Gwkp1KGmEiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryLineweaver-Burk plots are described as <b>double reciprocal</b> plots because the <i>X-intercept</i> is {{c1::-1/K_m}} and the <u>Y-intercept</u> is {{c1::1/V_max}}; both of them reciprocals"&nbsp;<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Double Reciprocal.png""><div><br><div><img src=""Lineweaver Burk Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
gHwWhL0o8wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>An <i>irreversible inhibitor</i>&nbsp;is any inhibitor that&nbsp;{{c1::covalently binds}}&nbsp;to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity</div>"<div><img src=""Irreversible Inhibition.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixDdTbeby6s"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
r%%/%F[kG4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"{{c1::Suicide inhibition::... inhibition}} is an irreversible form of enzyme&nbsp;inhibition&nbsp;that occurs when an enzyme binds a <i>substrate analog</i> and forms an <u style="""">irreversible complex</u>""<div><img src=""Suicide Inhibitor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1uq9AXwo5Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
us3KA<~0;sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::allosteric effector::... effector}} binds at the <i>allosteric site</i> and induces a change in the&nbsp;conformation of the enzyme so the&nbsp;<b>substrate can no&nbsp;longer bind&nbsp;to the active site</b>"<div><u>Positive Effectors</u>: Activity goes <u>up</u><br></div><div><i>Negative Effectors</i>: Activity goes <i>down</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Allosteric Effector.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loops"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
"Ic!Yq_&#;Z"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::homotropic effector::... effector}} is an allosteric regulator that&nbsp;is <u>also the</u>&nbsp;<u>substrate</u>"<div>Example:&nbsp;O₂ is a homotropic allosteric regulator of hemoglobin<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Homotropic Effector.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn7coZMUv6c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
J?hU+>8un5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::heterotropic effector::... effector}} is an allosteric regulator molecule that is&nbsp;<i>different from the&nbsp;substrate</i>"<div><img src=""Homotropic Effector.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn7coZMUv6c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation
s$h<PE)Xj?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Phosphorylation}}&nbsp;is the chemical <u>addition</u> <u>of a phosphoryl group</u> (PO₃^-) to an organic molecule"<div><img src=""Phosphorylation.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHJexIQbHvc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
Gk*smpx7{;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycosylation}} is the chemical <b>addition of a carbohydrate</b>"<div><img src=""Glycosylation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/protein-modifications"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
rsxW5:-`S*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Zymogens}} are <b>precursors to an enzyme</b>"<div><img src=""Zymogen.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/covalent-modifications-to-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
yq{cs2=~;;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <u>Michaelis-Menten</u>&nbsp;reaction scheme is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Michaelis Menten Reaction Scheme.jpg"">}}</div>""<div><b>E</b> = <b>enzyme</b></div><div><br></div><div><u>S</u> = <u>substrate</u></div><div><br></div><div><i>ES</i> =&nbsp;<i>enzyme-substrate complex</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>K<sub>1</sub></b>&nbsp;= the <b>binding of the enzyme to the substrate</b> forming the enzyme substrate complex</div><div><br></div><div><u>K<sub style="""">2</sub></u> = the <u>catalytic rate</u>; the catalysis reaction producing the final reaction product and regenerating the free enzyme. This is the rate limiting step.</div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVDxNal06zM"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics
CITTX6w*VVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Structural proteins::.. proteins}} compose the&nbsp;<b>cytoskeleton</b>,&nbsp;<b>anchoring proteins</b>, and&nbsp;much of the&nbsp;<b>extracellular matrix</b>"<div>The most common&nbsp;structural proteins are:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><u>Collagen</u></div><div><u>Elastin</u></div><div><u>Keratin</u></div><div><u>Actin</u></div><div><u>Tubulin</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Structural Proteins.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5Xr8IhGYm0&quot;"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
fI2Dqaj%q/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Motor proteins::... proteins}} convert chemical energy into <i>mechanical work</i> by the hydrolysis of ATP"<div>Common&nbsp;applications include:</div><div><br></div><div><b>Muscle contraction</b></div><div><b>Vesicle movement</b></div><div><b>Cell motility</b></div><div><br></div><div>Examples include:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Myosin</i></div><div><i>Kinesin</i></div><div><i>Dynein</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Motor Protein.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/non-enzymatic-protein-function"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
p|qNl?I.:0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::binding protein::... protein}}&nbsp;is any&nbsp;protein&nbsp;that acts as an agent to&nbsp;<b>bind&nbsp;two or more molecules together</b>"Examples include:&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><u>DNA-binding protein</u></div><div><u>Single-strand&nbsp;binding protein</u></div><div><u>Telomere-binding protein</u><br></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><img src=""DNA Binding Protein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
KGFuv+yW~ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Cell Adhesion&nbsp;Molecules}} allow cells to <i>bind to other cells or surfaces</i></div>"<div><img src=""Cell Adhesion Molecules.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kybc4jJ3xoE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
G{(q/uOLYwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Cadherins::Type of proteins}} are calcium dependent glycoproteins that&nbsp;<u>hold similar cells together</u>"<div><img src=""Cadherins.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/cytoskeleton-junctions-and-extracellular-structures/a/cell-cell-junctions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
zyohWb{;s9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Integrins::Type of proteins}} have&nbsp;two <u>membrane-spanning chains</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;permit cells to <b>adhere to proteins</b> in the extracellular&nbsp;matrix"<img src=""Integrin.png""><div><br><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/cytoskeleton-junctions-and-extracellular-structures/a/the-extracellular-matrix-and-cell-wall"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
"vK{Z|tB.#)"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Selectins::Type of proteins}} allow cells to <i>adhere to carbohydrates</i> on&nbsp;the surfaces of other cells and are most commonly&nbsp;used in the <b>immune system</b>"<img src=""Selectins.png""><div><br><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiJ_tcQJUwM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
"m#XQNYg]J"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Antibodies}} are used by the immune system to&nbsp;target a specific&nbsp;<i>antigen</i>, which may be a protein on&nbsp;the surface of a <b>pathogen or a toxin</b>"<div>Antibodies are also known as <u>immunoglobulins</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Antibody (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
bZySbU)e6oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Ion channels}}&nbsp;are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the <i>passage of&nbsp;ions</i>&nbsp;from one side of the membrane to the other<br>"<div>Examples of ion channels include:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Ungated channels&nbsp;(always open)<br></u></div><div><div><u>mechanically-gated channels</u></div><div><u>voltage-gated channels</u></div><div><u>ligand-gated channels</u></div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Ion Channels.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
nv&T@R[-@vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Ungated</b> ion channels are {{c1::always::sometimes or always}} open"<div><img src=""Ungated Ion Channels.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
FoBe*}o!L2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Voltage-gated channels::... channels}} open within a range of&nbsp;<u>membrane potentials</u>"<div><img src=""Voltage Gated Ion Channel.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
Me%.m2EEl&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Ligand-gated channels::... channels}} open in the presence of a&nbsp;<i>specific binding substance</i>, usually a hormone or&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div>"<div><img src=""Ligand Gated Ion Channel.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/ligand-gated-ion-channels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
mdD8$?Y:-]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Enzyme-linked receptors</b> participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand&nbsp;binding and initiation of&nbsp;{{c1::2nd messenger&nbsp;cascades}}</div>"<div><img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/enzyme-linked-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
vMw+sI|@mMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::G protein-coupled receptors}}&nbsp;<b>detect&nbsp;molecules&nbsp;outside the&nbsp;cell</b>&nbsp;then activate <u>internal&nbsp;signal transduction&nbsp;pathways</u> and, ultimately, cellular responses</div>"<div>The 1st messenger ligand&nbsp;initiates the <u>2nd messenger</u> and the cascade response<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
AFwxe]qmP%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""><div><br></div><div>The <i>1st messenger</i> in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is {{c1::epinephrine}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling
q1^n,C=34$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Vectors}} are physical quantities that have both&nbsp;<i>magnitude</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>direction</b>"<div><div>Examples: displacement, velocity,&nbsp;acceleration, and force<br></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vector (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Scalar and Vectors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
IqOtp~e(iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Scalars}} are quantities that have&nbsp;only a <i>magnitude</i>"<div><img src=""Scalar and Vectors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
nHiOsc0,|vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathFor <u>vector addition</u>, use the {{c1::tip-to-tail}} method, or you can break the vector into its&nbsp;<b>component parts</b> and use the {{c1::Pythagorean Theorem}}"<div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Vector Addition.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Pythagorean Theorem Method:<br></div><div><img src=""Vector Addition Pythagorean Theorem.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/v/mag-dir-vec-sums"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
xE_i97@OZwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>For <b>vector</b> <b>subtraction</b>, you must change the {{c1::direction}}&nbsp;of the subtracted vector and then&nbsp;do a <i>tip-to-tail addition</i></div>"<div><div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></div><div><img src=""Vector Addition.jpg""></div></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/vector-addition-subtraction/v/adding-and-subtracting-vectors"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
wG(^+QS-m/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><u>Free body diagrams</u> are representations of the {{c1::forces}} acting on an object</div>"
<div><img src=""Free Body Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/introduction-to-forces-and-free-body-diagrams-ap/v/types-of-forces-and-free-body-diagrams"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
BZg&?jXzjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Translational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in the absence of any net <b>forces</b> acting on an object</div>"<div><img src=""Translational Equilibrium.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MFQxEdUCqk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
v=stw+{K%iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Rotational equilibrium::... equilibrium}} occurs in the&nbsp;absence&nbsp;of any&nbsp;net <i>torques</i>&nbsp;acting on an&nbsp;object</div>"<div><img src=""Torque.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl1xVd71Sao"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
E>6i`(|&tyCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Displacement</i> is path&nbsp;{{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}"<div><img src=""Displacement (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
k7GKjW~{`8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Distance</b> is path&nbsp;{{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}}"<div><img src=""Displacement (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
odUr{FPD~3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Velocity</i> is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes both {{c1::magnitude}} and {{c1::direction}}"<div><img src=""Velocity vs Speed.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
I<$=PlgzKMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Speed</b> is a {{c1::vector::vector or scalar}} and includes only the {{c1::magnitude of the rate of change}}"<div><div><div><div><img src=""Velocity vs Speed.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Kinematics
ny4b3/*fsECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathA/an {{c1::force}} is any <b>push or pull</b> that has the potential to result in an&nbsp;<i>acceleration</i>"<div><img src=""Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
G]{xPXklPLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Gravity}} is the <u>attractive force</u> between two objects as a result of&nbsp;their <u>masses</u>"<div><img src=""Gravity (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/introduction-to-newton-s-law-of-gravitation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
oioOMjB~7<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Friction}} is a force that <i>opposes motion</i> as a function of&nbsp;<b>electrostatic&nbsp;interactions</b>&nbsp;at the surfaces between two objects"<div><i>Static</i> friction = <i>stationary</i> object&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Kinetic</u> friction = <u>sliding</u> object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Friction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Friction Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/a/what-is-friction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
F|dir2F^R7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Mass}} is a measure of the inertia of an object; its&nbsp;<i>amount of&nbsp;material</i>"<div><img src=""Mass vs Weight.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
hpNGyH21|eCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Weight}} is the&nbsp;force&nbsp;experienced by a given mass due to the&nbsp;<b>gravitational</b> attraction&nbsp;to the Earth"<div><img src=""Mass vs Weight.jpg""><br></div><div><div><img src=""Weight.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
"e#X,(;vo|N"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Acceleration}} is the <u>vector</u> representation of the <b>change in velocity</b> over&nbsp;<i>time</i>"<div><img src=""Acceleration.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/v/acceleration"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
B%KS[I0!EBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Torque}} is a twisting force that causes <i>rotation</i>"<div><img src=""Torque 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Torque Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
eF*.tSbCFjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathNewton's first law of motion<div><br></div><div>{{c1::An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction&nbsp;unless acted upon by a net force &gt; 0}}</div>"<div><img src=""Newtons First Law.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
"v6(tAr_!,#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Final Velocity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Final Velocity Complete.png"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0UYC8S4kUI"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
eYcKX~[>p&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<img src=""Final Velocity Squared.png""><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Final Velocity Squared Complete.png"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://youtu.be/Po7li9JbEsQ?"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
"FADgc8.*2#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Delta X .png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>displacement</b> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Delta X Complete.png"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic-formulas/v/deriving-displacement-as-a-function-of-time-acceleration-and-initial-velocity"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
q}Zuq+w7y*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal acceleration</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Centripetal Acceleration Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/a/what-is-centripetal-acceleration"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
I$hMKfL86(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Centripetal Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal force</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Centripetal Force Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Centripetal Force 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/v/centripetal-force-and-acceleration-intuition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
"Ef#oy0_;,>"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Velocity X Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>initial</i> <i>velocity in the X direction</i> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Velocity X Direction Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Projectile Motion.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
r0$ooEI_=nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Velocity Y Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>initial velocity in the Y direction</u> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Velocity Y Direction Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Projectile Motion.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
j%aneL>.k[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>force</b> as a function of mass and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Force 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-second-law-ap/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
k%O-Lxa`c2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for <b>Newton's 3rd law of motion</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force of A on B Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Newtons Third Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-third-law-ap/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
sEuDWf@yhACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force of Friction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force of</u> <u>friction</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force of Friction Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Force of Friction.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/a/what-is-friction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
A`!C,=P?s*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force of Gravity Between Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity between two masses</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force of Gravity Between Two Masses Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Force of Graity Between 2 Masses 3.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-centripetal-force-and-gravitation/newtons-law-of-gravitation-ap/a/newtons-law-of-gravitation-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
sL<1in&Q%5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force of Gravity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of gravity</i> (weight) as a function of mass and gravitational acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force of Gravity Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Newton's 2nd Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
Fmoj(eR%u3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Torque (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>torque</b>:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Torque Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Torque 2 (1).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque?modal=1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
e]5KOYFDprCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>work</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Work Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Work Breakdown.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
H(z/Rw|0%LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Power.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>power</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Power Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Power 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/power-ap/v/power"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
LqTz;Rw,DgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Kinetic Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>kinetic energy</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Kinetic Energy Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Kinetic Energy 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
ej0e>C>+w2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Potential Energy Spring.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>elastic potential energy</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Potential Energy Spring Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Elastic potential energy =&nbsp; (1/2) x (spring constant) x (degree of&nbsp;stretch or compression of a spring squared)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Elastic Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-is-elastic-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
f_WXIz;|QOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Potential Energy at Height.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>potential energy of an object at a certain height</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Potential Energy at Height Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
CBJ?xq*J~TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Potential Gravitational Energy Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>potential gravitational energy between two masses</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Potential Gravitational Energy Two Masses Complete (1).png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy Between 2 Masses.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
lev%v=`!IMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force on Incline Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity </b>on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force on Incline Plane Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>""Sin is sliding down the slide""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
h_@E{S[4n/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Normal Force on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>normal force</u> on an object that sits on an incline plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Normal Force on Inclined Plane Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
jgKXajQBiHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Friction on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of friction</i> on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Friction on Inclined Plane Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations
x+certu;mOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>change in internal energy of a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/more-on-internal-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
Er;&L-dDx@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas System (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>internal energy</b> of an ideal gas system:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas System Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Internal Energy of Ideal Gas 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/proof-u-3-2-pv-or-u-3-2-nrt"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
LbnY<jA$YBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>work done on a gas by an outside force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Work of gas.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""PV Work 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></div><div><div><div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/pressure-volume-work"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
tG$i{)4aRHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat released or absorbed by a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Heat 2.jpg"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
l0Y;Xp^-r]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>heat transferred during a phase change</b> (heat of transformation):<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Heat of Phase Change.png"">}}</div>""<div>Heat = mass x (latent heat)<br></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><u>Latent heat</u> is a term for the enthalpy of an isothermal process<br><div><br></div><div>We need a different formula to calculate q during a phase change because ∆T = 0. If we used q = MC∆T, we'd erroneously think q = 0</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
cPxb0Lkz/OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Delta G Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>Gibb's free energy</u> as a function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Delta G.png"">}}</div>""<div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature) x (change in entropy)<br></div><div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
zIJji2KybGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Hess Law Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat of reaction</i> as a function of product and reactant enthalpies:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Hess Law.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Heat of Reaction 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/v/hess-s-law-and-reaction-enthalpy-change"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations
FcIKQa]<OxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for the <b>ideal gas law</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Ideal Gas Law.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Ideal Gas Law 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-molecular-theory/ideal-gas-laws/v/ideal-gas-equation-pv-nrt"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Gases::Equations
i(7DQh7r;LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the <u>Henderson–Hasselbalch equation</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Henderson 2.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acid-base-equilibrium/buffer-solutions/v/buffers-and-hendersen-hasselbalch"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
B,cs1|LLpPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Molarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>molarity</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Molarity Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Molarity vs Molality.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/molarity-vs-molality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
"E2eiV8&Hq#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Molality.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>molality</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Molality Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Molarity vs Molality.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/molarity-vs-molality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
SRz}q%)OBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""pH.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>pH</i> as a function of proton concentration:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""pH Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""pH and pOH.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/acids-and-bases/a/ph-poh-and-the-ph-scale"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
A>k5]-,NwSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div>Give the formula for the&nbsp;<u>dilution of a solution</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""M1V1.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Dilution.jpg""><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6dnEp58mVk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
G[_=GTg>!oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <u>osmotic pressure</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Osmotic Pressure Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>i&nbsp;=&nbsp;van't Hoff factor<br></div><div><div>M&nbsp;= molarity</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T&nbsp;= temperature in Kelvin</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZtViSb7eME"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
t9=7-ulcODCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Change in Freezing Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>freezing point depression</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Change in Freezing Point Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Freezing Point Deperssion.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/mixtures-and-solutions/v/boiling-point-elevation-and-freezing-point-supression"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
k]0!lII?k!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Change in Boiling Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>boiling point elevation</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Change in Boiling Point Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Boiling Point Elevation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/mixtures-and-solutions/v/boiling-point-elevation-and-freezing-point-supression"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
L-9j]@R*CzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Mole Ratio.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>mole fraction</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Mole Ratio Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Mole Fraction.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGx1AcQozwM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations
Pon(A0xw&yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div>Give the equation for <u>period of a wave</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Period.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Period of Wave.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
zUB4CM^4/uCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for <i>Snell's law</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Snells Law Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Snells Law 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Snells Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
ssk2NW5I2/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Index of Refraction 2 (1).png"">}}</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
f8QvpJ-x&=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Light Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for energy of a photon:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Light Energy Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =&nbsp;Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div><div><div></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
hbb0X6uJS>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Magnification (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>magnification of a lens</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnification Equation 2.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Magnification.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
Qy9=(TqLU5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the <i>thin lens equation</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Thin Lense Equation Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>f = focal length<br></div><div>d_i&nbsp;= distance of image</div><div>d_o&nbsp;= distance of object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thin Lens Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
yjQV=YIKm-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the <b>Rydberg formula</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Rydberg Formula Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Used to determine the <u>wavelength</u> of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations
mH-dYO3xLHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Intensity of Sound.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <i>intensity of sound</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Intensity of Sound Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Intensity of Sound 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbNLTscrlZY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
q_TaoboTikCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for the length of a&nbsp;<u>wave</u>&nbsp;in a pipe that has&nbsp;<i>one closed end</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pipe One Open End Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Closed Pipe.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
zMy3XEtiMxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for the length of a <u>wave</u> in a pipe that has <b>two&nbsp;open ends</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pipe Two Open Ends Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Open Pipe.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
n([qU]uRk2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Beat Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>frequency of a beat</i> created by two sound waves that are of different frequency:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Beat Frequency Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Beat Frequency.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves/v/derivation-of-beat-frequency-formula"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
fYi/voX@q!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Doppler Effect 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the observed frequency during the <b>doppler effect</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Doppler Effect 2.jpg"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations
s?F^/fA4mzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Density 2.jpg"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SimFy9wOMXY"">YouTube Link</a><br>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
l6O{CQcv)oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pressure Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Pressure = force / area</div><div><br></div><div>Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the&nbsp;walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid Pressure on Object.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
y_B_%|w3U@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Pressure Fluid.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>pressure in a fluid</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pressure Fluid Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Absolute Pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure&nbsp;due to the fluid's weight)<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
qJ(`>Z>-CtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Buoyant Force Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>buoyant force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Buoyant Force.png"">}}</div>""<div><div>If F<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;&gt; m<sub>object</sub>, then the object floats</div><div>If F<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;m<sub>object</sub>, then the object sinks</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Archimedes Principle.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
zD?Y<}DC.JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>volumetric flow rate</b>:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>The&nbsp;volume&nbsp;of fluid which passes per unit time<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
wk[BB/G?ytCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force Between Two Charges.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Force Between Two Charges Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Potential energy = (charge of particle) x (electric potential)</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-at-a-point-in-space"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
A8Wcu81*(3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force between two charged particles</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Coulomb's Law.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Coulomb's Law 2 (3).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
"N<BMB-//,#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Magnitude of Electric Field Produced by Point Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>magnitude of the electric field created by a point charge</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnitude of Electric Field Produced by Point Charge Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/magnitude-of-electric-field-created-by-a-charge"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
NMsqQ3:6n4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Voltage of Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for electric potential at a point in space:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Voltage of Charge Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-at-a-point-in-space"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
dBeDY95^:QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<br></div><div><div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnetic Force on Moving Charge.png"">}}</div></div></div>""<img src=""Magnetic Force of a Moving Test Charge.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
"fuW-PA*#)R"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnetic Force Wire Complete.png"">}}</div></div>""<img src=""Magnetic Force on Wire.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
zR3iBLSizpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the&nbsp;Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Ohms Law Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Ohms Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
kLYi.{xJT9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Magnitude Electric Field.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnitude Electric Field Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Electric Field Between Plates.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSXKk_A3xUM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
tjL0fnsRvRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Charge Bsaed on Capacitance and Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>charge stored in a capacitor</i>&nbsp;as a function of capacitance and voltage:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Charge Based on Capacitance and Voltage Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Charge = capacitance x (voltage across capacitor)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Charge in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
nnEXER3lGGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Capacitance (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>capacitance</i> that includes area and distance:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitance Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Capacitance Formula.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkpBUv6u1I4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
IO^ghFQE~?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Energy Stored in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/energy-capacitor"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
"Ckfk,x$%#1"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Electrode Potential.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>cell potential</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Electrode Potential Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Cell Potential.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/The_Cell_Potential"">Chem Libre Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
qwI015H6$$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""Resistance.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>resistance</i>&nbsp;through a material:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistance Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>p = resistivity<br></div><div>L = length of resistor</div><div>A = cross sectional area<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistance Through a Material.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
u^Lh,Sj^wOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""AC Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>voltage of an alternating current</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""AC Voltage Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""RMS.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERIToctYUcQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
PY7.p@8%0[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div><img src=""AC Current.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>current when using alternating current</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""AC Current Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""RMS.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERIToctYUcQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
"v#wIT}TH**"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in <i>series</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistors in Series Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
PmC7!oYfh$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"<div>Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistors in Parallel Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>When in parallel, the total resistance will&nbsp;<i>always be less</i>&nbsp;than the value of the&nbsp;smallest resistor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-3"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
0:Z7Rd;M}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i style="""">series</i>:<br><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitors in Series Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will&nbsp;<u>always be less</u>&nbsp;than the value of the&nbsp;smallest capacitor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-series"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
ok8p}>@/ilCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitors Parallel Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-parallel"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
FB]j-SB*u,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations<b>Avogadro's number</b> = {{c1::6.02 x 10<sup>23</sup>}}"<img src=""Avagadro's Number.png""><br><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
fl44<q!1c4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the value of the <i>gas constant, R</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Gas Constant Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gas Constant Derive.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/gas-phase/v/derivation-of-gas-constants-using-molar-volume-and-stp"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
q>$?HT$wF|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the value of Planck's constant, h:<div>{{c1::<img src=""Planks Constant Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Planck Constant 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
g!YVTJ]F6>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The <u>density of water</u> is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Density of Water Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Densities.png""><br>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
Iiv;LmX?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The <u>speed of light</u> in a vacuum is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Speed of Light Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Speed of Light.png""><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/bohr-model-hydrogen/v/introduction-to-light"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants
K<SZhm~?s=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Faraday's constant is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Faradays Constant Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Faraday's Constant 2.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8J_mLKM90M"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants MileDown::General_Chemistry::Electrochemistry
E{m/DLxKnPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The<b> </b>units for <b>Newton </b>are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Newton Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Newton Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2kXTX3rnKk"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
q(sDcR^26:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for&nbsp;<u>Joule</u> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Joule.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Joule Units.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYpZSdSEk4A"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations
J-iokj8|s=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for&nbsp;<i>Pascal</i> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pascal.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Pascal Units.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdJcLdAJScM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Gases::Equations
h}`&<^U)3?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for <i>volt</i> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Volt.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Volt Breakdown.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/voltage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
GFV7GO?EW:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for <b>ohm</b> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Ohm.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Ohm Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
j!bNrm[&%ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for <i>amp</i> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Amp.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Amp Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-electricity/in-in-electric-current-circuit/v/intro-to-current-amperes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
QdMzI-|?|8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for <u>Farad</u> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Farad.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Farad Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7ePv0mzFf4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
it|mBQX?vCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The units for <u>watt</u> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Watt Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Watts Units 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSpB3HivkhY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
jUR=9tMtl=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathNewton's second law of motion<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Any acceleration is the result a net force &gt; 0}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Force Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-second-law-ap/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
Eod;-4!Fd4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathNewton's third law of motion<div><br></div><div>{{c1::For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Force of A on B Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
Mg}e,R1u[SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Units for joule<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Joule (1).png"">}}</div>""<div>Joules are units of <i>energy</i></div><div><br></div><div>A&nbsp;joule&nbsp;is&nbsp; the amount of work you do when you exert a force of <i>1 newton</i> to move an object a distance of <u>1 meter</u>&nbsp;(1 newton meter or Nm)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Joule Breakdown.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Dynamics
OyrDlZJc9tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Kinetic energy::... energy}} is the energy of <b>motion</b>,<b>&nbsp;</b>observable as the movement of an object"<div><img src=""Kinetic Energy Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
G{sBU53~,{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Potential energy::... energy}}&nbsp;is a type of&nbsp;energy&nbsp;an object has because of its <u>position</u>"The energy stored <b>within</b> a system<div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
N)NQfpV$;^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Gravitational potential energy::... energy}} is the&nbsp;<b>potential</b> an object has to <b>do&nbsp;work</b>&nbsp;as a result of being located at a particular position in a <i>gravitational field</i></div>"<div><img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy at Height Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
x9Zg/ypIvUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Elastic potential energy::... energy}} is&nbsp;created when stretching or compressing an <b>elastic&nbsp;</b>object</div>"<div><img src=""Elastic Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy Spring Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Elastic potential energy =&nbsp; (1/2) x (<i>spring constant</i> ) x (<u>degree of&nbsp;stretch or compression of a spring squared</u>)<br></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-is-elastic-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
qh0^P:$uE@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Electrical potential energy::... energy}} is the energy between two <b>charged particles</b></div>"<div><img src=""Electric Potential Energy Breakdown (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
G99h?qS|aaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Chemical potential energy::...energy}} is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds</div>"<img src=""Chemical Potential Energy.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/types-of-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
c{|7ZcDuC{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Conservative</i> forces are path&nbsp;{{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}"<div>Work is determined only by the <i>final displacement</i> of the object</div><div><br></div><div>Examples: gravity&nbsp;and electrostatic forces</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conservative Force (1).png""><br></div><div>In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
wT*185`:OhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Non-conservative</b> forces are path&nbsp;{{c1::dependent::dependent or independent}}&nbsp;</div>"<div>They cause <b>dissipation</b> of mechanical&nbsp;energy from a system</div><div><br></div><div>Examples: friction and air&nbsp;resistance</div><div><img src=""Non-Conservative Force.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Energy
DZf}54d`rICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Work}} is the process by which <b>energy is transferred</b> from one system&nbsp;to another"<div><img src=""Work.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Work Breakdown.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Work
u?kyClGK_+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Power}} is the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;at which&nbsp;<u>work is done</u>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>energy is transferred</b>"<div>SI&nbsp;unit is watt (W)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Power (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/power-ap/v/power"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Work
yoG@A5oy4pCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div>Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an <u>inclined plane</u></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Mechanical Advantage Inclined Plane.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Mechanical Advantage 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-mechanical-advantage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Work
"g,bE#C%bFe"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<img src=""Efficiency (1).jpg""><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Efficiency}}<br></div>""The ratio of the machine’s work&nbsp;<b>output</b>&nbsp;to work&nbsp;<u>input</u>&nbsp;when&nbsp;non-conservative&nbsp;forces are taken into account<br><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-axezzsYR4"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Work
ObIg?w8!POCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Thermal equilibrium::... equilibrium}} is when systems have the <b>same average</b> <b>kinetic energy</b> and thus&nbsp;the <u>same</u> <u>temperature</u>.&nbsp;"<div><i>No heat transfer</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thermal Equilibrium.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
DfVp!!=O.nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Temperature}} is the <i>average kinetic energy</i> of the particles that&nbsp;make up a substance"<div><img src=""Temperature.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
l:gAhJ.D-6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Isolated systems::... systems}} do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings"<div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
l{0Y;TDY--Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Closed systems::... systems}} will exchange&nbsp;energy&nbsp;but <i>not matter</i> with their surroundings"<div><div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
k)caPm.*E*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Open systems::.. systems}} will exchange both&nbsp;energy&nbsp;and&nbsp;matter&nbsp;with their surroundings"<div><div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
uymG,U^ftvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathA/an {{c1::state function::... function}} is a property that has a unique value that <b>depends only on the present state </b>of a system and <i>not</i> <i>how the state was reached</i>, nor on the history of the system"<div>Pressure<br></div><div>Density</div><div>Temperature</div><div>Volume</div><div>Enthalpy</div><div>Internal energy</div><div>Gibbs free energy</div><div>Entropy</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""State Functions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/proof-s-or-entropy-is-a-valid-state-variable"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
rk:8P3nZA~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>A/an {{c1::process function::... function}} describes the <u>pathway</u> from one equilibrium state to&nbsp;another</div>"<div><i>Work</i> and <i>heat</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Process Functions.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbVNi3qo0E0"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
l2Em`dR?{/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Heat}} is energy <i>transfer</i>&nbsp;between two objects&nbsp;at different temperatures"<div>It occurs until the two objects&nbsp;come into <u>thermal equilibrium</u> (reach the same&nbsp;temperature)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Heat (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/heat-transfer-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
e??Qu6?rkwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Specific heat</i> is the amount of energy necessary to {{c1::raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K}}"<div>Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Specific Heat (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/water-as-a-solid-liquid-and-gas/v/specific-heat-of-water"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
joa[Vq]tOZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Heat of transformation}} is the amount of energy required for a <b>phase change</b> of a substance</div>"<div>Temperature <i>does not change</i> during the transformation</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Heat of Phase Change.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Q = heat transferred during the phase change<br></div><div>m = mass</div><div>H<sub>L</sub>&nbsp;= <b>latent heat</b> or <b>heat of transformation</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
b}i-I06k[%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Isobaric</b>&nbsp;processes have constant {{c1::pressure}}"<img src=""Isobaric.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-1-work-and-isobaric-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
hYt@nK^]H~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Isothermal</i>&nbsp;processes have constant {{c1::temperature}}"<img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
GH8bH$+;)lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathNo&nbsp;{{c1::heat}}&nbsp;is exchanged in an <b>adiabatic</b> process"<img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
wR3AXp&oF=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Isovolumetric</u>&nbsp;processes have constant {{c1::volume}}"<img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
NEtaM&Ot8mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<i>Work</i> in regards to <u>expansion or compression</u> of a <b>gas</b> is calculated using the following formula:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Work of gas.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""PV Work 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></div><div><div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/pressure-volume-work"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Work::Equations
L!Dor*MU]kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Entropy}} is a&nbsp;measure of how much&nbsp;<b>energy has spread out</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become"<div><img src=""Entropy.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/introduction-to-entropy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics
lMQ=NBKx5vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Reaction order}} is a number that relates the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;of a chemical reaction to the&nbsp;<u>concentrations</u>&nbsp;of the reacting substances"<div>The <b>sum</b> of all the exponents of the concentrations of substances determines the rate of the reaction</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Order of Reactions.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>In the above example, the overall order = a + b</div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/rate-law-and-reaction-order"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
V6%+qEB5mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"For a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""0 Order Rate Law.png"" />}}</div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""0 Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/zero-order-reaction-with-calculus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
Dzk(4]5g]ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"For a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""1st Order Rate Law.png"" />}}</div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""1st Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/first-order-reaction-with-calculus"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
NT]4]XU>X+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"For a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""2nd Order Rate Law.png"" />}}</div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;{{c1::<img src=""2nd Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/second-order-reaction-with-calculus&amp;sa=U&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjm7O70pLDhAhWM_J4KHQW4CmsQFggMMAQ&amp;client=internal-uds-cse&amp;cx=004984196166817161901:gt3nscsxv5o&amp;usg=AOvVaw12gqvgrFwcotlliyR3W9uW"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
xtsA_.V3jjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction are<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""0 Order Units.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
Q*qfJ(sMtMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""1st Order Units.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
zQ8@FL/.-,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""2nd Order Units.png"" />}}</div>""<div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
f[h/G&vbk0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""0 Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;{{c1::zeroth order}}</div></div>""<div><font color=""#5fa136""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
vJ=~4sVzpKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""1st Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;{{c1::first order}}</div>""<div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><span style=""color: rgb(95, 161, 54)""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); ""><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); "">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
oe;+ztRi3ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""2nd Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;{{c1::second order}}</div>""<div><font color=""#5fa136""><span style=""color: rgb(95, 161, 54)""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); ""><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); "">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
Ic>>CYW5fECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIn {{c1::decomposition}} reactions, a single reactant breaks down"<div><img src=""Decomposition Reaction 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU1RaRulSo"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
yTv}!qtq*iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Combustion reactions}} are exothermic reactions in which something reacts with <u>oxygen</u>"<div>Commonly known as ""burning""</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Combustion Reaction 2 (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU1RaRulSo"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
Jd6GXT7X4BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA/an {{c1::neutralization}} reaction is when an acid and base react to form water and salt"A type of double-replacement reaction<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Neutralization Reaction.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-properties-of-salts"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
v?p:[A&,FYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA/an {{c1::hydrolysis}} reaction uses water to break the bonds in a molecule"<div><img src=""Hydrolysis Reaction.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/v/hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
f=ycS{I}cmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Arrhenius.png"">}}</div>""<div>k = rate constant<br></div><div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>Ea = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br><div><img src=""Arrhenius Equation Units.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations
uCN]98n<8_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Arrhenius.png"">}}</div>""<div>You can use the Arrhenius equation to show the effect of a <u>change of temperature</u> on the <i>rate constant</i>&nbsp;and therefore on the <b>rate of the reaction</b></div><div><br></div><div><div>k = rate constant</div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>E<sub>a</sub> = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Arrhenius Equation Units.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations
APOy>KkJOuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf <u>temperature</u> goes up, the rate constant goes {{c1::up::up or down}} and the reaction speed goes&nbsp;{{c1::up::up or down}}&nbsp;"<div>This is because the exponent gets closer to 0. The exponent&nbsp;becomes less negative</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Arrhenius.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
Bk(;}`EnYqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<font>The {{c1::reaction quotient (Q_c)}}&nbsp;is a</font>&nbsp;measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at <u>a given time</u>"<div>Exclude pure solids and liquids</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Reaction Quotient 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/intro-to-reaction-quotient-q"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
wcFMzPI5^ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryYou <i>exclude</i> pure solids and liquids in the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant because {{c1::their effective concentrations stay constant throughout the reaction}}"<div>They are disregarded and their activity is given the value of 1</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Solids and Liquids in Equilibrium Constant.png"" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3JtBI9dHkE"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
Dy2SD{!!nVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf Q &lt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::right}}"<div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
AbH8XDBCr[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA reaction is at equilibrium if Q =&nbsp;{{c1::K_eq}}"<div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
d;lNgE6w,CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf&nbsp;Q &gt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the {{c1::left}}"<div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
"e^wU#(n4F:"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<i>Kinetic</i> products are&nbsp;{{c1::higher::higher or lower}}&nbsp;in free energy compared to&nbsp;<u>thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products and can form at&nbsp;{{c1::lower::higher or lower}} temperatures"<div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
v+;4)$E[x;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<u>Thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products are&nbsp;{{c1::lower::higher or lower}}&nbsp;in free energy compared to <i>kinetic</i> products and they are {{c1::more::more or less}} stable&nbsp;"<div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png"" /></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br /></span></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics
m,o/UL-k|]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<u>Le Châtelier’s Principle</u> states that if a stress is applied to a system, the system {{c1::shifts to relieve that applied stress&nbsp;}}"<img src=""Le Châtelier’s Principle.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/le-chatelier-s-principle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
fhp;w-WWG/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryStandard conditions are {{c1::273}} K,&nbsp;{{c1::1}} atm,&nbsp;{{c1::1}} M"<img src=""Standard Conditions.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI5-qZplvRI"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
zz~)$KQXZRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Fusion}} is the phase change from solid to liquid"<div>Also known as ""melting""</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
dzU(!QUcA4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Freezing}} is the phase change from liquid to solid"<img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
Jf]:M,>KGkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Vaporization}} is the phase change form liquid to gas"<img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
s*}5al?:$,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Sublimation}} is the phase change from solid to gas"<img src=""Phase Changes 2.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
hhK:AZb6ZPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryDeposition is the phase change from gas to solid"<img src=""Phase Changes 2.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
gPSIX1Dd~!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"<img src=""Phase Diagram.png"" /><div><br /><div>Label the phases in the phase diagram</div></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" />}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
l75_(C^7T2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist is known as the {{c1::triple point}}"<div><img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
"KW@n#PQlpx"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryA/an {{c1::supercritical}} fluid is one in which the density of gas = density of liquid"<div>No distinction&nbsp;between those two phases</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
d$&`Z.hUb=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Gibbs Free Energy}}&nbsp;combines&nbsp;<b>enthalpy</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>entropy</i>&nbsp;into a single value and&nbsp;is used to determine the <u>spontaneity</u> of a reaction"<div>We are only concerned with changes in G, rather than its absolute value</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><br /><div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature x change in entropy)</div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
GZxjkn]<.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf a reaction has a <i>positive ∆H</i> and <i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}&nbsp;at&nbsp;{{c1::high::high, low, or all}}&nbsp;temperatures"<div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
m/spsQ%kD;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf a reaction has a&nbsp;<i>positive ∆H</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;{{c1::non-spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}&nbsp;at&nbsp;{{c1::all::high, low, or all}}&nbsp;temperatures"<div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /></div><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
"e4f3VQ7#:r"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}&nbsp;at&nbsp;{{c1::all::high, low, or all}}&nbsp;temperatures"<div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
brKnk{/2=mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;{{c1::spontaneous::spontaneous or non-spontaneous}}&nbsp;at&nbsp;{{c1::low::high, low, or all}}&nbsp;temperatures"<div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
oLLaEs$3q|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryRoom temperature is approximately&nbsp;{{c1::25°}} Celsius"25°C = 75°F<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Celcius to Farenheit.png"" /></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
nut>W=!;=dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryBody temperature is approximately&nbsp;{{c1::37°C}} Celsius"37°C = 98.6°F<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Celcius to Farenheit.png"" /></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
CN;ypckPa)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Enthalpy (H)}} is a measure of the <b>potential energy</b> of a system&nbsp;found in <u>intermolecular attractions</u> and <i>chemical&nbsp;bonds</i>"<div><img src=""Enthalpy.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/v/enthalpy"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
dA}vQ}5()<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryPhase changes from solid → liquid → gas are {{c1::endothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}"<div>Gases have more heat energy than liquids and&nbsp;liquids have more heat energy than solids</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cUK4jcAEaU"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
Os_=:K%/Z0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryPhase changes from gas → liquid → solid are {{c1::exothermic::endothermic or exothermic}}"<div>These&nbsp;reactions <u>release</u> heat energy</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cUK4jcAEaU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
eOcK}c9Q:tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the formula for ∆H when using&nbsp;<i>heat of formations</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>{{c1::<img src=""H from heat of formations (1).png"" />}}</i></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/a/bond-enthalpy-and-enthalpy-of-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
eOosXCUjV:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the formula for ∆H when using<i>&nbsp;</i><b>bond dissociation energies</b><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>{{c1::<img src=""H from bond dissociation energies (1).png"" />}}</i></div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/a/bond-enthalpy-and-enthalpy-of-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
rQY}l+qu!&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Entropy}} is a&nbsp;measure of how much <b>energy has spread out</b> or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become"<div><div><img src=""Entropy.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/introduction-to-entropy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
ePy}<Z.HR0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the formula for the standard entropy of reaction<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Entropy of Reaction.png"" />}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMtnseGcnVc"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
b<R&^Lv/VxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equation that uses the equilibrium constant K<sub>eq</sub><div><sub><br /></sub></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Gibbs Free Energy From K.png"" />}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/standard-change-in-free-energy-and-the-equilibrium-constant"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
PViC&i!3l1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry"Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equations that use the reaction quotient&nbsp;Q<div><sub><br /></sub></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Gibbs free energy with Q.png"" />}}</div><div><sub><br /></sub></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Gibbs free energy with Q 2.png"" />}}</div>""<div><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFUD3G1MEcs""'>YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
FYr,n6Px5cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf ∆G &lt; O, the reaction will be {{c1::spontaneous}}"<div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
kyx<Q>Y3&dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf ∆G = O, the reaction will be {{c1::at equilibrium}}"<div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
iPG;0K3:f+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf ∆G &gt; O, the reaction will be {{c1::non-spontaneous}}"<div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry
t9Ad6FK`G)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::D and L system}} is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of&nbsp;<i>chiral carbons</i>"<div>Based on the D- and L- forms of <i>glyceraldehyde</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>Nearly all carbohydrates in&nbsp;nature are in the <u>D-configuration</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""D and L System (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book:_Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19:_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05:_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration"">Chem Libre Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
n6P[l.*YL2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"{{c1::Carbohydrates}} are&nbsp;""<u>hydrates of carbon</u>""""
<div><div>Usually have the formula&nbsp;<b>C_m(H₂O)_n</b></div></div><div><br></div><div>Example: Glucose is&nbsp;<b>C₆H₁₂O₆</b></div><div><br></div><div>H:O ratio is usually 2:1 due to the ""hydration"" with H₂O</div><div><br></div><div>Glucose:</div><div><img src=""Glucose.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
7pQ{/r-dTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Enantiomers}} are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;non-superimposable&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are</u> <u>mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other"<div><img src=""Enantiomer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/stereoisomer-enantiomer-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
BN*.T)pZR]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA <i>chiral</i> molecule is a type of molecule that&nbsp;{{c1::lacks::lacks or has}} an&nbsp;internal plane of symmetry&nbsp;and has a&nbsp;{{c1::non-superimposable::superimposable or non-superimposable}}&nbsp;mirror image"<div><img src=""Chiral 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Chiral 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/introduction-to-chirality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
wIX[gb--rbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Diastereomers}} are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and&nbsp;<i>are&nbsp;not mirror images</i>&nbsp;of each other"<div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
yH1qE`sx-|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Enantiomers}} <i>only come in pairs</i> because they are mirror images while there <b>can be many more than two</b> {{c1::diastereomers}} depending on the number of stereocenters"<div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
P;Jj(Kp]Q_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Epimers}} are a subtype of&nbsp;<i>diastereomers</i>&nbsp;that differ at&nbsp;<b>exactly&nbsp;one&nbsp;chiral carbon</b><br>"<div><img src=""Epimer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-epimers-common-names"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
NnvX4_W@6.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Anomers}} are a subtype of&nbsp;<b>epimers</b>&nbsp;that differ at the&nbsp;<i>anomeric&nbsp;carbon</i>"<div><img src=""Anomer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
w@vFL2z;0cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::anomeric carbon}} is a carbon that,<i> in the&nbsp;acyclic&nbsp;form, is not a stereocenter</i>, but once it takes on the&nbsp;<b>cyclic form, it&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;a stereocenter</b>"<div><img src=""Anomeric Carbon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Anomer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
x1t$9*g`7.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Cyclization}} is when <u>straight-chain carbohydrates form into rings</u>"<div><img src=""Cyclization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
ORfOh&u3=CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::α-anomer::... anomer}} is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<i>pointing&nbsp;down</i>"<div><img src=""Anomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
i/LHP,e+XyCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::β-anomer::... anomer}} is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<u>pointing&nbsp;up</u>"<div><img src=""Anomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
n/*lEu]ps3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Haworth Projection 2.png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of a/an {{c1::Haworth projection::... projection}}<br></div>""<div>Haworth projections are way of writing a structural formula to represent the<font color=""#5fa136""> </font><u>cyclic structure</u><font color=""#5fa136""> </font>of monosaccharides with a simple <b>three-dimensional perspective</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORrnmBVmeBQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
"nkO#}0`e)*"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Mutarotation}} is the <i>spontaneous shift from one&nbsp;anomeric&nbsp;form to another</i>"<div>The straight-chain form is an intermediate</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mutarotation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
vK5e}Y`wh|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Monosaccharides}} are <i>single carbohydrate&nbsp;units</i>"<div><i>Glucose</i> is the most&nbsp;common monosaccharide</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Monosaccharides (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
BV<n5>*$cMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Reducing sugars</u> have a/an&nbsp;{{c1::-OH}}&nbsp;group attached to the&nbsp;{{c1::anomeric carbon}}"<div>The&nbsp;-OH&nbsp;cannot be attached to any other structures<br></div><div><br></div><div>Reducing sugars:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reducing Sugars.png""></div><div><br></div><div><i>Sucrose</i> (shown below) is a <i>non-reducing</i> sugar because the anomeric carbon does not have an -OH group attached by itself</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sucrose (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBEzJyNXVT4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
KLF`g%durCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Deoxy sugars}}&nbsp;are&nbsp;sugars&nbsp;that have had a <u>hydroxyl group</u> replaced with a <b>hydrogen atom</b>"Deoxy = ""deoxygenated""<div><br></div><div><img src=""Deoxy Sugar (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_-6JXLYS-k"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
bv`heM%]2=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn a {{c1::sugar esterification}}, a sugar reacts with a carboxylic acid or one of its derivatives to <b>form an ester</b>"<div><img src=""Esterification (1).png""></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Sucrose ester</i>,<i> </i>a surfactant and&nbsp;emulsifier, is synthesized from esterification of sucrose and a fatty acid:<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sucrose Ester (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/reactions-carboxylic-jay/v/preparation-of-esters-via-fischer-esterification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
"K7(DV#z5mi"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycoside formation}} is the basis for building&nbsp;<i>complex carbohydrates</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;requires the&nbsp;<u>anomeric&nbsp;carbon to link to another&nbsp;sugar</u>"<div><img src=""Glycoside Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/carbohydrate-glycoside-formation-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
"i(VuS6;0P#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Disaccharides}} form as a result of a&nbsp;<b>glycosidic&nbsp;bond</b> between <u>two&nbsp;monosaccharide subunits</u>"<div><img src=""Disaccharides.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/disaccharides-and-polysaccharides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
"erhQ#|z|(w"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>Lipids are {{c1::insoluble}} in water and {{c1::soluble}} in&nbsp;nonpolar organic solvents</div>"<img src=""Lipids.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/lipid-overview"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
"Ie#ADC4XE/"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Phospholipids</u> contain a {{c1::hydrophilic}} head and {{c1::hydrophobic}} tails"<div><div><i>Hydrophilic</i> = <i>polar</i><br></div></div><div><b>Hydrophobic</b> = <b>nonpolar</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phospholipid Bilayer.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Schematic of a phospholipid is shown below.&nbsp;It may use&nbsp;<i>glycerol</i> or <i>sphingosine</i> for the backbone<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phospholipid Schematic.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/phospholipid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
H.BbkjYMrxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"A <i>saturated fatty acid</i> has {{c1::no::#}} double bonds in its tail and is {{c1::less::more or less}}&nbsp;fluid""<div><img src=""Saturated Fatty Acid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/saturated-fats-unsaturated-fats-and-trans-fats"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
vBPhH^rV?~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycerophospholipids}} are phospholipids that contain a&nbsp;<u>glycerol&nbsp;backbone</u>"<div>Make up the <i>cell membrane</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo Backbones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membranes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
c3=w&>)9WnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Sphingolipids}} contain a&nbsp;<b>sphingosine&nbsp;backbone</b>"<div><i>Protect the cell surface</i> against harmful environmental factors<br></div><div><br></div><div>Many (but not all)&nbsp;sphingolipids are also phospholipids with a&nbsp;phosphodiester bond. These are&nbsp;<u style="""">sphingophospholipids</u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo Backbones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membranes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
G;8&4e}<ltCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::sphingomyelin}} is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous <b>myelin sheath</b> that surrounds some nerve cell axons"<div><img src=""Sphingomyelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrn9qeVM9o4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
DWC]q,U7)0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycosphingolipids}} are a subtype of <i>glycolipids</i> and contain a <b>sphingosine</b>, <b>fatty acid</b>, and a&nbsp;<b>sugar unit</b><br>"<div>Example: <i>Cerebroside</i>, which contains 1 sugar group<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cerebroside Structure:</div><div><img src=""Cerebroside.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/c_RTc7aSFp4"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
HQv)y,mA5tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::ganglioside}} is a molecule composed of a <u>glycosphingolipid</u> with one or more <i>sialic acids</i> linked on the sugar chain"<div>A component of the cell membrane that <b>modulates cell signal transduction</b> events, and appears to concentrate in <b>lipid rafts</b><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Ganglioside.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nWO63QvayI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
rVRA.}V5x9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Terpenes}} are steroid precursors"<div><img src=""Terpene.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/terpenes-to-steroids1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
vbpunS2C;WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<i>Steroids</i> contain {{c1::3::#}} cyclohexane ring(s) and {{c1::1::#}} cyclopentane ring(s)""<div>""Three rooms and a garage""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Steroid Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/terpenes-to-steroids1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
L-XsRxG=*dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<i>precursor </i>to steroid hormones&nbsp;is&nbsp;{{c1::cholesterol}}&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Cholesterol (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/lipid-overview"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
Kw3t)jXlf>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Prostaglandins}} are <u>lipid compounds</u> that are&nbsp;<b>signaling molecules</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;regulate cAMP levels"<div>Affect the following functions:</div><div><br></div><div><b>Smooth muscle&nbsp;contraction</b></div><div><b>Body temp</b></div><div><b>Sleep-wake cycle</b></div><div><b>Fever</b></div><div><b>Pain</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Prostaglandin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-as-cofactors-and-signaling-molecules"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
gZlPnlL)PbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe four&nbsp;<u>fat soluble vitamins</u> are {{c1::A}}, {{c1::D}}, {{c1::E}}, and {{c1::K}}"<div><img src=""Fat Soluble Vitamins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-vitamins-and-minerals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
x0}+gbn.F:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Triacylglycerols}} are the <b>storage form&nbsp;of fatty acids</b>"<div>Also known as <u>triglycerides</u></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><img src=""Triglycerol (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/molecular-structure-of-triglycerides-fats"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
"M&PRr#&E.t"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Adipocytes}} are cells used for&nbsp;<b>storage of&nbsp;triacylglycerol&nbsp;deposits</b>"<div>Make up <u>adipose tissue</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Adipocyte.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/a/lipids"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
"xQH%ExK#vD"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Free fatty acids}} are unesterified&nbsp;fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream"<div><img src=""Free Fatty Acid.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-i"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
F$m}TOLU@RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Saponification}} is the <u>ester hydrolysis</u>&nbsp;<u>of triacylglycerols</u> using a strong base&nbsp;like sodium or KOH"<div><img src=""Saponification.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/saponification-base-promoted-ester-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
v3qDhfiu-!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::micelle}} can <i>dissolve</i> <i>a lipid-soluble molecule</i> in its fatty acid core"<div>It then <u>washes away with water</u> because of its shell of&nbsp;carboxylate head groups</div><div><br></div><div><b>Formation of micelles is spontaneous</b> because ∆S &gt; O. Overall entropy increases because there are now more unbound water molecules</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Micelle (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTwUy3c5Etc"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Lipid_Metabolism
"KJOO#L1y-e"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Nucleic acids}} are <b>polymers of nucleotides</b><br>"<div>Include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nucleic Acid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Wc4jTH2v_w"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids
"fjvIgL6=Y#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>primary structure of nucleic acids</i> is the {{c1::linear sequence of nucleotides}}"<div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids
pzh?W97G^>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<i>secondary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of {{c1::interactions between bases within the same molecule}}&nbsp;"<div><div>The secondary structure is responsible for the <i>shape</i> that the nucleic acid assumes</div><div><br></div><div>RNA 2° structure has 4 basic elements: <b>loops</b>, <b style="""">helices</b>, <b>bulges</b>, and <b>junctions</b></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png"">"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids
jj%Umj$C$mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>tertiary structure of nucleic acids</u>&nbsp;is made up by the {{c1::location of the atoms in 3D space}}"<div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids
pzCs1D97o7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>quaternary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of {{c1::interactions of nucleic acids with&nbsp;other molecules}}<br>"<div><div>Example: <u>chromatin interacting with histones<br></u></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png"">"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids
f3BGXPZ{U9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)}} is a polymer made up of monomers called&nbsp;<i>nucleotides</i>. Long strands&nbsp;form a <b>double helix</b> which runs antiparallel"<div><img src=""DNA Structure 2 (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/v/dna-deoxyribonucleic-acid"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
s4gM&t;@:~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>DNA</i> is {{c1::negatively::positively or negatively}} charged due to its&nbsp;<u>phosphate&nbsp;backbone</u>"<div><img src=""DNA Backbone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/v/molecular-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
mO}_LM;Q>nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA {{c1::nucleoside}} is a&nbsp;5-carbon sugar plus a nitrogenous base and <i>no phosphate groups</i>"<div><img src=""Nucleoside.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-nucleic-acids-and-nucleotides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
l{%o.f@8]:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA {{c1::nucleotide}} is a <b>nucleoside with 1 to 3&nbsp;phosphate&nbsp;groups added</b>"<div><img src=""Nucleotide.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-nucleic-acids-and-nucleotides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
pe0bdVXZjdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The {{c1::Watson-Crick model::... model}} states that&nbsp;DNA is a <i>double-stranded,&nbsp;helical&nbsp;structure</i>&nbsp;</div>"<div>The two strands are <b>antiparallel</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Watson Crick (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/v/the-discovery-of-the-double-helix-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
KF(-5rWEfbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The <b>nitrogenous bases</b> in DNA and RNA include:</div><div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Guanine}}</div><div>{{c1::Cytosine}}</div></div><div>{{c1::Adenine}}<br></div>{{c1::<div>Thymine (DNA only)</div><div></div><div>}}</div><div>{{c1::Uracil (RNA only)}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
sy*p;h3=!!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <u>pyrimidines</u> in DNA and RNA have {{c1::1::#}} ring(s)""<div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
"zmhxa;R#Af"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <i>purines</i> in DNA and RNA have {{c1::2::#}} ring(s)""<div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
"J#v?NIQNjn"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The&nbsp;DNA double helix has a <i>diameter</i> of {{c1::20::#}} angstroms""<div><i>purine + pyrimidine = uniform width</i><br></div><div>purine + purine = too wide</div><div>pyrimidine + pyrimidine = too narrow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Width.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yelx2ZSh7RA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
DObd(F?a65Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <b>DNA backbone</b> is held together by {{c1::phosphodiester&nbsp;bonds::... bonds}}&nbsp;"<div>Form between the sugar and the phosphate groups<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nucleotide bases are held together by <u>hydrogen bonds</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""DNA Structure.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/v/molecular-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
n@qa@A5-IiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><b>Adenine and Thymine</b> are held together by {{c1::2::#}} hydrogen bonds</div><div><br></div><div><i>Guanine and Cytosine</i> are held together by {{c1::3::#}} hydrogen bonds</div>""<div>Note: RNA has U instead of T<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ILWTGC8KHM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
z3GU+%Xb@OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Chargaff’s rules::... rules}} states that, in DNA, the <b>number of purines must equal the&nbsp;number of pyrimidines</b>"<div>This is due to the base pairing of A-T and G-C</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/v/the-discovery-of-the-double-helix-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
j%zlvJdkhLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryDNA {{c1::replication}} is the process of producing an <i>identical replica</i> of a DNA&nbsp;molecule"<div>Occurs in the S (synthesis) phase of the cell&nbsp;cycle<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
oTNdd*w5JrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Topoisomerase::Enzyme}} <u>unwinds the DNA double helix</u>"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
"C=^l3opm#+"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Helicase::Enzyme}} <i>breaks the hydrogen bonds</i> between nitrogenous bases&nbsp;in order to separate the DNA strands"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
jmWO3i5,<iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Single strand binding protein</b> binds to single-stranded DNA and serves to {{c1::prevent annealing of single-stranded DNA into&nbsp;double-stranded DNA}}</div>"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
"Luyg+#$)m,"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::DNA primase::Enzyme}} <u>catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA</u> primer"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
pq4ebLNh|_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::RNA primers}} are short RNA nucleotide sequences that are complementary to&nbsp;the ssDNA and <i>allow DNA replication to&nbsp;start</i>"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
oT^6hE}caRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::DNA polymerase::Enzyme}} <i>adds nucleotides</i>&nbsp;to the growing strand during DNA replication"<div>DNA Polymerase also removes the RNA primer at the end of&nbsp;the strands</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
KT(b|W/A!ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Okazaki fragments}} are <u>short, newly synthesized DNA fragments</u> that are formed on&nbsp;the <i>lagging template</i> strand during DNA replication</div>"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
wy@M=|5q$RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::DNA ligase::Enzyme}} <i>joins DNA strands together</i> by catalyzing the formation of&nbsp;<u>phosphodiester bonds</u>"<div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
rNfi.OZK,yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Oncogenes}} develop from <b>mutations of proto-oncogenes and</b>&nbsp;promote cell cycling. <i>They may lead to cancer</i>"<div><u>Oncogenes = stepping on gas pedal</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><img src=""Oncogene.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><br></font></div><div><a href=""&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/gene-control/v/oncogenes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
y2?;)n.S1MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Tumor suppressor genes}} code for proteins that&nbsp;<u>reduce</u> cell cycling&nbsp;or promote&nbsp;DNA repair</div>"<div>Mutated&nbsp;tumor suppressor genes = <u>no brakes</u><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Oncogene.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/gene-control/v/tumor-suppressors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
xt$i/T9!O*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::DNA polymerase::Enzyme}} <b>proofreads its work</b> and excises&nbsp;incorrectly matched bases"<div>The daughter strand is&nbsp;identified by its lack of methylation and corrected&nbsp;accordingly</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Proofreading (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
rDzR2`cDM_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><u>Mismatch repair</u> of DNA occurs during&nbsp;{{c1::G2 phase::cell cycle phase}}&nbsp;using the genes MSH2 and MLH1</div>"<div><img src=""DNA Proofreading (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
M|Q]-b7mOjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Nucleotide excision repair::... repair}} fixes <u>helix-deforming </u>lesions of DNA such as <b>Thymine&nbsp;dimers</b></div>"<div>A cut-and-patch process. Excision Endonuclease<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Excision Repair (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
y&]p(8lcJPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Base excision repair::... repair}} fixes <i>nondeforming</i> lesions of the DNA helix such as&nbsp;<b>cytosine deamination</b> by removing the base, leaving an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site</div>"<div>AP endonuclease then&nbsp;removes the damaged sequence, which can be <i>filled in&nbsp;with the correct bases</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Base Excision Repair (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/a/dna-proofreading-and-repair"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair
faR<e0q/`+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"Humans have&nbsp;{{c1::23::#}} pairs of <u>chromosomes</u>, for a total of {{c1::46::#}} chromosomes""<div><img src=""23 Pairs of Chromosomes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
w*|./<Z%kqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Chromatin}} <b>packages DNA into a smaller volume</b> to fit in the cell"<div><i>Heterochromatin</i>: Dark, dense, and silent<br></div><div><div><u>Euchromatin</u>: Light, uncondensed, and expressed</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""DNA Packaging.png""></font></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
q;gh$ugWRvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Telomeres}} are at the <i>ends of chromosomes</i> and contain high GC-content to <u>prevent&nbsp;unraveling of the DNA</u>"<div><b>During replication, telomeres are&nbsp;shortened</b>, but this can be partially reversed by <i>telomerase</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Telomere (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/telomeres-and-cell-senescence"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
h&~EBMv<imCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Centromeres}} are located in the <i>middle of&nbsp;chromosomes</i> and <b>hold&nbsp;sister chromatids&nbsp;together</b> until they are&nbsp;separated during&nbsp;anaphase in mitosis"<div><u>High GC-content</u> to&nbsp;maintain a strong bond&nbsp;between chromatids<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Centromere.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
zS4BX-L*EaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::acrocentric chromosome::... chromosome}} is one in which the <b>centromere</b> is located<b> </b>near<b> </b>one<b> end of the&nbsp;chromosome </b>and<b> </b><i>not in the middle</i></div>"<div><img src=""Acrocentric Chromosome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbGw4VanNjk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
KaOZ}w_nD?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<b>Prokaryotes</b> have {{c1::1::#}}&nbsp;origin(s) of replication and <u>eukaryotes</u> have {{c1::multiple::#}} origin(s) of replication""<div><img src=""Origin of Replication.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBmO_rmXxIw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication
gWfZ%T?N%fCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Recombinant DNA}} is&nbsp;DNA composed of nucleotides from <i>two different sources</i>, created in only in labs"<div><img src=""Recombinate DNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/v/dna-cloning-and-recombinant-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
"i2_%{E-/6#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::The central dogma}} states that <u>DNA is transcribed to RNA</u>, which is&nbsp;<b>translated to protein</b>"<div><img src=""Central Dogma.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
G~O}yb,9l;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe genetic code is considered {{c1::degenerate}}&nbsp;because <b>multiple codons can code for the same&nbsp;amino acid</b>"<div><img src=""Degenerate Code.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/the-genetic-code"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
nPj8!ziU]WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><u>Initiation (start) Codon</u>:&nbsp;{{c1::AUG}}<br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Termination (stop) Codons</i>:&nbsp;{{c1::UAA}},&nbsp;{{c1::UGA}},&nbsp;{{c1::UAG}}</div>"<div><img src=""Start Stop Codons (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/the-genetic-code-discovery-and-properties"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
zAzfa/.dTsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>start codon</u>&nbsp;{{c1::AUG}} codes for {{c1::Methionine::amino acid}}"<div><img src=""Start Stop Codons (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/the-genetic-code-discovery-and-properties"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
d7os~Y0|,QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::3rd base::which base}} in a codon can <b>wobble</b> and <i>break standard Watson-Crick rules</i> but still code for the intended protein"<div><b>Wobble is caused by redundancy found in the genetic code</b></div><div><br></div><div>Wobble base pairings are <u>less stable</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Wobble (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
s5f4w_O9XCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::point mutation}} is a genetic mutation where a <u>single nucleotide</u> base is&nbsp;<i>changed</i>,&nbsp;<i>inserted</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>deleted</i>&nbsp;from a sequence of DNA or RNA"<div><b>Silent</b></div><div><b>Nonsense&nbsp;(truncation)</b></div><div><b>Missense</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Point Mutations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics
vu3PYa)DgJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::silent mutation::... mutation}} has <u>no effect&nbsp;on protein synthesis</u>"<div>Usually found in the 3rd base of a codon<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Silent Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics
f`t?7930diCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::nonsense mutation::... mutation}} produces a&nbsp;<i>premature&nbsp;stop codon</i>"<div><img src=""Nonsense Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics
L>1OFm=PtjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::missense mutation::... mutation}} produces a codon that <u>codes&nbsp;for a&nbsp;different amino acid</u>"<div><img src=""Missense Mutation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics
i3&y5&%Vn%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::frameshift mutation::... mutation}} results from a nucleotide addition or deletion, and&nbsp;<b>changes the reading frame&nbsp;of subsequent codons</b>"<div><img src=""Frameshift Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics
"Ay765.:#8`"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>RNA</b> uses a {{c1::ribose}} sugar and uses {{c1::uracil::nucleotide}} instead of {{c1::thymine::nucleotide}}"<div><u>RNA is single-stranded</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""RNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/nova/rnawondermolecule/v/rnaenigma"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
h+4$ZY_y=@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Messenger RNA}} is <u>transcribed from DNA</u>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;nucleus and then <b>travels into the cytoplasm for&nbsp;translation</b>"<div><img src=""mRNA.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription
xo9=6rc=&FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Transfer RNA}} <i>brings amino acids to the ribosome</i> and&nbsp;recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its own <b>anticodon</b>"<div><img src=""tRNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
tLh`kK_3+4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Ribosomal RNA}} <b>makes up the&nbsp;ribosome</b>&nbsp;and is&nbsp;enzymatically active"<div><img src=""rRNA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
p,nT8;@Z;(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Transcription}} is the first step of gene expression, in which a <u>segment of DNA is copied into RNA</u> by the enzyme&nbsp;<i>RNA polymerase</i>"<div><img src=""Transcription (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription
RfvZFe`GxJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::nucleosome}} is a segment of DNA wound in sequence<i> around eight histone protein cores</i>"<div><img src=""Nucleosome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Packaging Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQHwXfYkAs"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure
z|~t*.T1ybCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Post-transcriptional modification}} is the process in eukaryotic cells where <b>primary transcript&nbsp;RNA is converted into mature RNA</b></div>"<div><u>Introns are cut out</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/transcription-and-rna-processing/v/post-translational-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing
iK+v}M1GfsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Exons}} are regions of a gene that <i>code for proteins</i>"<div><i>Exons exit the nucleus</i>&nbsp;and form mRNA&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Introns stay in the nucleus</u>&nbsp;since they are cut out and not included in mRNA<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing
s1B@}RW6x%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Introns}} are segments of a DNA or RNA molecule which do <u>not code for proteins</u>"<div><i>Exons exit the nucleus</i>&nbsp;and form mRNA&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Introns stay in the nucleus</u>&nbsp;since they are cut out and not included in mRNA<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><br>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing
"hM#6@v6fZi"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Alternative splicing}} is a regulated process during gene expression that <b>results in a&nbsp;single gene coding for multiple proteins</b>"<div>In normal gene expression, <u>introns are cut away</u> and&nbsp;<i>exons remain</i>&nbsp;in the sequence</div><div><br></div><div>In <b>alternative splicing</b>, a certain exon may be cut out, or an intron may&nbsp;stay. This allows for the RNA segment to code for more&nbsp;than one gene<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alternative Splicing (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZwSmUNRBQQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing
nu&$DGe@qeCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe purpose of the <i>5’ cap and poly-A tail</i> on mRNA is that they {{c1::protect&nbsp;mRNA for translation}}"<div><img src=""Cap and Tail of mRNA (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/transcription-and-rna-processing/v/post-translational-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
F/Gxy%;:e!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>A/an {{c1::polycistronic&nbsp;gene}} is a segment of&nbsp;<b>prokaryotic</b>&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> that <i>encodes several proteins</i></div>"<div>Multiple translation sites lead to different gene products being created<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polycistronic Genes .png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amfz59f87YU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
j6sV&YK6x&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Ribosomes</b> are factories where {{c1::translation (protein synthesis)}} occurs"<div><img src=""Ribosome (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
c}HAi.E0tGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <u>translation</u>, a succession of {{c1::tRNAs}}&nbsp;add their <i>amino acids</i> to&nbsp;the polypeptide chain as&nbsp;the mRNA is moved&nbsp;through the {{c1::ribosome}}&nbsp;one codon at a time"<div><img src=""Ribosome (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
ydPE[=_xO]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Translation</u> occurs in the {{c1::cytoplasm::part of cell}}, at the&nbsp;{{c1::ribosomes::organelle}}"<div><img src=""Tranlsation Site.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
P-MPaY}K5oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe three steps in <u>translation</u> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Initiation}}</div><div>{{c1::Elongation}}</div><div>{{c1::Termination}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Translation Steps.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
EP@(Zsu7;XCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <u>prokaryotic translation</u>, the <b>30S ribosome</b> subunit attaches to the&nbsp;{{c1::Shine-Delgarno sequence}}&nbsp;and scans for a start codon"<div>It lays down <b>N-formylmethionine </b>in the P site of the&nbsp;ribosome</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/differences-in-translation-between-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
sSVKfo1}J4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA <u>Svedberg</u> is a measure of&nbsp;{{c1::sedimentation time}}; the tendency of particles to settle out of a fluid"<div>The value depends on both <b>mass and shape</b><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>Svedberg units are <i>not additive</i>. For example, prokaryotic ribosomes have a 50S subunit and a 30S subunit, but the total Svedberg unit for the combined ribosome is only 70s</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
kSgF(1^/dFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<u>Prokaryotic</u>&nbsp;ribosomes are {{c1::70::#}} Svedberg units&nbsp;""<div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
"Bq!J#<*x=Y"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<b>Eukaryotic</b>&nbsp;ribosomes are {{c1::80::#}} Svedberg units&nbsp;""<div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
o=KT!!H:<LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <b>translation elongation</b>, the&nbsp;new tRNA enters the ribosome at the {{c1::A}} site"<div>The growing polypeptide&nbsp;chain is transferred from the P site to the A&nbsp;site to meet the new tRNA</div><div><br></div><div>Before leaving the ribosome, the tRNA stops in the E site. <i>The order of sites for the tRNA is A-P-E</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Elongation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>
"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
GXg;N3:U5RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <b>translation</b>, {{c1::termination}} will occur when the codon in the A site is a <i>stop codon</i>"<div>Release factor places a <u>water molecule</u> on the&nbsp;polypeptide chain and thus releases the protein<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Termination.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
DB|f[os%EMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Post-translational modifications}} are modifications that occur to a protein <u>after it has been fully formed in translation</u></div>"<div>PTMs can happen at any step of the protein lifespan. The most common PTM is <i>phosphorylation</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Post Translational Modifications (1).png""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/protein-modifications"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation
v6v@kV>LUkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<b>Eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;have&nbsp;{{c1::multiple::#}} chromosome(s)<div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryotes</u>&nbsp;have {{c1::one::#}} chromosome(s)</div>""The prokaryotic chromosome is circular<br><div><br></div><div><b>Eukaryote</b>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Eukaryote (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryote</u>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Prokaryote (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note: <i>Plasmids</i> are different from chromosomes and contain DNA that is <i>not essential for survival</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9AbkNGh2u8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
dhGcAIY;ITCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::chromatid}}&nbsp;is <u>one half of a chromosome</u>"<div>One of the chromatids is an <i>identical copy</i> of the other</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Centromere.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
z31=PxOK&ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::chromosome}} is a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with <i>part or all of the genetic material</i> of an organism"<div><b>Eukaryote</b>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Eukaryote (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryote</u>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Prokaryote (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note:&nbsp;<i>Plasmids</i>&nbsp;are different from chromosomes and contain DNA that is&nbsp;<i>not essential for survival</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9AbkNGh2u8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes
Ah!}Zq$4QjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Operons}} are found in <u>prokaryotic DNA</u> and contain groups of genes that are <b>regulated together</b>"<div>The advantage is that a group of genes whose products are all needed for a common function can be <b>transcribed together</b><br></div><div><br></div><div>Operons contain&nbsp;<i>activators</i>,&nbsp;<i>inducers, </i>and&nbsp;<i>repressors</i></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Operon.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
dDu[ApW?B|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn operon {{c1::promoter}} is the <i>binding site for RNA polymerase</i>, the enzyme that performs <u>transcription</u>"<div><img src=""Operon Promoter (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
w60fF[2iYaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn operon {{c1::operator}} is a short region of DNA that lies partially within the promoter and&nbsp;<b>interacts with a repressor</b>&nbsp;that controls the transcription of the operon"<div><img src=""Operon Promoter (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
Oi{+H7AWpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn operon {{c1::repressor}} <i>turns the operon&nbsp;off</i>"<div>The repressor&nbsp;<b>binds to the operator</b>&nbsp;and then blocks the movement of RNA polymerase down the DNA strand<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
ql}voUaHTWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn operon {{c1::activator}} <u>turns the operon&nbsp;on</u>"<div>Example: <i>lac</i> <i>operon</i> uses catabolite activator protein (CAP)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Activator (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
E2<VkFUE?VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn operon {{c1::inducer}} is a small molecule that&nbsp;<b>triggers expression&nbsp;of a gene or operon</b>"<div>Example:&nbsp;The <i>lac</i> <i>operon</i> is considered an <b>inducible operon</b> because its default state is to be turned off (repressed), but can be turned on in the presence of the inducer <b>allolactose</b></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
Dx?%2]/GN|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAn <b>inducible operon</b> under normal conditions is&nbsp;{{c1::bonded to a repressor}}"<div><b>Inducible operons</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;turned on when an inducer pulls the repressor&nbsp;from the operator site<br></div><div><br></div><div>Example: <i>lac operon</i> is an inducible operon</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
noa)WjI|jNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA <i>repressible operon</i> under normal conditions will {{c1::proceed with transcription}}"<div><i>Repressible operons</i>&nbsp;can be&nbsp;turned off by a corepressor coupling with the&nbsp;repressor and the <u>binding of this complex to the&nbsp;operator site<br></u></div><div><br></div><div>Example: <i>Trp operon</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Repressible Operon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
f!K{8(ksA@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div>{{c1::Transcription factors}} are proteins that help turn specific<b> </b>genes<b> ""on"" or ""off""</b> by binding to nearby DNA</div>""<div><img src=""Transcription Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
KP9O<v<lY*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Promotors}} are regions of DNA that <u>initiate transcription</u> of a particular gene"<div>Are <u>within 25</u><b> </b>base pairs of the transcription start site<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transcription Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
q?_bSp}fJsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Enhancers}} are sequences of DNA that function to <i>enhance transcription</i>"<div>Are <i>more than </i>25 base pairs away from the&nbsp;transcription start site<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
jF>H}C!2G3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Histone acetylation}} <i>increases&nbsp;the accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin&nbsp;</i>and allows DNA binding proteins to interact"<div><b>This activates transcription</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Histone Acetylation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/dna-and-chromatin-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
hhm<wp*_b0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>DNA methylation</i> {{c1::decreases::increases or decreases}}&nbsp;the <u>accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin</u>&nbsp;and stops DNA binding proteins from interacting"<div><i>This inhibits&nbsp;transcription</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Methylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/dna-and-chromatin-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
DG/V`S%E3aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::Lac operon}}&nbsp;contains genes that <b>code for proteins in charge of transporting lactose</b> into the cytosol and digesting it into glucose"This glucose is then used to make <i>energy</i><div><br></div><div>The <i>lac</i>, or <i>lactose</i>,<i> operon</i> is found in <u>E. coli</u> and some other bacteria<div><br></div><div><img src=""Lac Operon.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
t,GefNt[71Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>Lac operon</i> is a/an {{c1::inducible::repressible or inducible}} operon"<div>Under normal conditions it is&nbsp;<i>bonded to a repressor</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div>It is turned on when an inducer pulls the repressor&nbsp;from the operator site</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
KN&jbEg$%=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe genes in the <i>lac operon</i>&nbsp;will be expressed if the following <u>two conditions are met</u>:<div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Lactose is available}}</div><div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Glucose is low}}</div></div></div>"<div>When <b>lactose is available</b>, the inducer (allolactose) binds to the repressor and the repressor detaches from the DNA:<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div></div><div>When <u>glucose is low</u>, the activator, <i>catabolite activator protein</i> (CAP), binds to the DNA:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Activator (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
z0aVEw_=iNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Allolactose}} binds to the <i>lac repressor</i> and makes it change shape so the <b>repressor detaches from the DNA</b>"When lactose is available, <u>some lactose molecules will be converted to allolactose</u><div><br></div><div><b>This increases the lac operon gene expression</b><br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
k?pMp,..~{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Neurons}} are the <u>basic working unit of the brain;</u>&nbsp;a specialized cell designed to&nbsp;<b>transmit information</b>&nbsp;to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells"<div><img src=""Neuron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
L$Rx|5v^whCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Reflex arcs}} are when interneurons in the spinal cord relay info to the<i> source of&nbsp;stimuli</i> while&nbsp;<b>simultaneously&nbsp;routing it to the brain</b>"<div><img src=""Reflex Arc.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHLWST-k"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
Mzw<OXf&K;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <i>central nervous system</i> is made up of the {{c1::brain}} and {{c1::spinal cord}}"<div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
"d!y0-gXP<#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::peripheral}} nervous system consists of nervous tissue&nbsp;and&nbsp;fibers&nbsp;<i>outside the CNS</i></div>"<div><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
ypX3WrB43)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe part of the nervous system that is responsible for&nbsp;<i>fight / flight</i> is the {{c1::sympathetic nervous system}}"<div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
MTo68``Lg2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe part of the nervous system that is responsible for <u>rest / digest</u> is the {{c1::parasympathetic nervous system}}"<div>Remember <u>P</u> for <u>P</u>arasympathetic:&nbsp;""Relaxing and having a&nbsp;<u>P</u>iña colada on beach""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""PNS.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></font></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
fur7S3rdAjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Neurotransmitters}} are released by neurons to carry a signal"<div><img src=""Neurotransmitters.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
@6i$Gn}2RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Acetylcholine</i> is a neurotransmitter used to&nbsp;{{c1::move muscles}}"<div><img src=""Acetylcholine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
x^+XI%p95DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Dopamine}} is a neurotransmitter involved in&nbsp;<b>focus&nbsp;and&nbsp;motivation</b>&nbsp;as well as maintaining&nbsp;<i>smooth movements&nbsp;</i>and steady posture"<div><img src=""Dopamine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
c=VP*2@Ug-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><b>Endorphins</b> &amp;&nbsp;<b>Enkephalins</b> are neurotransmitters that are used as {{c1::pain killers}}</div>"<div><img src=""Endorphins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
foXg{nV*vuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Epinephrine &amp;&nbsp;Norepinephrine maintain&nbsp;{{c1::wakefulness}}&nbsp;and mediate the {{c1::fight / flight responses}}</div>"<div><img src=""Epinephrine.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
DEWl)+RE{`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>γ-aminobutyric&nbsp;Acid (<u>GABA</u>) is an {{c1::inhibiting::excitatory or inhibiting}}&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div>"<div><u>Glycine</u> serves a similar function<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
K*7bAo*<zBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Glutamate</i> is an&nbsp;{{c1::excitatory::excitatory or inhibiting}}&nbsp;neurotransmitter"<div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
B7{|a;yWCmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Serotonin}} modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming"<div><img src=""Serotonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
eK2}RZeys;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Cortisol}} is a <i>stress hormone</i>&nbsp;released by the&nbsp;<b>adrenal cortex</b>"<div><img src=""Cortisol.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
C+5[ib{`IyCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Testosterone</i> and <u>estrogen</u> are hormones that&nbsp;mediate {{c1::libido}}&nbsp;among other functions</div>"<div>Testosterone is also associated with <i>aggressive&nbsp;behavior</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Testosterone.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Estrogen.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link - Estrogen</a>&nbsp;<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/testosterone"">Khan Academy Link - Testosterone</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
kjRzwEN;E+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::hindbrain::division of brain}}&nbsp;includes the <u>cerebellum</u>, the <u>medulla oblongata</u>, and the <u>reticular formation</u>"<div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
z8@3AC)GiKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::midbrain::division of brain}} includes the <b>colliculi</b>, the&nbsp;<b>tegmentum</b>, and the&nbsp;<b>cerebral peduncles</b>"<div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
BCBQdJx^&8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::forebrain::division of brain}} includes the <i>thalamus</i>, the <i>hypothalamus</i>, the <i>basal ganglia</i>, the <i>limbic&nbsp;system</i>, and the <i>cerebral cortex</i>"<div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
l{GTQDGH/gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::thalamus::brain area}} is the <i>relay station</i>&nbsp;for sensory information"<div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/subcortical-cerebrum"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
j=}J=HS;ErCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::hypothalamus::brain area}} regulates <i>homeostasis</i> and is in charge of the <i>4 F's</i>"<div>Integrates with the&nbsp;<u>endocrine system</u></div><div><br></div><div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
KIFC|~,%[rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::basal ganglia::brain area}} controls <u>smooths movements</u>&nbsp;and helps <u>postural stability</u>"<div>Part of the<i>&nbsp;forebrain</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Basal Ganglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-diseases/parkinsons-disease/v/the-basal-ganglia-concepts-of-the-indirect-pathway"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
okjHmoe3.HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::limbic system::brain area}} deals with&nbsp;<b>emotions</b>,&nbsp;<b>memories</b>,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>arousal</b>&nbsp;(or stimulation)"<div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Limbic System (1).png""></font></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
wYVxt`s)CICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::amygdala::limbic system structure}} is in charge of <i>fear</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>aggression</i>"<div><img src=""Limbic System (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
urJV%iEd53Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::hippocampus::limbic system structure}} regulates&nbsp;<b>emotions</b>"<div><img src=""Limbic System (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
LJ.KIgtRjNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::cerebral cortex::brain structure}} is the <u>outer layer</u> of neural tissue of the&nbsp;<u>cerebrum</u></div>"<div>Four lobes:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Frontal</u></div><div><u>Parietal</u></div><div><u>Temporal</u></div><div><u>Occipital</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
m^1KUC)b?gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::parietal lobe::... lobe}} is associated with <i>touch</i>, <i>pressure</i>, <i>temp</i>, <i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>spatial processing</i>"<div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
PUx!,fuMe%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::frontal lobe::... lobe}} is associated with <u>executive function</u>, <u>impulse control</u>, <u>speech</u>, and <u>motor</u>"<div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
hCk$e6R%1bCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::occipital lobe::... lobe}} is associated with <b>vision</b>"<div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
"P6^jI#zJid"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::temporal lobe::... lobe}} is associated with <i>sound</i>, <i>speech</i> <i>perception</i>, <i>memory</i>, and <i>emotion</i>"<div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
k@S~|[||NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::left::left or right}} cerebral hemisphere is associated with <u>analytic</u> <u>thinking</u>,&nbsp;<u>language</u>,&nbsp;<u>logic</u>, and <u>math</u></div>"<div><img src=""Cerebral Hemispheres.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqDf8wfABM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain MileDown::Behavioral::Language
L]o2F|@H0{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::right::left or right}} cerebral hemisphere is associated with <b>intuition</b>,&nbsp;<b>creativity</b>, and&nbsp;<b>spatial processing</b>"<div><img src=""Cerebral Hemispheres.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqDf8wfABM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain
G~1IFb9U1mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The rooting, moro, babinski, and grasping reflexes are examples of {{c1::primitive reflexes}}</div>"They exist in <i>infants</i> and should disappear with age<br><br><img src=""Primitive Reflexes.jpg""><br>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
vXt/XT/wrKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::rooting reflex::... reflex}} is when an infant turns his or her head&nbsp;<b>toward a stimulus</b>"<div><img src=""Rooting Reflex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
eBKLf6v6/RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::moro reflex::... reflex}} is when an infant <u>extends his or her arms</u> in response to a&nbsp;<u>falling sensation</u>"<div><div><img src=""Moro Reflex.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
LCD`4A!G+RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::babinski reflex::... reflex}} is when an infant's <i>big toe&nbsp;is extended</i> and other&nbsp;toes fan&nbsp;out&nbsp;in response to <i>brushing on sole</i> of foot"<div><div><img src=""Babinski.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
"xMWdESl)F#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::grasping reflex::... reflex}} is when an infant <b>grabs anything&nbsp;put into hands</b>"<div><img src=""Grasping Reflex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
E<RVDWlM4MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Sensory receptors}} are sensory nerves that <b>respond to stimuli</b>"<div><img src=""Sensory Receptors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/somatosensation-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
bl[?G)j%J:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Sensory ganglia}} are enlargements along peripheral nerves that <u>transmit signals to the CNS</u>"<div><img src=""Sensory Ganglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/peripheral-somatosensation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
C4;7n+`Sy_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Projection areas</i> are areas in the <u>four lobes</u> (frontal,&nbsp;parietal,&nbsp;temporal,&nbsp;occipital) of the brain where {{c1::sensory processing}} occurs"<div><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
w1V/v+tV%%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::absolute threshold}} is the minimum stimulus energy that will <i>activate a&nbsp;sensory system</i><br>"<div><img src=""Absolute Threshold.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zre37gR0pg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
jo-M%D&q(xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::threshold of conscious perception}} is the <u>minimum stimulus energy</u> that will create a&nbsp;signal large enough in size and long enough in&nbsp;duration to be&nbsp;<i>brought into awareness</i></div>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
"lhvPv#nZU5"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::difference threshold}} is the <i>minimum difference in magnitude</i> between two&nbsp;stimuli before one can&nbsp;<b>perceive</b> the difference"<div><img src=""Difference Threshold.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/webers-law-and-thresholds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
fY1jaSjq`+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Weber’s law</i> states that the <b>just noticeable difference</b> for a stimulus is&nbsp;proportional to the {{c1::magnitude}} of the stimulus"<div><img src=""Webers Law.gif"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/webers-law-and-thresholds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
v0L95`wn?VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Signal detection theory::... theory}} refers to the effects of <b>nonsensory factors</b>, such&nbsp;as experiences, motives, and expectations on&nbsp;<u>perception of stimuli</u></div>"<div>Accounts for the <i>response bias</i><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Signal Detection Theory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/signal-detection-theory-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
z&kTAmT!S{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Essential Equations"The equation related to&nbsp;<b><i>Hooke's law</i> </b>is:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Hooke's Law.png"">}}</div>""<div>Force applied to the spring = &nbsp;- (spring constant) x (displacement of the spring)<br></div><div><br></div><div>Note: &nbsp;The negative sign means that the force exerted by the spring opposes the spring's displacement</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hooke's LAw 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hooke's Law 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/spring-potential-energy-and-hookes-law-ap/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Energy::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations
"i=Y0#9N`{i"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::cornea::eye structure}} <u>gathers and filters</u> incoming light"The eye's <b>outermost</b> layer<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cornea.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
fF13P5W&+/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::iris::eye structure}} <b>controls the size of the pupil</b>"<div>It is the <i>colored part</i> of eye</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Iris.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
"l&Z]a_T#R4"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::lens::eye structure}} <i>refracts incoming light</i> to focus it on the retina"<div><img src=""Lens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
Lmic`ePPNDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Aqueous humor}} is the <u>clear, watery fluid</u> that fills the space <b>between the cornea and lens</b> of the eye. It provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eyeball</div>"<div>Produced by the ciliary body<br></div><div><br></div><div>Drains through the <i>canal of Schlemm</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aqueous Humor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
y(pLstdR{0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::retina::eye structure}} is the&nbsp;<b>sensory membrane</b>&nbsp;that lines the <i>back</i> of the eye"<div>Contains <u>rods</u> and <u>cones</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Lens.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
IYF>X8G(,3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Rods</i> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect&nbsp;{{c1::light&nbsp;/&nbsp;dark}}"<div>Contain <b>rhodopsin</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Rods and Cones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/photoreceptors-rods-cones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
jHl{@bv[OYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Cones</u> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect {{c1::color}}"<div><img src=""Rods and Cones.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/photoreceptors-rods-cones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
qB^LlV~1{<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Retinal disparity}} provides a <i>binocular cue</i> that facilitates&nbsp;<b>depth perception</b>"<div>In the example below, the hand remains stationary, but the two eyes have a <i>slightly different view</i> due to the fact that there is <u>space between the eyes</u>. The brain uses this information to perceive <b>depth</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Retinal Disparity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/perceptual-organization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
z&:f+$D0(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Horizontal</i> and <i>amacrine cells</i> integrate signals from ganglion cells and perform {{c1::edge-sharpening}}</div>"<img src=""Horizontal and Amacrine.png""><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
KfrEA>t&I5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Magnocellular}} cells process&nbsp;<i>motion</i>"<div>Gives us the ""<i>where</i>"" of an object<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnocellular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
t^MgOiJf*WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Parvocellular</u> cells process&nbsp;{{c1::shape}}"<div>Gives us the ""<u>what</u>"" of an object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnocellular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
"h~#%?@/o*j"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Parallel processing}} is the idea that our eyes process color, form, and motion <i>at same time</i>"<div><img src=""Parallel Processing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
F.pWp%qt@sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralGive the <u>visual pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Eye}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::optic nerves}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::optic chiasm}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::optic tracts}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::visual radiations}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::visual cortex}}</div>"<div><img src=""Visual Pathway 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETIp8kZPoBw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
P!&-e[DR7RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The item missing from the <u>visual pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Eye&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic nerves&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic chiasm&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic tracts&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual radiations&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual cortex<br></div>"<div><img src=""Visual Pathway 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETIp8kZPoBw"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual
N.|d<_jVA6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe three main <b>divisions of the ear</b> are {{c1::outer}}, {{c1::middle}}, and {{c1::inner}}"<div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
OSz{4LCq},Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::outer}} ear includes the <u>pinna</u>&nbsp;(auricle), <u>external auditory canal</u>, and the <u>tympanic&nbsp;membrane</u>"<div>Collects sound and transmits to eardrum</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
AqF7<mj-18Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::middle}} ear includes the <b>malleus</b>, the <i>incus</i>, and the <u>stapes</u>"<div><b>Malleus</b>: <b>Hammer</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Incus</i>: <i>Anvil</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>Stapes</u>: <u>Stirrup</u>. Footplate of stapes rests in the oval&nbsp;window of cochlea</div></div><div><br></div><div>Ossicles Acronym: <i>MIS</i> and <i>HAS</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
JAnv5{&3(/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe&nbsp;<b>malleus</b>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<b>ossicles</b>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;{{c1::hammer}}"<div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
n_SBc)-%~mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe&nbsp;<i>incus</i>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<i>ossicles</i>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;{{c1::anvil}}"<div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
"JGS@d#@@<l"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe&nbsp;<u>stapes</u>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<u>ossicles</u>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;{{c1::stirrup}}"<div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
e[O.l[9()MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"The {{c1::inner}} ear includes the <u style="""">cochlea</u>, the <b>vestibular system</b>, and the <i>semicircular canals</i>""<div><u style="""">Cochlea</u>: <u>Hearing</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b style="""">Vestibular System</b>: <b style="""">Balance</b></div><div><br></div><div><i>Semicircular Canals</i>: <i>Balance</i>&nbsp;(part of the vestibular system)</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
Jf^_*&RBTMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::pinna (auricle)::ear structure}} acts as a kind of&nbsp;<b>funnel</b>&nbsp;which assists in <b>directing the sound </b>further into the ear"<div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
ss!1LV*&(oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::External auditory canal::Ear structure}} transmits sound <u>from the pinna to the eardrum</u>"""Ear canal""<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
J!08c2l=ggCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Tympanic&nbsp;membrane::Ear structure}} is a thin flap of skin that is stretched tight like a drum and&nbsp;<i>vibrates&nbsp;when sound hits it</i>"<div>""Eardrum""</div><div><br></div><div>Separates the <b>outer</b> <b>ear</b> from the <b>middle</b> <b>ear</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
H~DnNm{a@FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <u>cochlea</u>&nbsp;translates sound into&nbsp;{{c1::nerve impulses}}&nbsp;to be sent to the brain"<div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
P>fHCgID^[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe&nbsp;{{c1::vestibular system::ear structure}}&nbsp;is a sensory&nbsp;system<b>&nbsp;</b>responsible for providing our brain with information about <b>motion</b>, <b>head position</b>, and <b>spatial orientation</b>; it also is involved with motor functions that allow us to keep our <i>balance</i><br>"<div>The vestibular system includes the <i>semicircular canals</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie2j7GpC4JU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
s>e91.&3gOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Semicircular canals</i> are responsible for&nbsp;{{c1::balance}}"<div>When your head moves around, the <u>endolymph</u> (liquid) inside the semicircular canals sloshes around and <b>moves the tiny hairs</b> that line each canal<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sensory-perception/v/the-vestibular-system-balance-and-dizziness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
AfF{9VU4(JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe<b> superior olive</b> is located in the {{c1::brain stem}} and its function is to {{c1::localize sound}}"<div><img src=""Brainstem.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yza-hpIubxQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
3T>o2@UUxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::inferior colliculus::ear structure}} is responsible for the <i>startle reflex</i> and&nbsp;<u>vestibulo-ocular reflex</u>"<div><img src=""Brainstem.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yza-hpIubxQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
Jx3xZ:)&K`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::vestibulo-ocular reflex::... reflex}} keeps the&nbsp;eyes fixed on a single point as the&nbsp;head rotates"<div><img src=""Vestibulo-ocular reflex (1).png""><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
u~Eq)XfJglCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralGive the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Cochlea}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::vestibulocochlear nerve}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::medial geniculate nucleus}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::auditory cortex}}</div>"<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-processing-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
Ht0S2@eBcgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Identify the item missing from the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cochlea&nbsp;→&nbsp;vestibulocochlear nerve&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::medial geniculate nucleus}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;auditory cortex<br></div>"<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-processing-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory
;TqO$%HLdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Smell</u> is the detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the&nbsp;{{c1::olfactory}} chemoreceptors"<div>Smell info <i>bypasses</i> <i>the thalamus</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Smell.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/olfaction-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell
H;3Q;s~f}rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Pheromones}} are <b>chemicals given off by animals</b> that have an effect on&nbsp;<u>social foraging</u>, and <u>sexual behavior</u>"<div><img src=""Pheremones.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/pheromones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell
J2%UesYTBHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <b>five categories of taste</b> are:<div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Sweet}}</div><div>{{c1::Sour}}</div><div>{{c1::Salty}}</div><div>{{c1::Bitter}}</div><div>{{c1::Umamai}}</div></div>"<div>Taste is the detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in&nbsp;<i>papillae</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Taste.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/gustation-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Taste
bhbvGD?8YrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Somatosensation}} refers to the four touch modalities: <i>pressure</i>,&nbsp;<i>vibration</i>,&nbsp;<i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>temperature</i>"<div><img src=""Somatosensation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/somatosensation-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain
s!OQsM;8PECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::two-point threshold}} is the <b>minimum distance&nbsp;necessary between two points</b> of&nbsp;stimulation on the skin such that the points will be<i> felt&nbsp;as&nbsp;two distinct stimuli</i>"<div><img src=""Two Point Sensation.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sensory-perception/v/absolute-threshold-of-sensation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
mqKw!-{?^vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Physiological zero}} is a temperature that is felt by the skin as&nbsp;<i>neither warm nor cold</i><div>Under ordinary conditions usually falls at about 85° to 90°F</div>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
tBu;PL.S}ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Nociceptors</i>&nbsp;sense {{c1::pain}}"<div>There is a <u>lower</u>&nbsp;<u>just noticeable difference</u> for pain</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nociceptor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/pain-and-temperature-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain
PO*!wQI;KmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"The {{c1::gate control theory::... theory}} of pain&nbsp;asserts that <i>non-painful input closes</i> <i>the nerve ""gates""</i> to painful input, which <b>prevents pain sensation</b> from traveling to the central nervous system""<div><img src=""Gate Control Theory of Pain.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gate Control Theory of Pain 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-fUfIFduxI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain
b&qFYIwrs)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Proprioception}} is the sense that tells you information about your<b>&nbsp;body's position</b>"<div>Proprioception = your body's position<div><br></div><div>Kinaesthesia = your body's movements</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proprioception.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/somatosensation-topic/v/proprioception-kinesthesia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
&Pg_<N`uLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Top-down processing</i> is the recognition of an object by&nbsp;{{c1::memories&nbsp;and&nbsp;expectations}}</div>"<div><b>Little attention to detail</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Uses</u> <u>background knowledge</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bottom-Up Processing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
"l5#FCVaK,o"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Using<b>&nbsp;bottom-up processing</b>, one will process {{c1::details}} first, then the {{c1::whole object}}</div>"<div><div>Recognition of objects by <u>feature&nbsp;detection</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Not influenced</i> by background knowledge</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Bottom-Up Processing.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
P<m|W7o(E_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Gestalt principles}} are principles of how our mind <i>groups things</i></div>"<div><b>Proximity<br></b></div><div><div><b>Similarity</b></div><div><b>Continuity</b></div><div><b>Subjective contours</b></div><div><b>Closure</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gestalt Principles.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
t~Zk*6.HN@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAccording to the gestalt principle of {{c1::proximity}}, objects that are placed <u>close</u> together are <u>perceived as being more related</u> than those spaced farther apart"<div>In the below example, your mind sees&nbsp;set <i>(a)</i> as <i>one group</i> and set <b>(b)</b> as <b>three distinct columns</b> or groups<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proximity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
o)+Fw1>UU!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAccording to the gestalt principle of {{c1::similarity}}, we tend to perceive things that <b>physically resemble</b> one another as <b>part of the same object</b>"<div><img src=""Similarity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
"gTaZ!XFcq#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAccording to the gestalt principle of {{c1::continuity}}, when a shape is not complete, but enough of the shape is shown, <i>our minds will fill in the blanks</i> and construct the whole of the shape"<div>In the below example, the eye <b>tends to want to follow the straight line</b> from one end of this figure to the other, and the <u>curved line from the top to the bottom</u>, even when the lines change color midway through<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
MM*r`]-qe~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAccording to the gestalt principle of {{c1::closure}}, we <b>tend to see complete figures</b> even when part of the information is missing"<div><img src=""Closure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
Bvtn0xu019Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Law of Prägnanz}} states that people will perceive and interpret ambiguous or complex images as the&nbsp;<u>simplest form(s) possible</u>"<div>The&nbsp;Law of Prägnanz <i>governs all the Gestalt Principles</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Law of Pragnanz.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles
zOB7%9,b9KCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Fluids}} are substances that <u>flow and conform </u>to the shape of their&nbsp;containers"<div>This includes liquids and gases<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
p.bz.O(qWRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Solids}} <i>maintain their shape</i> regardless of their&nbsp;container"<div>Do not flow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Solid.png""></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
KK)xumiU8=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Density 2.jpg"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SimFy9wOMXY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
Hok%.P6&c9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pressure Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Pressure = force / area</div><div><br></div><div>Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the&nbsp;walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid Pressure on Object.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
d.(*qakWA;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathPressure is {{c1::equal::equal or varying}} in every direction in a fluid at a given depth"<div>If it were not equal, the fluid would flow<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fluid Pressure.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
bZ+4>,F<^hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Absolute pressure}} is the <i>sum of all pressures</i> at&nbsp;a certain point&nbsp;within a fluid</div>"<div>Absolute pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure&nbsp;due to the fluid's weight)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""P Total.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
IXuzaB<|GdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathIn water, every additional <u>10 meters of depth</u> adds approximately {{c1::1 atm}} to P<sub>total</sub>"<img src=""Water Pressure Every 10 m.png""><br>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
S5/.ZMmMFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Gauge pressure</b> is {{c1::absolute pressure::... pressure}}&nbsp;-&nbsp;{{c1::atmospheric pressure::... pressure}}</div>"<div>Its the reading that a pressure gauge would show when used to test the pressure of something</div><div><br></div><div>It is zero referenced against atmospheric pressure so if the gauge reads ""0 atm"" that means there is no pressure other than the existing atmospheric pressure&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Guage Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
sdP(2WKiy[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><i>Pascal’s principle</i> states that pressure applied to a fluid will be&nbsp;distributed {{c1::undiminished}}&nbsp;throughout the&nbsp;<u>entire volume&nbsp;of the fluid</u></div>"<div>A pressure change at any point in a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that <b>the same change occurs everywhere</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pascal's Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pascal's Law Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
nq^qrncatSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Hydraulic machines</b> operate based on the application of&nbsp;Pascal’s principle&nbsp;to&nbsp;generate&nbsp;{{c1::mechanical advantage}}</div>"<div><img src=""Hydraulic Machines.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
L5tRK}b|$MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><u>Archimedes’ principle</u> states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a&nbsp;<b>buoyant force </b>against the object that is equal to the&nbsp;{{c1::weight of the fluid displaced by the object}}</div>"<div><div>If F<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;&gt; m<sub>object</sub>, then the object floats</div><div>If F<sub>B</sub>&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;m<sub>object</sub>, then the object sinks</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Archimedes Principle.gif"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Buoyant Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
z}a:.$`.o-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Specific gravity</u> is the ratio of {{c1::an object's density}} to {{c1::water's density}}"<div><img src=""Specific Gravity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Specific Gravity 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/specific-gravity"">Khan Academy</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
B`{lebQJ8MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><u>Cohesion</u>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;{{c1::like::like or unlike}} molecules</div><div><br></div><div><br><i>Adhesion</i>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;{{c1::unlike::like or unlike}} molecules<br></div>"<div>Capillary action occurs when the adhesive forces to the wall are <b>stronger</b> than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules<br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cohesion Adhesion.jpeg""></font></div>
<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/a/cohesion-and-adhesion-in-water"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
BsxXsEaH<8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Capillary action</b> occurs when the {{c1::adhesive forces::... forces}} to the wall are stronger than the {{c1::cohesive forces::... forces}} between the liquid molecules"<div>The wall of the container just above the water surface attracts water molecules upwards through the force of adhesion<br></div><div><br></div><div>In capillary action, <i>adhesion</i> &gt; <u>cohesion</u></div><div><br></div><img src=""Capillary Action.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/capillary-action-and-why-we-see-a-meniscus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
NDv]`Cyc&kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Surface tension</u> is created by&nbsp;{{c1::cohesive&nbsp;forces::... forces}}"<div><img src=""Surface Tension.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Surface Tension 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/surface-tension"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
o`,3H!C/qUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Viscosity}} is a measure of a fluid’s&nbsp;<i>internal friction</i>"<div><img src=""Viscosity.png"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flow"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
-1Z3d<YNNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Laminar flow::... flow}} is smooth and orderly"<div><img src=""Laminar Flow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
vhrnH$6XE<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Turbulent flow::... flow}} is rough and disorderly"<div><img src=""Laminar Flow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
Az}390SwtXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Poiseuille’s law</i> determines the {{c1::rate}} of laminar flow"<div>The relationship between radius and pressure gradient is&nbsp;inverse exponential to the fourth power</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Poiseuille’s Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Q = flow rate</div><div>P = pressure</div><div>r = radius</div><div>η&nbsp;= fluid viscosity</div><div>L = length of tubing</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flow"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
O}Ig/+F*I0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Volumetric flow rate</b> is the volume of fluid which passes per {{c1::unit time}}"<div>Flow rate = volume / time</div><div><br></div><div>Or, flow rate = (velocity) x (cross sectional area)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Flow Rate 2.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Flow Rate.png""><div><br></div><div>A = cross sectional area</div><div>v = velocity</div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-volume-flow-rate"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
B=7,^-[W!^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>How will the size of a pipe or passage affect <b>fluid flow rate</b>?</div><div><br></div><div><i>Narrow passages:&nbsp;</i>{{c1::fast::fast or slow}}</div><div><br></div><div><u>Wider ones:</u>&nbsp;{{c1::slow::fast or slow}}&nbsp;</div>"<div>Continuity&nbsp;Equation&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
f!3H=g8l6mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div>Give Bernoulli’s equation:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Bernoulli’s Equation.png"">}}</div>""<div>The <u>sum of all forms of energy</u> in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path is the <i>same</i> at any two points in the path</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bernoulli’s Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations
v7.=xAf&/]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathAccording to the <b>venturi effect</b>, the&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;of a fluid passing through a <i>constricted area</i> will&nbsp;{{c1::increase::increase or decrease}}&nbsp;and its&nbsp;static pressure&nbsp;will&nbsp;{{c1::decrease::increase or decrease}}"<div><img src=""Venturi Effect.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/venturi-effect-and-pitot-tubes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
rY]+4o{IKwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Venturi Tube (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <b>Venturi tube</b> demonstrates that as cross-sectional area <u>decreases</u> from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}}<br></div>""<div>The average height of the horizontal tube remains constant, so pgh remains constant at points 1 and 2<br></div><div><br></div><div>As the dynamic pressure increases, the absolute pressure must decrease at point 2, causing the column of fluid sticking up from the Venturi tube be to be lower at point 2</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyk_HloXz-E"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
JNo{-6F[_oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathIn our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total <i>cross-sectional area increases</i>, velocity {{c1::decreases::increases or decreases}}"<div><img src=""Circulatory System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
"Hl1!2/hN#i"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe {{c1::coulomb}} is the <i>unit of charge</i>"<div>The amount of charge in one ampere-second<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Coulomb.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-electricity/in-in-electric-current-circuit/v/unit-of-charge-coulombs"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
n:}/ZX<~tPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><i>Protons</i>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;{{c1::positive::+ or -}}&nbsp;charge</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Electrons</u>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;{{c1::negative::+ or -}} charge</div>"<div>Both protons and electrons possess the fundamental&nbsp;unit of charge (e = 1.60 × 10<sup>-19</sup> C)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Protons and Neutrons.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
t.HJ$O+{<SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Opposite</b> <b>charges</b>&nbsp;<b>exert</b>&nbsp;{{c1::attractive}}&nbsp;forces</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp;<u>Like charges</u>&nbsp;<u>exert</u>&nbsp;{{c1::repulsive}}&nbsp;forces</div>"<div><img src=""Attraction and Repulsion 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHJkJGBdvwE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
4WL9nBd0cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Conductors}} are a type of material that&nbsp;<b>allows</b> the flow of charge"<div><img src=""Conductor and Insulator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/conservation-of-charge-ap/v/conductors-and-insulators"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
jg8E7z)BCgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Insulators}} are a type of material that <i>resists</i> the movement of charge"<div><img src=""Conductor and Insulator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/conservation-of-charge-ap/v/conductors-and-insulators"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
r.WT^},RCSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Coulomb’s law</b> gives the magnitude of the&nbsp;{{c1::electrostatic force&nbsp;vector}}&nbsp;between two charges"<div><img src=""Coulomb's Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Coulomb's Law 2 (3).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
h$sa!]wFG[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe <u>Coulomb's law proportionality constant</u> (in air) is k = {{c1::9.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;N • m<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;/ C<sup>2</sup>}}"<div>The units on k are such that when placed into the Coulomb's Law equation the units on charge (Coulombs) and the units on distance (meters) will be canceled, <i>leaving a Newton as the unit of force</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Coulomb's Law.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
GY=.I&^J=BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathEvery charge generates a/an {{c1::electric field}}, which can <u>exert&nbsp;forces on other charges</u>"<div><img src=""Electric Field.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/electrostatics-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
J>8vs!=ejgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Field lines </i>show the activity of a&nbsp;{{c1::positive::positive or negative}} test charge"<div><u>Used to represent the electric field vectors for a charge</u></div><div><br></div><div>Move away from a positive charge and move&nbsp;toward a negative charge (north to south)<br></div><div><br></div><div><b>The field is&nbsp;stronger where the field lines are closer together</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Field Lines.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/electrostatics-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
w8jq+&PH!7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>A/an {{c1::equipotential}} line is a line on which the&nbsp;<b>potential at every point is the same</b></div>"<div>Equipotential lines are always<i> perpendicular </i>to electrical&nbsp;field lines<br></div><div><br></div><div>No work is done when a charge moves along an equipotential line<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equipotential Lines (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XI4D4SgHTw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
O$.j9d[0Z8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathA/an {{c1::electric dipole}} is a <u>separation of positive and negative charges</u>"<div>The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some (usually small) distance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Dipole.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZxyjv8YF3k"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
cwD{Kv+`y0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>A/an {{c1::dipole moment}} is a measure of the&nbsp;<i>separation</i>&nbsp;of positive and negative electrical charges within a system</div>"<div>It is the product of charge (q) and separation distance (d)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dipole Moment Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dipole Moment Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/dipole-moment"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
p9&5.{tA{!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Electrical potential energy}} is the <b>amount of work</b> required to bring a&nbsp;test&nbsp;charge&nbsp;from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source&nbsp;charge"<div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Potential Energy Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
4wk8Iq>iJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Electric potential energy</b> {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move apart"<div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
C$sc^/lnA[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Electric potential energy</u> {{c1::decreases::increases or decreases}} when like charges move apart or when opposite charges move closer together"<div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
AYR(V-!k6zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Electrical potential}} is the&nbsp;<i>potential energy</i>&nbsp;of a unit charge in any electric field"<div>Different points in the space of an electric field surrounding a source charge&nbsp;will have different electrical potential values<br></div><div><br></div><div>Note:&nbsp;<i>Electric potential is</i> <i>not the same</i> <i>as electric potential difference</i>. Electric potential difference, also called <b>voltage</b>, is the difference of electric potentials of two different points</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
PKtIyh$e>=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Voltage}} is the <b>potential&nbsp;difference</b> in charge&nbsp;between two points in an electrical field"<div>The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Volt Breakdown.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/voltage"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
n)=A1c*({cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Test charges</i> will move spontaneously in whichever direction&nbsp;results in a {{c1::decrease::increase or decrease}} in their electrical potential&nbsp;energy"<div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics
O-H!6=0$+~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathA/an {{c1::magnetic field}} is a region around a <u>magnetic material</u> or a&nbsp;moving electric charge&nbsp;within which the <b>force of magnetism acts</b>"<div>Unit is the tesla (T)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Field Sources (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/ap-magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
fm}uM{A6DDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Diamagnetic materials::... materials}} possess <b>no unpaired electrons</b> and are slightly&nbsp;<i>repelled</i> by a magnet</div>"<div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
E|%Mvm4PhNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Paramagnetic materials::... materials}} possess&nbsp;<u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become <b>weakly</b>&nbsp;<b>magnetic</b> in an external magnetic field</div>"<div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
m>Vd/Xu<;[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Ferromagnetic materials::... materials}} possess <u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become&nbsp;<i>strongly&nbsp;magnetic</i> in an external magnetic field</div>"<div><img src=""Ferromagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK_Yi5nxuKQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
be_4XZsFOVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Current-carrying wires</b> create magnetic fields that are&nbsp;{{c1::concentric circles}} surrounding the wire</div>"<div><img src=""Wire Magnetic Field.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-field-current-carrying-wire/v/magnetism-6-magnetic-field-due-to-current"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
sPg+Z2!SW?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnetic Force on Moving Charge.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Magnetic Force of a Moving Test Charge.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
xO]N&qD5(?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnetic Force Wire Complete.png"">}}</div></div>""<img src=""Magnetic Force on Wire.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
BQm<ulWMPJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Lorentz force::... force}} is the sum of the <b>electrostatic and magnetic forces </b>acting on a body"<div><img src=""Lorentz Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFT7-_s0jh0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Magnetism
lx0v_MGoVgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Current}} is the <b>flow of electric charge</b>"<div><div>By convention, current is&nbsp;defined as the movement of <i>positive charge</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>In&nbsp;reality, <u>only electrons actually move</u>&nbsp;in a circuit, but the notation goes opposite of these negative charges</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Current.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Current 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note: The above diagram shows the direction of electric charge in regards to how it is notated. Remember, in reality, the <u>only things that move are electrons</u> and they move up to a higher voltage</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/introduction-to-ee/intro-to-ee/v/ee-current"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
jJ3zF5&Xm|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Metallic conduction}} is the flow of current due to <u>movement of&nbsp;electrons</u>"<div><img src=""Conductivity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
h*d[XOF^EXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Electrolytic conduction}} is the <b>movement of free ions under electric field</b>"<div><img src=""Conductivity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/electrolytic-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
eURWg^~(YFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The <i>junction rule</i> states that the sum of the currents flowing into a junction is {{c1::equal to::greater than, less than, or equal to}} the sum of the currents flowing out of that junction</div>"<div><img src=""Junction Rule Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Junction Rule.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/kirchhoffs-junction-rule/a/kirchhoffs-junction-rule-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
"gN|H{^:X#A"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"The <u>loop rule</u> states that the&nbsp;sum&nbsp;of all the&nbsp;electric potential differences&nbsp;(voltages) around a loop is&nbsp;{{c1::zero::#}}""<div><div>The sum of voltage sources is&nbsp;always equal to the sum of voltage drops</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Loop Rule.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Loop Law Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/kirchhoffs-loop-rule-ap/v/ee-kirchhoffs-voltage-law"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
Ps|oS0$XaaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Resistance}} is the <i>opposition</i> that a substance offers to the flow of electrons"<div><img src=""Resistance.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/current-and-resistance/a/do-electrons-move-rapidly-through-direct-current-circuits"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
m|t@&Crt_=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Resistors}} are conductive materials with a moderate amount of <i>resistance</i>&nbsp;that slow down electrons without stopping them"<div><img src=""Resistors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in a Circuit.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/current-and-resistance/a/do-electrons-move-rapidly-through-direct-current-circuits"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
zM_QytGi*kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <i>resistance</i> through a material:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistance Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>p = resistivity<br></div><div>L = length of resistor</div><div>A = cross sectional area<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistance Through a Material.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
Ik0piQ6WH,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Ohms Law Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Ohms Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
k?1MW1$84yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<i>series</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistors in Series Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
P3v_K.bCBFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Resistors in Parallel Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>When in parallel, the total resistance will <i>always be less</i> than the value of the&nbsp;smallest resistor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-3"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
"NSS#$#nKrh"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Capacitors}} have the ability to <b>store and discharge</b> electrical potential&nbsp;energy"<div><img src=""Capacitors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
x_gQhAYnRrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for capacitance in terms of coulombs and volts:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitance Equation.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
"AN`/LhT%#d"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnitude Electric Field Complete.png"">}}</div>""<img src=""Electric Field Between Plates.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSXKk_A3xUM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
"nG@K{N-Q#e"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for potential energy of a capacitor:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Energy Stored in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/energy-capacitor"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
Cl;NOZ1)h7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div>Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u style="""">series</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitors in Series Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will <u>always be less</u> than the value of the&nbsp;smallest capacitor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-series"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
b~_lc*)RqyCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i>parallel</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Capacitors Parallel Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-parallel"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
t3LXz_E2J5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Dielectric materials::... materials}} are insulators placed between the plates of a capacitor that&nbsp;<i>increase capacitance</i> by a factor equal to the material’s&nbsp;dielectric constant,&nbsp;κ</div>"<div><img src=""Dielectric.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/dielectrics-capacitors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
iA{>f0cUOqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Ammeters</i>&nbsp;are inserted in&nbsp;series in a circuit and measure {{c1::current}}"<div>They have&nbsp;negligible resistance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ammeter.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/dc-ammeters-and-voltmeters-ap/v/voltmeters-and-ammeters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
uWtr{)EEZQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Voltmeters</b> are inserted in&nbsp;parallel in a circuit to measure {{c1::voltage}}&nbsp;"<div><i>They have&nbsp;very large resistances</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Voltmeter.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/dc-ammeters-and-voltmeters-ap/v/voltmeters-and-ammeters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
y|:]Z@=iA@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Ohmmeters</u> are&nbsp;used to measure the {{c1::resistance}}"<div>Inserted around a resistive element;&nbsp;they are self-powered and have negligible resistance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ohmmeter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3q81spAxEdU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Circuits
nW}}%Gj0qwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Afferent}} neurons <b>ascend&nbsp;</b>the spinal cord and carry sensory information to the brain"<div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
rj<)eTn%F)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe <i>Reynolds number</i> is used to check whether the flow is&nbsp;{{c1::laminar}}&nbsp;or&nbsp;{{c1::turbulent}}"<div><u>Laminar</u> flow occurs at <u>low</u> Reynolds numbers<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reynolds Number 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>ρ&nbsp;= density of fluid</div><div>V = velocity</div><div>L = diameter of pipe</div><div>μ&nbsp;= dynamic viscosity of the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><i>Reynolds number is dimensionless</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/turbulence-at-high-velocities-and-reynolds-number"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
pnC%b<N</5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Efferent}}&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;<i>exit&nbsp;</i>the spinal cord and bring signals from the brain to the muscles and glands"<div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
cM2drq|SquCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyNeurons that transmit impulses&nbsp;<i>between&nbsp;other neurons</i>, especially as part of a&nbsp;<u>reflex arc</u>, are called {{c1::interneurons}}"<div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Interneurons.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
"q-BnkI;#)h"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyWhen&nbsp;<i>one </i>presynaptic neuron<strong>&nbsp;</strong>releases multiple neurotransmitters&nbsp;<b>over a&nbsp;period of time</b>&nbsp;and trigger an action potential, it is known as {{c1::temporal summation}}"<div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
l=Om!RX02SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyWhen&nbsp;<i>multiple</i><strong> </strong>presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at the <b>same time</b> and trigger an action potential, it is known as {{c1::spatial summation}}"<div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
gxs9[UWJ^PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Action potential}} is the mechanism by which <u>electrical signals</u> <u>travel</u> through the nervous system"<div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
M@_f%]G/qlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>amplitude</i> of an action potential is&nbsp;{{c1::independent::dependent or independent}}&nbsp;of the amount of <b>current</b> that produced it"<div><img src=""All or None Signals.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
p6&iS$0_%^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyNa<sup>+</sup> concentration is <u>higher</u> {{c1::outside::inside or outside}} the cell"<div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
hry9>gs_{`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyK⁺&nbsp;concentration is <b>higher</b> {{c1::inside::inside or outside}} the cell"<div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
CfJ@+i8d31Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA <b>polarized</b> membrane has an electrical {{c1::potential difference}} across the cell membrane<br>"<div>Electrical potential difference =&nbsp;<i>voltage</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
"c~>sH#CiOb"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyWhen a membrane is <u>depolarized</u>, the membrane <b>potential</b> becomes more {{c1::positive::positive or negative}} compared to its resting potential"<div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
"tV$#eP^R=]"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Membrane potential}} is an&nbsp;<b>electrical potential difference</b>&nbsp;between the inside and outside of a cell"<div>Imagine taking two electrodes and placing one on the <u>inside</u> and the other on the <u>outside</u> of the plasma membrane. If you did this, you would measure an <b>electrical potential difference</b>, or <i>voltage</i>, between the electrodes</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Membrane Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
q!j-Lj2Hh5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>resting</b> membrane potential (voltage) of a cell is approximately&nbsp;{{c1::-70}} mV"<div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
q.TK=-G0}%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyWhen the membrane potential is <i>depolarized</i> during an action potential, it reaches a peak of around {{c1::+40}} mV"<div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
N/KB<>tV|yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Depolarization</i> occurs when {{c1::Na⁺}}&nbsp;ions flow in"This <i>increases</i> the charge inside the cell and results in depolarization of the cell membrane<div><br><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
bEY^-xTn$dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyNa⁺&nbsp;ions enter the cell through {{c1::voltage-gated Na⁺&nbsp;channels}}"<div>The Na^+&nbsp;<b>concentration gradient&nbsp;</b>is what drives the movement of Na⁺&nbsp;ions</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
i^+3BFB0KwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Repolarization</u> occurs when {{c1::K⁺}}&nbsp;ions exit the neuron"<div><img src=""Voltage Gated K Channel.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
uM~aW]Jp;vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hyperpolarization}} is when the&nbsp;membrane potential&nbsp;dips <u>below</u> <u>the</u> <u>resting potential</u>"<div>While hyperpolarized, the neuron is in a <b>refractory period</b> during which&nbsp;another stimulus given to the neuron (no matter how strong) will <i>not</i>&nbsp;lead to a second action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
"Emdm-FR#|("Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyHyperpolarization occurs because <b>K⁺&nbsp;channels</b> are&nbsp;{{c1::slow to close}}"<div>K⁺&nbsp;continues to <u>exit</u> the cell even though resting potential was already reached<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
E}(;=X>;@mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"The <i>Na</i><sup style=""""><i>+</i></sup>/&nbsp;<u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u><i>&nbsp;</i>Pump&nbsp;moves <i>Na⁺</i> and <u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u> in the following amounts and directions<div><br></div><div>{{c1::3::amount}} <i>Na</i>^{<i>+</i>&nbsp;}{{c1::out of::direction}} the cell</div><div>{{c1::2::amount}} <u>K</u>^{<u>+</u>&nbsp;}{{c1::into::direction}} the cell</div>""<div>Mnemonic:</div><div>3-2-1 NOKIA</div><div><i>3 Na⁺ Out</i></div><div><b>2 K⁺ In</b></div><div>1 ATP used</div><div><br></div>Pumps ions <i>against</i> their concentration gradient<div><br></div><div>Helps to restore the <u>concentration gradient</u> and restore the&nbsp;<u>resting potential</u> across the cell membrane<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na K Pump.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/sodium-potassium-pump"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
fTF[{+vz_dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe cell membrane is {{c1::highly}} permeable to <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;and {{c1::slightly}} permeable to <i>Na⁺</i>"<div>Movement through the leak channels is controlled by <i>concentration gradients</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/correction-to-sodium-and-potassium-pump-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
oa0Jh&5glnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::synapse}} is a junction&nbsp;between&nbsp;two nerve cells"
<div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Synapse 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
JO(^4E@g^PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyAt a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the&nbsp;<b>presynaptic</b> neuron&nbsp;to release&nbsp;{{c1::neurotransmitters}}"<div>These molecules bind to receptors on the <i>postsynaptic </i>cell and make it <u>more or less</u> likely to fire an action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
AFdJLKzI;PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Ca²⁺}}&nbsp;enters the <b>presynaptic</b> cell and allows&nbsp;<i>vesicles</i>&nbsp;with neurotransmitters inside to <u>fuse</u> with the axon terminal membrane"<div>The neurotransmitters release into the <b>synaptic cleft</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
q}H|5Eg?>,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::chemical synapse::type of synapse}} communicates using chemical messengers (<u>neurotransmitters</u>)"<div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
c(@J6cezfzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyCa²⁺ enter the <b>presynaptic</b> cell through&nbsp;{{c1::voltage-gated&nbsp;calcium channels}} in the cell membrane"<div>Ca²⁺ is at a much higher concentration outside the cell. This <u>concentration gradient</u> forces Ca²⁺ to move into the cell<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
);v0j<29lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyAn <i>excitatory postsynaptic potential</i> (EPSP) {{c1::depolarizes::depolarizes or hyperpolarizes}} the cell"It makes the inside of the cell <i>more positive</i>, bringing the membrane potential <b>closer to its threshold</b> for firing an action potential<div><br></div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
v|[>w(?qfXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyAn <u>inhibitory post-synaptic</u> <u>potential</u> (IPSP)&nbsp;{{c1::hyperpolarizes::depolarizes or hyperpolarizes}} the cell"It keeps the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron <u>below threshold</u> for firing an action potential<div><br><div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
Nmxx>y)SLACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive 3 ways the signal in a synapse can be <i>terminated</i><div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Breakdown}}&nbsp;by enzymes</div><div>{{c1::Reuptake}}&nbsp;by&nbsp;presynaptic neuron</div><div>{{c1::Diffusion}}&nbsp;out of cleft</div></div>"<div><img src=""Signal Terminated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
F>e<g@VOiBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe cells in an <b>electrical</b> synapse are connected by {{c1::gap junctions}}"<div>There is a <u>direct physical connection</u> between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron through which <b>ions</b> flow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrical Synapse (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
Ok0j$e|/uWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Electrical</b> synapses are {{c1::faster::faster or slower}} than <u>chemical</u> synapses"<div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
kt/fp~y~i;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Neurotransmitters}}&nbsp;are stored in <u>synaptic vesicles</u> and are released when <i>Ca²⁺</i>&nbsp;enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential"<div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
oh=`lwQjtnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is {{c1::Acetylcholine}}"<div><img src=""Acetylcholine (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
N9@Mc&oMZtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe main <i>excitatory</i> transmitter in the CNS<i>&nbsp;</i>is&nbsp;{{c1::Glutamate}}"<div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
CB+u/Mn~,PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe main <u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitter in the <b>brain</b> is&nbsp;{{c1::GABA}}"<div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
ve1@<6))(gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe main&nbsp;<u>inhibitory</u>&nbsp;neurotransmitter in the&nbsp;<i>spinal cord</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;{{c1::glycine}}"<div><img src=""Glycine Inhibitory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
BG_p$?):h2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Ionotropic</i> receptors operate via {{c1::direct::direct or indirect}} neurotransmitter action"<div>Membrane-spanning <i>ion channel</i> proteins that open <i>directly</i> in response to <i>ligand</i> binding<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/ligand-gated-ion-channels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters
zTF{oM~/4gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Metabotropic</u> receptors operate via {{c1::indirect::direct or indirect}} neurotransmitter action"Neurotransmitter binding triggers a <u>signaling pathway</u>, which may <u>indirectly</u> open or close channels<div><br></div><div>Metabotropic receptors are <b>not themselves</b> ion channels<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitter-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters
KJl=AlmQ:wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Glial cells}} <b>surround neurons</b> and provide support and insulation"<div><img src=""Glial Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
H<A@e.MV9%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Astrocytes}} form the blood-brain barrier"<div>They help control <i>solutes</i> moving&nbsp;from bloodstream to nervous tissue<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/astrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
GYEt(ifQ@DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Ependymal cells}} form the barrier between&nbsp;<u>cerebrospinal</u> <u>fluid</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>interstitial fluid</b>&nbsp;of the <i>CNS</i>"<div><img src=""Ependymal Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/ependymal-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
evPwniekpBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Microglia}} digest waste in <i>CNS</i>"<div><img src=""Microglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/microglia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
m,2&Vh5(U&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Schwann cells}} make myelin in&nbsp;<u>PNS</u>"<div><img src=""Schwann Cells (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/schwann-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
qVtrX7vIz:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Oligodendrocytes}} make myelin in&nbsp;<i>CNS</i>"<div><img src=""Oligodendrocytes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/oligodendrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
flaxeXw0VWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Myelinated&nbsp;sheaths</b> make up the&nbsp;{{c1::white::white or grey}} matter in the brain"<div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
k<mAFDI}LpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyCell bodies and dendrites (<i>unmyelinated</i>) make up the&nbsp;{{c1::grey::white or grey}} matter in the brain"<div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
C**Bp[lXK.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>bran</i> and <i>spinal cord</i> make up the {{c1::central}} nervous system"<div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
vMvX/R=ODgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe nervous system <i>outside</i> the brain and spinal cord is the {{c1::peripheral}}&nbsp;nervous system"<div><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
gIQ42AYGz@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::sympathetic}} nervous system controls our <i>fight or flight response</i>"<div><img src=""Fight or Flight.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
C4GI?wIP`pCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::parasympathetic}} nervous system controls our <u>rest and digest</u> functions"<div>Remember <b>P</b> for <b>P</b>arasympathetic: ""Relaxing and having a&nbsp;<b>P</b>iña colada on beach""<br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
qMx/7caS^zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Hormones</u>&nbsp;can be grouped into&nbsp;<b>three main types</b>:<div><b><b><br></b></b></div><div>{{c1::Peptide hormones}}<div>{{c1::Amine hormones}}</div></div><div>{{c1::Steroid hormones}}<br></div>"<img src=""Classes of Hormones.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
tX9O8zDL*MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::peptide hormone::... hormone}}&nbsp;is a hormone that consists of <i>amino acids</i><br>"<div><u>Water soluble</u></div><div><br></div><div>Examples:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><b>Insulin</b></div><div><b>Glucagon</b></div><div><b>Leptin</b></div><div><b>ADH</b></div><div><b>Oxytocin</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Hormone.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"M7dpJ#5sEy"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::steroid hormone::... hormone}} is a <u>steroid that acts as a hormone</u><br>"<i>Derived from</i>&nbsp;<i>lipids</i> and are lipid soluble<div><br></div><div>Examples</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Estrogen</u></div><div><u>Progesterone</u></div><div><u>Testosterone</u></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Steroid Hormone.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
qXkF4H1kJTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::amine&nbsp;hormones::... hormones}}&nbsp;are relatively small hormones derived from the&nbsp;amino&nbsp;acids<b>&nbsp;tyrosine&nbsp;</b>and<b> tryptophan</b><br>"<div>Examples include: &nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Catecholamines</u></div><div><u>Thyroid hormones</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Amine Hormones.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"d#qIHDMN;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Insulin and glucagon are</u> {{c1::peptide hormones::... hormones}}"<div><img src=""Insulin and Glucagon.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
x]=tV|oP1uCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)}} is a membrane receptor that <u>transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell</u>"<div>About 50% of all modern drugs target GPCRs<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
IH)3]VOMGZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::G-protein coupled receptor}} is a membrane receptor that <u>interacts with a special protein called a&nbsp;G-protein</u>"<div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
G+IUq!5Kc]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<u>GPCRs</u>&nbsp;are integral&nbsp;membrane<b>&nbsp;</b>proteins that possess&nbsp;{{c1::seven::#}}<b> membrane-spanning domains&nbsp;or&nbsp;transmembrane&nbsp;helices</b>""<div><img src=""GPCR 7 transmembrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
zpAd[95r-aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>G-Protein</b>&nbsp;is classified as a <i>heterotrimeric</i> <i>protein</i> because {{c1::it is made up of 3 subunits:&nbsp;<b>α</b>,&nbsp;<b>β</b>,&nbsp;<b>γ</b>}}"The G-Protein is made up of&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><img src=""Heterotrimeric G Protein.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
k0Cf:Q.MBQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"In the term <u>G-protein</u>, the ""G"" refers to {{c1::the fact that they bind GTP and GDP&nbsp;}}<br>""<div>GTP = guanosine triphosphate</div><div>GPD = guanosine diphosphate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""G Protein and GTP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
e=|w</0`kJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive the steps in the <b>GPCR</b> sequence:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<div>1 - Ligand binds to GPCR</div><div>2 - GPCR undergoes conformational change</div><div>3 - Alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP</div><div>4 - Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins</div><div>5 - Target protein relays signal as 2nd messenger and triggers cascade response</div><div>6 - GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, everything returns to its original place, ready to repeat the sequence</div>}}</div>"<div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
QOUnyVou9cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Adrenergic receptors::... receptors}} are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targeted by&nbsp;catecholamines&nbsp;like <i>norepinephrine</i> and <i>epinephrine</i>"<div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
o5HHI)weY4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn an adrenergic receptor sequence, <u>adenylyl cyclase</u> <b>removes 2</b> <b>phosphates</b> <b>from&nbsp;</b>{{c1::ATP}}&nbsp;to produce&nbsp;{{c1::cAMP}}"<div>cAMP is a second messenger<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
eY~ssj<^1.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn the GPCR sequence, <i>cAMP</i> is a&nbsp;second messenger and&nbsp;{{c1::triggers a response&nbsp;inside&nbsp;the cell}}"<div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"IWlBgyo:0#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>cAMP</i>, <i>Ca<sup>2+</sup></i>, and <i>inositol phosphates</i> are {{c1::common 2<sup>nd</sup> messengers}}"<img src=""GPCR.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"IW-#c>@J)6"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologycAMP signaling is <i>turned off</i> when {{c1::phosphodiesterase::enzyme}}&nbsp;breaks the ring of&nbsp;cAMP&nbsp;and <b>turns it into AMP</b>"<div><u>It is no longer cyclic</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phosphodiesterase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP cAMP AMP (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
qN@R-aBkqvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Direct hormones::... hormones}} act&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;on the target tissue or organ"<div>Example: <i>Insulin</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Insulin Action.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
e$DOju$Yf7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Tropic hormones::... hormones}}&nbsp;are hormones that <u>act on endocrine glands</u>, <b>usually</b> <b>inducing them to secrete other hormones</b>"<div>Examples:<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><i>GnRH</i> and <i>LH</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Tropic Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
I-E)e~WwgzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Type {{c1::1::#}} diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces <i>little or no insulin</i>""<div>Glucose is not able to enter cells<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
LO`EIiGt+-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Type {{c1::2::#}} diabetes is a chronic condition in which <b>insulin receptors become desensitized</b> and are not responsive to insulin""<div>Glucose is not able to enter cells</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
D8Q[:;0rT>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::hypothalamus::brain structure}} is in charge of <i>homeostasis</i> and the <i>4 F’s</i>"<div><u>Regulates the autonomic nervous system via the endocrine&nbsp;system<br></u></div><div><br></div><div>Hormone pathway: <b>Hypothalamus</b> →&nbsp;<b>hypophyseal portal</b> →&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
y[MN^vocb?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Gonadotropin-releasing hormone::... hormone}} stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>FSH</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>LH</b>"<div>GnRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by the</u>&nbsp;<u>hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"L#_}Qn{!u9"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Growth hormone-releasing hormone::... hormone}} stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;of <b>GH</b>"<div>GHRH&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u><br><div><br></div></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Q|CjJREDplCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Thyrotropin-releasing hormone::... hormone}} stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>TSH</b><br>"<div>TRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
B(l48s|;@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Corticotropin-releasing hormone::... hormone}} stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>ACTH</b>"<div>CRH</div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
bC(+TfP5XJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Prolactin‐release inhibiting factor}} also known as {{c1::dopamine}} <b>inhibits&nbsp;prolactin release</b> from the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i></div>"<div>A catecholamine<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Dopamine is a&nbsp;neurohormone</u>. In the endocrine system it regulates the release of hormones. In the brain, it&nbsp;functions as a neurotransmitter</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
mM$Ru/jw,QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Antidiuretic hormone</b>&nbsp;(ADH) promotes&nbsp;{{c1::increased::increased or decreased}} water retention and&nbsp;{{c1::deceased::increased or decreased}} plasma osmolarity"<div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""ADH (1).png""></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
fj(H%/?rJJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Oxytocin}} <i>stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk production </i>among other functions"<div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Oxytocin.png""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
PE(``8{/CFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::anterior pituitary::brain structure}}&nbsp;releases hormones that regulate&nbsp;<i>stress</i>, <i>growth</i>, <i>reproduction</i>, and <i>lactation</i>"<div><b>Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Qpj$*q[mcKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::FSH::Hormone}} has the following effects:<div><br></div><div><div><i>In males, it triggers&nbsp;spermatogenesis and&nbsp;stimulates Sertoli cells</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles</u></div></div>"<div>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""FSH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Follicle Stimulating Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones
HJTvR]ghJGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::LH::Hormone}} is a gonadotropin that <i>induces&nbsp;ovulation</i>"Luteinizing Hormone<div><div><br></div><div><div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""LH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones
k!(Foctf|8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::ACTH::Hormone}} stimulates the production and&nbsp;release of&nbsp;<b>cortisol</b>"<div>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ACTH.jpeg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><br></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26);""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"" style="""">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
KQX6)AZS{hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::TSH::Hormone}} stimulates the thyroid to produce&nbsp;<i>Thyroxine</i>&nbsp;(T4) and&nbsp;<i>Triiodothyronine</i>&nbsp;(T3), which will stimulate metabolism"<div>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><img src=""TSH.png""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></span></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
m@/GlS1iO3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Prolactin::Hormone}} <u>stimulates milk production</u>"<b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"wo-*`b#(!b"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Endorphins}} are released from the&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b> and<b>&nbsp;</b><u>decrease&nbsp;pain</u>"<div><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
z25mn2uE6tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Growth hormone::Hormone}} stimulates growth and cell&nbsp;reproduction</div>"<div>Also known as <i>somatotropin</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
F:Qjki6zA_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::posterior pituitary::brain structure}}&nbsp;releases&nbsp;<i>oxytocin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>antidiuretic hormone</i>&nbsp;<i>(ADH)</i>"<div>It is the posterior&nbsp;lobe of the pituitary gland</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Mc,Q!RQiBoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>pancreas</b> secretes digestive enzymes into the&nbsp;{{c1::duodenum}}"<div><i>α-islet cells release glucagon</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>β-islet cells release insulin</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pancreas (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
P-*2`2fesYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>alpha-islet cells</i> of the pancreas release&nbsp;{{c1::glucagon}}"<div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
EuC?V={E_LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Beta-islet cells</u> of the pancreas release&nbsp;{{c1::insulin}}"<div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
kMc*0rw1|QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Insulin::Hormone}} signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to <b>take in&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;</b>from the blood"<div>Peptide hormone secreted by <u>beta-islet cells</u> of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></span></div></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><br></span></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
B+!5wIc^W5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Glucagon::Hormone}} causes the liver to <b>convert stored glycogen into&nbsp;glucose</b>"Peptide hormone secreted by <i>alpha-islet cells</i>&nbsp;of pancreas<div><div><br><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
oshV?/hPA1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Somatostatin (GHIH)::Hormone}} <i>inhibits GH</i> and also leads to <u>lower insulin and&nbsp;lower glucagon</u>"Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone<div><br></div><div>Peptide hormone&nbsp;secreted by <b>delta-islet</b> cells of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Soamtostatin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
o_ZR4Wf>K8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>delta-islet cells</b> of the pancreas release&nbsp;{{c1::somatostatin}}"<div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
wQZKy/Ph;.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Gonads}} are glands that <u>produces&nbsp;gametes&nbsp;(sex cells) and&nbsp;sex hormones</u>"<div>Males: testicles<br></div><div><br></div><div>Females: ovaries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gonads.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
I-!Hq>*he^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Testosterone::Hormone}} is the <b>primary male sex hormone</b> and is an anabolic steroid"<div>Produced by the testes in men and ovaries in women with a small&nbsp;amount produced by the <i>Adrenal Cortex</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div>Testosterone Function:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/testosterone"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones
lL[o,E{YgACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Estrogen::Hormone}}&nbsp;is the <u>primary female sex hormone</u>&nbsp;and leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics"<div>Produced by the ovaries</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates the menstrual cycle and decreases milk production</div><div><br></div><div>“<u style="""">Estrogen&nbsp;establishes</u>; <i>progesterone protects the endometrium</i>”</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones
e]/$T|R(`ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::thyroid gland}} is in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple, and <u>secretes T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub> hormones</u> that&nbsp;regulate&nbsp;metabolism"<div><div>T<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div></div><div><br></div><div>Also helps regulate calcium homeostasis</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thyroid Gland.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
BaUR.{iqSaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::T<sub>4</sub>::Thyroid hormone}}&nbsp;is a <b>precursor</b> to {{c1::T<sub>3</sub>::thyroid hormone}}<br>"<div>T<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates metabolism</div><div><br></div><div>Created from Iodine and Tyrosine</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""T4 and T3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hormone-concentration-metabolism-negative-feedback"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
B8vL}szdpPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Calcitonin::Hormone}} is released by the thyroid gland and <u>builds bone</u>"<div>Increases Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div>Increases Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;absorption in gut</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
PK]Pyz.-46Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <u>parathyroid gland's</u> primary&nbsp;function is to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;the body’s {{c1::Ca<sup>2+</sup>}}&nbsp;and {{c1::K<sup>+</sup>}}&nbsp;levels&nbsp;so that the nervous and&nbsp;muscular systems can function properly"<div>It is a collection of four parathyroid glands located on the back of the thyroid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Parathyroid Glands.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
cI*tbs?9J,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Parathyroid hormone::Hormone}} <i>stimulates bone breakdown</i>"<div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca<sup>2+</sup>&nbsp;absorption in gut</div></div><div><br></div><div>Activates vitamin D (Calcitriol)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
lI_>Yo)68MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>pineal gland</b> secretes&nbsp;{{c1::melatonin::hormone}}"Located in the <u>epithalamus</u>, tucked into a groove between the two thalamus halves<div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Pineal Gland.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
HBivG$B]QoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Melatonin::Hormone}} <i>regulates sleep / wakefulness</i> and controls the circadian rhythm"<div>Released by the <b>pineal gland</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Melatonin.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
g4,B1(DwtdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>adrenal cortex</i> releases {{c1::cortisol}} and {{c1::aldosterone}}"Sits along the perimeter of the adrenal gland (top of kidney)<div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
qEO6JnR+:WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Glucocorticoids}} are a class of <b>corticosteroids</b> and include the hormone {{c1::cortisol}}"<div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Ax>.y)@s1^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cortisol}} is a stress hormone released in response to stress and <u>low blood-glucose concentration</u>"<b>Released by the&nbsp;<font style="""">adrenal cortex</font></b><br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Cortisol.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
AQ1-!%E=rSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mineralcorticoids}} are a class of&nbsp;<b>corticosteroids</b>&nbsp;and include the hormone {{c1::aldosterone}}"<div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#df5d26""><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></font></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
qy;znnI0NJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Androgens}}&nbsp;are a group of hormones that play a role in <i>male traits and reproductive activity</i>"<div>They are steroid hormones and are converted to <b>testosterone</b> and <u>estrogen</u> in the gonads</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Androgens.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djqqao2Uebo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
u2a1<RaqIQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::adrenal medulla}} is the principal site of the conversion of&nbsp;<u>tyrosine</u>&nbsp;<u>into the&nbsp;catecholamines</u>"<div>The adrenal medulla is located at the center of the adrenal&nbsp;gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex which sits on top of the kidneys<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
y4<dx;zS[qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Tyrosine::Amino acid}} is the <u>precursor to catecholamines</u>"<div>Tyrosine&nbsp;is converted into&nbsp;catecholamines in the <i>adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenylanlanine to Epinephrine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Jd~2D?-k&iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><u>Epinephrine</u>,<i> </i><u>norepinephrine</u>, and<i> </i><u>dopamine</u>&nbsp;are examples of {{c1::catecholamines}}</div>"They are neurohormones important in the <b>stress response</b><br><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><i>Released by the adrenal medulla</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Catecholamines.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
M4:8~]C>:_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Epinephrine</u> is a/an {{c1::catecholamine}}&nbsp;"<div>Also known as adrenaline</div><div><br></div><div><i>Produced by the&nbsp;adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
fB{%NDGG0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Norepinephrine</u> is a {{c1::catecholamine}} and is considered a hormone that serves as a neurotransmitter"<div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
JV%omk`T7*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Give the ""<b>four F's</b>"" that are <i>regulated by the hypothalamus</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Fighting}}<div>{{c1::Fleeing}}</div><div>{{c1::Feeding}}</div><div>{{c1::Fucking}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
Id3)_5MjwkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Habituation}} is when one <i>becomes</i> <i>used to </i>a stimulus"<div><img src=""Habituation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/non-associative-learning"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
FfBR.s}@~9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Dishabituation}} may occur after habituation and is when a <b>second&nbsp;stimulus intervenes</b> causing a&nbsp;<b>resensitization</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;the original stimulus"<div><img src=""Dishabituation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6Sbgi-gKhU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
"C!a8MDZ[#_"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::associative learning}} theory states that <i>ideas reinforce each other</i> and can be&nbsp;linked to one another"<div>Two types:&nbsp;<i>classical conditioning</i> and <i>operant conditioning</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Associative Learning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hREwakXmAo"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
NTnjA^u^TBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Operant conditioning}} is a method of learning that occurs through <u>rewards</u> and <i>punishments</i> for behavior"<div><img src=""Conditioning.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/a/classical-and-operant-conditioning-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
Jy8l/2(;XrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Reinforcement}} <i>increases</i>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior"<div><img src=""Reward Punishment.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
et6KxxTD@1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Punishment}} <u>decreases</u>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior"<div><img src=""Reward Punishment.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
zof1vRa(e$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Schedules of reinforcement</u> can be based on&nbsp;{{c1::intervals}} or {{c1::the ratio&nbsp;of behavior / reward}}"<div><img src=""Schedules of reinforcement.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-schedules-of-reinforcement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
bu:N/uZHD*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPositive responses {{c1::add}}&nbsp;something&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Positive vs Negative.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
"P8+q[h]o#C"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralNegative responses {{c1::remove}}&nbsp;something"<div><img src=""Positive vs Negative.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
GR(RiA=R$)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralWhen a previously&nbsp;reinforced behavior is&nbsp;<b>no longer reinforced</b>, it becomes {{c1::extinct}}"<div><img src=""Extinction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/classical-conditioning-extinction-spontaneous-recovery-generalization-discrimination"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
FqQ|7zsD)CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Shaping}} is when behavior that is <u>closer and closer</u> to the&nbsp;target behavior&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>reinforced</i>"<div><img src=""Shaping.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-shaping"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
lL~%JRE*?2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn <i>classical conditioning</i>, a&nbsp;{{c1::neutral stimulus}}&nbsp;becomes a {{c1::conditioned&nbsp;stimulus}} that produces a conditioned response"<div><img src=""Classical Conditioning.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/a/classical-and-operant-conditioning-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
xbk{}>P`(7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Observational learning&nbsp;or modeling}} is the acquisition of behavior by&nbsp;<b>watching others</b></div>"<div>Example: Bobo doll experiment<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bobo Doll.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/observational-learning-bobo-doll-experiment-and-social-cognitive-theory&quot;"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Learning
C0ZnOnkI],Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Encoding}} is the process of putting <b>new info into memory</b>"<div>It can be&nbsp;automatic or effortful<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stages of Memory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/encoding-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
"#R!kf9AIA"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Semantic&nbsp;encoding}}&nbsp;is a specific type of encoding in which the&nbsp;<i>meaning&nbsp;of something</i> is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it"<div>Semantic encoding is <i>stronger</i> than&nbsp;both acoustic and visual encoding</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semantic Encoding.jpg""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4af4qI3yr08"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
x~[9TN|vi2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Sensory memory::... memory}} and {{c1::short term memory::... memory}} are <u>transient</u>&nbsp;and based on&nbsp;<u>neurotransmitter&nbsp;activity</u></div>"<div><img src=""Sensory and Short Term Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
l[yw!Ml3dRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Working memory::... memory}} is&nbsp;responsible for <i>temporarily</i> holding information available for processing"<div>Requires <u>short term memory</u>, <u>attention</u>, and <u>executive function</u> to&nbsp;manipulate information</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Working Memory.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div></div><div><br></div><div></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
HbocGQ43o=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Long term memory::... memory}} is responsible for the storage of information for an&nbsp;<u>extended period of time</u>"<div>Requires elaborate <i>rehearsal</i> and is the result of increased&nbsp;neuronal connectivity<br></div><div><br></div><div>Either <u>explicit</u> or <u>implicit</u></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
JwIvBrs*a!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Explicit (declarative) memory::... memory}} accounts for memories that&nbsp;we must&nbsp;<b>consciously recall</b>&nbsp;with effort and focus"<div>Examples: Facts, data, and events</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Explicit vs Implicit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
K5:R,538A%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Implicit memory::... memory}} is acquired and <i>used&nbsp;unconsciously</i>"<div>Most memories stored in implicit memory are <i>procedural</i> memories such as recalling how to walk<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Explicit vs Implicit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
n^@dJ>6V:RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Semantic networks</u>&nbsp;link concepts together based on&nbsp;similar&nbsp;{{c1::meaning}}"<div><i>Stores facts</i>. Certain <b>triggers</b> will activate associated memories</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semantic Networks.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/semantic-networks-and-spreading-activation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
pCY;w:sXO@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Retrieval}} is <i>re-accessing</i> of events or information from the past"<div>Retrieval is often&nbsp;based on&nbsp;<u>priming</u>&nbsp;interconnected nodes of the semantic&nbsp;network<br></div><div><br></div><div>Two forms of retrieval: <b>Recognition</b> and <b>recall</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Retrieval (2).png""></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognition"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
i^[L5a9A}.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Alzheimer's</i> is a degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of&nbsp;{{c1::acetylcholine}} in neurons that link to the {{c1::hippocampus}}</div>"<div>Alzheimer's is a type of <i>dementia</i>&nbsp;and causes memory loss</div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Alzheimers.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6K10aif0tE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
"D5#%CzKn%V"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><b>Korsakoff’s Syndrome</b> memory loss is caused by a/an {{c1::thiamine (vitamin B1)}}&nbsp;deficiency in the brain</div>"<div><div>Thiamine is important because it&nbsp;<i>converts carbohydrates into glucose</i></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Korsakoff Syndrome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/alzheimer-s-disease-and-korsakoff-s-syndrome"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
xCxwX)rsRJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Agnosia</i> is the loss of ability to recognize&nbsp;{{c1::objects, people, or&nbsp;sounds}}</div>"Usually caused by <u>physical damage</u> to brain<div><br></div><div><img src=""Agnosia.jpg""></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
BqieB2)5r<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Retroactive interference::... interference}} is when <b>new memories</b> make you&nbsp;<i>forget</i>&nbsp;old memories"<div><img src=""Interference (1).jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/decay-and-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
"le5?#=,H#?"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Proactive interference::... interference}} is when <u>old memories</u> interfere with learning&nbsp;<b>new memories</b>"<div><img src=""Interference (1).jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/decay-and-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Memory
kB6`PXi))}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::information processing model::... model}} states that the brain&nbsp;<i>encodes</i>,&nbsp;<i>stores</i>, and&nbsp;<i>retrieves</i>&nbsp;info much like a&nbsp;computer</div>"<div><img src=""Information Processing Model.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition
F<6gs2R/1+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Piaget’s</u> four stages of cognitive development:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Sensorimotor: 0&nbsp;→ 2}}<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Preoperational: 2 → 7}}</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Concrete Operational: 7 → 11}}</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Formal Operational: 12 and older}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Piaget.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
r5dt|>&|eZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's <u>sensorimotor</u> stage is from {{c1::0}} to {{c1::2}} years old"<div><img src=""Piaget Sensorimotor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
v!hi[^53!pCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's <b>preoperational</b> stage is from {{c1::2}} to {{c1::7}} years old"<div><i><img src=""Piaget Preoperational (1).png""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
gmw%ZYAZUZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's <i>concrete operational</i> stage is from {{c1::7}} to {{c1::11}} years old"<div><img src=""Piaget Concrete Operational.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
HcY+~_8t>|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's <u>formal operational</u> stage is from age {{c1::12}} and older"<div><img src=""Piaget Formal Operational.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
Ev.eUia3TBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Deductive::Deductive or Inductive}} reasoning <i>starts with rules</i>, then forms conclusions"<div><img src=""Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-series-and-induction/alg-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/v/deductive-reasoning-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
o,l^(Ctu4`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Inductive::Deductive or Inductive}} reasoning <b>starts with evidence</b>, then forms conclusions"<div><div><img src=""Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-series-and-induction/alg-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/v/deductive-reasoning-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
IRMFgON&5~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::mental set}} is a <u>framework</u> for thinking about a <u>problem</u>"<div>It can be shaped by <b>habit</b> or by <b>desire</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mental Set.jpg""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pL-XpuPbtbY"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
l=l]crIWCBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Functional fixedness}} is the tendency to use objects only in the way they are&nbsp;<i>normally utilized</i></div>"<div>Creates barriers to problem-solving<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Functional Fixedness.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVCMM9rwdCc"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
"t5I#c~|}4D"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Heuristics}} are <u>mental shortcuts</u> that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently"“Rules of thumb”<div><br></div><div><img src=""Heuristics.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
dH7,*:AJYPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Availability heuristic}} is a mental shortcut that relies on&nbsp;<i>immediate examples</i>&nbsp;that come to a person's mind when evaluating a situation"<div><img src=""Availability Heuristic.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Availability Heuristic 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
CZos+$[{V5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Representativeness heuristic}} is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by <b>comparing information</b> to our&nbsp;<b>mental prototypes</b></div>"<div><img src=""Representativeness Heuristic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving
x9@h.a[{_)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Confirmation bias}} is the tendency to focus on information that <u>fits an&nbsp;individual’s&nbsp;beliefs</u>, while <i>rejecting</i> <i>information</i> <i>that</i>&nbsp;<i>goes against those&nbsp;beliefs</i>"<div><img src=""Confirmation Bias 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Confirmation Bias.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
"su}~>#w((M"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Gardner’s Theory of&nbsp;Multiple&nbsp;Intelligences::Theory}} differentiates human intelligence into specific '<u>modalities</u>', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a <i>single general ability</i></div>"<div><b>Linguistic<br></b></div><div><b>Logical-mathematical</b></div><div><b>Musical</b></div><div><b>Visual-spatial</b></div><div><b>Bodily-kinesthetic</b></div><div><b>Interpersonal</b></div><div><b>Intrapersonal</b></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Gardner.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/cognition/v/theories-of-intelligence"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Intelligence
laE@WPv&+dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Phonology}} refers to the actual&nbsp;<u>sound</u>&nbsp;of speech"<div><img src=""Phonology.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTCx2hCxvHQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
GS?Cu?+af=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Morphology}} refers to the&nbsp;<b>building blocks</b>&nbsp;of words"<div><img src=""Morphology 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMfS4jLyTnE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
jfpY6yVh:ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Semantics}} refers to the <i>meaning</i> of words"<div><img src=""Syntax.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZDkp8dUWyw"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
c9:Hq/ytoaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Syntax}} refers to the <i>rules</i> dictating word order"<div><img src=""Syntax.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9shPouRWCs"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
H%{n2xG3JzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Pragmatics}} refers to the way <b>language delivery</b> <b>changes</b> depending on&nbsp;context"<div><img src=""Pragmatics.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pragmatics 2.png""><br></div>
<a href=""https://youtu.be/VKbp4hEHV-s"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
h6@qu@MpdMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::nativist theory::theory}} of language states that <u>language acquisition is&nbsp;innate</u>"<div><b style="""">Biological</b> control of language acquisition</div><div><br></div><div><div>Humans have a <i>language acquisition device (LAD) </i>that allows them to learn language</div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Nativist Theory.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/theories-of-language-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
M+oVWO~jV.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::behaviorist theory::theory}} of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<b>controlled by operant&nbsp;conditioning</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;reinforcement by parents and caregivers"<div><img src=""Behaviorist Theory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvOIbDI2fro"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
Osc2k*r.f_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::social interactionist theory::theory}} of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<i>caused by a&nbsp;motivation to communicate</i>&nbsp;and interact&nbsp;with&nbsp;others"<div><img src=""Social Interactionist Theory.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KF-B3-evNJs"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
CL.IGfhGb)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::Whorfian hypothesis}}, also known as {{c1::linguistic relativity}} states that the <i>lens</i> by which we view and&nbsp;interpret the world is <i>created by&nbsp;language</i></div>"<div><img src=""Linguistic Relativity.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-cognition"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
o-?^kv(<?hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Broca's area::Brain area}} <u>produces</u> speech"<div><img src=""Brocas Area.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
i(bh/t~(5bCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Wernicke’s area::Brain area}} is in charge of <b>language comprehension</b>"<div><img src=""Brocas Area.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
PuW]Zoa?(PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::arcuate fasciculus}} <i>connects</i>&nbsp;Broca’s area&nbsp;to the Wernicke’s area"<div><img src=""Arcuate Fasciculus.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Language
LFCstB2SeBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralDifficulty&nbsp;<u>producing</u> speech is called {{c1::Broca’s aphasia::disorder}}&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Broca's Aphasia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language
jdP@LW@`;xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA lack of speech<b>&nbsp;comprehension</b> is called {{c1::Wernicke’s aphasia}}"<div><img src=""Wernicke's Aphasia.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language
fd8$]n/N+<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralSomeone with {{c1::conduction aphasia::disorder}} can’t<i> repeat </i>words"<div><img src=""Conduction Aphasia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language
fRG^C~^M/:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Alertness}} is the state of being awake and thinking"<div><img src=""Alertness.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness
P2s?AKrH/fCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>An EEG shows {{c1::BETA}} waves&nbsp;when <i>alert or concentrating</i></div>"<div><img src=""EEG Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness
zps1Kl.ck]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAn EEG shows&nbsp;{{c1::ALPHA}} waves when <u>awake but&nbsp;tired</u>, eyes closed"<div><img src=""EEG Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness
MF[a`c.ItlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Hypnosis}} refers to when individuals <u>appear to be in normal control </u>of their faculties&nbsp;but are in a&nbsp;<b>highly suggestible state</b>"<div>Used for <u>pain control,&nbsp;psychological therapy, memory enhancement</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><div>More <i>alpha waves</i> are present in this state. It is an awake but relaxed state</div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Hypnosis.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/hypnosis-and-meditation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness
"EBB7Qk4G#D"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Meditation}}&nbsp;is the practice of turning one's attention to a <b>single point of reference</b>; <u>quieting of the mind</u>"<div>Used for relief of anxiety<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meditation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/hypnosis-and-meditation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attention
"qLvF#clFJ;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAlcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are {{c1::depressants::stimulants or depressants}}"<div><div>They lower the body’s basic functions and neural activity. Lower heart rate and blood pressure</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stimulants Depressants.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-depressants-and-opiates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs
J[qH|T`-*wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAmphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy are {{c1::stimulants::stimulants or depressants}}"<div>They excite the nervous system. Increase heart rate and blood pressure</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stimulants Depressants.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-stimulants"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs
"zRlL#]U^z5"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Opiates</i> and <i>opioids</i> can cause death by&nbsp;{{c1::respiratory depression}}"Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone &amp; hydrocodone<div><br></div><div><img src=""Opiates.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-depressants-and-opiates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><a></a>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs
o%HXeYTC*|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralLSD, peyote, mescaline, and ketamine are considered {{c1::hallucinogens}}&nbsp;&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Hallucinogens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-hallucinogens"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs
M$Q{>65ij<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::mesolimbic}} pathway <i>mediates drug addiction</i></div>"<div>Includes <b>nucleus accumbens</b>,&nbsp;medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area<br></div><div><br></div><div><u style="""">Dopamine</u> is the main neurotransmitter</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mesolimbic Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/reward-pathway-in-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs
pi>4Pb+B&`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralGive the sleep stages<div><br><div>{{c1::Stage 1}}:&nbsp;Light sleep<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Stage 2}}:&nbsp;Slightly deeper</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Stages 3 &amp; 4}}:&nbsp;Deep sleep</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Rapid Eye Movement}}: REM sleep</div></div></div>"<div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
ntJuj5@w][Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralDuring sleep <i>stage 1,</i> {{c1::theta}} waves appear on EEG"Stage 1:&nbsp;<i>theta</i><div><br></div><div>Stage 2:&nbsp;<i>theta</i></div><div><br></div><div>Stages 3 &amp; 4:&nbsp;<b>delta</b></div><div><br></div><div>Rapid Eye Movement: <u>beta</u>&nbsp;since the mind appears awake on EEG</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
Qh5Z1=M$&XCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><u>Sleep spindles</u> and <u>K&nbsp;complexes</u> appear during stage(s) {{c1::two}} of sleep</div>"<div><img src=""Sleep Spindle K Complex (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Slow Wave Sleep.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
Bn)(B:W$!|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<b>Slow-wave sleep (SWS)</b> occurs during stage(s) {{c1::3 and 4}} of sleep"<div><img src=""Slow Wave Sleep.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
zp[=/lktD4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralDuring {{c1::rapid eye movement sleep::sleep stage}}, the mind <i>appears awake</i> on EEG, but the&nbsp;<u>person is asleep</u>"REM phase is distinguishable by <b>random/rapid movement of the eyes</b>, <i>body paralysis</i>, and <u>beta</u> waves on EEG<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""REM.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
"m`K#W=~r,:"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Circadian rhythm}} is a natural, internal process that <u>regulates the sleep-wake cycle</u> and repeats roughly <i>every 24 hours</i></div>"<div><img src=""Circadian Rhythm.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
er.{`BsSgjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<b>Dreaming</b> occurs mostly during {{c1::REM::sleep stage}}"<div><img src=""Sleep Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
";oi!5P%>#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The <u>activation-synthesis </u>theory states that dreams are <i>activated</i> in the {{c1::brainstem}} and <b>synthesized</b> in the {{c1::cortex}}</div>"<div><img src=""Activation Synthesis.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sleep-and-consciousness/v/dream-theories-freud-activation-synthnesis-hypothesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
q{g-IPy$=PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Dyssomnias</i> are conditions that make it difficult to {{c1::fall asleep, stay asleep, or&nbsp;avoid sleep}}"<div><i>Insomnia</i></div><div><i>Narcolepsy</i></div><div><i>Sleep apnea</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Dyssonnias.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
x~8p{*GNjQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Parasomnias</u> are conditions that cause {{c1::abnormal&nbsp;movements&nbsp;or behaviors&nbsp;during sleep}}"<div><u>Night terrors</u></div><div><u>Sleepwalking</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Parasomnias.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
IU=S2r;]LLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Selective attention}} allows one to <u>pay attention to&nbsp;particular stimulus</u>&nbsp;while determining if additional stimuli in the&nbsp;<i>background</i>&nbsp;require attention<br>"<div><img src=""Selective Attention.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Divided Attention.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attention
hWhwzI+In}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Divided attention}} uses&nbsp;automatic processing&nbsp;to <b>pay attention to&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;activities</b> at one time"<div><img src=""Divided Attention.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attention
s}/=!^_3<RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Formyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::formyl group::... group}}</div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
B4]9BI%-stCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Formaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::formaldehyde::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
L9qv+a!rEkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Formic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::formic acid::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
D:Lj*%Pl:ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::acetyl group::... group}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
wxlKp1d%DiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acetaldehyde::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
zu4G@D[|E5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acetic acid::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
M9!^VS/g*OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acetone::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
Kw-WiWDJFNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetylacetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acetylacetone::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
v]D7&.yeqnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetophenone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acetophenone::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
Gn3[h^_&nPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Benzyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::benzyl group::... group}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
Lc=)gJpA4vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Benzaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::benzaldehyde::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
N9lE!^N5tHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Benzoic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::benzoic acid::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
fC7vjh_p[UCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Benzoin.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::benzoin::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
Q8mMd|AyZNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Sytrene.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::styrene::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
bFtBt-EPgtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acryl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::acryl group::... group}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
N&U?u8:ZouCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acrolein.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acrolein::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
rPe%Pf<u?dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acrylic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::acrylic acid::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
l@yY34br(!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Carboxyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::carboxyl group::... group}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
r0C_C@n&gkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Carboxylate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::carboxylate ion::... ion}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
gf(1^A0fEuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Carbonate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::carbonate ion::... ion}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
A^~{6iYu?vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Carbonic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is {{c1::carbonic acid::name}}<br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Molecules
xY<i^3l{_rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Alkanes}} are hydrocarbons in which all carbon–carbon bonds are&nbsp;<b>single</b> bonds"<div><img src=""Alkanes.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub; color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
gmFW)/M7itCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Alkanes</i> are named according to the&nbsp;number of {{c1::carbons}}&nbsp;present followed by the suffix {{c1::–<i>ane</i>}}"<div><img src=""Straight Chain Alkanes.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
Jt?DRhxlv8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>Alkenes</b> have a {{c1::double}} bond and use the suffix {{c1::-ene}}"<div><i><img src=""Alkene.png""></i><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes/v/naming-alkenes-examples"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
r!.sdc=LuECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Alkynes</u> have a&nbsp;{{c1::triple}} bond and use the suffix {{c1::–yne}}"<div><i><img src=""Alkyne.png""></i><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-preparation-alkynes/v/alkyne-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
BSG.{3xf5kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Alcohols</i> have a/an&nbsp;{{c1::–OH}} group and use the suffix {{c1::–ol}}&nbsp;or prefix {{c1::hydroxy-}}"<div>Alcohols have <i>higher priority</i> than double or triple bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
y~!S!s/z?,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Diols</u> contain two {{c1::hydroxyl}}&nbsp;groups"<div><img src=""Diols.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
k+WmQa+wzACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Methane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named {{c1::methane}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
LDp5o$qyWKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Propane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named {{c1::propane}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
egcya*p&D3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Butane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named {{c1::butane}}<br></div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
fkm-Ce2!M8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Pentane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named {{c1::pentane}}<br></div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
ig;./h6N|LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Hexane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named {{c1::hexane}}<br></div>""<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
y=W`W}iT.aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Carbonyl (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This functional group is called a/an {{c1::carbonyl group}}<br></div>""<div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
P?=q;X@BnOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Aldehydes</i> have a carbonyl group on the {{c1::terminal::terminal or non-terminal}} carbon"<div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
ci.QTR]qdYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Ketones</u> have carbonyl group on a&nbsp;{{c1::non-terminal::terminal or non-terminal}}&nbsp;carbon"<div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
DPl5iFDdC.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<i style="""">Alcohols</i> are classified as <i>1º</i>,<i> 2º</i>,<i> </i>and<i> 3º </i>alcohols&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the&nbsp;{{c1::carbon bearing the hydroxyl group}}""<div>In other words, whether the hydroxyl is bound to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
xG8-_E02vzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>Amines</b> are classified as <b>1º</b>, <b>2º</b>, and <b>3º</b> amines&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the {{c1::nitrogen&nbsp;atom}}"<div><img src=""Amines (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/amines-topic/naming-amines/v/amine-naming-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
K$M[D./%;FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Carboxylic acid}} is the <b>highest</b> priority functional group"<div>This is because it&nbsp;contains <u>3 bonds</u> to oxygen</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxlic-acid-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
"h#EP{$1$0n"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Isomers}} have the&nbsp;<b>same chemical formula</b>&nbsp;but have a&nbsp;<i>different stereochemical arrangement</i>&nbsp;of their atoms"<div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.dropbox.com/s/s5k5bv5swqbhjij/Screenshot 2019-04-15 17.37.54.png?dl=0"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
u@jixi0JPICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Constitutional (structural) isomers::... isomers}}&nbsp;have <u>identical chemical formulas</u> but <b>differ structurally</b>"<div>The share only a molecular formula. Have different physical and chemical properties</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Structural Isomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.dropbox.com/s/s5k5bv5swqbhjij/Screenshot 2019-04-15 17.37.54.png?dl=0"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
Fy2E8I`OR-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Stereoisomers}} are&nbsp;<b>connected in the&nbsp;same order</b>&nbsp;but&nbsp;<u>differ in 3D orientation</u>"<div><img src=""Stereoisomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
H<KC5/daXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::chiral center}} is when four <b>different</b> groups are attached to a central carbon"<div><img src=""Chiral 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/introduction-to-chirality"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
gv2p?pL|fhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryFor <b>n</b> number of <b>chiral carbons</b>, there are {{c1::2<sup>n</sup>}}&nbsp;possible <u>stereoisomers</u>"<div><img src=""2n Rule.jpg"" style=""vertical-align: super;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/stereoisomer-enantiomer-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
kYrx:e,KVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Conformational isomers::... isomers}} differ by <i>rotation</i> around a&nbsp;single σ&nbsp;bond"<div><img src=""Conformational Isomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/bond-line-structures/v/structural-constitutional-isomers-new"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
P35lir<Z7sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Conformation Anti.png""><div><br><div>This Newman projection shows {{c1::anti}} conformation</div></div>""The carbon attachments are&nbsp;on opposite ends, <b>180 degrees</b> apart<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
y8yo6%qTyoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Conformation Gauche.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection shows {{c1::gauche}} conformation</div>""The carbon&nbsp;attachments are <b>60 degrees</b> apart<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
yZ)xCHhE+TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Conformation Eclipsed.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection is {{c1::eclipsed}} conformation</div>""<div><div><i>Less favorable</i> because it forces more interactions between the front&nbsp;and back attachments, creating <i>more strain</i></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
hgt6t)btS!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn {{c1::equatorial bond::... bond}} is a bond which is <i>perpendicular</i> to the axis of the ring"<div>The bond lies along the equator of the chair</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equitorial and Axial (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations/v/chair-and-boat-shapes-for-cyclohexane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
nbYeH+%(,nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn {{c1::axial bond::... bond}} is a bond which is&nbsp;<u>parallel</u> to the axis&nbsp;of the ring"<div>""Straight up and down""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equitorial and Axial (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations/v/chair-and-boat-shapes-for-cyclohexane"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
uYJup`fWX/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryThe two categories of {{c1::configurational isomers::... isomers}} are <b>enantiomers</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>diastereomers</b>"Can only change from one form to another by <i>breaking and reforming</i> bonds<div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
DXa7QF]-$>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Enantiomers}} are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<u>non-superimposable</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other"<div>Same&nbsp;chemical and physical properties, <i>except for&nbsp;rotation of plane polarized light</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Enantiomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
pl8[k!$?J?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Optical activity</i> is the ability of a molecule to {{c1::rotate}}&nbsp;plane-polarized&nbsp;light"<div><img src=""Optical Activity (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/optical-activity-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
"l6#>b+W)b3"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::racemic}} mixture is a&nbsp;50:50 mixture of&nbsp;two <b>enantiomers</b>"<div><i>Not optically&nbsp;active</i> because the light rotations cancel out<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Racemic Mixture (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/optical-activity-calculations-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
LFYEEf|>dsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Meso compounds}} have an&nbsp;<b>internal plane of symmetry</b>"<div>Will be&nbsp;<u>optically</u> <u>inactive</u>&nbsp;because the two sides of the&nbsp;molecule cancel each other out</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
tb$x6/zK{1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Diastereomers}} are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<b>non-superimposable</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;are&nbsp;<b>not mirror images</b>&nbsp;of each other"<div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
Ktr6^^nw(?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><i>Cis&nbsp;</i>functional groups are on {{c1::the&nbsp;same}} side</div><div><br></div><div><u>Trans&nbsp;</u>functional groups are on&nbsp;{{c1::opposing}} sides</div>"<div><img src=""Cis Trans (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes-jay/v/cis-trans-isomerism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
K8KIt,L(u,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Relative configuration::.. configuration}} gives the stereochemistry of a compound relative to the D- and L- forms of&nbsp;<i>glyceraldehyde</i>"<div>In a Fischer projection, look at&nbsp;the highest numbered chiral carbon</div><div><br></div><div>If -OH is on the <i>right</i> then it is a <i>D-sugar</i>.<i>&nbsp;</i>If&nbsp;-OH is on <b>left</b> then it is an <b>L-sugar</b></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""D and L Configuration (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book:_Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19:_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05:_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration"">Chem Libre Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
Cy-C]^xsjoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryThe <b>stereochemistry</b> of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic <i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is {{c1::L}}&nbsp;"<div><img src=""All Amino Acids Are L Config.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
ERA/n`o<OQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Absolute configuration::... configuration}} gives the stereochemistry of a compound&nbsp;<i>without </i>having to <i>compare</i> <i>to other compounds</i>"<div><img src=""Absolute Configuration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/rs-system-practice-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
tOJf<k_epGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are rules for {{c1::naming stereoisomers}}</div>"<div>Priority is given by looking at <u>atoms connected to&nbsp;the chiral carbon</u> or double-bonded carbons. Whichever has the <b>highest atomic #</b> <b>gets</b> <b>highest&nbsp;priority</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cahn Ingold.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/cahn-ingold-prelog-system-for-naming-enantiomers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
OTr6qx~Y8uCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn the E-Z naming system for alkenes:<div><br></div><div><div>(<i>Z</i>) has the highest priority on {{c1::the same}} side(s)</div><div><br></div><div>(<u>E</u>) has the highest priority on {{c1::opposite}} side(s)</div></div>"<div><img src=""E-Z.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""E-Z 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes-jay/v/e-z-system-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
xjz6]x*:T+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Fischer 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>In Fischer projections:<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Vertical</u>&nbsp;lines go to&nbsp;{{c1::back}} of the page</div><div><br></div><div><b>Horizontal</b>&nbsp;lines&nbsp;{{c1::come out&nbsp;of the}} page</div>""<div><u>Vertical</u> lines are like&nbsp;<u>dashes</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Horizontal</b> lines are like&nbsp;<b>wedges</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fischer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/fischer-projections"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><a></a>"MileDown::OChem::Isomers
Q@dGToJ~P@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryQuantum number <i>n</i> is the&nbsp;{{c1::principal}}&nbsp;quantum number and gives the electron {{c1::<i>energy level</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>shell number</i>}}<br>"<div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,&nbsp;the shell # matches the row of&nbsp;the periodic table</div></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Principal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers
K|w%YcXC:lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryQuantum number <b>l </b>is the&nbsp;{{c1::azimuthal}}&nbsp;quantum number and gives the {{c1::<i>3D shape</i>&nbsp;(subshell)}}&nbsp;of an orbital<br>"<div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Azimuthal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers
v]acmth1:zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryQuantum number <u>m<sub>l</sub></u>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;{{c1::magnetic}}&nbsp;quantum number and gives the orbital {{c1::sub-type}}<br>"<div>Integers&nbsp;-l&nbsp;to&nbsp;+l</div><div><br></div><div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div><div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Quantum Number.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers
K?=6RvTL.6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryQuantum number <b>m<sub>s</sub></b>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;{{c1::spin}}&nbsp;quantum number and gives the {{c1::electronic spin}}&nbsp;of the electron<br>"<div>+1/2 or -1/2</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Spin Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers
LZrNFyObq8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Molecular}}&nbsp;orbitals are obtained by <i>combining</i> the&nbsp;{{c1::atomic}}&nbsp;orbitals from the individual atoms that make up the molecule"<div>Molecular orbital theory is able to explain why some bonds between atoms are observed to be <i>in between</i> a single and a double bond. Valence-bond theory, the more traditional theory, cannot explain these ""hybridized"" bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Molecular Orbitals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
rD<K)2kz?WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Bonding orbitals</u> are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;{{c1::same::same or opposite}} sign"<div><img src=""Bonding Orbital 2.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bonding Orbital.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
"xgk,.#DmT0"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Antibonding orbitals</i>&nbsp;are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;{{c1::opposite::same or opposite}} signs"<div><img src=""Anti Bonding Orbital.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bonding Orbital.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
FP/<V|uwIwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Sigma and Pi Bonds.png""><div><br><div>Give the number of sigma and pi bonds for each bond order</div></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Sigma and Pi Bonds Complete.png"">}}</div>""<a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcSPPKESpwc"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
Ecz6o!,*J:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are {{c1::less::more or less}} flexible than <u>single</u> bonds&nbsp;</div>"<div><div>This is because <b>rotation</b> is <i>not&nbsp;permitted</i> in the presence of a π bond</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bond Rotation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
c,A]~VZ&^PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are {{c1::shorter::shorter or longer}} than <u>single</u> bonds</div>"<div><img src=""Bond Length and Strength.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
L8gBXw/aZNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Orbital hybridization}} is the idea that atomic orbitals <b>fuse</b> to form newly <i>hybridized</i> orbitals"<div>Includes&nbsp;<i>sp<sup>3</sup></i>, <i>sp<sup>2</sup></i>, and <i>sp</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Hybridization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
+BM:Ngh9mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>sp</b><sup><b>3</b>&nbsp;</sup>hybridization is {{c1::25%::%}}&nbsp;s character and {{c1::75%::%}}&nbsp;p character"<div><img src=""sp3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
JNF0K9Vp$QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>sp<sup>2</sup></i><sup>&nbsp;</sup>hybridization is {{c1::33%::%}}&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and {{c1::67%::%}}&nbsp;p&nbsp;character"<div><img src=""sp2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
Fa[,7np*sUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>sp</u><sup>&nbsp;</sup>hybridization is {{c1::50%::%}}&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and {{c1::50%::%}}&nbsp;p&nbsp;character"<div><img src=""sp.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
maV;;RL9{fCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Conjugation}} occurs when single and multiple bonds&nbsp;<i>alternate</i>"<div>This creates a system of <b>unhybridized p orbitals</b> down&nbsp;the backbone of the molecule through which p&nbsp;electrons can <u>delocalize</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugated (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugation 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugation 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xm7TZ0l3k8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
QLXzf]~)`>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Resonance}}&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<b>delocalization </b>of electrons&nbsp;in&nbsp;molecules that have&nbsp;<u>conjugated</u> bonds"<div><img src=""Resonance (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/formal-charge-resonance/v/resonance-intro-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Bonding
GWZq>p]vH=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Lewis}} acids are <i>electron </i>acceptors"<div>Contain vacant orbitals or <b>positive</b> polarized atoms</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lewis Acid and Base (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
Q@Xn<!HKG<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Lewis}} bases are <u>electron </u>donors"<div>Contain a lone pair of electrons and are often <i>anions</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lewis Acid and Base (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
CIaCO@1m.OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::Brønsted-Lowry}} acid is a <u>proton</u> donor"<div><img src=""Bronsted Lowery Acid and Base.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
P7f[;c@Y$BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::Brønsted-Lowry}} base is a <u>proton</u> acceptor"<div><img src=""Bronsted Lowery Acid and Base.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
e>YZy[5OguCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>{{c1::Amphoteric}} molecules can act as&nbsp;either<i> acids or bases</i></div>"<div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHWNeIL1Cbg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
K{S*;:[O[ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>K_a</i>&nbsp;is the {{c1::acid dissociation}} constant"<div>An indicator of acid <i>strength</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>It is&nbsp;the <u>equilibrium constant</u> corresponding to the&nbsp;dissociation of an acid, HA, into a proton and its&nbsp;conjugate base</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ka.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/ka-and-acid-strength"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::OChem::Reactions
oX3y_yx$ngCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<b>Low&nbsp;pK<sub style="""">a</sub></b>&nbsp;<b>=</b> {{c1::strong::weak or strong}} acid<br>""<div><img src=""pKa Table.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/ka-and-pka-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::OChem::Reactions
dcO!Lw/WB|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::REDOX}} reaction is a reaction with the&nbsp;<b>transfer of electrons&nbsp;</b>from the substance being&nbsp;oxidized&nbsp;to the substance being&nbsp;reduced"<div><img src=""REDOX Reaction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
KgF}/6{sE.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Oxidation number}} is the&nbsp;<i>charge an atom</i> would have&nbsp;if all its bonds were&nbsp;<b>completely ionic</b>"<div><img src=""Oxidation State.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction/redox-oxidation-reduction/v/introduction-to-oxidation-and-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
H<9W)l:C&2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn REDOX reactions, the {{c1::oxidized::oxidized or reduced}} molecule&nbsp;<u>loses</u>&nbsp;electrons and the oxidation number&nbsp;<u>increases</u>"<div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"r.I`#05!(X"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn <b>oxidizing agent</b> {{c1::accepts::accepts or donates}} electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is {{c1::reduced::oxidized or reduced}}&nbsp;in the process"<div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
tNwK1-2QX8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn REDOX reactions, the {{c1::reduced::oxidized or reduced}} molecule&nbsp;<b>gains</b> electrons and the oxidation number <b>decreases</b>"<div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png""></span></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"P)z_pz{c#)"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA&nbsp;<u>reducing agent</u>&nbsp;{{c1::donates::accepts or donates}} electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is {{c1::oxidized::oxidized or reduced}}&nbsp;in the process"<div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg""></span></span></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions
gPxK<a6}4BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Chemoselectivity}} is the ability of a reagent or inter­mediate to <i>react with one group</i> or atom in a mole­cule in <u>preference</u> to another group or atom present in the <b>same molecule</b>"<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaAIY9oyAlk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
zXD0XZysZoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::nucleophile}} contains <b>lone pairs</b>&nbsp;of electrons or pi bonds and is “<i>Nucleus-loving</i>”"<div>Often carries a <u>negative</u> charge</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nucleophile (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
J+[k.=k`WNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Nucleophilicity}}&nbsp;is a term used to describe the <i>strength</i> of a&nbsp; nucleophile"<div>Nucleophilicity is affected by:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Charge</div><div>Electronegativity</div><div>Steric hindrance</div><div>Solvent<br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Nucleophilicity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/nucleophilicity-basicity-sal/v/nucleophilicity-nucleophile-strength"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
KUU{}a?UsACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Electrophiles}} are <u>electron loving</u>"<div>Contain a <i>positive</i> charge or are positively&nbsp;polarized</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrophile (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"Lw=JX=1)#3"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Leaving groups}} are molecular fragments that&nbsp;<u>retain the electrons</u>&nbsp;after&nbsp;heterolysis"<div>The best LG can <b>stabilize</b> additional charge&nbsp;through resonance or induction</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Weak bases</u> make good leaving groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leaving Group (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/intro-to-organic-mechanisms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
D,ak{86DUZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryCl^-&nbsp;and Br^-&nbsp;are {{c1::good::good or bad}} leaving groups"<div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
s$OCR]L.1SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry-OH is a {{c1::bad::good or bad}} leaving group"<div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
vnp%k9^Gk5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The ""<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub></i>"" in&nbsp;S_N1 and&nbsp;S_N2 reactions refers to&nbsp;{{c1::nucleophilic substitution}}""<div><img src=""Nucleophilic Substitution.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
huDv2k|>V)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryThe number 1 in an&nbsp;<i>S_N1</i>&nbsp;reaction refers to the fact that the reaction is {{c1::unimolecular}}"<div><i>S_N1&nbsp;Rate</i> = k[substrate]¹&nbsp;=&nbsp;a <i>first-order</i> reaction<br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></span></div><div><img src=""Unimolecular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"s<@x#T@nUz"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"An&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""> </span>reaction has {{c1::two::#}} step(s)""<div>Step 1: &nbsp;The <u>LG leaves</u>, forming a <u>carbocation</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div>Step 2: The <i>nucleophile attacks</i> the planar carbocation from either&nbsp;side, leading to a <i>racemic mixture </i>of products</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
ux^/r|2|LaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"An&nbsp;S_N2 reaction has {{c1::one::#}} step(s)""<div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile attacks at the <b>same time</b> as the LG leaves</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile must perform a <i>backside attack</i>, which leads to&nbsp;<i>inversion of stereochemistry</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Sn2 (1).png""></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Sn2 2.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn2-mechanism-and-stereochemistry"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
NHKuK.>r9[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::S_N1::S_N1 or S_N2}}&nbsp;products are a <i>racemic</i> mixture"<div>In the 2nd step,&nbsp;the <b>nucleophile attacks</b> the planar carbocation from <b>either&nbsp;side</b>, leading to a racemic mixture of products</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Racemic Mixture.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
sD{)6r_V1=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::S_N2::S_N1 or S_N2}}&nbsp;reactions lead to <u>inversion</u> of stereochemistry"<div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile must perform a <u>backside attack</u>, which leads to</div><div><u>inversion</u> of stereochemistry</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><div><img src=""Sn2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn2-mechanism-and-stereochemistry"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></font></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
eyx]YG_bBDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The rate law for an&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i>&nbsp;reaction is {{c1::S_N1&nbsp;Rate&nbsp;= k[substrate]¹}}""<div>A <i>first-order</i> reaction</div><div><br></div><img src=""Unimolecular.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
Cd<8n&cA^BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The rate law for an&nbsp;<b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reaction is {{c1::S_N2&nbsp;Rate&nbsp;= k[substrate]¹[nucleophile]¹}}""A <b>second-order</b> reaction<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bimolecular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
Q8}gWoF+(jCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Primary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <u>primary</u> substrate will go {{c1::S_N2::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}</div>""<div>1 step<br></div><div><br></div><div>If you were to do an&nbsp;S_N1&nbsp;reaction on a primary substrate, you'd get a <i>primary carbocation</i>, which is very <i>unstable</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
vCX;UjR<-OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Tertiary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <b>tertiary</b> substrate with a protic&nbsp;(or aprotic) solvent will go {{c1::S_N1::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}</div>""2 steps<div><br></div><div>There is too much <i>steric hinderance</i> for the nucleophile to attack the carbon while the leaving group is still there. The LG must leave first</div><div><br></div><div>The products will be a mixture of&nbsp;S_N1&nbsp;and E1</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"v^6zD55p#Z"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Secondary with Protic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go {{c1::S_N1::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}</div>""The substrate is <i>secondary</i>&nbsp;and CH₃OH is a <i>protic</i> solvent<div><br></div><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
gqQqHG](g?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Secondary with Aprotic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go {{c1::S_N2::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}</div>""The substrate is <b style="""">secondary</b> and acetone is an <u>aprotic</u> solvent&nbsp;<div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
uhI/f^{RCcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reactions prefer {{c1::methyl and primary}} substrates""<div>It is easy for the nucleophile to attack the carbon because the <b>carbon is accessible</b> (less steric hindrance)</div><div><br></div><div>The reaction can proceed in <b>1 step</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
FzE;H{I^-~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Methyl Substrate.png""></div><div><br></div>A <u>methyl</u> substrate <i>cannot</i> undergo an <b>elimination</b> reaction because elimination reactions create {{c1::double bonds between two carbons, C=C}}""There is only one carbon in a methyl so no double bond can be created<div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
N8:Lx[Pa+}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>Strong bases</b> favor {{c1::E2}} reactions"<div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
QqsChz{B5ECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA <u>secondary</u> substrate with a <i>protic</i> solvent will go {{c1::S_N1::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}"<div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"B{#^j#tJfb"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA <i>secondary</i> substrate with an <u>aprotic</u> solvent will go {{c1::S_N2::S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2}}"<div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
CzQ4fJHS^MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryPolar {{c1::protic::protic or aprotic}} solvents are capable of&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u>"<div>Polar Protic: <u>Acetic Acid</u>, <u>H<sub style="""">2</sub>O</u>,&nbsp;<u>ROH</u>, <u>NH<sub style="""">3</sub></u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polar Protic Solvents.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
"e#lRJY)m&5"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryPolar {{c1::aprotic::protic or aprotic}} solvents <i>do not</i> participate in&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u>"<div>Polar Aprotic:&nbsp;<i>DMF</i>, <i>DMSO</i>,&nbsp;<i>Acetone</i>, <i>Ethyl Acetate</i></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polar Aprotic Solvents.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
u^=aA!w.}%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Acetic acid</i>&nbsp;is polar<i> </i>{{c1::protic::protic or aprotic}}&nbsp;"<div>Polar protic&nbsp;because it participates in <u>hydrogen bonding</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetic Acid (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
pd$!>*gzm,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>DMSO</b> is polar<i>&nbsp;</i>{{c1::aprotic::protic or aprotic}}&nbsp;"Dimethyl sulfoxide is <b>polar aprotic</b> because it <i>does not</i> participate in <u>hydrogen bonding</u><div><br></div><div><img src=""DMSO (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
z>ydMUW06YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Alcohols}} use suffix <i>–ol</i>&nbsp;or prefix&nbsp;<i>hydroxy-</i>"<div>Contains an&nbsp;<u>–OH</u> group</div><div><br></div><div>Alcohols have&nbsp;<b>higher</b> priority&nbsp;than double or triple bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
n3-=m!EOODCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry1º, 2º, and 3º alcohols are named according to the <b>number of carbons</b> attached to&nbsp;{{c1::the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group::which carbon}}"<div>In other words, whether the hydroxyl is bound to a primary, secondary, or tertiary <b>carbon</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
kjPsgxkNU@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Alcohol Primary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::primary::primary, secondary, or tertiary}} alcohol<br></div>""<div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
iG;rGDF|W9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Alcohol Secondary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::secondary::primary, secondary, or tertiary}} alcohol</div>""<div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
y06ga(c^S!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Alcohol Tertiary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::tertiary::primary, secondary, or tertiary}} alcohol<br></div>""<div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""></font></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
nhx/C%&,EOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Phenol 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is known as a/an {{c1::phenol}}<br></div>""<div><b>Benzene ring</b> with <u>–OH</u> group attached</div><div><br></div><div>Named for the relative&nbsp;position of the –OH groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenol 2.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/alcohol-nomenclature-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
MCFYdt0![JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Phenols Ortho.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in {{c1::ortho}} position</div>""<div><img src=""Phenols.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
hC/d9jxJl]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Phenols Meta.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in {{c1::meta}} position<br></div>""<img src=""Phenols.png""><br><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
Ai7%`xcVp(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Phenols Para.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in {{c1::para}} position<br></div>""<div><img src=""Phenols.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
OM+R8*BF:)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Quinones}} are conjugated <b>cyclic diketones</b> but are <i>not aromatic</i>"<div>Synthesized through&nbsp;oxidation of <u>phenols</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Examples:</div><div><br></div><div><i>Vitamin K1</i>&nbsp;(phylloquinone)</div><div><i>Vitamin K2</i> (the menaquinones)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quinones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
ztgU@k3uk?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Hydroxyquinones}} are produced by&nbsp;<u>oxidation</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>quinones</b>"<div>Adds a variable&nbsp;number of hydroxyl groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydroxyquinones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
rufyw@LXf}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Ubiquinone}} is a biologically active&nbsp;<i>quinone</i> that acts as an&nbsp;<u>electron acceptor</u>&nbsp;in complexes&nbsp;I, II, and III of the&nbsp;electron transport chain"<div>Also called <b>coenzyme Q</b></div><div><br></div><div>It is reduced&nbsp;to <u>ubiquinol</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ubiquinone.jpg""></div><div><img src=""Coenzyme Q.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
Gp~c+O)nRvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryWhen an <u>alcohol</u> is oxidized it becomes <i>one of</i> the following compounds:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::aldehyde}}</div><div>{{c1::ketone}}</div><div>{{c1::carboxylic acid}}</div>"<div>Oxidation of an alcohol removes the H and adds a second bond to the O to make a <i>carbonyl</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
"yq_nS#!4G>"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><div><img src=""Alcohol with PCC (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Treatment of an <u>alcohol</u> with <b>pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) </b>leads to the formation of a/an {{c1::aldehyde}}</div></div>""<div><img src=""Alcohol with PCC.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Any stronger oxidizing agent will oxidize the alcohol all the way to&nbsp;carboxylic acid</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuCDQFvVPQI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
M~gPB&Jv9RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>-OH</u> is a {{c1::bad::good or bad}} leaving group"<div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
vCb&p-Vf;oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Alcohols</u> can be converted to&nbsp;{{c1::mesylates}}&nbsp;or&nbsp;{{c1::tosylates}}&nbsp;to make them <i>better&nbsp;leaving groups</i> for nucleophilic substitution reactions"<div><img src=""Mesolates (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/preparation-of-mesylates-and-tosylates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
La*/n>V7>2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Aldehydes</i> and <b>ketones</b> be protected by converting them into&nbsp;{{c1::acetals}}&nbsp;or&nbsp;{{c1::ketals}}"<div><img src=""Aldehydes and Ketones Protect.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/acetals-as-protecting-groups-and-thioacetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
"d#(d8s1;2s"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::acetal}}</div>""<div>A <i>primary carbon</i> with <b>two –OR</b> groups and a <u>hydrogen&nbsp;atom</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal and Ketal Structures.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
kUED{t0ofSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Ketal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::ketal}}</div>""<div>A <i>secondary carbon</i> with <b>two –OR groups</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal and Ketal Structures.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ketal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Alcohols
rc)G>[2uk9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Amino acids</i> are simple organic compounds containing both a/an {{c1::carboxyl&nbsp;(—COOH)}} group and a/an {{c1::amino&nbsp;(—NH<sub>2</sub>)}}&nbsp;group"
<div><img src=""Amino Acid 1 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/introduction-to-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
BcNS$yj>XDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::amine functional group::... functional group}} is a <i>basic nitrogen atom</i> with a lone pair of electrons"<div><img src=""Amine Functional Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/functional-groups/v/functional-groups-first"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
AG6mcH9~M%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn <b>amide</b> functional group has a/an {{c1::carbonyl}} group&nbsp;linked to a/an {{c1::nitrogen}} atom"<div><img src=""Amide Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-amides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div><a></a>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
r5pv%C(<6JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Aliphatic}} compounds are <i>hydrocarbon</i> compounds containing <i>carbon</i> and <i>hydrogen</i> joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or&nbsp;non-aromatic rings"<div>Aliphatic amino acids are Gly, Ala,&nbsp;Val, Leu, Ile, Pro</div><div><br></div><div>Met can also be considered aliphatic</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aliphatic 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aliphatic 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hQ8iZZ8dU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
"e,sCeX#m0%"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Peptide Bonds</u> are formed when the&nbsp;{{c1::N-terminus}}&nbsp;of an amino acid <b>nucleophilically</b> attacks the&nbsp;{{c1::C-terminus}}&nbsp;of another amino acid"<div>Condensation reaction<br></div><div><br></div><div>Can be <i>cleaved</i>&nbsp;<i>hydrolytically </i>using a&nbsp;strong acid or base</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Bonds 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/peptide-bond-formation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
AZ6rGREw)sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn a <u>peptide bond</u>, rotation of the C-N bond is <i>restricted</i> due to {{c1::resonance}}"<div>Resonance causes the C-N bond to take on a <i>partial double bond</i> character</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Bond Partial Double Bond.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/a/chemistry-of-amino-acids-and-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
B~u9wG<S&>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryPolypeptides are made up of&nbsp;multiple {{c1::amino acids}}&nbsp;linked by&nbsp;{{c1::peptide bonds}}"<div>Proteins are large, folded, functional polypeptides</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polypeptide (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/peptide-bond-formation-and-cleavage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
GumAXrXR`+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Strecker synthesis::... synthesis}} and {{c1::Gabriel synthesis::... synthesis}} are two common methods of <i>synthesizing amino acids</i> in the lab"<div><img src=""Strecker and Gabriel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
w&-<[i35$hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><u>Strecker synthesis</u> generates an <b>amino acid</b> from a/an&nbsp;{{c1::aldehyde}}</div>"<div><img src=""Strecker Synthesis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
Agw.?dr;24Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Gabriel synthesis}} generates an <b>amino acid</b> from potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide"<div><img src=""Gabriel Synthesis.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids
nEVR0W!)uxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Phosphoric acid}} is sometimes referred to as a&nbsp;<i>phosphate group</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<u>inorganic phosphate</u>"<div>Denoted as <b>Pi</b></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Phosphoric Acid (1).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id1yK29TTcc"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds
x>Fyj2vhsLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Phosphoric acid</i> is an <b>excellent buffer</b> because it contains three hydrogens, each with {{c1::a unique pK_a}}"<div>The&nbsp;wide variety in pK_a values allows phosphoric acid to act&nbsp;as a buffer over a<u> large range of pH values</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phosphoric Acid pKa.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id1yK29TTcc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds
"w#XwA#Axm5"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>{{c1::Phosphodiester bonds::... bonds}} make up the <b>backbone</b> of DNA</div>"<div><img src=""Phosphodiester Bond 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds
q<@k5.q82RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>{{c1::Organic phosphates}} are <i>carbon</i>&nbsp;containing<i>&nbsp;</i>compounds&nbsp;that also have&nbsp;<b>phosphate</b>&nbsp;groups</div>"<div>The most notable examples are <i>nucleotide triphosphates</i> (ATP&nbsp;or&nbsp;GTP) and <i>DNA</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>ATP Structure:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""ATP.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><i><br></i></div>"MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds
c5@M{s<wtWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Alpha (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::alpha::alpha or beta}} <b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div>""<div><img src=""Glycosidic Bonds.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
b<p4cB<!GvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Beta (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an {{c1::beta::alpha or beta}}&nbsp;<b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div>""<div><img src=""Glycosidic Bonds.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
ohkB?+1O^@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive the <u>airway pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Nasal/oral cavities}} →&nbsp;{{c1::pharynx}} →&nbsp;{{c1::larynx}} →&nbsp;{{c1::trachea}} →&nbsp;{{c1::bronchi}} →&nbsp;{{c1::bronchioles}} →&nbsp;{{c1::alveoli}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
rTHU^IzBzwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyFill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → {{c1::pharynx}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;larynx →&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>"<div><div>Pharynx is the ""<u>throat</u>""</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
y5+9K4`IO0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyFill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ {{c1::larynx}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>"<div>Larynx is the ""<b>voice box</b>""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
OOEu8knC|qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyFill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ {{c1::trachea}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div>"<div>Trachea is the ""<i>windpipe</i>""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
sOCchSo:f`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ {{c1::bronchi}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>"<div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
HF{gLx=R9DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ {{c1::bronchioles}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;alveoli<br></div>"<div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
"F0BijkC6J#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ bronchioles&nbsp;→ {{c1::alveoli}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
"fXe#!/)5cm"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"The&nbsp;{{c1::pharynx}}&nbsp;is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems and it is called the ""<u>throat</u>""""<div>Both food and air pass through the pharynx<br></div><div><br></div><div>Air is warmed and humidified</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pharynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
Ldd8jZ7oc)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::larynx}}, also called the&nbsp;<b>voice box</b>, is a hollow, tubular structure connected to the <u>top of the windpipe (trachea)</u>"<div><i>Only air passes through the larynx<br></i></div><div><br></div><div>Epiglottis covering</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Larynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
wSD,Wx&qb7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::trachea}} is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the <i>windpipe</i>"<b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi<div><br></div><div><img src=""Trachea.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
C8EIv]aPMdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>trachea</i> branches into two primary&nbsp;{{c1::bronchi}}"<div>One bronchus leads to the <u>left lung</u>, the other bronchus leads to the <u>right lung</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bronchi.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/the-bronchial-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
nXu^v(*s3sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Bronchioles}} are the&nbsp;<u>smallest of the branches&nbsp;of the bronchi</u> and they end in {{c1::alveoli}}"<div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
II:&W^xxNTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Alveoli}} are sacs where&nbsp;<b>gas exchange&nbsp;occurs</b>"<div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
c~K-T3&5%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Surfactant</b>&nbsp;{{c1::reduces::reduces or increases}}&nbsp;surface tension in the alveoli"<div><i>Low surface tension</i> <i>is required</i> to prevent collapse of the alveoli</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Surfactant.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVxsfWW273g"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway
hfz/s^ls8MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Pleurae membranes}} allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with&nbsp;<u>minimal friction&nbsp;from other organs</u>"<div><img src=""Plural Membrane (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
"h#bj0m0g@Z"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::pleural cavity (or space)}} is a thin&nbsp;fluid-filled space&nbsp;<b>between the two pleurae</b> of each lung"<div><img src=""Pleural Membrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
kOmTVXWBRCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>outside</i> <i>pleural membrane</i> is the known as the {{c1::parietal membrane::... membrane}}<div><br></div><div>The <b>inside</b> <b>pleural membrane</b> is the known as the {{c1::visceral membrane::... membrane}}&nbsp;</div>"<div><img src=""Pleural Membrane 2.png"">&nbsp;</div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
"Jhzv4#hkOX"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyDuring <i>inspiration</i>, lung volume <b>expands</b>&nbsp;as a result of the {{c1::contraction::contraction or relaxation}} of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, this expands&nbsp;the thoracic cavity"<div>Due to this increase in volume, the <u>pressure is decreased</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>The pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the thoracic cavity allows air to rush into the lungs; inhalation occurs</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
eu{Q*<M@KSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyDuring <u>exhalation</u>, the diaphragm muscles {{c1::relax::contract or relax}}"<div>There is&nbsp;an <i>elastic recoil</i> of the lung tissue which causes a decrease in volume<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
IL39[)^dwBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Inhalation</i> is considered a/an {{c1::active process::... process}}"<div>Because the diaphragm must <i>contract</i> for inhalation</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diaphragm Contraction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
j}@2Rf&:^lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::spirometer}} measures the&nbsp;volume of air&nbsp;being&nbsp;<b>exhaled</b> or <b>inhaled</b>"<div><i>It cannot measure total volume<br></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Spirometer.jpeg""></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
FywU}<w+)}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Total lung capacity}} is the amount of air in the lungs&nbsp;after taking the <i>deepest breath&nbsp;possible</i></div>"<div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
xTnY=n4EF$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Residual volume}} is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs&nbsp;after <u>fully exhaling</u></div>"<div>Some air must stay in the lungs to <b>keep the alveoli from collapsing</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
mFldZ7uJ|<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Vital capacity}} is the difference between <u>minimum</u> and <i>maximum</i>&nbsp;volume of air in the lungs"<div>This is the maximum amount of air a person can <b>expel</b> from the lungs after a maximum inhalation<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
xgVf~zk-J>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Tidal volume}} is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a&nbsp;<b>normal breath</b>"<div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
"J1G/?^U,#T"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Expiratory reserve volume}} is the volume of additional air that can be&nbsp;<u>forcibly&nbsp;exhaled</u>&nbsp;following normal exhalation</div>"<div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
hX{[pRBB~?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Inspiratory reserve volume}} is the volume of additional air that can be<i>&nbsp;forcibly&nbsp;inhaled</i>&nbsp;following normal inhalation</div>"<div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
m)z[:dFyqkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cilia}}&nbsp;function together using their&nbsp;<u>wave-like motion</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>move mucus&nbsp;up and away from the lungs</b> and back into the throat"<div>This is the <i>mucociliary escalator&nbsp;</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mucociliary Escalator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMB6flEaZwI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
jx3bw.Z:g@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Vibrissae</b> are {{c1::nose hairs}}"<div>They trap large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vibrissae.jpg""><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
g,=&aq+4SwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::bicarbonate buffer}} is by far the most important <i>buffer for&nbsp;maintaining acid-base balance</i>&nbsp;in the blood"<div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
e!OM$JE[CXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIf the <u>blood pH is too&nbsp;low</u>, respiration will {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}}"<div>Respiration goes up&nbsp;to <u>blow off CO₂&nbsp;</u></div><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <u>shift left </u>to remove H⁺&nbsp;which will raise the pH back to normal levels</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
u~}A7ja_KkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"If the <i>blood pH is</i> <i>too</i>&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>, respiration will {{c1::decrease::increase or decrease}}""Respiration goes<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font>down, <i>trapping CO<sub style="""">2</sub></i><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <i>shift right</i> to add more H⁺ which will lower the pH<br><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
Jp-.XulieVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::medulla oblongata}} is the <u>primary respiratory control center</u>"<div>It is part of the <u>brainstem</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Medulla Oblongata.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/brainstem"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System
iiRW`D2nZKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive the <i>blood pathway</i>&nbsp;(including valves) starting in the <b>right atrium</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::right atrium}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::tricuspid valve}} → {{c1::right ventricle}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::pulmonary valve}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::pulmonary artery}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::lungs}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::pulmonary veins}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::left atrium}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::mitral valve}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::left ventricle}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::aortic valve}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::aorta}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::arteries}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::arterioles}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::capillaries}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::venules}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::veins}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::venae cavae}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::right atrium}}</div>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
b&(1(MW<rCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Oxygenated blood</i> from the pulmonary veins enters the {{c1::left}} atrium of the heart"<div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"P9uK#m|(R("Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Deoxygenated blood</u> from the venae cavae enters the {{c1::right}} atrium of the heart"<div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
vua(c2$_>gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::tricuspid valve::... valve}} is between the <u>right atrium</u> and the <b>right ventricle</b>"<div><u>Deoxygenated blood passes through</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"jd8a5(f^k#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::mitral valve::... valve}} is between the <i>left atrium</i> and the <b>left ventricle</b>"<div><i>Oxygenated blood passes through</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
L5>c}2_BpZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Pulmonary veins</i> are {{c1::oxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}"<div><img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
PQm$1j}<!xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Pulmonary arteries</u> are {{c1::deoxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}}"<img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""><div><br><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
v|T5p1zEn^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Give the pathway of <i>electrical conduction in the heart</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Electrical Conduction in the Heart.png"">}}</div>""<div>“<i>S</i>tab <i>A B</i>ig <i>P</i>ickle” acrostic<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
s,:*16>Ic9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::SA node}} is the heart's <b>natural&nbsp;pacemaker</b>"<div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
d)od-KW,zGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><div>The&nbsp;{{c1::AV node}}&nbsp;is the part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that <b>coordinates the top of the heart</b>. It <i>electrically connects the atria and ventricles</i></div></div>"<div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"y[GU#,wX>>"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::bundle of his}} transmits impulses <b>from the AV node to the ventricles</b>"<div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
FuQtx5QWsSCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::Purkinje fibers}} carry the contraction impulse <u>from both the left and right bundle branch to the&nbsp;myocardium of the ventricles</u>"<div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
x*cL;G0;PnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Arteries}}&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <i>away the heart</i>"<div><i>Thick muscular tube</i></div><div><br></div><div>Elasticity allows for recoil and&nbsp;helps propel blood forward</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
Q`4j/gJp4sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Veins}}&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <u>toward the heart</u>"<u>Thin walls with few elastic fibers</u><div><br></div><div>Pulsation is absent in veins<div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
wdiS]GgVI}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Arterioles}} are <u>tiny branches of arteries</u> that lead to capillaries"<div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
K??+mjrYxlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Capillaries}} are&nbsp;<b>1 cell thick</b> and make up the endothelial wall"<div>Easy diffusion of&nbsp;gases (O₂,&nbsp;CO₂) and waste (NH₃, urea)</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
kq^|J;`5zjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Venules}} are very small&nbsp;blood vessels that bring blood from <u>capillary beds to the veins</u>"<div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
pWMV`=52{eCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Systole}} is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle <b>contract</b> after refilling with blood"<div><div><i>AV valves are closed</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Semilunar valves are open</u></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Blood pumps from the chambers into the arteries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
l77q>OCHkNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Diastole}}&nbsp;is the period of the cardiac cycle that encompasses <u>ventricular relaxation</u>"<div><div><u>AV&nbsp;valves are&nbsp;open</u><br></div><div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Semilunar&nbsp;valves are closed</i></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Chambers fill with blood</div><div><div><div><br><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
CH3?[BQ>v:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Give the <u>normal blood pressure range</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Normal BP.png"">}}</div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"y#krpwy;&{"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyBlood pressure is <b>sensed and maintained</b> by {{c1::baroreceptors}} and {{c1::chemoreceptors}}"<div><img src=""Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
rlr/G3d+>aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe main function of {{c1::atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)}} is to&nbsp;<u>lower the blood pressure</u>&nbsp;by promoting <b>excretion of water and sodium</b>"<div><img src=""ANP.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzeL1fcBwnE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
EtH{1TG!LKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Aldosterone</i>&nbsp;{{c1::raises::raises or lowers}} blood pressure"<div><img src=""Aldosterone.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
pY!C!+8k`eCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>ADH</b> promotes&nbsp;{{c1::increased::increased or decreased}} <u>water retention</u> and&nbsp;{{c1::decreased::increased or decreased}} <i>plasma osmolarity</i>"<div>Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)</div><div><br></div><div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ADH (2).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
nvF+G-o!VfCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIf your&nbsp;<b>blood osmolarity</b> is<i>&nbsp;</i>{{c1::higher::higher or lower}}&nbsp;than normal, your body reacts to replace this water loss by&nbsp;<i>releasing&nbsp;ADH</i>"<div>ADH leads to <u>increased water resorption</u> by your kidneys</div><div><br></div><div>Osmolarity goes down and blood pressure goes up<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""High Blood Osmolarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
HK4HgTrl?lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"Give the <i>cardiac output equation</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Cardiac Output.png"">}}</div>""Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume<div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
B.N.<*_FfmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyBlood is considered a/an {{c1::connective tissue}} because it consists of <i>blood cells</i>, surrounded by a <b>nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma</b>"<div><img src=""Blood Connective Tissue.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"*IVT#J,NZ"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Red blood cells</i> are also known as {{c1::erythrocytes}}"<div><div><img src=""RBCs (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
m}Qrox*_6^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hematocrit}} is the <i>percentage of blood&nbsp;composed of&nbsp;RBCs</i>"<div><u>Normal hematocrit is about 45%<br></u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hematocrit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/what-s-inside-of-blood"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
y-orw?xN5+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>White blood cells</b> are also known as {{c1::leukocytes}}"<div><img src=""WBCs Called Leukocytes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
kPv>~Ir{-iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyRBCs&nbsp;and WBCs are <u>both formed in</u> {{c1::bone marrow}}"<div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
b?D1m-:c*ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hematopoiesis}} is the process by which&nbsp;stem cells&nbsp;from bone marrow <b>develop into mature&nbsp;blood cells</b>"<div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
v}UKJK<Iu+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe three types of <u>granulocytes</u> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Neutrophils}}</div><div>{{c1::Eosinophils}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Basophils}}<br></div>"<div>-phil = granulocytes<br></div><div><br></div><div>Part of the<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><u>innate immune system</u></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
P<,_=R%u@xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>granules</i> in a granulocyte cause {{c1::inflammation that kills bacteria and fungi}}"<div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
B.<va5.vFgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe two types of <i>agranulocytes</i> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Lymphocytes}}</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Monocytes}}</div>"<div>agranulocytes have no granules</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
oV`*&H/H1qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Platelets}}, also called&nbsp;{{c1::thrombocytes}},&nbsp;are a component of blood whose&nbsp;function&nbsp;is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by <i>clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot</i><br>"<div><img src=""Platelets.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
iUU0Ub2_?ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hydrostatic pressure::... pressure}} moves fluid&nbsp;out of a capillary&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>into the interstitial fluid</u>"<div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
z0JxgAAr.xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Osmotic pressure::... pressure}} moves fluid&nbsp;<i>into the blood vessel</i>"<div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions
uIB>UTf7?]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hemoglobin}} is found inside&nbsp;RBCs and it <u>carries oxygen</u>"<div><img src=""Hemoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
OJkYoe^Z5cCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <b>binding of oxygen_&nbsp;to&nbsp;hemoglobin</b> can be characterized as {{c1::cooperative}}</div>"<div>When one O<sub style="""">2</sub>&nbsp;molecule binds to one of the four heme groups in a hemoglobin, <i>it becomes more&nbsp;likely</i> that the remaining sites will bind to O<sub style="""">2</sub></div><div><sub style=""""><br></sub></div><div>_{<img src=""Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Dissociation Curves.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
M+[89z7pr-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Oxygen</u> binds to the {{c1::iron}} atom inside a <i>heme group</i>"<div><img src=""Binding of Oxygen to a Heme.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
Oc8}AR=6/KCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><b>CO₂ and H⁺ </b>will&nbsp;trigger the heme group to {{c1::release}} its <u>O₂</u></div>"<div>CO₂&nbsp;and H⁺<i>allosterically inhibit </i>hemoglobin</div><div><br></div><div><div>This means <u>O₂ is released near lots of CO₂</u> <u>or in acidic sites</u>,&nbsp;which is&nbsp;where respiration is happening and <b>O₂ is needed</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Factors Affecting Oxygen Binding.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
HCB9WKQ)]3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA <b>low pH </b>means a {{c1::low::high or low}} <u>heme affinity for O₂</u>"<div><i>H⁺ is an inhibitor of heme</i>, so it causes the heme to release its O₂</div><div><br></div><div>This is called the <u>Bohr Shift</u>. The oxygen saturation curve will <u>shift right</u> in response to a low pH (high H⁺ concentration)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bohr Shift.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
NGTBqGacnaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<i>2,3-BPG </i>causes heme to&nbsp;{{c1::release}} O<sub style="""">2</sub>""<div>Creates a<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font><u>right&nbsp;shift</u> just like a low pH would</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
Cd`b]g/%-DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>If your body <i>needs more oxygen</i>, then&nbsp;<b>2,3-BPG</b>&nbsp;levels will {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}}</div>"<div><b>2,3-BPG causes heme to release its O<sub>2</sub></b>. If your body is low on O<sub>2</sub>, then 2,3-BPG is used to raise the O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;levels back to normal</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
P@7TaixZTmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::P<sub>50</sub>}}&nbsp;is the <b>oxygen pressure</b> when&nbsp;<u>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</u>"<div><img src=""P50.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/HYbvwMSzqdY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
KU:KUG]z$LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn <i>sickle cell anemia</i>, the amino acid {{c1::Glu}} is replaced by&nbsp;{{c1::Val}}"<div>Hemoglobin <b>aggregates</b> into insoluble fibers<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e67ZP2C3Pr4"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
wXnqkIn66jCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Myoglobin</u> stores and releases oxygen in&nbsp;{{c1::muscle tissue}}"<div><i>Not pH sensitive</i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System
K(d(,oQ3(aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Myoglobin</u> has a much {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} oxygen affinity than <i>hemoglobin</i>"<div><div>This&nbsp;means it can <b>bind more securely to the oxygen</b>&nbsp;compared to hemoglobin</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""O2 Dissosociation Curves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
yFV,hZ*2GpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <u>myoglobin oxygen saturation</u> curve is <i>hyperbolic</i> because {{c1::it&nbsp;only has one heme group and cannot exhibit&nbsp;cooperative&nbsp;binding}}"<div><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
i--Qn8YY.wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology2,3-BPG has <i>no affect</i> on {{c1::myoglobin::hemoglobin or myoglobin}}"<div>BPG works by binding in the space <b>between</b> <b>the subunits in hemoglobin</b>. Myoglobin has just one monomer, so BPG does not affect it</div><br><div><img src=""Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
G$^HQGxYhmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Amplitude}} is the <i>displacement of a wave</i>&nbsp;from its rest position"<div>The&nbsp;maximum point is called a <b>crest</b>. The minimum&nbsp;point is called a <u style="""">trough</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Wave.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
v]FkV;FQ6XCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Wavelength (λ)}} is the <u>distance between two crests or two troughs</u> of a wave"<div><img src=""Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
Fda56ioq;SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Frequency (f)}} is the number of <b>cycles a wave makes&nbsp;per second</b>"<div>Expressed in Hz<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
I?=FqHpW|&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Period (T)}} is the&nbsp;number of seconds&nbsp;it takes to <i>complete a&nbsp;cycle</i>"<div>It is the <u>inverse of frequency</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Period is a measure of time</div><div><br></div><div>Wavelength is a measure of length</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Period (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Period (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
s`WbQ`1!tACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Displacement (x)}} refers to&nbsp;how far a point is<b> from the equilibrium&nbsp;position</b>, expressed as a vector quantity"<div>The term can apply to any measure of <i>length</i> including&nbsp;<i>amplitude</i> and <i>wavelength</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
B3Cz!Rtm_+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<i>Angular Frequency (ω)</i> also known as&nbsp;<b>radial</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>circular</b>&nbsp;frequency, measures&nbsp;{{c1::angular displacement}}&nbsp;per {{c1::unit time}}"<div><img src=""Angular Frequency 2.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Angular Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-centripetal-force-and-gravitation/introduction-to-uniform-circular-motion-ap/v/connecting-period-and-frequency-to-angular-velocity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
e089T)kP,JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Transverse waves::... waves}} are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<i>perpendicular</i>&nbsp;to the wave direction"<div><b>Light is a transverse wave</b> because its components vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
olP4Y2MNReCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Longitudinal waves::... waves}} are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>&nbsp;to the wave direction"<div><b>Sound waves are longitudinal waves</b> because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Longitudinal Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
;Ymo2.^FFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathLight&nbsp;is a&nbsp;{{c1::transverse wave::... wave}}"<div>Light&nbsp;is a&nbsp;transverse wave&nbsp;because its components vibrate <i>perpendicular</i> to the direction of propagation<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
c*>G3Ri:c^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathSound&nbsp;waves are {{c1::longitudinal waves::... waves}}"<div>Sound&nbsp;waves are longitudinal waves because&nbsp;particles of the medium&nbsp;through which the sound is transported&nbsp;vibrate&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>&nbsp;to the direction that the sound wave moves</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Longitudinal Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
fn-wPFiX(^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for velocity of wave:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Velocity of Wave.png"">}}</div>""<div>v = wave speed<br></div><div>f = frequency</div><div>λ&nbsp;= wavelength</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Golden Rule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
Ka+mETqX}JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Interference}} describes the ways in which&nbsp;waves interact&nbsp;in&nbsp;space to&nbsp;form a <b>resultant wave</b>"<div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
gVU<J%qiy/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Constructive interference::... interference}} occurs when waves are&nbsp;<u>exactly in phase</u>&nbsp;with each&nbsp;other</div>"<div>The <b>amplitude</b> of the resultant wave is&nbsp;equal to the <b>sum</b> of the amplitudes of the two&nbsp;interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
wSeX~;f]hgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Destructive interference::... interference}} occurs when waves are&nbsp;<i>exactly out of phase</i>&nbsp;with&nbsp;each other</div>"<div>The <u>amplitude</u> of the resultant wave&nbsp;is equal to the <u>difference</u> in amplitude between&nbsp;the two interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
l`;7k|W;kTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Partially constructive / destructive interference::... interference}} occurs when two waves are&nbsp;<u>not quite perfectly in&nbsp;or out&nbsp;of phase with each other</u></div>"<div>The <b>displacement</b>&nbsp;of the resultant wave is equal to the <b>sum</b> of the&nbsp;displacements of the two interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Partial Interference.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
G>>f{8S:^VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"{{c1::Traveling waves::... waves}} <b>have</b> <b>continuously shifting points of maximum&nbsp;and minimum displacement</b> so that the&nbsp;peak of the wave ""travels"" forward""<div>Example: <u>Ocean waves</u> travel over a long distance. As opposed to standing waves that would appear to stay in one spot<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Traveling vs Standing Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1PC4botbM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
qL%W8LHhERCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Standing waves::... waves}} oscillate in time but the <i>peak amplitude&nbsp;profile&nbsp;does not move in space</i>"<div>Produced by the <u>constructive</u> and <b>destructive&nbsp;interference</b> of two waves of the same frequency&nbsp;traveling in opposite directions in the same space<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Traveling vs Standing Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1PC4botbM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
sg_Oi{m]iBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Nodes</b> are points where there is&nbsp;no {{c1::oscillation}}"<div>Found in&nbsp;<i>standing waves</i>&nbsp;when there are&nbsp;two waves&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>destructive interference</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Node (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
qCXvkJE$.WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Antinodes}} are points of&nbsp;<u>maximum oscillation</u>"<div>Found in <i>standing waves</i> when there are two waves with&nbsp;<i>destructive interference</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Node (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
Lk1RP8?l*oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Resonance}}&nbsp;is when one object vibrating at the&nbsp;same <b>natural frequency</b>&nbsp;of a second object forces that second object to vibrate"<div><img src=""Resonance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPH-JoOtcUo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
"It/r#bu7]y"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Damping</u> is a decrease in {{c1::amplitude}}"<div><img src=""Damping.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0YFw9ZzSyM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Waves
jl3/wE{/$ECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Sound</b> is produced when&nbsp;something {{c1::vibrates}}"<div>The vibrating body causes the medium (water, air, etc.) around it to vibrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sound (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/production-of-sound"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
NsC,(<:~X+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Sound</b>&nbsp;propagates through all forms of matter&nbsp;but&nbsp;not&nbsp;through {{c1::a vacuum}}"<div>Fastest through solids, followed by&nbsp;liquids, and slowest through gases<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Propagation (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Propagation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/relative-speed-of-sound-in-solids-liquids-and-gases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
m2J1GgAk)wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<b style="""">Pitch</b> is our perception of {{c1::frequency}}""<div><img src=""Pitch.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-sound-waves-ap/v/sound-properties-amplitude-period-frequency-wavelength"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
"h>oh%:{#f|"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Intensity}} is how&nbsp;<i>loud</i>&nbsp;a sound is"<div>It is based on a wave’s <i>amplitude</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>Intensity will <u style="""">decrease over distance</u>. For example, a loud sound is not as loud if you hear it from far away.</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Intensity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbNLTscrlZY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
f_5x$>hlN2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe <u>doppler effect</u> is a shift in the&nbsp;perceived {{c1::frequency}}&nbsp;of a sound when the&nbsp;source of the sound and its detector&nbsp;are <i>moving&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;one another</i>"<div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
t/*1C!SEU8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <i>moving&nbsp;toward each other</i></div>"<div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
H_DwESI1KsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be {{c1::lower::higher or lower}} than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <u>moving away&nbsp;from each other</u></div>"<div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
qU5s%vc9),Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The apparent frequency might be <u>higher</u>, <u>lower</u>, <u>or equal to</u> the emitted frequency when the two objects are moving in the <i>same direction</i>. It depends on their {{c1::relative speeds}}</div>"<div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
fP*?6F/f=JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><u>Strings and pipes that are open on both ends&nbsp;</u>support<u> </u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the string or open pipe is given by the following equation:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pipes Open.png"">}}</div>""<div>Length of the string or open pipe =&nbsp;(some multiple wavelengths) / 2<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Waves in Pipes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
k-a]o0S?sACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<i>Pipes closed at one end</i><u>&nbsp;</u>support<u>&nbsp;</u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the closed pipe is given by the following equation:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Pipes Closed.png"">}}</div>""<div>Length&nbsp;of the closed pipe = (some <i>odd</i> <i>multiple</i> of wavelengths) / 4<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Waves in Pipes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
dC{7>;PF^iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Ultrasound</u> uses high frequency sound waves to compare the&nbsp;{{c1::relative&nbsp;densities}} of tissues&nbsp;in the body"<div><i>Doppler Ultrasound</i> is&nbsp;used to determine the <i>flow of blood</i> within the body<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ultrasound.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/ultrasound-medical-imaging"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
mIF16:5B+FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Electromagnetic waves</b> are transverse waves&nbsp;that consist of an oscillating&nbsp;{{c1::electric&nbsp;field::... field}}&nbsp;and an oscillating&nbsp;{{c1::magnetic field::... field}}</div>"<div>The two fields are&nbsp;<i>perpendicular</i> to each other and to the direction of&nbsp;propagation of the wave<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
EL/Zw`_ThiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The <b>electromagnetic spectrum</b> is the range of&nbsp;{{c1::frequencies}}&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::wavelengths}}&nbsp;found in electromagnetic waves</div>"<div><img src=""Electromagnetic Spectrum.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
"nLY?l0@#OJ"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathIn the visible spectrum, {{c1::red::color}} has the <i>largest wavelength</i>"<div>Mnemonic: ROY G BIV<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Visible Spectrum.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Wavelengths Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
g[v)Si<2s`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe <b>Rydberg formula</b> is used to predict the&nbsp;{{c1::wavelength}}&nbsp;of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels"<div><img src=""Rydberg Formula Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/electronic-structure/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogen-edited"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
mt?tB40,g(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Diffraction</u> is the&nbsp;bending and spreading out&nbsp;of light waves as they&nbsp;pass through a {{c1::narrow slit}}"<div><img src=""Diffraction.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/a/diffraction-and-constructive-and-destructive-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
f6O/`s8S&5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><i>Young’s double-slit experiment</i> shows the&nbsp;{{c1::constructive}}&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::destructive}}&nbsp;interference of waves&nbsp;that occur as light passes through<u>&nbsp;parallel slits</u></div>"<div>Results in&nbsp;minima (dark fringes) and maxima (bright fringes) of intensity<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Double Slit 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Double Slit 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/youngs-double-split-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
wRFYUcsP{VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Plane polarized light waves}} are light waves in which the&nbsp;vibrations&nbsp;occur in a&nbsp;<i>single plane</i></div>"<div><img src=""Optical Activity (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/polarization-of-light-linear-and-circular"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
t%a(>&$q%2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>When all the light rays have electric fields with equal&nbsp;intensity but&nbsp;<u>constantly rotating direction</u>, this light is called {{c1::circularly polarized light}}</div>"<div>Circularly&nbsp;polarized light is created by exposing unpolarized light to&nbsp;special pigments or filters<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Circular Polarized Light.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/polarization-of-light-linear-and-circular"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
QuASx.CivPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Reflection}} is the <b>rebounding of incident light waves </b>at a medium’s boundary"<div><img src=""Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-reflection-of-light/v/laws-of-reflection2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
C,G!&2Ic@{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The law of reflection states that the angle of <u>reflection</u> is&nbsp;{{c1::equal::less than, greater than, or equal to}}&nbsp;to the angle of<b> incidence</b></div>"<div><img src=""Law of Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-reflection-of-light/v/laws-of-reflection2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
Dj/;LgS~,>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Concave Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::concave::concave or convex}} mirror</div>""Light rays converge at a single point called the <u>focal point</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-concave-convex-mirrors/v/concave-mirrors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
H]`)orKE3/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Convex Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::convex::concave or convex}} mirror<br></div>""<div>The <u>focal point</u> is on the inside of the mirror, even though the light rays never go to that side</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
q[xL6M=Z-[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathFor a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <b>farther</b> than the focal point, the image will be {{c1::real}} and {{c1::inverted}}"<div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
Plv:<SWOaoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathFor a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <u>very close to the mirror</u> (inside the focal point) then the image will be {{c1::virtual}} and {{c1::upright}}"<div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
M%NK$*!)j0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathFor a <b>convex</b> mirror, the image will <i>always</i> be {{c1::virtual}} and {{c1::upright}}"<div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
c>Hti=^XeTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Refraction}} is the&nbsp;bending of light&nbsp;as it <i>passes&nbsp;from one medium to another</i>"<div>The speed of light changes depending on index of refraction of&nbsp;the medium. <b>This speed change causes refraction</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Index of Refraction 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
mb$j4<e8BACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Index of Refraction 2 (1).png"">}}</div></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
c?*22zN$_:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the Snell's law equation:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Snells Law Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Snells Law 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Snells Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
ObYhnt{znXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Dispersion}} is when various wavelengths of light&nbsp;<i>separate</i>&nbsp;from each other"<div>Dispersion occurs because the&nbsp;<b>index of refraction</b> is different for each color<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dispersion.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dispersion 2.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKI8UtfEcMA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
gMMFS;v|z-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Total internal reflection}} is when <i>light cannot be refracted out of a medium</i> and is instead&nbsp;reflected back inside the medium</div>"<div>Occurs when light moves&nbsp;from a medium with a higher index of refraction to a medium&nbsp;with a lower index of refraction <b>with a high incident angle</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Total Internal Reflection.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
Q`KcrX=hVcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"The <b>critical angle</b> is the angle of incidence that offers an <u>angle of reflection</u> of exactly&nbsp;{{c1::90::#}} degrees""<div><img src=""Critical Angle.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
iX2d]k_I.qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Convex Lens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a {{c1::convex}} lens, also known as a {{c1::converging}} lens<br></div>""<div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
vp.(DC_^3RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Concave Lens.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div>This is a {{c1::concave}} lens, also known as a {{c1::diverging}} lens""<div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
uGW)l[rr{~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathWhen objects are placed <i>outside</i> the focal length of a convex lens or concave mirror, the image is <b>always</b> {{c1::real}}"<br><div>Lenses:</div><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Mirrors:<br></div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link - Lenses</a><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link - Mirrors</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
f1F{<t<,9kCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathFor an object&nbsp;<i>outside</i>&nbsp;the focal point of a convex (converging) lens, the image is&nbsp;{{c1::real}}&nbsp;and {{c1::inverted}}"<div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
C3V6&t<2<_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"For an object&nbsp;<u style="""">inside</u>&nbsp;the focal point of a (convex) converging lens, the image is&nbsp;{{c1::virtual}} and {{c1::upright}}""<div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
x9(/L2SR3+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathImages with a <b>concave</b> lens are always&nbsp;{{c1::virtual}}&nbsp;and {{c1::upright}}"""Di-virtual""<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
qQ@]=hb.:&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the <i>thin lens equation</i>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Thin Lense Equation Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div>f = focal length<br></div><div>d<sub>i</sub>&nbsp;= distance of image</div><div>d<sub>o</sub>&nbsp;= distance of object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thin Lens Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
dJ?Q,VCzs!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for <b>magnification of a lens</b>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Magnification Equation 2.png"">}}</div>""<div><img src=""Magnification.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
w3=X-;1lZECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe {{c1::photoelectric effect}} is the <i>ejection of an electron</i> from the surface of a metal in response to light"<div><img src=""Photoelectric Effect.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photoelectric-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
xo=Sa7xFcwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for energy of a photon:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Light Energy Complete.png"">}}</div>""<div><div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =&nbsp;Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
mVJR/^.gY&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"Give the equation for the maximum kinetic energy in the photoelectric effect:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Maximum KE Photoelectric Effect.png"">}}</div>""<div>W = work function</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photoelectric-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
ssX6j(=>%3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The <b>work function</b>&nbsp;is the minimum energy necessary to {{c1::eject an electron&nbsp;from a&nbsp;given metal}}</div>"<div><img src=""Work Function 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Work Function.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photoelectric-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
"u){Wc#^<6:"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The <u>threshold frequency</u> is the minimum light frequency&nbsp;necessary to&nbsp;{{c1::eject an electron&nbsp;from a given metal}}</div>"<div>This frequency is just able to eject electrons <i>without</i> giving them additional energy<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Threshold Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/a/photoelectric-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
"g~3#-vO0du"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe Bohr model states that if an electron <i>absorbs</i> a photon, its orbital (n) will go {{c1::up::up or down}}"<div>Farther orbits =&nbsp;more&nbsp;energy held by the electron</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><img src=""Bohr Mode.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
bOcwt<HkpkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<b>Light absorption</b> is the process by which light is absorbed and&nbsp;converted into {{c1::energy}}"<div>An electron can jump from a lower-energy to a higher-energy&nbsp;orbit by <i>absorbing</i> a photon of light<br></div><div><br></div><div>The photon must be the <u>same&nbsp;frequency</u> as the energy difference between the orbits</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Light Absorption and Emission.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/absorption-and-emission"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
gtQk@om0(uCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathWhen an electron falls&nbsp;from a <i>higher-energy</i>&nbsp;to a&nbsp;<u>lower-energy</u>&nbsp;orbit, it {{c1::emits a photon of light}}"<div>This is light emission</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Light Absorption and Emission.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/absorption-and-emission"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
rxnR[sr&TMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>The<b> emission and absorption spectra</b> of a substance tells us&nbsp;{{c1::what elements are found in the substance}}</div>"<div>The spectrum of light emissions and absorptions from a particular substance</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absorption Spectrum.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uPyq63aRvg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
IOV[NXn=tmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Fluorescence}} is the emission of light by a substance that has <b>absorbed light</b> or other electromagnetic radiation"<div>The emitted light has <u>lower energy</u> and <i>higher wavelength</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluoresence.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcssdJf0pKQ"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
L8~9mwFYqhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Nuclear fusion}} occurs when small nuclei&nbsp;<b>combine</b>&nbsp;into larger nuclei"<div><i>Mass is converted to energy</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fusion.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fES21E0qebw"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
J0DNT~bj<iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Nuclear fission}} occurs when a large nucleus&nbsp;<i>splits</i>&nbsp;into smaller nuclei"<div><img src=""Fission.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fES21E0qebw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
dQr*r-!y9,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Radioactive decay}} is when an unstable atomic nucleus&nbsp;<i>loses energy&nbsp;by emitting radiation</i>, such as an&nbsp;alpha particle&nbsp;or&nbsp;beta particle&nbsp;</div>"<div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
wZH5p*)j,/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><i>Alpha (α) decay</i>&nbsp;is the emission of an alpha particle&nbsp;which is a/an {{c1::helium}}&nbsp;nucleus</div>"<div><img src=""Radioactive Decay Alpha.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alpha Decay.jpg""></div><div><br><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
x]vq:=<d;VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><u>Beta-negative&nbsp;(β<sup>-</sup>) decay</u> is the decay of a&nbsp;{{c1::neutron}}&nbsp;into a&nbsp;{{c1::proton}}</div>"<div>With emission of an&nbsp;<u style="""">electron</u> (the&nbsp;β<sup>-</sup> particle is an electron)&nbsp;and an <u>antineutrino</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Radioactive Decay B-.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Beta Decay.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
P*|P8]KFquCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><b>Beta-positive&nbsp;(β<sup>+</sup>) decay</b> is the decay of a {{c1::proton}} into a {{c1::neutron}}</div>"<div><div>It emits a <b>positron</b> and a <b>neutrino</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay B plus.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Beta Plus Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
lm>4b_^B/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div><i>Gamma (γ) decay</i> is the emission of a {{c1::gamma}} ray, made up of&nbsp;{{c1::photons}}</div>"<div>Converts a high-energy nucleus into a more stable nucleus</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay Gamma.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gamma Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
m_&0ssZ!u0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<div>{{c1::Electron capture}} is a process that&nbsp;<i>unstable</i> atoms&nbsp;can use to&nbsp;<u>become more stable</u></div>"<div>An electron in an atom's inner shell is <i>drawn into the nucleus</i> where it combines with a proton, forming a <i>neutron</i> and a <i>neutrino</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electron Capture.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electron Capture 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electron Capture (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4bZOWm_STE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
DSMmCwIqj)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Half-life}} the amount of time required for&nbsp;<u>half</u> of a sample&nbsp;of&nbsp;radioactive nuclei to&nbsp;decay"<div>Or, the time it takes to reduce&nbsp;the radioactivity of a substance by half</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Half Life.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/half-life"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
p`2JDjfiO9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<div><img src=""Exponential Decay.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div><div>This graph is an example of {{c1::exponential}} decay</div>""<div>The rate of decay is <i>directly proportional</i> to the amount present</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Exponential Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div>n = # of undecayed nuclei</div><div>n₀ = # of undecayed nuclei at t = 0</div><div>λ&nbsp;= known decay constant</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/introduction-to-exponential-functions/exponential-decay-alg1/v/exponential-decay-intro"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
AFP;wM7V2GCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<img src=""Alpha Decay 2 (1).jpg""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::alpha}} decay<br></div>""<div><img src=""Alpha Decay 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
vp(-/i`6l3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<img src=""Beta Decay 2 (2).png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::β<sup style="""">-</sup>}} decay<br></div>""<div><img src=""Beta Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
d}Wh$qLS?GCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<img src=""Beta Plus Decay 2.png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::β<sup>+</sup>}}&nbsp;decay?<br></div>""<div><img src=""Beta Plus Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
E}.1u!W1%nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math"<img src=""Gamma Decay 2 (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::gamma}} decay<br></div>""<div><img src=""Gamma Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Radioactive Decay.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/in-in-nuclei/v/types-of-decay"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Nuclear_Phenomena
"D&3G#IJ@_"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Motivation}} is the&nbsp;purpose, or <i>driving force</i>,&nbsp;behind our actions"<div>Can be <u>extrinsic</u> or <u>intrinsic</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Motivation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
Gl]p+XXx2yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Instincts}} are <u>innate,</u> <u>fixed patterns of behavior</u> in response to stimuli"<div><img src=""Instincts.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
"dhSIT#$&V6"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Instinct theory::... theory}} states that people <b>perform certain behaviors</b> because of their&nbsp;evolutionarily programmed&nbsp;<b>instincts</b>"<div><img src=""Instincts.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
v;SyS!?c:2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Arousal}} is the state of being&nbsp;<i>awake</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>reactive&nbsp;to stimuli</i>"<div><img src=""Arousal 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
u!.:6.9tusCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Optimal arousal theory::... theory}} states that optimal performance&nbsp;requires&nbsp;<b>optimal arousal</b></div>"<div>Arousal&nbsp;levels that are too high or&nbsp;too low will impede performance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Arousal.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
Er9[DU!ToZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Drives}} are internal states of tension that <u>beget particular behaviors&nbsp;focused on goals</u>"<div><i>Drives</i> reduce <i>needs</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Drives.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
"j#3{1>m?*}"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Drive reduction theory::... theory}} states that people are motivated to take certain actions in order to&nbsp;<b>reduce the internal tension</b>&nbsp;that is caused by&nbsp;<i>unmet needs</i></div>"<div><img src=""Drive Reduction Theory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
QS]=;0E6c;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Maslow’s hierarchy of needs}} states that people have a certain&nbsp;<i>needs</i>, and these&nbsp;needs are arranged in a <b>hierarchy</b>, with some needs being more primitive or basic than others</div>"<div><img src=""Maslow.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/maslow-hierarchy-of-needs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
lq-fPYvfj:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Self-actualization}} is the <u>full realization of one’s&nbsp;talents&nbsp;and&nbsp;potential</u>"<div><img src=""Self Actualization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Maslow.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
n}5,7Z[u*sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Self-determination theory::... theory}} is a theory of <u>human&nbsp;motivation</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>personality</u> and emphasizes 3 universal needs:&nbsp;<i>autonomy</i>,&nbsp;<i>competence</i>,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>relatedness</i></div>"<div><i><img src=""Self-Determination Theory.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUr42fXDbTY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
E=Y,FpreETCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Incentive theory::... theory}} states that behavior is motivated by a&nbsp;desire for<i> reinforcement&nbsp;or incentives</i>"<div><img src=""Incentive Theory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/incentive-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
n=oZci-WtuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Expectancy-value theory::... theory}} states that the <i>amount of&nbsp;motivation</i>&nbsp;for a task is based on the&nbsp;<b>expectation of success</b>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<b>value of that success</b></div>"<div><img src=""Expectancy Value Theory.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFVXb2osVhI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
pV.Omg<^cfCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::opponent-process theory::... theory}}&nbsp;views emotions as&nbsp;<i>pairs of opposites.</i> For example, <b>fear/relief</b> or <u>pleasure/pain</u></div>"<div>When&nbsp;one emotion is <u>experienced</u>, the&nbsp;other is <b>suppressed</b><br></div><div><br></div><div>Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases,&nbsp;the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and&nbsp;uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Opponent-Process Theory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drOfYF_0I-E"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
"eW*TTb)=#y"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::house money effect}} states that after a&nbsp;<b>prior&nbsp;gain</b>, people become&nbsp;<u>more open to assuming&nbsp;risk</u>&nbsp;since the new money is not treated as one's own<div>It's the tendency of individual investors to take on <u>greater risks</u> when investing with <b>profits</b> attained<br></div>MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
k}W4FW~5W(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::gambler’s fallacy}} states that if something happens&nbsp;more frequently&nbsp;than normal, it&nbsp;will happen&nbsp;less frequently <b>in the future</b>, or vice versa"<div><img src=""Gamblers Fallacy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/random-variables-stats-library/expected-value-lib/v/law-of-large-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
y/n--dJ8/_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::prisoner’s dilemma}} is when two people act out of&nbsp;their <b>own self-interest</b>, but if they&nbsp;had&nbsp;<i>cooperated</i>, the&nbsp;result would have been even better"<div><img src=""Prisoner Dilemma.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/nash-equilibrium-tutorial/nash-eq-tutorial/v/prisoners-dilemma-and-nash-equilibrium"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
M>T~)QbQxDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Emotion}} is a <b>state of mind</b>, or <b>feeling</b>, that is&nbsp;subjectively&nbsp;experienced&nbsp;based on&nbsp;<i>circumstances</i>,&nbsp;<i>mood</i>, and&nbsp;<i>relationships</i>"<div><img src=""7 Universal Emotions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/theories-of-emotion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
Kpp,(<vm~{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The three components of <b>emotion</b> are {{c1::cognitive}}, {{c1::physiological}}, and {{c1::behavioral}}</div>"<div>Cognitive: Subjective</div><div><br></div><div>Physiological: Changes in autonomic nervous system</div><div><br></div><div>Behavioral: Facial expressions and body language</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""3 Key Elements of Emotion (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/three-components-of-emotion-and-the-universal-emotions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
DgPNpc[lf(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <b>7 universal emotions</b> are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Happiness}}</div><div>{{c1::Surprise}}</div><div>{{c1::Sadness}}</div><div>{{c1::Fear}}</div><div>{{c1::Disgust}}</div><div>{{c1::Contempt}}</div><div>{{c1::Anger}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""7 Universal Emotions.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/three-components-of-emotion-and-the-universal-emotions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
w]f8bfuBbQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"The {{c1::James-Lange theory of emotion::theory of emotion}} states that <b style="""">behavioral</b> and <b style="""">physiological</b> actions&nbsp;lead to&nbsp;emotions""<div><img src=""James Lange.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Theories of Emotion.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/theories-of-emotion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
jhZa/j{*QhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::Cannon-Bard theory of emotion::theory of emotion}} states that <u>emotional</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>physiological</u> responses&nbsp;to a stimulus&nbsp;<i>occur</i>&nbsp;<i>simultaneously</i>"<div>They arise from separate and&nbsp;independent areas of the brain<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cannon Bard.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Theories of Emotion.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/theories-of-emotion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
tw7H^lVuBBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"The {{c1::Schacter-Singer theory of emotion::theory of emotion}} states that physiological arousal&nbsp;and <u style="""">interpretation of context</u> or “cognitive label”&nbsp;<b>lead to emotion</b>""<div><i>Two-factor</i> theory of emotion</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Schacter Singer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Theories of Emotion.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/theories-of-emotion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Emotion
Kx/aZc.,k;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Stress}} is the&nbsp;physiological&nbsp;and&nbsp;cognitive&nbsp;<i>response to&nbsp;challenges</i>"<div><img src=""Stress.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/what-is-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
IYqj9XU$h2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Stress appraisal}}&nbsp;refers to the process by which individuals evaluate and cope with a&nbsp;<i>stressful</i>&nbsp;event"<div><b>Primary Appraisal</b>: Classifies a potential stressor&nbsp;as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful</div><div><br></div><div><u>Secondary Appraisal</u>: Evaluating if the organism can&nbsp;cope with the stress</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stress Appraial 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/what-is-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
O8[Rt{o.YgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::stressor}} is anything that leads to a <i>stress response</i>"<div>Can lead&nbsp;to <b>distress</b> or <u>eustress</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Stressors.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/stressors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
"mP4P!cVCN#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Eustress</u> is&nbsp;{{c1::good&nbsp;stress}} and <b>distress</b> is&nbsp;{{c1::bad&nbsp;stress}}"<div><img src=""Distress vs Eustress.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Distress vs Eustress 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91AfXIekqHI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
w7K}}2jer>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::General adaptation syndrome}} explains how stressors <b>do not have specific</b> <b>responses</b>,&nbsp;they all generate the&nbsp;same general physical stress&nbsp;response</div>"<div>3 stages of stress: <i>Alarm</i>, <i>resistance</i>, <i>exhaustion</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""General Adaptation Syndrome.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
IIRUJ&5v}gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe three <i>general adaptation stages</i> of stress are:<div><br><div>{{c1::Alarm}}</div><div>{{c1::Resistance}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Exhaustion}}<br></div></div>"<div><i><img src=""General Adaptation Syndrome.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""General Adaptation Syndrome 2.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Stress
"g;kx#LBd<3"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Self-concept}} is the sum of ways <u>we&nbsp;describe ourselves</u>"<div><img src=""Self Concept.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/self-concept-self-identity-social-identity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
izp[v3tIdDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Self identities}} are the <b>individual&nbsp;components</b>&nbsp;<b>of our&nbsp;self-concept&nbsp;</b>related&nbsp;to the group to which we belong"<div><img src=""Self Concept.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/self-concept-self-identity-social-identity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
l<M?8L&6_QCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"{{c1::Self-esteem}} is an individual's sense of <u style="""">his or her&nbsp;value&nbsp;or&nbsp;worth</u>""<div>The closer our <i>actual self</i> is to our <b>ideal self</b> and&nbsp;our ought self (who others want us to be), the <u>higher our&nbsp;self-esteem</u> will be<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Self Esteem.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/self-esteem-self-efficacy-and-locus-of-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
XbAh>02FuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Self-efficacy}} is the degree to which we see ourselves as being&nbsp;<i>capable&nbsp;at a given skill or situation</i>"<div><img src=""Self Efficacy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/self-esteem-self-efficacy-and-locus-of-control"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
"pnHP#P39X7"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Learned helplessness}} is a condition in which a person suffers from a <b>sense of&nbsp;powerlessness</b>, arising from a&nbsp;<i>traumatic&nbsp;event</i> or <i>persistent&nbsp;failure</i> <i>to succeed</i>"<div><img src=""Learned Helplessness.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Learned Helplessness 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/personal-control-locus-of-control-learned-helplessness-and-the-tyranny-of-choice"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
v^QpOsrszPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Locus of control}} is the degree to which people believe that they have <b>control over the outcome</b> of events in their lives, as opposed to <i>external forces beyond their control</i>"<div><img src=""Locus of Control.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/self-esteem-self-efficacy-and-locus-of-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
Qfa<:/1EdrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><i>Freud's psychosexual stages</i> of&nbsp;personality development are based&nbsp;on tensions caused by the&nbsp;{{c1::libido}}</div>"<div>Failure at any stage&nbsp;leads to <b>fixation</b> which causes&nbsp;personality disorder</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Freud.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
mU_y$cHm9LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralFreud's <i>oral</i> psychosexual stage is from age {{c1::0}} to {{c1::1}}"<div><div><i>0 →&nbsp;1:&nbsp;Oral</i><br></div><div>1 →&nbsp;3:&nbsp;Anal</div><div>3 →&nbsp;6:&nbsp;Phallic</div><div>6 → Puberty:&nbsp;Latent</div><div>Puberty → Adult:&nbsp;Genital</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Freud.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
"L[hL#Df{s;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralFreud's&nbsp;<b>anal</b>&nbsp;psychosexual stage is from age {{c1::1}} to {{c1::3}}"<div><div>0 →&nbsp;1:&nbsp;Oral<br></div><div><b>1 →&nbsp;3:&nbsp;Anal</b></div><div>3 →&nbsp;6:&nbsp;Phallic</div><div>6 → Puberty:&nbsp;Latent</div><div>Puberty → Adult:&nbsp;Genital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
A2k3w8^nKkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralFreud's&nbsp;<u>phallic</u>&nbsp;psychosexual stage is from age {{c1::3}} to {{c1::6}}"<div><div>0 →&nbsp;1:&nbsp;Oral<br></div><div>1 →&nbsp;3:&nbsp;Anal</div><div><u>3 →&nbsp;6:&nbsp;Phallic</u></div><div>6 → Puberty:&nbsp;Latent</div><div>Puberty → Adult:&nbsp;Genital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
i(3o?9bSM3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"Freud's&nbsp;<b style="""">latent</b>&nbsp;psychosexual stage is from age {{c1::6}} to {{c1::puberty}}""<div><div>0 →&nbsp;1:&nbsp;Oral<br></div><div>1 →&nbsp;3:&nbsp;Anal</div><div>3 →&nbsp;6:&nbsp;Phallic</div><div><b>6 → Puberty:&nbsp;Latent</b></div><div>Puberty → Adult:&nbsp;Genital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
H[%&%eh>2NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralFreud's&nbsp;<i>genital</i>&nbsp;psychosexual stage is from {{c1::puberty}} through {{c1::adulthood}}"<div><div>0 →&nbsp;1:&nbsp;Oral<br></div><div>1 →&nbsp;3:&nbsp;Anal</div><div>3 →&nbsp;6:&nbsp;Phallic</div><div>6 → Puberty:&nbsp;Latent</div><div><i>Puberty → Adult:&nbsp;Genital</i></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/freuds-psychosexual-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
GCEr<)C;nRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<b>Erikson's 8 stages</b> of psychosocial development stem from&nbsp;{{c1::conflicts}}&nbsp;throughout life"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
cZn%CqJf|vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <i>trust vs. mistrust</i> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::0}} to {{c1::1}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
w9!jdU-yJ;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <u>autonomy vs. shame</u> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::1}} to {{c1::3}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
"wpWf#)a2LL"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <b>initiative vs. guilt </b>stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::3}} to {{c1::6}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
F6[^JkMOg[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <i>industry vs. inferiority</i> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::6}} to {{c1::12}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
ofgXy4zWZMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <u>identity vs. role confusion</u> of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::12}} to {{c1::20}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
u?O~YPY?7TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <b>intimacy vs. isolation</b> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::20}} to {{c1::40}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
gYT3Sc2B.GCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <i>generativity vs. stagnation</i> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::40}} to {{c1::65}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
P*}3IGYj[tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralErikson's <u>integrity vs. despair</u> stage of psychosocial development is from age {{c1::65}} until {{c1::death}}"<div><img src=""Erikson.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpxy59j-5Fc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
NA-RmUuCW}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Kohlberg's stages::... stages}} are stages based on&nbsp;<i>moral dilemmas</i> and explain how children develop&nbsp;moral reasoning&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
p9gg7:<PvCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralKohlberg's&nbsp;<b>preconventional</b>&nbsp;stage is from age&nbsp;{{c1::3}} to {{c1::7}}"<div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
"bGw_sNzc#K"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralKohlberg's&nbsp;<i>conventional</i>&nbsp;stage is from age&nbsp;{{c1::8}} to {{c1::13}}"<div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
neP1+Ae~z.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralKohlberg's&nbsp;<u>postconventional</u>&nbsp;stage is from age&nbsp;{{c1::13}} through {{c1::adulthood}}"<div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
s~dyjTK[u]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralKohlberg's {{c1::preconventional}} morality is based on <b>self-interest</b> and a <b>child-like sense of right vs wrong</b>"<div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
GY_TbW<N*}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA child that displays Kohlberg's&nbsp;{{c1::conventional}}&nbsp;morality will care for others and <i>obey rules simply because they exist</i>"<div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
j](mUMtwm{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralSomeone that displays Kohlberg's&nbsp;{{c1::postconventional}}&nbsp;morality focuses on <u>basic ethical principles</u> to guide their behavior"<div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kohlberg 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/kohlberg-moral-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
PE;KFM+r)TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Vygotsky's zone of proximal development}} is&nbsp;the range of abilities that an individual&nbsp;<b>can</b> perform with&nbsp;assistance, but&nbsp;<i>cannot</i> yet perform&nbsp;independently"<div>It is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help from a&nbsp;<i>more&nbsp;knowledgeable other</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vytogsky (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/vygotsky-sociocultural-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
Fyp!(oo%roCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Children often play with each other using {{c1::imitation}} and {{c1::role-taking}}</div>"<div><img src=""Imitation and Role Playing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Imitation and Role Playing 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/george-herbert-mead-the-i-and-the-me"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
mg:`/)H+BUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Reference group</i> is the group to which we&nbsp;{{c1::compare ourselves}}"<div><img src=""Reference Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/social-influences"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Identity
"qV?!#Um;=2"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::psychoanalytic}} perspective of personality states that personality results from&nbsp;<u>unconscious&nbsp;urges</u>&nbsp;and <u>desires</u></div>"<div><i>Freud</i>, <i>Jung</i>, <i>Adler</i>, and <i>Horney</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Psycoanalytic Perspective.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
om>hd/b3K@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn&nbsp;<b>Freud’s theory of personality</b>, a person's personality is formed through <i>conflicts</i> among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the&nbsp;{{c1::id}},&nbsp;{{c1::superego}},&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::ego}}"<div><img src=""Freud Id Ego Superego.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
G&Y4,aoE[4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn&nbsp;Freud’s theory of personality, the {{c1::id}}&nbsp;is in charge of our&nbsp;<u>base urges of survival and reproduction</u>"<div><u>Id</u>: Base urges of survival and reproduction<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Superego</i>: The idealist and perfectionist</div><div><br></div><div><b>Ego</b>: Mediator between the two and the conscious mind.&nbsp;The ego uses defense mechanisms to lower stress</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud Id Ego Superego.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
u>o%;2IHHnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn&nbsp;Freud’s theory of personality, the {{c1::superego}}&nbsp;is the <i>idealist and perfectionist</i>"<div><u>Id</u>: Base urges of survival and reproduction<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Superego</i>: The idealist and perfectionist</div><div><br></div><div><b>Ego</b>: Mediator between the two and the conscious mind.&nbsp;The ego uses defense mechanisms to lower stress</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud Id Ego Superego.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
jw2mzG9eP)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn&nbsp;Freud’s theory of personality, the {{c1::ego}}&nbsp;is the <b>mediator </b>between the {{c1::id}}, the {{c1::superego}}, and the conscious mind"<div><u>Id</u>: Base urges of survival and reproduction<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Superego</i>: The idealist and perfectionist</div><div><br></div><div><b>Ego</b>: Mediator between the two and the conscious mind.&nbsp;The ego uses defense mechanisms to lower stress</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Freud Id Ego Superego.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
i%`NR)vx7(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Jung'</u>s theory of collective unconscious states that personality is influenced by&nbsp;{{c1::archetypes}}"<div><b>Links all humans together</b></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Collective Unconscious.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0KzUS0b_uc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
Jf|3jgi;UcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAdler and Horney's theory of personality states that our unconscious is motivated by&nbsp;{{c1::social urges}}"<div><img src=""Adler.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
b+Ra*.!RXzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::humanistic}} perspective of personality emphasizes the&nbsp;<u>internal feelings</u>&nbsp;of healthy individuals as&nbsp;they strive for <b>happiness </b>and<b> self-realization</b></div>"<div><b>Maslow’s&nbsp;hierarchy of needs</b> and <i>Rogers’s unconditional positive&nbsp;regard</i> flow from the humanistic view of personality<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Psycoanalytic Perspective.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/humanistic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
whXMp4GLLLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Carl Rogers’ {{c1::unconditional positive<i>&nbsp;</i>regard}} involves showing&nbsp;<i>complete support and acceptance&nbsp;</i>of a person no matter what that person says or does</div>"<div>Flows from the <b>humanistic view</b> of personality<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Carl Rogers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/humanistic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
N}H66)!3hACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Type and trait theory::... theory}} states that personality can be described by&nbsp;identifiable&nbsp;<i>traits</i>&nbsp;that&nbsp;carry&nbsp;<i>characteristic&nbsp;behaviors</i></div>"<div><img src=""Trait Theory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/trait-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
Q[m-g<r{qwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Type theory::... theory}} is the belief that an individual's&nbsp;personality&nbsp;can be <b>quantified into a&nbsp;few unique categories</b>"<div>Ancient Greek humors</div><div>Sheldon’s somatotypes</div><div>Divisions&nbsp;into Type A and Type B</div><div>Myers-Briggs Type Inventory</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Type A Type B.webp""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/trait-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
byCgDgMk25Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralHans Eysenck's theory of <u>three dimensions of personality</u>&nbsp;includes the following three broad personality factors:<div><br></div><div><div><div>{{c1::Psychoticism}}</div><div>{{c1::Extraversion}}</div><div>{{c1::Neuroticism}}</div></div></div>"<div>The PEN model</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><div>Psychoticism is <b>nonconformity</b><br></div><div><br></div><div>Extraversion is <u>sociability</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Neuroticism is <i>arousal</i> in stressful situations</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PEN Model.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PEN Model 2.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/trait-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
m_F)1XM*:sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <b>big 5 personality traits</b> are:<div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Openness}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Conscientiousness}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Extraversion}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Agreeableness}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Neuroticism}}<br></div></div>"<div><b>OCEAN</b> mnemonic<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Big Five (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/social-sciences-practice/social-science-practice-tut/e/big-five-personality-traits-and-health-behaviors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
DV|-8fYVToCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Gordon Allport's trait theory</i> includes the following three basic traits:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Cardinal traits}}</div><div>{{c1::Central traits}}</div><div>{{c1::Secondary traits}}</div>"<div><i>Cardinal traits</i>: Traits around which a person&nbsp;<i>organizes their life</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Central traits</b>: <b>Major characteristics</b> of&nbsp;personality</div><div><br></div><div><u>Secondary traits</u>: More <u>personal&nbsp;characteristics</u> and limited in occurrence</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Allport.jpg""></font></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/trait-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
E-W+(/O*BxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::social cognitive perspective::... perspective}}&nbsp;of personality states that individuals <b>react with their environment</b> in a cycle called&nbsp;<u>reciprocal determinism</u></div>"<div>People mold their environments&nbsp;according to their personality, and those environments in&nbsp;turn shape their thoughts, feelings and behaviors<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reciprocal Determinism.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-of-attitude-and-behavior-change/v/reciprocal-determinism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
Ia>QG~p,$BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::behaviorist perspective::... perspective}} of personality states that our personality develops as a result of&nbsp;<u>operant&nbsp;conditioning</u></div>"<div><img src=""Behaviorist View.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/behavioral-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
"n$k#]6<%c;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::biological perspective::... perspective}} of personality states that behavior can be explained as a result of&nbsp;<b>genetic&nbsp;expression</b></div>"<div><img src=""Biological Perspective.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/biological-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Personality
Ou%rarKXm8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Innate immunity</b> are defenses that are always active and are {{c1::non-specific::specific or non-specific}}"<div><b>Skin</b></div><div><b>Mucus</b></div><div><b>Stomach acid</b></div><div><b>Tears</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Innate Immunity 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
b>S0H[ZU~BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Adaptive immunity</u> are defenses that are {{c1::specific::specific or non-specific}} to the invader"<div><u>Cell-mediated immune response</u></div><div><u>Humoral immune response</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Innate Immunity 1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
pX>fJ`v*uBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Skin}} is a physical barrier and secretes&nbsp;antimicrobial enzymes&nbsp;like&nbsp;<i>defensins</i>"<div><img src=""Skin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
BPLuG_}@7_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mucous}}&nbsp;that is made in your nose, throat and lungs <b>traps bacteria, viruses, and dust</b>"<div>In respiratory&nbsp;system, mucous is propelled upward by cilia via <i>mucociliary&nbsp;escalator</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Mucus 1.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Mucus 2.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
qPQ*>33ebdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Lysozyme}} is an <u>antimicrobial enzyme</u>&nbsp;that forms part of the <i>innate immune system</i>"Found in tears and saliva<div><br></div><div><img src=""Lysozyme (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXIe0jDTlT4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
B5%Q/s`yU.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"The {{c1::complement system::... system}}&nbsp;is a part of the&nbsp;immune system&nbsp;that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to <b style="""">clear microbes and damaged</b> <b>cells from an organism</b>, <i>promotes inflammation</i>, and <u>attacks the pathogen's cell membrane</u><br>""<div>The complement system consists of three pathways:</div><div><br></div><div><u>Classical pathway<br></u></div><div><u>Alternative pathway<br></u></div><div><u>Lectin pathway</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Classical Pathway.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
l!+f-1oe~$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::interferon::type of protein}} interferes with&nbsp;<i>viral&nbsp;replication</i>&nbsp;and dispersion"<div><u>Given off by virally infected cells</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Interferons.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2-LZ6LeqxA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
Chz2_lIz+2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Macrophages}} ingest pathogens and present them on&nbsp;<i>MHC-II</i>"<div><img src=""Macrophages.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
v_6_^0E*]zCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::MHC&nbsp;I}}&nbsp;glycoproteins are present in <i>all nucleated cells</i><div><br></div><div>{{c1::MHC-II}}&nbsp;glycoproteins are present on <b>specialized&nbsp;antigen-presenting cells (APCs)</b>, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells</div>"<div>MHC = <i>Major Histocompatibility Complex</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDAGxVxY-L8"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
F`L~_1>HRrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::MHC-II}} displays&nbsp;exogenous&nbsp;antigen to&nbsp;<u>helper&nbsp;CD4⁺&nbsp;T-Cells</u>"<div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/professional-antigen-presenting-cells-apc-and-mhc-ii-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
oLY<->R@Z|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Dendritic cells}} are <i>antigen-presenting cells in the&nbsp;skin</i></div>"<div><img src=""Dendritic Cell.gif"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/professional-antigen-presenting-cells-apc-and-mhc-ii-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
Ldm0te}P)CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Natural killer cells}} are a type of&nbsp;lymphocyte that can <i>recognize and kill</i>&nbsp;cancer&nbsp;cells or other cells that have been&nbsp;infected</div>"<div>Natural killer cells&nbsp;<b>do not&nbsp;attack invading organisms&nbsp;directly</b>&nbsp;but instead, <u>they</u>&nbsp;<u>destroy&nbsp;the&nbsp;body's own cells&nbsp;that have either become cancerous or been infected with a virus<br></u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Natural Killer Cells 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Natural Killer Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
I9*Xm@U0=JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Humoral immunity</i> is immunity provided by&nbsp;{{c1::antibodies}}"<div>Kills&nbsp;antigens while they are <u>floating around in the fluid </u>(humor)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Humoral vs Cell Mediated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
E1<O=Z.<[^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyPart of the <b>adaptive immune system</b>, or humoral immunity,&nbsp;{{c1::B cells}}&nbsp;are&nbsp;responsible for&nbsp;<i>generating antibodies</i> to specific antigens<br>"<div><u>Require stimulation from helper T Cells</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
EN81vrAEr?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an {{c1::antibody}} is&nbsp;a blood protein <b>produced in response to a specific antigen</b>"<div><img src=""Antibody (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
b2b_kOgZG6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Hypermutation}} is the term used to describe mutation of the&nbsp;<i>antigen-binding site</i>&nbsp;(variable region) on an&nbsp;<b>antibody</b>"<div>Results in <u>varying affinities</u> of antibodies for a specific microbe<br></div><div><br></div><div>5 different&nbsp;isotypes:&nbsp; <u>IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypermutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
"M#F8=_i5i_"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Opsonization}}&nbsp;is a term that refers to an immune process where <i>pathogens are targeted for destruction</i> by an immune cell known as a <b>phagocyte</b>"Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction<div><br></div><div><img src=""Opsonization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
MRf3:oC[(_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Agglutination}} is when <b>pathogens&nbsp;clump together</b>&nbsp;into insoluble complexes"<div>Caused by <i>opsonizing</i> pathogens<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Agglutination.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
rg&wOqL8SVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Memory B cells}}&nbsp;are a&nbsp;B cell&nbsp;sub-type that are formed following primary infection and are important in generating an <b>accelerated and more robust antibody-mediated immune response</b> in the case of <i>re-infection</i>"<div><img src=""Memory B Cells (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
p-vS^&.lU>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cell-mediated (cytotoxic) immunity::... immunity}} produces an&nbsp;immune response that&nbsp;<u>does not involve&nbsp;antibodies</u>"<div>It involves the <i>activation of phagocytes</i>, <i>T-cells</i>, and the <b>release of cytokines</b> in response to an antigen</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Humoral vs Cell Mediated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
Nq0Oz*:MiLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::T-lymphocytes&nbsp;(t-cells)}} are a type of white blood cell that <u>circulates around our bodies</u>, <i>scanning for&nbsp;cellular abnormalities&nbsp;and&nbsp;infections</i></div>"<div>Examples include:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><b>Helper T-cells</b></div><div><b>Cytotoxic T-cells</b></div><div><b>Suppressor T-cells</b></div><div><b>Memory T-cells</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""T-Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
"DyG;R#`uMQ"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Positive and Negative&nbsp;Selection of T-cells</div>"<div>Maturation of T-Cells. Facilitated by <font color=""#195ab3"">thymosin</font>. Occurs&nbsp;in <font color=""#195ab3"">Thymus</font></div><div><br /></div><div><i>Positive Selection</i>: Mature only T-cells that can&nbsp;respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Negative Selection</i>: Causes apoptosis in T-cells that are&nbsp;self-reactive</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Positive and Negative Selection of T-Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
eo[dV_0{/_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Helper T-cells}} <u>activate&nbsp;cytotoxic T-cells and macrophages</u> to attack infected cells, or they <i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i>"<div><b>T<sub>h</sub> or CD4<sup>+</sup></b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
bB~[)c[mciCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cytotoxic T-cells}} <b>respond to antigen on&nbsp;MCH-I </b>and kill virally infected cells"<div>“<i>Killer cells</i>”<br></div><div><br></div><div>T<sub>c</sub>, CTL, or CD8<sup>+</sup></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cytotoxic T Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/cytotoxic-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
b2IKAd]hhOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Suppressor T-cells (regulator T-cells)}} <i>down regulate&nbsp;the immune response</i> after an&nbsp;infection and <u>promote self-tolerance</u>"<div>T<sub>reg</sub></div><div><br></div><div>They help to <u>distinguish between self and nonself molecules</u>, and by doing so, reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Suppressor T Cells.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/adaptive-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
IrLEY].aMYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Memory T-cells}} serve a similar function to memory B-cells and, <b>at a</b> <b>second encounter</b> <b>with a pathogen</b>, will work to mount a&nbsp;<u>faster and stronger&nbsp;immune response</u> than the first time"<div>The term <i>antigen-experienced T-cell</i> is also used<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Memory T Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9g5PkwwzwY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
cM_jtL.2-=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<div>In the case of a/an {{c1::autoimmune condition::... condition}}, a <u>self-antigen</u> is recognized as foreign, and the&nbsp;<i style="""">immune system&nbsp;attacks normal cells</i></div>""<div><img src=""Autoimmune Conditions.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/self-versus-non-self"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
J{P1d2Z{AUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA/an&nbsp;{{c1::allergic reaction}}&nbsp;occurs when the immune system <b>overreacts to a harmless substance known as an&nbsp;allergen</b>"<div><img src=""Allergic Reaction.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
tAoVC+/:aECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mast cells}} release&nbsp;<u>cytokines</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>granules</u>&nbsp;that contain chemical molecules to create an&nbsp;<i>inflammatory cascade</i>"Important for wound healing and defense against pathogens via the inflammatory response<div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Mast Cells.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
v=`YTF,95MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Histamine}} is <u>released by&nbsp;mast cells</u> and causes <i>blood vessels to&nbsp;dilate</i>,&nbsp;increasing blood flow&nbsp;and cell trafficking to an&nbsp; area of infection"<div><img src=""Mast Cells.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/inflammatory-response"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
skVTQd9-G=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Immunization</b> induces {{c1::active immunity::... immunity}}, the activation of&nbsp;B-cells&nbsp;that&nbsp;produce&nbsp;antibodies"<div><img src=""Immunization.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqtlbqB6jXQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
ECI?p|Mfa}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>transfer of&nbsp;antibodies&nbsp;to an individual is</b> considered {{c1::passive immunity::... immunity}}"<div>An example is <u>breast milk</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Passive Immunity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3w9ylCxFAa0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
i:U)m|D(0YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::lymphatic system}} <u>transports&nbsp;lymph</u>, a fluid containing infection-fighting <b>white blood cells</b>, throughout the body"<div>Equalizes fluid distribution</div><div><br></div><div>Transports fats and fat-soluble&nbsp;compounds in <i>chylomicrons</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Lymphatic System.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Lymphatic System 2.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lymphatics/v/lymphatic-system-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System
mm=0%Yw}gICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Edema}} results when the <u>lymphatic system</u> is overwhelmed and can’t drain excess fluid from tissues</div>"<div><img src=""Lymph Edema.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/I7orwMgTQ5I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Lymphatic_System
hL~Q`.]aO;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyA <i>virus</i> is a nonliving&nbsp;particle containing&nbsp;{{c1::protein}}&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::DNA or RNA}}&nbsp;that can infect a living cell"<div><img src=""Virus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/a/hs-the-immune-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System
m/*u1iDh*wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mechanical digestion}} is the <i>physical breakdown</i>&nbsp;of large food molecules&nbsp;into smaller particles<br>"<div><div><img src=""Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTKjZOhq-_Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
H[|)K9}7TTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Chemical digestion}} is the&nbsp;<u>enzymatic cleavage&nbsp;of chemical bonds&nbsp;</u>such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the&nbsp;glycosidic bonds of starches"<div><img src=""Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTKjZOhq-_Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
"A(CsyI}B#W"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Peristalsis}} is the contraction and relaxation of muscles that&nbsp;<i>propels food down the gut tube</i>"<div><img src=""Peristalsis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/esophagus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
P:{7/l*x^@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive the digestive pathway:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::oral cavity}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::pharynx}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::esophagus}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::stomach}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::small intestine}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::large intestine}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::rectum}}</div>"<div><img src=""Digestive Pathway.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
nQQe4R}bEjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Identify the missing item in the digestive pathway:<br></div><div><br></div><div>oral cavity&nbsp;→&nbsp;pharynx&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::esophagus}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;stomach&nbsp;→&nbsp;small intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;large intestine&nbsp;→&nbsp;rectum<br></div>"<div><img src=""Digestive Pathway.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
zUu~&2/AEPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe oral cavity is where salivary&nbsp;{{c1::amylase::enzyme}}&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::lipase::enzyme}}&nbsp;start the <u>chemical digestion of food</u>"<div><i>Mastication</i> breaks the food down to small pieces which are formed into a <b>bolus</b> and swallowed</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oral Cavity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/mouth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
d3%R0Ka)LvCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"The {{c1::pharynx}} connects the <b style="""">mouth to the&nbsp;esophagus</b>""<div>The <i>epiglottis</i>&nbsp;prevents food from entering the larynx<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pharynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
LbIb,X*k3}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>esophagus</i> is under the following control:<div><br></div><div>Top third: {{c1::somatic control}}</div><div>Middle third:&nbsp;{{c1::autonomic control}}</div><div>Bottom third:&nbsp;{{c1::autonomic control}}</div>"<div>Top third has&nbsp;skeletal muscle<br></div><div><br></div><div>Middle third has combo of both skeletal and smooth muscle&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div>Bottom third has&nbsp;smooth muscle</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Esophagus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
hk;Q$~Lu(gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <u>stomach</u> has the following four parts:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Fundus}}</div><div>{{c1::Body}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Antrum}}<br></div><div>{{c1::Pylorus}}<br></div>"<div>The enzyme <u>pepsin</u> chemically breaks down proteins<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stomach.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
GBh=$O|y0!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyMucous cells produce {{c1::bicarbonate}}-rich&nbsp;mucus&nbsp;to protect&nbsp;<i>stomach wall from acid</i>"<div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
"Hp}sOn?#dC"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Chief cells</b> secrete&nbsp;{{c1::pepsinogen}} and {{c1::gastric lipase}}"<div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
hAd.5r-pL.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Parietal cells</u> secrete&nbsp;{{c1::HCl}}&nbsp;and {{c1::intrinsic factor}}"<div>Intrinsic factor is needed for&nbsp;<i>vitamin B<sub style="""">12</sub></i>&nbsp;absorption</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
t`8QRO)X%wCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>G-cells</i> secrete&nbsp;{{c1::gastrin}}"<div>A peptide hormone that <u>increases HCl&nbsp;secretion</u> and gastric motility</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Stomach 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
EV:yU{>-JaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>After <b>processing in the stomach</b>, food particles are now called&nbsp;{{c1::chyme}}</div>"<div>Chyme exits through<i> pyloric sphincter </i>and enters the <u>duodenum</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Chyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
svlKiZ&uQQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>stomach</b> has a pH of about {{c1::2}}"<div><img src=""Stomach pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
Bg%2xfn]cOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::duodenum}} is the first part of&nbsp;small intestine and the site of the&nbsp;<b>majority of chemical digestion</b>"<div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
IQD[+E40U-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe following enzymes are found in the {{c1::duodenum}}:<div><br></div><div><u>Disaccharidases</u><div><div><u>Aminopeptidase&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Dipeptidase</u></div></div><div><u>Enteropeptidase</u></div></div>"<div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
Hp{k}jKZ,{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Disaccharidase::Enzyme}} is a brush-border enzyme that breaks down&nbsp;<i>maltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>isomaltose</i>,&nbsp;<i>lactose</i>, and&nbsp;<i>sucrose</i>&nbsp;into monosaccharides"<div><img src=""Disaccharidases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
I,jJ**hsjkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Aminopeptidase::Enzyme}} is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i><br>"<div><img src=""Aminopeptidase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
rkg,CXtu;4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Enteropeptidase::Enzyme}} is a brush-border enzyme that <b>activates&nbsp;trypsinogen</b>&nbsp;to make <u>trypsin</u>"<div>Also called <i>enterokinase</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Enterokinase.gif""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>
"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
k3M`%ux-8_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Trypsin::Enzyme}} catalyzes the <u>hydrolysis of&nbsp;peptide bonds </u>which breaks&nbsp;down proteins into smaller peptides"<div><img src=""Enterokinase.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-2-digestion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
K%JQL?LB`!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Secretin}} and {{c1::Cholecystokinin (CCK)}} are hormones in the&nbsp;<b>duodenum</b> that&nbsp;stimulate the release of <u>pancreatic juices</u> and <u>bile</u>, which aid in digestion"<div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
eD2BMab[?rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Secretin::Hormone}} stimulates the release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic&nbsp;juices</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>slows motility</i>"<div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
Nx:]=Q~2<GCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Cholecystokinin (CKK)}} stimulates&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;release from the gallbladder, release of&nbsp;<u>pancreatic juices</u>, and <i>promotes&nbsp;satiety</i>"<div><img src=""Secretin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/control-of-the-gi-tract"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
j5o,!A(HtlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <i>jejunum</i>&nbsp;and <i>ileum</i>&nbsp;of the small intestine are primarily involved in&nbsp;{{c1::absorption}}</div>"<div><img src=""Small Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
xP!Zbr,FN7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <b>small intestine is lined with</b> {{c1::villi}}, which are covered with&nbsp;{{c1::microvilli}}</div>"<div><img src=""Villi 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
iV)Qz`t4*lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Villi}} are small finger-like projections of tissue which&nbsp;<i>increase the surface area&nbsp;of the intestine</i>"<div><u>The</u> <u>capillary bed</u> <u>absorbs water-soluble nutrients</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>The lacteal absorbs fat and&nbsp;sends it to the lymphatic system</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Villi 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Villi.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/small-intestine-part-3-absorption&quot;"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
E_o2`knqkBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe fat soluble vitamins are {{c1::A}}, {{c1::D}}, {{c1::E}}, and {{c1::K}}"<div>They are absorbed through the <b>lacteals</b> in the villi<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fat Soluble Vitamins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-vitamins-and-minerals"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
qfd9s:+^vsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::large intestine}} absorbs <u>H₂O&nbsp;and salts</u>, and forms feces"<div><img src=""Large Intestine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine
f{2TQ%3iiVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::cecum}} is the first part of the&nbsp;large intestine and is an outpocketing that&nbsp;<b>accepts fluid&nbsp;from the small&nbsp;intestine</b>"<div>Site of&nbsp;attachment of the <i>appendix</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Colon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine
E8D~U`6Y@,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>colon</i> has the following four segments:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Ascending}}</div><div>{{c1::Transverse}}</div><div>{{c1::Descending}}</div><div>{{c1::Sigmoid}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Colon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine
gqcbCyBOxWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::gut microbiota}} is a community of <u>microorganisms</u> that live in the digestive tracts"<div>These microoganisms <b>produce vitamin K and biotin</b> (vitamin B<sub>7</sub>)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gut Microbiota.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/colon-rectum-anus"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Large_Intestine
cl4,bO5YOoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <i>GI tract</i> originates from the {{c1::endoderm::germ layer}}"<div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
IC{j_!6c(WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe pancreatic {{c1::acinar cell::... cell}} is&nbsp;the functional unit of the <u>exocrine</u>&nbsp;<u>pancreas</u>. It synthesizes, stores, and secretes <b>digestive enzymes</b><div><br></div>"<div>Pancreatic juices contain&nbsp;<i>bicarbonate</i>, pancreatic&nbsp;<i>amylase</i>, pancreatic&nbsp;<i>peptidases</i>,&nbsp;and pancreatic&nbsp;<i>lipase</i><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>The juices flow into the duodenum</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acinar Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Pancreas 1.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/exocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
c3Y6TL~liHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>As an&nbsp;<b>endocrine&nbsp;gland</b>, the pancreas secretes the&nbsp;{{c1::hormones}} to control blood sugar levels</div><div><br></div><div>As an&nbsp;<u>exocrine&nbsp;gland</u>, the pancreas excretes&nbsp;{{c1::enzymes}}&nbsp;to break down the&nbsp;proteins,&nbsp;lipids,&nbsp;carbohydrates, and&nbsp;nucleic acids&nbsp;in food</div>"<div><b>Endocrine pancreatic hormones are insulin and glucagon</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pancreas Endo vs Exo.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link - Endocrine Pancreas</a></div><div><br></div>
<a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/exocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link - Exocrine Pancreas</a>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
LktN+SpAU!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>pancreas</b> is connected to the <i>duodenum</i> via the {{c1::pancreatic ducts}}"<div><img src=""Pancreas Connection.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcrTzUjA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
ykA-C$Y&h]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::liver}} synthesizes&nbsp;<i>bile</i>,&nbsp;<i>albumin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>clotting factors</i>"<div><img src=""Liver.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
w^@8bZXsbMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Bile</u> is made in the {{c1::liver}} and stored in the {{c1::gallbladder}}"<div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
AGvK>Z5zKaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Bile</u>&nbsp;increases the&nbsp;absorption of {{c1::fats}}&nbsp;"Bile is also an important part of the absorption of the <i>fat-soluble substances</i>, such as the&nbsp;vitamins A, D, E, and K<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
py~Q1Lr}ilCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;<i>hepatic portal system</i>&nbsp;delivers&nbsp;{{c1::deoxygenated::oxygenated or deoxygenated}} blood&nbsp;to the {{c1::liver::organ}} to be detoxified further before it returns to the heart<br>"
<div><img src=""Hepatic Portal Vein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
"m]fD@Qb#;o"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::gallbladder}} <u>stores and concentrates&nbsp;bile</u>"<div><img src=""Liver Gallbladder.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
mM{lVLAg:TCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::CCK}} <i>stimulates the gallbladder</i> to release&nbsp;<u>bile</u>&nbsp;into the biliary tree</div>"<div>CCK =&nbsp;<i>Cholecystokinin</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>CCK is released by the duodenum</div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""CCK.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/biliary-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
bsqok61f&2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>ADH</i> and <i>aldosterone</i> will {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}} thirst"
<div><img src=""ADH and Aldesterone.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
FNb`kO.b~ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Ghrelin</i> will {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}} hunger"<div><i>Ghrelin increases hunger</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Leptin decreases hunger</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leptin vs Ghrelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/hormone-control-of-hunger"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion
J]~Rf75p?SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Leptin</u> will {{c1::decrease::increase or decrease}} hunger"<div><i>Ghrelin increases hunger</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Leptin decreases hunger</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leptin vs Ghrelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/hormone-control-of-hunger"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div><div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Digestion
tasg_y|9EOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn <i>aldehyde</i> is a <u>terminal functional group</u> containing a/an {{c1::carbonyl}}&nbsp;bonded&nbsp;to at least one&nbsp;{{c1::hydrogen}}"<div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
r2OPlx-{9rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>{{c1::Aldehydes}} have the suffix <i>-al</i></div>"
<div>Aldehydes take their name from their <b>parent alkane chains</b></div><div><br></div><div>The -<i>e</i> is removed from the end and is replaced with <i>-al</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Aldehyde Nomenclature.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
z(9s_Ovm}1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>{{c1::Ketones}} use the suffix <i>-one</i>&nbsp;and the prefixes&nbsp;<i>oxo-</i> or <i>keto-</i></div>"<div>Ketones take their name from their <b>parent alkane chains</b></div><div><br></div><div>The ending -e is removed and replaced with <i>-one</i><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><i><br></i></font><div><img src=""Ketone Nomenclature (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
hsU!wei]AWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The&nbsp;<i>aldehyde</i>&nbsp;functional group is given the number {{c1::1}}<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font>numbering&nbsp;location""<div><img src=""Aldehyde Carbon Numbering.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
Gf}vWXBd<ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA ketone is an <u>internal functional group</u> containing a/an {{c1::carbonyl}}&nbsp;bonded to&nbsp;two&nbsp;{{c1::alkyl chains}}"<div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/ketone-naming"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
KgQiv[0m0uCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA {{c1::carbonyl}} is a carbon-oxygen&nbsp;<b>double bond</b>"<div><img src=""Carbonyl 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
"V#n)bX$$h"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><div><i>Aldehydes</i> and <i>ketones</i> are synthesized <u>from alcohols</u> through {{c1::oxidation}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Oxidize (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
e<I3mLMzKiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>A <b>weak oxidizing agent</b> like&nbsp;{{c1::<i>pyridinium chlorochromate</i>&nbsp;(PCC)}}&nbsp;must be used for synthesizing<i> aldehydes</i> from<u> alcohols</u>, or else the reaction&nbsp;will continue oxidizing and form a carboxylic acid</div>"<div><img src=""PCC Reaction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
vON$ojm2R{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryKMnO_4&nbsp;and H₂Cr₂O₄&nbsp;are {{c1::strong::weak or strong}} oxidizing agents"They will oxidize an <u>alcohol</u> all the way into a <u style=""""><i style="""">ketone</i></u> or <i>carboxylic acid</i><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
D)Tp@rcpZ6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryNaBH₄&nbsp;is a {{c1::weak::weak or strong}} reducing agent&nbsp;"It will reduce an <i>aldehyde</i> or a <i>ketone</i> into an <u>alcohol</u>, but will <b>not</b> reduce a carboxylic acid or an ester<div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
A3m/x[rJN5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA <u>strong reducing agent</u> like&nbsp;{{c1::LiAlH₄ (LAH)}}&nbsp;is needed to reduce a <b>carboxylic acid</b> or an <b>ester</b> into an <i>alcohol</i>"<div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
i%e?+;u:1mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>Nucleophilic addition</b> reactions involve the attack of a&nbsp;<i>nucleophile</i>&nbsp;on the slightly positive&nbsp;{{c1::carbon&nbsp;center}} of a <u>carbonyl group</u>"<div><img src=""Nucleophilic Addition.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-hydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
Lr[].e{qT(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn a <u>hydration reaction</u>, water adds to a <b>carbonyl</b> and forms a/an {{c1::geminal diol}}"<div><img src=""Hydration Reaction.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-hydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
i1Nx`U$}4JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>When <u>one equivalent</u> of <u>alcohol</u> reacts with an&nbsp;<i>aldehyde</i>, a/an {{c1::hemiacetal}} is formed</div>"<div><img src=""Acetal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-hemiacetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
Ed6oA[`{=JCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryWhen <u>one equivalent</u> of <u>alcohol</u> reacts with a <b>ketone</b>, a/an {{c1::hemiketal}} is formed"<div><img src=""Ketal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-hemiacetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
Ck>N@s5-aCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryWhen <u>two equivalents </u>of <u>alcohol</u> react with an <i>aldehyde</i>, a/an {{c1::acetal}} is formed"<div><img src=""Acetal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
mg4<&k=_,PCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryWhen <u>two equivalents </u>of <u>alcohol</u> react with a <b>ketone</b>, a/an {{c1::ketal}} is formed"<div><img src=""Ketal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
Q$q^&GALrUCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><b>Nitrogen</b> and nitrogen derivatives react with&nbsp;<u>carbonyls</u> to form {{c1::imines}}</div>"<div><img src=""Imine Formation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-imines-and-enamines"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
w;jZh@p-x!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><u style="""">Imines</u> can tautomerize to form {{c1::enamines}}</div>""<div>Tautomerization is a reaction which involves <b>simple proton transfer</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Imine Tautomerization.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-imines-and-enamines"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
mU&JChSsX5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>Hydrogen cyanide reacts with carbonyls to form&nbsp;{{c1::cyanohydrins}}</div>"
<div><img src=""Cyanohydrin Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/addition-of-carbon-nucleophiles-to-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
AJHf[wOM=LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Alpha Carbon (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Identify the <i>α-carbon</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Alpha Carbon Complete (1).png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
AwMczQYNkBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Alpha Hydrogen (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Identify the&nbsp;<u>α-hydrogens</u><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Alpha Hydrogen Complete (1).png"">}}<i></i></div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
FoM&}=[=GXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Enolate Formation Reactants Only.png""></div><div><br></div><div>A/an {{c1::enolate anion}} is formed when an&nbsp;<u>α-hydrogen</u>&nbsp;in the molecule of an <i>aldehyde</i> or a <i>ketone</i> is&nbsp;<u>removed</u><br></div>""<div><img src=""Enolate Formation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
x6vgj2%@[<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Aldehydes</i> are usually {{c1::more::more or less}} reactive toward <u>nucleophilic substitutions</u> than <b>ketones</b> because of both steric and electronic effects"<div><img src=""Aldehyde and Ketone Reactivity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/addition-of-carbon-nucleophiles-to-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
"cx=JnA<)e#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Acetone Keto Form.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the {{c1::keto::keto or enol}} form of acetone<br></div>""<i>Keto</i> form has a regular<i> ketone</i> or an <i>aldehyde</i><div><br></div><div><u>Enol</u> form contains an <u>alcohol</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Keto and Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/keto-enol-tautomerization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
OS}iF4T}HxCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The term ""<u>enol</u>"" comes from the fact that it is a/an {{c1::alkene}} that is also a/an {{c1::alcohol}}""<div><img src=""Keto and Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/keto-enol-tautomerization"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
M;n|)3ad^]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Keto-enol tautomerization}} refers to a chemical&nbsp;<b>equilibrium</b>&nbsp;between a&nbsp;<i>keto</i>&nbsp;form and an&nbsp;<u>enol</u>"<div>The keto and enol forms are said to be <i>tautomers</i> of each other<br></div><div><br></div><div><div>They can be interconverted by moving a&nbsp;<u>hydrogen</u> and a <b style="""">double bond</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Keto and Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/keto-enol-tautomerization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
j8<.BHT+6xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Keto</i> form is much {{c1::more::more or less}} common than <u>enol</u> form"<div>Can be attributed to the fact that a <i>C=O</i> double bond is significantly <i>more stable</i> (higher bond energy) than a C=C double bond</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Keto and Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/keto-enol-tautomerization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
jigL?Q`hSJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryIn a <b>Michael addition</b>, a/an&nbsp;{{c1::enolate}}&nbsp;attacks a/an&nbsp;{{c1::α,β-unsaturated carbonyl}},&nbsp;creating a bond"<div><img src=""Michael Addition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBLx2vchUiA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
G5zw:llwheCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Enolates Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Blank.png""><div><br></div><div>Removal of a proton from the<i>&nbsp;less substituted</i>&nbsp;(and less hindered) α-carbon gives the {{c1::kinetic::kinetic or thermodynamic}} enolate</div>""<div><div>The&nbsp;<i>kinetic</i> enolate has the <i>less substituted</i> C=C double bond</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enolates Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/kinetic-and-thermodynamic-enolates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
E*OUBj9jTgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Enolates Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Blank.png""><div><br></div><div><div>Removal of a proton from the <u>more substituted</u> (and more hindered) α-carbon gives the {{c1::thermodynamic::kinetic or thermodynamic}} enolate&nbsp;</div></div>""<div>The <u>thermodynamic</u> enolate has the <u>more substituted</u> C=C double bond</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enolates Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/kinetic-and-thermodynamic-enolates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
"s!n_pD;(#6"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn <i>aldol</i> is a/an&nbsp;{{c1::aldehyde}}&nbsp;plus a/an {{c1::alcohol}}"<div><img src=""Aldol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
x,1{%I+7m:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAldol<i> addition</i> is a powerful way to create a&nbsp;{{c1::carbon-carbon}}&nbsp;bond"<div><img src=""Aldol Reaction (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
sLz}>u44|7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAn aldol<b> condensation</b> starts with a/an&nbsp;{{c1::aldol addition}}&nbsp;to create a/an&nbsp;{{c1::aldol}}"<div>Then it undergoes a <i>dehydration</i> to give a conjugated <b>enone</b> (α,β-unsaturated carbonyl)<br></div><div><br></div><div>Very common in the production of&nbsp;pharmaceuticals and perfumes</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aldol Condensation 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-condensation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
mgf:k?xnR)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>An aldol <u>nucleophile</u> is the {{c1::enolate}} formed from the&nbsp;deprotonation of the α-carbon</div>"<div><img src=""Aldol Reaction (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
nJ+Vt?z1h^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>The aldol <b>electrophile</b> is a/an {{c1::aldehyde}} or {{c1::ketone}}</div>"<div><div><img src=""Aldol Reaction (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/aldol-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
O}0CwTrR`OCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>A/an {{c1::retro-aldol reaction::... reaction}} is the <i>reverse</i>&nbsp;of an aldol reaction</div>"<div>The bond between the α- and β-carbon is <u>cleaved</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Catalyzed by <i>heat</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Retrol Aldol Reaction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/aldol-condensation-jay/v/retro-aldol-and-retrosynthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
qQ>}(r5b>ACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Carboxylic acid}} functional groups contain a&nbsp;<u>carbonyl</u>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<b>hydroxyl</b>&nbsp;group connected to the&nbsp;same carbon"<div>They are <i>always</i> terminal groups</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxlic-acid-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
njzFUZ5*h=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Carboxylic acids</u> use the suffix {{c1::–<i>oic acid</i>}}"<div>Salts are named with the suffix –<i>oate</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxylic-acid-naming"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
J./&!l*VhfCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryCarboxylic acids have a high <u>boiling point</u> due to {{c1::hydrogen bonding}}"<div>They often exist as <u>dimers</u> in solution due to the hydrogen bonding</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydrogen Bonding.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/reactions-carboxylic-jay/v/carboxylic-acid-nomenclature-and-properties"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
O_g%OX(OF)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>The <i>acidity</i> of a carboxylic acid can be&nbsp;<b>enhanced</b> by substituents that are electron-{{c1::withdrawing::withdrawing or donating}}</div>"<div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid Substituent Groups.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acidity with Electron Withdrawin Groups.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/reactivity-of-carboxylic-acid-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
F?2pLZ`@?qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryThe <i>acidity</i> of a carboxylic acid can be&nbsp;<u>decreased</u> by substituents that are electron-{{c1::donating::withdrawing or donating}}"<div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid Substituent Groups.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acidity with Electron Withdrawin Groups.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/reactivity-of-carboxylic-acid-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
fqf}S6}AB[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Acidic Proton Blank (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Identify the acidic proton<br></div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Acidic Proton (1).png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxlic-acid-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
CT`.Or|A6[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Dicarboxylic Acid Acidic Proton Blank.png""><div><br></div><div>Identify the most acidic proton<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Dicarboxylic Acid Acidic Proton.png"">}}</div></div>""<div>This is a<u>&nbsp;β-dicarboxylic acid</u></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxlic-acid-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
bC|vNIzS~LCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>Carboxylic acids can be made by the {{c1::oxidation}} of <i>1°&nbsp;alcohols</i> or <i>aldehydes</i></div>"<div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
rm*uonJp!<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>KMnO₄</div><div>Na₂Cr₂O₇</div><div>K₂Cr₂O₇</div>CrO₃<div><br></div><div>The above list shows {{c1::oxidizing::oxidizing or reducing}} agents that can form <u>carboxylic acids</u></div>"<div>Note: <b>PCC is weak</b> and stops oxidizing at the aldehyde<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
"CGGdKexi#C"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Acyl Group Blank (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Identify the functional group in red<br></div><div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Acyl Group (2).png"">}}</div></div>""<div>Acyl Groups are derived by the <u>removal</u> of one or more <u>hydroxyl groups</u> from an&nbsp;<b>oxoacid</b> (acid that contains oxygen)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acyl Group 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
v|}Xk+P4{HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>In <b>nucleophilic acyl substitution</b> a {{c1::nucleophile}}&nbsp;displaces the&nbsp;{{c1::leaving group}}</div>"<div>The nucleophile&nbsp;attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon, opening the&nbsp;carbonyl and forming a <i>tetrahedral intermediate</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>The&nbsp;carbonyl reforms, kicking off the leaving group</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nucleophilic-acyl-substitution"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
L<qm[eyWX=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<img src=""Amide.png""><div><br></div><div>The <i>nitrogen</i> containing functional group shown above is called a/an {{c1::amide}}</div>""<div>Amides are synthesized from a <u>carboxylic acid</u> by replacing the –OH group with&nbsp;an&nbsp;<i>amino group&nbsp;</i>that&nbsp;<b>may&nbsp;or&nbsp;may not</b>&nbsp;be&nbsp;substituted</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amides.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
PzrU$$hvH$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><i>Amides</i> are given&nbsp;the suffix&nbsp;{{c1::–<i>amide</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""Amide Nomenclature.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-amides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
qCQ&|+ILJ@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Amides</i> are&nbsp;derivatives&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>carboxylic acids</u>&nbsp;in which the&nbsp;{{c1::hydroxyl}}&nbsp;group has been <b>replaced</b> by a/an {{c1::amine&nbsp;or&nbsp;ammonia}}"<div><img src=""Amide Formation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carboxylic-acids/a/carboxylic-acid-reactions-overview"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
u2;N%~HX;lCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::ester}} is a <u>carboxylic acid</u> derivative where <b>–OH</b> is replaced&nbsp;with <i>-OR</i>"<div><img src=""Ester (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ester Synthesis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorides"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
bt|q?a)mB,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div><u>Esters</u> are given the suffix&nbsp;{{c1::–<i>oate</i>}}</div>"
<div><img src=""Ester Nomenclature.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-esters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
Lw3=}e0L6DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryCarboxylic acid can act as a <i>nucleophile</i> and <b>attack a second</b> carboxylic acid to form a/an {{c1::anhydride}}"<div><img src=""Anhydride Group (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Anhydride Synthesis 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorides"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
njJu[Hc`;@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>Both <b>linear</b> and&nbsp;<b>cyclic</b> <i>anhydrides</i> are given the suffix <i>{{c1::anhydride}}</i></div>"<div><img src=""Anhydride Nomenclature.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
sxdbBm2(:yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>A <u><b>carboxylic acid</b></u> can be reduced to a <i>1° alcohol</i> with a&nbsp;strong reducing agent like&nbsp;{{c1::LiAlH<sub>4</sub>}}</div>"<div>NaBH<sub style="""">4</sub> is <u>not strong</u> enough to reduce a&nbsp;carboxylic acid</div><div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/reactions-carboxylic-jay/v/reduction-of-carboxylic-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
Fvl6sZpxRWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Decarboxylation}} is a chemical reaction that&nbsp;removes a <b>carboxyl group</b>&nbsp;and releases <u>carbon dioxide</u> (CO<sub>2</sub>)"<div>The reaction proceeds <i>spontaneously</i> when <i>heated</i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Decarboxylic Acid.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/reactions-carboxylic-jay/v/decarboxylation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
Gv+iyw=Mt|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Saponification}} is an <u>ester</u> <u>hydrolysis</u>&nbsp;of triacylglycerols using a <b>strong base</b>&nbsp;like sodium or KOH"<div>They organize in&nbsp;water to form micelles</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Saponification.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Micelle (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/saponification-base-promoted-ester-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
IH8Hck3As^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryA/an {{c1::micelle}}&nbsp;<u>dissolves&nbsp;nonpolar&nbsp;organic</u> molecules in its interior,&nbsp;and can be solvated with water due to its exterior shell&nbsp;of <b>hydrophilic groups</b>"<div><img src=""Micelle (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/MTwUy3c5Etc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
QD?{w&W4DhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Acid Halide Synthesis Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>The reagents used in <u>acid halide synthesis</u> are {{c1::SOCl<sub>2</sub>}} and {{c1::PBr<sub>3</sub>}}</div>""<div><img src=""Acid Halide Synthesis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/acid-chloride-formation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acids
o|o-!Dt!s&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Fischer Esterification Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is an example of {{c1::Fischer Esterification}}<br></div>""Treatment of a <u>carboxylic acid</u> with an <i>alcohol</i> in the presence of an acid catalyst leads to the <b>formation of esters</b>, along with the elimination H<sub style="""">2</sub>O<div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/formation-carboxylic-acid-derivatives-sal/v/fisher-esterification"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
M`s~?u>e6}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryAcid chloride<div>Amides<br><div>Anhydrides</div><div>Carboxylate</div><div>Esters<br><div><br></div><div>Place the above molecules in order from <i>most reactive</i> to <u>least reactive</u> in nucleophilic substitution reactions</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Acid chloride &gt; Anhydrides &gt; Esters &gt; Amides &gt; Carboxylate}}<br></div></div></div>"<div><img src=""Reactivity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/reactivity-of-carboxylic-acid-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
nQ0k.J!cqhCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Steric hindrance}} describes when a reaction cannot proceed (or&nbsp;significantly slows) because&nbsp;<b>substituents crowd the&nbsp;reactive site</b>"<div><img src=""Steric Hindrance 1 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Steric Hindrance 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiaU0jX-kk0"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
jVy3&{5A.sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Induction}} refers to&nbsp;<i>uneven distribution</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;charge&nbsp;across a σ&nbsp;bond&nbsp;because of&nbsp;differences in<u> electronegativity</u>"<div>The <b>more</b> electronegative groups a&nbsp;carbonyl-containing compound has, the <b>greater its&nbsp;reactivity</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Induction 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Induction 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-induction-new"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
l|U[}vUIt/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<div>Increased <i>ring strain</i> in a molecule can make it {{c1::more::more or less}}&nbsp;reactive</div>"<div><img src=""Ring Strain.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations/v/stability-of-cycloalkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
Ei`X[s2!KMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::Transesterification}} is the process of&nbsp;exchanging&nbsp;the R″ group of an <u>ester</u>&nbsp;with the R′ group of an <i>alcohol</i>"<div><div>""Transformation of an <u>ester</u>""</div></div><div><br></div><div><i>Alcohol</i> is the attacking nucleophile</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transesterification.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/acid-catalyzed-ester-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
JoE!&[uS>3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Schizophrenia::Disorder}} is characterized by thoughts or experiences that seem <i>out of touch with reality</i>, disorganized speech or behavior, and decreased participation in daily activities"<div>Symptoms can include:<br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><b>Delusions</b></div><div><b>Hallucinations</b></div><div><b>Trouble with thinking and concentration</b></div><div><b>Lack of motivation</b></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Schizophrenia.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/schizophrenia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
NwfnXhW{OKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Positive}} symptoms of schizophrenia <i>add</i>&nbsp;something to behavior, cognition or&nbsp;affect. Examples include <u>delusions</u> or <u>hallucinations</u>"<div><img src=""Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/psychotic-disorders/v/schizophrenia-symptoms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
CqezsjVK-3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Depressive disorders::... disorders}} are characterized by&nbsp;<i>sadness</i>&nbsp;severe enough or persistent enough to&nbsp;<b>interfere with function</b></div>"<div><u>Major depressive disorder</u> and <u>seasonal affective&nbsp;disorder<br></u></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Deperssion.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/depression-and-major-depressive-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
j<hyu1Bh{FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Persistent depressive disorder</u> is dysthymia for at least&nbsp;{{c1::2}} years&nbsp;that&nbsp;doesn’t meet criteria for major depressive disorder"<div>PDD is a mild but <u>long-term</u> form of depression<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PDD.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/depression-and-related-disorders/v/types-of-depression-and-bipolar-disorder-in-the-dsm5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
CAx}O13`r]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Seasonal affective disorder::... disorder}} is a type of depression that's related to&nbsp;<b>changes in seasons</b>"<div>Typically the patient is depressed during <i>winter</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""SAD.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/depression-and-related-disorders/v/types-of-depression-and-bipolar-disorder-in-the-dsm5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
I%sd:fMRE%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Bipolar disorder::... disorder}} causes <i>extreme mood swings</i> that include&nbsp;emotional highs&nbsp;(mania or hypomania) and&nbsp;lows&nbsp;(depression)"<div><img src=""Bipolar.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bipolar 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bipolar 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/depression-and-bipolar-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
Qrk~cDG>bfCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe symptoms of bipolar type {{c1::I::I or II}} include at least <i>one&nbsp;manic episode</i>&nbsp;that may be preceded or followed by <b>hypomanic</b> <b>or</b> <b>major depressive episodes</b>"<div>In some cases, the patient may experience <u>psychosis</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bipolar 4.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/depression-and-bipolar-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
"Jnkf#>[EOx"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe symptoms of bipolar type {{c1::II::I or II}} include at least one&nbsp;<b>major depressive episode</b>&nbsp;and at least one&nbsp;<b>hypomanic episode</b>, but&nbsp;<i>no manic episode</i><br><br>"<div><img src=""Bipolar 4.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/depression-and-bipolar-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
Ex:/[pKCi:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe symptoms of {{c1::cyclothymic disorder::... disorder}} include at least two years (or one year in children) of many periods<i>&nbsp;</i>of&nbsp;<b>hypomania</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>depressive symptoms</b>,<b>&nbsp;</b>though <i>less severe than major depression</i>"<div><img src=""Cyclothymic Disorder.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUUymuupjE8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
juwAhwG$^=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Anxiety disorders::... disorders}} are disorders that involve <i>extreme fear or worry</i>"<div><u>Generalized anxiety disorder<br></u></div><div><u>Phobias</u></div><div><u>Social anxiety disorder</u></div><div><u>Agoraphobia</u></div><div><u>Panic disorder</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Anxiety Disorders.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/anxiety-disorders-and-obsessive-compulsive-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
IqbF_-:sJGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Obsessive-compulsive disorder::... disorder}} is characterized by <b>excessive&nbsp;thoughts</b> that lead to <i>repetitive&nbsp;behaviors</i></div>"<div><b>Obsessions</b> <b>are</b> <b>persistent, intrusive thoughts &amp; impulses</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Compulsions</i> <i>are</i> <i>repetitive tasks</i> that relieve tension but cause&nbsp;impairment in a person’s life</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""OCD.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/anxiety/v/obsessive-compulsive-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
bhCw$%]0aCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Body dysmorphic disorder::... disorder}} is characterized by having an unrealistic&nbsp;<b>negative evaluation&nbsp;of one’s appearance</b></div>"<div><img src=""Body Dysmorphic Disorder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMVyZ6Ax-74"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
iwpj,Tf~JeCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIf a person has&nbsp;difficulty recovering&nbsp;after&nbsp;<i>experiencing&nbsp;or&nbsp;witnessing&nbsp;a&nbsp;</i><i>terrifying event</i>, they may develop {{c1::post traumatic stress disorder}}"<div><img src=""PTSD.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/anxiety/v/post-traumatic-stress-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
NKG/rN{dGWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Dissociative disorders::... disorders}} are disorders that involve experiencing a&nbsp;<b>disconnection&nbsp;</b>and lack of continuity<b>&nbsp;</b>between&nbsp;<i>thoughts</i>,&nbsp;<i>memories</i>,&nbsp;<i>surroundings</i>,&nbsp;<i>actions</i>, and&nbsp;<i>identity</i></div>"<div><i><img src=""Dissociative Disorders.png""></i><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxktavpRdzU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
hK{Cjp!qiaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA person with {{c1::dissociative amnesia}} <b>can’t recall&nbsp;past experiences</b>"<div><img src=""Dissociative Amnesia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VedBaY7AVU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
k!J8Ek]IvFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralSomeone in a <i>dissociative fugue</i>&nbsp;will lose awareness of their&nbsp;{{c1::identity}}&nbsp;or other important autobiographical information and <u>also engages in some form of</u>&nbsp;{{c1::unexpected travel}}"<div><img src=""Dissociative Fugue.png"" style=""color: rgb(128, 0, 128);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxktavpRdzU&amp;amp"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
vlyg=SZ<+[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<b>Dissociative identity disorder</b> is characterized by experiencing {{c1::multiple personalities}}"<div><img src=""Dissociative Identity Disorder.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/dissociative-identity-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
wM(3l.`L(2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralSomeone with <b>depersonalization / derealization disorder</b> experiences a feeling of <i>detachment</i> from the&nbsp;{{c1::mind and body}} or the {{c1::environment}}"<div><img src=""Depersonalization Disorder.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H564Dmsksz0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
daf(<92fJFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Somatic symptom disorders::... disorders}} are characterized by <i>physical symptoms</i> brought about by <u>psychological stress</u></div>"<div><img src=""Somatic Disorders.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/somatic-symptom-disorder-and-other-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
LO^XN3vCaMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Somatic symptom disorder::... disorder}} is when a person feels&nbsp;<i>extreme anxiety</i>&nbsp;about <b>physical symptoms</b> such as&nbsp;pain&nbsp;or&nbsp;fatigue"<div><img src=""Somatic Symptom Disorder.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(128, 0, 128);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/somatic-symptom-disorder-and-other-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
h&]|IH<+](Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Illness anxiety disorder::... disorder}} is an <u>obsession with the&nbsp;idea</u>&nbsp;of having a serious but&nbsp;undiagnosed&nbsp;medical condition"<div>Sometimes called&nbsp;<b>hypochondriasis</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Illness Anxiety Disorder 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Illness Anxiety Disorder 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6l9XwJGh2xg"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
KhM`zg[Z]DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Conversion disorder::... disorder}}&nbsp;involves&nbsp;<i>unexplained symptoms</i>&nbsp;resulting in the loss of body function"<div>Associated with <b>prior trauma</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conversion Disorder.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/somatic-symptom-disorder-and-other-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
sn+UTb!p?NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Personality disorders::... disorders}} are a group of disorders in which you have a&nbsp;<u>rigid&nbsp;and&nbsp;unhealthy pattern&nbsp;of thinking, functioning and behaving</u></div>"
<div>A person with a personality disorder has <b>trouble perceiving and relating</b> to situations and people<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Personality Disorders Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/personality-disorders"">Khan Academy</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
"L#DzFb5_UI"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"Cluster {{c1::A::A, B, or C}} of the personality disorders&nbsp;is called the&nbsp;<u>odd</u>,&nbsp;<u>eccentric</u>, or ""<u>weird""</u>&nbsp;cluster<br>""<div>Common features are social <b>awkwardness</b> and social <b>withdrawal</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Personality Disorders Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/personality-disorders"">Khan Academy</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
KHegt+T0neCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"Cluster {{c1::B::A, B, or C}} of the personality disorders&nbsp;is characterized by <b>dramatic</b>, <b>overly emotional</b> or <b>unpredictable</b> thinking or behavior and is often called the ""<b>wild</b>"" cluster""<div><img src=""Personality Disorders Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/personality-disorders"">Khan Academy</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
"KYs?{51#]r"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"Cluster {{c1::C::A, B, or C}} of the personality disorders&nbsp;is characterized by feelings of <i>anxiety</i> and <i>fear</i> and is often called the ""<i>worried</i>"" cluster""<div><img src=""Personality Disorders Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/personality-disorders"">Khan Academy</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
fEc^//<~[aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::behaviorist approach::... approach}} to psychological disorders focuses on how&nbsp;<u>environmental factors</u>&nbsp;affect observable behavior"<div>Classical and operant<font color=""#3e7f0e""> </font><b>conditioning</b> shapes the&nbsp;disorder<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Behavioral Approach.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/behavioral-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
C&={_)jxSjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::biomedical approach::... approach}} to psychological disorders focus on&nbsp;<b>physical&nbsp;causes and symptoms</b>"<div><img src=""Biological Perspective.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/introduction-to-mental-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
mSCV`yXIPeCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::biopsychosocial approach::... approach}} to psychological disorders considers relative contributions of&nbsp;<i>biological</i>,&nbsp;<i>psychological</i>, and&nbsp;<i>social</i>&nbsp;components</div>"<div><img src=""Biopsychosocial Approach.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/introduction-to-mental-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
E<)8E5|Dm-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::psychodynamic approach::... approach}} to psychological disorders states that human functioning is based upon the <b>interaction of&nbsp;drives&nbsp;and&nbsp;forces&nbsp;</b>within the person, particularly the&nbsp;unconscious</div>"Related to <i>Freud’s psychoanalysis</i><div><i><br></i><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Psychodynamic Approach.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Psychodynamic Approach.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-personality/v/psychoanalytic-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
qgWPy2s)TrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe <b>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental&nbsp;Disorders, 5th edition</b> (DSM-5) categorizes&nbsp;mental&nbsp;disorders based on&nbsp;{{c1::symptoms}}"<div><img src=""DSM-5.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/categories-of-mental-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
Dp!G|fh):;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Biological factors related to {{c1::schizophrenia}} include:</div><div><br></div><div><u>Genetic factors</u></div><div><u>Birth trauma</u></div><div><u>Marijuana use</u></div><div><u>Family&nbsp;history</u><br></div>"<div><img src=""Schizophrenia Biological Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/biological-basis-of-schizophrenia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
D6Js$nM/Q,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralBiological factors related to {{c1::depression}} include:<div><br></div><div><b>High&nbsp;glucocorticoids</b></div><div><b>Low norepinephrine</b></div><div><b>Low serotonin</b></div><div><b>Low dopamine</b></div>"<div><img src=""Depression Biological Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Happiness.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/depression-and-related-disorders/v/biological-basis-of-depression"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
oYJDZT%MX[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"Biological factors for {{c1::bipolar disorders}} include:<div><br></div><div><b style="""">High norepinephrine</b></div><div><b>Abnormal serotonin</b></div><div><b style="""">Family history</b></div>""<div><img src=""Bipolar Biological Causes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/depression-and-related-disorders/v/risk-factors-for-bipolar-disorder"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
i1ikQsP1&xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralBiological factors related to&nbsp;{{c1::Alzheimer’s disease}} include:<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Genetic factors</i></div><div><i>Brain atrophy</i></div><div><i>Low acetylcholine</i></div><div><i>Senile&nbsp;plaques of&nbsp;β-amyloid</i></div>"<div><img src=""Alheimers Brain Atrophy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/dementia-delirium-alzheimers/v/risk-factors-for-dementia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
NWnJ(7pi-^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralBiological factors related to&nbsp;{{c1::Parkinson’s disease}} include:<div><br></div><div><div><u>Bradykinesia</u></div><div><u>Resting tremor</u></div><div><u>Pill-rolling tremor</u></div><div><u>Masklike facies</u></div><div><u>Cogwheel rigidity</u></div><div><u>Shuffling&nbsp;gait</u></div><div><u>Low dopamine</u></div></div>"<div><img src=""Parkinsons Disease.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dopamine in Parkinsons.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/biological-basis-of-parkinsons-disease"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
hr=J{Xt(j1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social facilitation}} describes the tendency of people to&nbsp;<u>perform&nbsp;at a&nbsp;different level&nbsp;when others are around</u>"<div><img src=""Social Facilitation 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Facilitation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/social-facilitation-and-social-loafing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
vr~-Sy8uLbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Deindividuation}} is a <b>loss of self-awareness&nbsp;in large groups</b>"<div><img src=""Deindividuation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/bystander-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"s-#h:oj1Wk"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralAccording to the {{c1::bystander effect}}, when in a <u>group</u>, individuals are&nbsp;<i>less&nbsp;likely </i>to respond&nbsp;to a&nbsp;person in need"<div><b>Diffusion of responsibility</b> is a phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction <u>when others are present</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bystander Effect.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/bystander-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
QETyoUnKkzCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Peer pressure}} is the&nbsp;social influence&nbsp;placed on individuals by <u>others&nbsp;they&nbsp;consider equals</u>"<div><img src=""Peer Pressure.jpeg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-groupthink"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"kbU{fCf69#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social loafing}} is when an individual&nbsp;<b>does not pull his or her weight&nbsp;in a group&nbsp;setting</b>"<div><img src=""Social Loafing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/social-facilitation-and-social-loafing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
Lu*W,QFJPRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Polarization}} is the tendency toward making decisions in a <i>group</i> that&nbsp;are&nbsp;<i>more extreme</i>"<div><img src=""Polarization.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-groupthink"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
vy$}$IA2PpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Groupthink}} is the tendency for <i>groups</i> to make decisions based on&nbsp;ideas and solutions that arise within the group&nbsp;<b>without&nbsp;considering outside ideas</b>"<div><img src=""Groupthink.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-groupthink"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
nw.0CHFHn=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Culture}} is a term used to describe the <u>beliefs</u>, <u>ideas</u>, <u>behaviors</u>, <u>actions</u>, and&nbsp;<u>characteristics</u> of a group or society"<div><img src=""Culture.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/culture/v/overview-of-culture"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
mY|sEX0+l.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Assimilation}} is the process by which an&nbsp;immigrant&nbsp;or minority&nbsp;<b>takes&nbsp;up elements&nbsp;of mainstream culture</b>"<div>Assimilation is a&nbsp;specific type of <i>socialization</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>To experience&nbsp;assimilation, a person <u>must first have their own&nbsp;culture</u>, then absorb elements of a new culture</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Assimilation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/cognition/v/schemas-assimilation-and-accommodation-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
uPbWw;&AK~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Multiculturalism}} is the <i>encouragement of&nbsp;multiple cultures</i>&nbsp;within a&nbsp;community to enhance diversity"<div><img src=""Multiculturalism.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RV50AV7-Iwc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
w7cKcUH4OnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::subculture}} is a group of people within a culture that&nbsp;<b>distinguish&nbsp;themselves&nbsp;from the primary culture</b>"<div><img src=""Subculture.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RV50AV7-Iwc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"Q%^5#v3AZR"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Attitudes}} are tendencies toward&nbsp;expression&nbsp;of positive or negative&nbsp;feelings&nbsp;or&nbsp;evaluations&nbsp;of something"<div>Attitude has 3&nbsp;components: <i>Affective</i>, <i>behavioral</i>, and <i>cognitive</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Attitudes.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/components-of-attitude"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attitudes
vC!tN2z]=xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::functional attitudes theory::... theory}} suggests that <i>beliefs and attitudes</i> are influential to various psychological functions</div>"<div><i><img src=""Functional Theory of Attitudes.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=072NyX_ANZ8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attitudes
EJ:kE2~.HLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralThe {{c1::observational learning theory::... theory}} states that behavior is learned through <i>watching and replicating others</i>"<div><i><img src=""Observational Learning.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/observational-learning-bobo-doll-experiment-and-social-cognitive-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attitudes
l8q)IBy0bcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::elaboration likelihood model::... model}} describes how people are persuaded to&nbsp;<b>change their attitudes</b></div>"<div><img src=""Elaboration Likelihood Model.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Elaboration Likelihood Model 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/theories-of-attitude-and-behavior-change/v/persuasion-attitude-change-and-the-elaboration-likelihood-model"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attitudes
jk630lumo>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::social cognitive theory::... theory}} states that attitudes are formed through&nbsp;<b>watching&nbsp;others</b>,&nbsp;<b>personal factors</b>, and the&nbsp;<b>environment</b></div>"<div>People change their behavior or attitudes based on<i>&nbsp;observation</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Social Cognitive Theory.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/observational-learning-bobo-doll-experiment-and-social-cognitive-theory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Attitudes
kmg(!K%i<BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Socialization}} is the process of&nbsp;<u>internalizing&nbsp;the&nbsp;social norms</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;values&nbsp;expected in one’s society"<div><img src=""Socialization.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/agents-of-socialization"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
i~`rXIRxM3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Sanctions}} are a method of&nbsp;<i>enforcing compliance</i>&nbsp;with social norms"<div><img src=""Sanctions.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVNWf18atL0&amp;amp"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
eHl4NIEKu?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><u>Positive sanctions </u>are a {{c1::reward}}&nbsp;for good behavior<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Negative sanctions</i> are a {{c1::punishment}}&nbsp;for bad behavior</div></div>"<div><img src=""Sanctions Positive vs Negative.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVNWf18atL0&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"n/`#L~Lee$"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::informal sanction}} is&nbsp;<u>not enforced&nbsp;or&nbsp;punished</u>&nbsp;by an authority&nbsp;but that occurs in everyday&nbsp;interactions with other people"<div><img src=""Sanctions Formal vs Informal.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVNWf18atL0&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
JB$1x)l-ZWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Norms}} determine the&nbsp;<b>boundaries</b> <b>of acceptable behavior&nbsp;</b>within a society"<div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Structure MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
C(dlClq*,FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Mores}} are informal norms with&nbsp;<i>major importance</i>&nbsp;for&nbsp;society and, if broken, can result in <i>severe sanctions</i>"<div><i>Mores</i>:&nbsp;<i>Right vs Wrong<br></i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Folkways</b>:&nbsp;<b>Right vs Rude</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Folkways and Mores.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
jd=j9]Cy4,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Folkways}} are informal norms that are&nbsp;<b>less significant</b>, yet&nbsp;they still shape our everyday behavior"<div><div><i>Mores</i>:&nbsp;<i>Right vs Wrong<br></i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Folkways</b>:&nbsp;<b>Right vs Rude</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Folkways and Mores.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
Kq[vjWV`B0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Mores</i>&nbsp;govern what we think of as&nbsp;{{c1::right}} vs {{c1::wrong}}"<div><i>Mores</i>:&nbsp;<i>Right vs Wrong<br></i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Folkways</b>:&nbsp;<b>Right vs Rude</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Folkways and Mores.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
KRs(55$WU%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"<b style="""">Folkways</b>&nbsp;govern what we think of as {{c1::right}} vs {{c1::rude}}""<div><i>Mores</i>:&nbsp;<i>Right vs Wrong<br></i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Folkways</b>:&nbsp;<b>Right vs Rude</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Folkways and Mores.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"Q6@)Z#GSMZ"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::taboo}} is a norm that is so strong it often <i>brings&nbsp;revulsion&nbsp;if violated</i>"<div>Examples:&nbsp;<i>cannibalism</i> or <i>incest</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Taboo.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Social Norms (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/what-is-normal"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
B:f0|B,KZ|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Stigma}} is the&nbsp;<i>extreme disapproval</i>&nbsp;or dislike of a person or group&nbsp;based on <u>perceived differences</u> from the rest of society"<div><img src=""Stigma.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/stigma-social-and-self"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"dnUF#$7<>$"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Deviance}} is the <b>violation of&nbsp;norms,&nbsp;rules, or</b>&nbsp;<b>expectations</b>&nbsp;in a society"<div>Does not have to be a bad thing. It can be a <i>positive</i> deviance<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Deviance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/perspectives-on-deviance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
sY(c@!E!dJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Differential association theory::... theory}} states that <b>deviance can be&nbsp;learned&nbsp;through our&nbsp;interactions with&nbsp;others</b></div>"<div>People commit crimes, at least in part, because&nbsp;of their <b><u>associations with other people</u></b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Differential Association Theory.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/normative-and-non-normative-behavior/v/perspectives-on-deviance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
mfuR|8Zh7%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Conformity}} is when someone changes their beliefs or behaviors <u>in order to&nbsp;fit into a group&nbsp;or society</u>"<div><b style="""">Do as others do</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Compliance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-groupthink"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
LP3aw$gFl5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Compliance}} is when someone changes their behavior based on the&nbsp;<b>requests&nbsp;of others</b>"<div>Do as others <u>want</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Compliance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-obedience"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
slnBAYV/RFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Obedience}} is a change in behavior based on a&nbsp;<i>command</i>&nbsp;from&nbsp;someone seen as an <i>authority figure</i>"<div>Do as others<i> command</i></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Compliance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/conformity-and-obedience"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
ETxbj~fGW.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Status}} describes the&nbsp;<b>position</b> <b>a person occupies</b>&nbsp;in a particular setting"<div><img src=""Status.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/status"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
sZViS2(k@hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Ascribed status::... status}} is a position in a social group that one is&nbsp;<i>born into&nbsp;or has&nbsp;no control over</i>"<div><img src=""Ascribed Status.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/status"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Stratification
CI1:wRc_8&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Achieved status::... status}} is a position in a social group that one&nbsp;<b>earns&nbsp;based on merit</b> <b>or one's choices</b>"<div><img src=""Achieved Status.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/status"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Stratification
L5ms:/ATvmCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Master status::... status}} is the social position that is the&nbsp;<i>primary identifying&nbsp;characteristic</i> of an individual"<div>Can be <b style="""">achieved</b> or <b style="""">ascribed</b></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Master Status.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDxXDay45z0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
e_`a*R61O1Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Role}} is the term used to describe the <u>thoughts and behavior</u>&nbsp;expected&nbsp;of someone occupying a <u>status</u>"<div><img src=""Role.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fusMN8wiYV8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
MIfC9T=]mTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Role performance}} refers to <u>carrying out&nbsp;behaviors</u>&nbsp;that are characteristic of a certain&nbsp;<u>role</u>"<div><img src=""Role Performance.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fusMN8wiYV8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
reO*W8u=KqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Role set}} is a <b>set of&nbsp;all roles</b>&nbsp;that are associated with&nbsp;one <b>status</b>"<div><img src=""Role Set (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fusMN8wiYV8&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
j5Hg*ToP.MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Role conflict}} the term used to describe difficulty managing&nbsp;<i>multiple</i> roles"<div><img src=""Role Conflict vs Strain.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/role-strain-and-role-conflict"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
D_n$(4WoaACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Role strain}} is the term used to describe difficulty managing&nbsp;<u>just one</u> role"<div><img src=""Role Conflict vs Strain.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/role-strain-and-role-conflict"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
wczv<orGAqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::social group}} is made up of two or more people with&nbsp;<b>similar characteristics</b>&nbsp;that share&nbsp;a sense of unity"<div><img src=""Social Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wFZ5Dbj8DA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
"nR@#/eCGJA"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::peer group}} is a self-selected&nbsp;group formed around&nbsp;<u>shared interests</u>"<div><img src=""Peer Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wFZ5Dbj8DA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
nkLUuinXEHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn an <u>affinal kinship</u>, individuals are related by {{c1::choice&nbsp;}}"<div><u>Affinal Kinship</u>: Individuals that are related by choice&nbsp;such as in a&nbsp;marriage. Doesn't have to be your own choice<br></div><div><br></div><div><i style="""">Consanguineous Kinship</i>: Related through blood</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""><img src=""Kinship.png""></span></font></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
N3&[(hl4&&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralIn a <i>consanguineous</i>&nbsp;<i>kinship</i>, individuals are related by {{c1::blood}}"<div><u>Affinal Kinship</u>: Individuals that are related&nbsp;by choice&nbsp;such as in a&nbsp;marriage. Doesn't have to be your own choice<br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Consanguineous&nbsp;Kinship</i>: Related through&nbsp;blood</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kinship.png""></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
"MM;u#3CP#W"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::In-group}} is the <b>group you are a member of</b>"<div><img src=""In Group and Out Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism-in-group-and-out-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
Bd})D$LaR!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"{{c1::Out-group}} is the group you&nbsp;<i style="""">compete with&nbsp;or&nbsp;oppose</i>""<div><img src=""In Group and Out Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism-in-group-and-out-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
L[c!x[As@nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Reference group}} is the group you&nbsp;<b>compare&nbsp;yourself to</b>"<div><img src=""Reference Group.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/attributing-behavior-to-persons-or-situations/v/social-influences"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
d+cCwkg27YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Primary group}} contains&nbsp;<i>strong</i>&nbsp;emotional bonds"<div><img src=""Groups Primary vs Secondary.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/primary-and-secondary-groups"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
Q.eC{2N>/(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Secondary group}} contains&nbsp;<u>weaker</u> bonds&nbsp;overall"<div>Often temporary<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Groups Primary vs Secondary.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/primary-and-secondary-groups"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
b.B34&kw5ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Gemeinschaft}}&nbsp;emphasizes&nbsp;<u>community</u>&nbsp;ties in which&nbsp;<u>personal&nbsp;relationships</u> and families are given the most importance"<div><img src=""Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdYaiorjzPA&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
OpFzgS7/]>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::network}} is an <b>observable pattern of&nbsp;social relationships&nbsp;</b>between&nbsp;individuals or groups"<div><img src=""Social Network 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Network (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/social-structures/a/what-are-social-groups-and-social-networks"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
M=.(y+H!SICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::organization}} is a <i>group</i> with identifiable membership that engages in&nbsp;certain action to achieve a&nbsp;<i>common purpose</i>"<div><img src=""Organization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/organizations-and-bureaucratization"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
O0$cNY6S+_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::bureaucracy}} is a rational system of&nbsp;<i>administration</i>,&nbsp;<i>discipline</i>, and&nbsp;<i>control</i>"<div><b>Max Weber</b> gave it six defining characteristics<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Weber's Ideal Bureaucracy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/organizations-and-bureaucratization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
G%?=rH`(e<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::iron law of oligarchy}} states that democratic or bureaucratic systems <u>naturally shift to&nbsp;being ruled by an&nbsp;elite group</u></div>"<div><img src=""Oligarchy.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(223, 93, 38);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Iron Law of Oligarchy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/organizations-and-bureaucratization"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
eDm&mx|(^RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::sect}} is a religious group that arose from a&nbsp;<i>split</i>&nbsp;from a larger&nbsp;religion"<div><img src=""Sect (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/social-structures/v/institutions-education-family-religion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
f1Slm}`lajCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The <b>basic model of expressing emotions</b> states that there are {{c1::universal}} emotions and&nbsp;expressions&nbsp;</div>"<div>They can be&nbsp;understood across cultures<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Universal Emotions.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/three-components-of-emotion-and-the-universal-emotions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
C+LxBz6X9)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The <u>social construction model&nbsp;of expressing emotion</u> states that there is&nbsp;<i>no biological circuitry</i>&nbsp;for emotions since emotions are&nbsp;solely&nbsp;based on {{c1::experience and context}}</div>"<div><img src=""Social Construcction Theory of Emotion.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVQUnddM5Vg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
"NFDho7?#x&"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Display rules}} are unspoken rules that&nbsp;govern the <b>expression</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;emotions"<div>The emotions are universal, so the way in which they are <i>displayed</i> accounts for emotional differences <u>across cultures</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Display Rules.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQaNXrzwWFE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
h!vFEDvI4.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Impression management}} refers to the&nbsp;<u>maintenance&nbsp;of a&nbsp;public image</u>, which&nbsp;is accomplished through various strategies</div>"<div><div>Some strategies:</div><div><br></div><div>Flattery</div><div>Boasting</div><div>Managing appearances</div><div>Ingratiation</div><div>Aligning actions</div><div>Alter-casting</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Impression Management.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/impression-management"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
JH|Q1I*,_=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>The {{c1::dramaturgical approach}} to social interaction is when people&nbsp;create images&nbsp;of themselves in the same way&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i>actors perform a role&nbsp;in front of an audience</i></div>"<div><img src=""Presentation of Self (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/dramaturgical-approach"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
HPJ^v{IhIICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Verbal communication::... communication}} is through&nbsp;<u>spoken</u>,&nbsp;<u>written</u>, or&nbsp;<u>signed</u>&nbsp;words"<div><img src=""Verbal vs Non-Verbal.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/behavioral-biology/animal-behavior/v/animal-communication"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
cyRTa?N*d_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Nonverbal communication::... communication}}&nbsp;is through means&nbsp;<b>other than&nbsp;the use&nbsp;of words</b></div>"<div>Examples:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Body language</div><div>Prosody</div><div>Gestures</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Verbal vs Non-Verbal.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/behavioral-biology/animal-behavior/v/animal-communication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
h5cum9_e+aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>Animals use <b>body language</b>, <b>facial expressions</b>, <b>visual&nbsp;displays</b>, <b>scents</b>, and <b>vocalizations</b> to {{c1::communicate}}</div>"<div>Takes place not only between nonhuman animals,&nbsp;but <i>between humans and other animals as well</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Animal Communication.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/behavioral-biology/animal-behavior/v/animal-communication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction
"f?.t#M9f9|"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Interpersonal attraction}} is the&nbsp;<i>attraction&nbsp;between people</i> which leads to the development of platonic or romantic relationships</div>"<div><img src=""Interpersonal Attraction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSmNnr1lSs4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
OfJ/1/~j,aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Aggression}} is a physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the&nbsp;intention to <i>cause harm</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>increase social dominance</i>"<div><img src=""Aggression.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/aggression"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
J-NN=M-}_vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social attachment}} is an&nbsp;<b>emotional bond</b>&nbsp;to another person"<div>Usually refers&nbsp;to the bond between a <u>child and caregiver</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Attachement.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRejV6f-Y3c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
Cee0_?}),fCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Secure attachment::attachment}} is when a child shows a <b>strong&nbsp;preference</b> for the caregiver compared to strangers.</div>"<div>Requires a consistent caregiver</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Attachement.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRejV6f-Y3c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
O/GO]WG<XBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Avoidant attachment::... attachment}} is when a child shows&nbsp;<b>no preference for the&nbsp;caregiver</b>&nbsp;compared to strangers</div>"<div>Occurs when a caregiver has <i>little or no response</i> to a&nbsp;distressed child</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Attachement.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRejV6f-Y3c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
"x|!~@#[!2s"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Ambivalent attachment::... attachment}} leads a child to become <i>distressed when a caregiver leaves</i> and is&nbsp;ambivalent when he or she returns</div>"<div>Occurs when a caregiver has an <b>inconsistent response</b>&nbsp;to a child’s distress, sometimes responding&nbsp;appropriately, sometimes neglectfully</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Attachement.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRejV6f-Y3c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
MT4o[XgKboCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Disorganized attachment::... attachment}} is when the child&nbsp;shows&nbsp;<u>no clear pattern</u>&nbsp;of behavior in response to the&nbsp;caregiver’s absence or presence</div>"<div>Occurs when a caregiver is <b>erratic or abusive</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><img src=""Attachement.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#3e7f0e""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRejV6f-Y3c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
b(4[b2?0?iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social support::... support}} is the perception or reality that <u>one is&nbsp;cared for</u> by a&nbsp;social network"<div><img src=""Social Support.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Support Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
HoS*SY|~4nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Emotional support::... support}} is <i>listening</i> <i>to</i>, <i>affirming</i>, and&nbsp;<i>empathizing</i>&nbsp;with&nbsp;someone’s feelings</div>"<div><img src=""Emotional Support.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
wGrG9k;@13Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Esteem support::... support}} <b>affirms the&nbsp;qualities&nbsp;and&nbsp;skills</b>&nbsp;of the person"<div><img src=""Esteem Support.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
gSC.Cr66cjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Material support::... support}} is providing <i>physical or monetary</i> support"<div>Also called tangible support</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Support Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
jnlIN=,2{MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Informational support::... support}} is providing&nbsp;<u>useful information</u>&nbsp;to a person</div>"<div><img src=""Social Support Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
QIM<BY9TI_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Network support::... support}} is providing a&nbsp;<b>sense to belonging</b>&nbsp;to a person"<div><img src=""Social Support.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/social-support"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
G-R_Rn3hm,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Foraging}} searching for and exploiting&nbsp;<i>food resources</i>"<div><img src=""Foraging.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/behavioral-biology/animal-behavior/v/animal-behavior-foraging"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
QJ!O50q4w}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Mating systems::... systems}} describe the way in which a group is <i>organized</i> in&nbsp;terms of&nbsp;<i>sexual behavior</i>"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
Q=VVqb.hKlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Monogamy::Mating system}} describes <b>exclusive</b>&nbsp;mating relationships"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
fG0OKr+~jsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Polygamy::Mating system}} is when one member of a sex has <i>multiple&nbsp;exclusive&nbsp;relationships</i> with members of the opposite sex"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
t>LAfh+d|=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Polygyny}} is the mating system that describes <u>one male&nbsp;with multiple females</u>"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
"[#-</,q=9"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Polyandry}} is the mating system that describes <b>one female&nbsp;with multiple males</b>"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
yKV?lnZ&CQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Promiscuity}} is the mating system that is characterized by <u>no exclusivity</u><br>"<div><img src=""Mating System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU&amp;"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
tn+2H>$4zdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Mate choice}} is the selection of a mate based&nbsp;on&nbsp;<b>attraction</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>traits</b>"<div><img src=""Mate Choice.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxdS_w5uBBI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
CZ1YuJAF47Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Altruism}} is the belief that the&nbsp;<i>well-being of others</i>&nbsp;is equally, if not more, important than the <u>well-being or survival of the self</u>"<div><img src=""Altruism.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/altruism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
s}lhGAz=BuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Game theory::... theory}} attempts to explain&nbsp;<i>decision making</i>&nbsp;between&nbsp;individuals as if they are participating in a game"<div>Uses <i>math</i> to analyze strategies<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Game Theory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHS-htjGgSY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior
"jaJH7Tu#Mi"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Inclusive fitness}} is a measure of an organism’s success in the population&nbsp;based on <b>how well it propagates&nbsp;its own genes</b>"<div>Inclusive fitness also includes the ability of those&nbsp;<u>offspring</u> to then support others</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inclusive Fitness.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/biological-explanations-of-social-behavior-in-animals/v/mating-behavior-and-inclusive-fitness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Behavior MileDown::Biology::Genetics
E&gv<fRmfVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social perception}} is the way by which we&nbsp;<b>generate&nbsp;impressions</b>&nbsp;about people in our social environment"<div>It contains a <i>perceiver</i>, <i>target</i>, and <i>situation</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Perception.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-itmq4J7Hyw"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
y0!(^-%oZ3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Social capital}} is the practice of developing and maintaining&nbsp;relationships&nbsp;that form&nbsp;<b>social networks&nbsp;willing to help each other</b>"<div><img src=""Social Capital.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/social-inequality/social-class/v/social-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
G}.dtT>OK,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Implicit personality theory::... theory}} states that when we look at somebody for the first time, we pick up on&nbsp;<b>one of their characteristics</b></div><div><br></div><div>We then take that characteristic and&nbsp;<i>assume other traits</i>&nbsp;about the person <b>based off of that&nbsp;one characteristic</b>&nbsp;we first picked up on</div>"<div><img src=""Implicit Personality Theory.png""><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
GxwNmbW-_-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Cognitive biases}} are&nbsp;<i>mistakes in reasoning</i>, evaluating, remembering, or other cognitive process, often occurring as <b>a result of holding onto&nbsp;one's preferences</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;beliefs&nbsp;regardless of contrary information"<div><img src=""Cognitive Biases.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
OlZo1;b3FkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Attribution theory::... theory}} focuses on the tendency for individuals to&nbsp;<i>infer the&nbsp;causes</i>&nbsp;of other people’s behavior"<div><img src=""Attribution Theory (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/attribution-theory-basic-covariation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
P_H4&WNkb7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Dispositional attribution}} is the assumption that a person's <u>behavior reflects his or her&nbsp;internal&nbsp;dispositions</u> like personality, beliefs, attitude etc"<div><img src=""Dispositional Attribution.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/attribution-theory-basic-covariation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
xU1?[Kf,k>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Situational attribution}} is the assumption that a person's behavior is <b>due to&nbsp;situational&nbsp;factors</b>"<div><img src=""Dispositional Attribution.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/attribution-theory-basic-covariation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
nF2nJd+6h2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Fundamental attribution error}} is the bias toward making&nbsp;<i>dispositional attributions</i>&nbsp;rather than&nbsp;<b>situational attributions</b>&nbsp;in regard to the&nbsp;actions of others</div>"<div><img src=""Fundamental Attribution Error 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fundamental Attribution Error.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/attribution-theory-attribution-error-and-culture"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
MkNhs~L|>YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Correspondent inference theory::... theory}} refers to when an observer <i>assumes that a person’s&nbsp;behavior&nbsp;matches or&nbsp;corresponds</i>&nbsp;with the person's&nbsp;personality traits</div>"<div><img src=""Correspondent Interference Theory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6-OF1CTb04"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Behavior MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
AyeL}g9fS,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Attribution substitution}} is when individuals <b>must make judgments that&nbsp;are complex</b> but instead <u>substitute a&nbsp;simpler</u> solution&nbsp;or heuristic</div>MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
"w-I,IzMZ#Y"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Actor-observer bias::... bias}} is the tendency to attribute your own actions to<b>&nbsp;external&nbsp;causes </b>and other people's actions to&nbsp;<i>dispositional&nbsp;causes</i>"<div><img src=""Actor-Observer Bias.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/attribution-theory-attribution-error-and-culture"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
{*<|PCLk,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Stereotypes}} are attitudes and impressions that are&nbsp;made <b>based on limited and superficial information</b>"<div><b>Cognitive</b></div><div><br></div><div></div><div><img src=""Stereotypes (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stereotype.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/discrimination/v/stereotypes-stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
dT@HE&EkJ8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>A/an {{c1::self-fulfilling prophecy}} is when stereotypes lead to expectations and those&nbsp;expectations create conditions that lead to&nbsp;<i>confirmation of&nbsp;the stereotype</i></div>"<div><img src=""Self Fulfilling Prophecy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Self Fulfilling Prophecy 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/discrimination/v/stereotypes-stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
ry7)~ihcV:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Stereotype threat}} is when people feel at risk of&nbsp;<u>conforming to stereotypes</u>&nbsp;that exist about their social group</div>"<div><img src=""Stereotype Threat.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/discrimination/v/stereotypes-stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
j$k|l1`$b:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Prejudice}} is an <u>irrational positive or negative attitude</u>&nbsp;toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual&nbsp;experience"<div><u>Affective</u></div><div><u><br></u></div><div></div><div><img src=""Stereotypes (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Prejudice.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/prejudice-vs-discrimination"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
Bcf`SbgA-|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Discrimination}} is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of&nbsp;a particular group to be&nbsp;<i>treated differently</i>&nbsp;from others"<div><div><i>Behavioral</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div></div><img src=""Stereotypes (1).jpg""><div><br><div><img src=""Discrimination.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-interactions/v/prejudice-vs-discrimination"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Interaction MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
J~$2nUU;k{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Ethnocentrism}} refers to the practice of making judgments about other&nbsp;cultures <b>based on the&nbsp;values and beliefs&nbsp;of&nbsp;one’s own&nbsp;culture</b>"<div><img src=""Ethnocentrism.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ethnocentrism.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism-in-group-and-out-group"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
e}p.yGXzM?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>{{c1::Cultural relativism}} is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be <u>understood&nbsp;based on that person's own culture</u>, rather than be judged against the criteria of a different culture</div>"<div><img src=""Cultural Relativism.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/perception-prejudice-and-bias/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism-in-group-and-out-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception
CpiH5$9^/DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::fluid mosaic model::... model}} accounts for the presence of&nbsp;lipids,&nbsp;proteins, and&nbsp;carbohydrates&nbsp;in a&nbsp;dynamic,&nbsp;<u>semisolid&nbsp;plasma membrane that surrounds cells</u>"<div>It explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid Mosaic Model.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/membrane-permeability/v/cell-membrane-overview-fluid-mosaic-model"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
n~vuUksB=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Lipids</u> move freely in the plane of the cell membrane and <b>can&nbsp;assemble&nbsp;into</b> {{c1::lipid rafts}}"<div><img src=""Lipid Raft 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lipid Raft.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9MG6_2d2EY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
j^k`+zL?/@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA/an {{c1::flippase::enzyme}} is a specific membrane protein that maintains the&nbsp;<u>bidirectional&nbsp;transport&nbsp;of lipids</u> between the layers of the phospholipid&nbsp;bilayer in cells"<div><img src=""Flippase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/membrane-dynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
k0Qr/J=h/:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Proteins </b>and<b> carbohydrates</b><i> </i>may move within the membrane, but <i>are slowed by</i> {{c1::their relatively large size}}</div>"<div><img src=""Protien and Carb Movement.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/membrane-dynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
"k,|#7)w=?~"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><i>Triacylglycerols</i> and <i>fatty acids</i> act as precursors to {{c1::phospholipids}}&nbsp;</div>"<div><img src=""Phospholipid Precursor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/phospholipid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
g[+Q_qeD%qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycerophospholipids}} are the same as <b>triacylglycerols</b> except <i>one of the fatty acids is replaced with a&nbsp;phosphate group</i>"<div><img src=""Glycerophospholipids.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/phospholipid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
v_Odv0.7iYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Cholesterol}} contributes to&nbsp;membrane&nbsp;<u>fluidity&nbsp;and stability</u>"<div><img src=""Cholesterol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cholesterol 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/cell-membrane-fluidity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
unSr{}M7|qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAt&nbsp;<u>low temperatures</u>, cholesterol will {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}} fluidity"<div>At <u>low temperatures</u>, cholesterol <i>increases</i> membrane fluidity by <b>preventing fatty acid hydrocarbon chains from coming together</b> and crystallizing<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cholesterol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cholesterol 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/cell-membrane-fluidity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
L@4gF~ip$hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryAt&nbsp;<i>high&nbsp;temperatures</i>, cholesterol will {{c1::decrease::increase or decrease}} fluidity"<div>At <i>high temperatures</i>, cholesterol <u>decreases</u> membrane fluidity by <b>immobilizing a few methylene groups</b> in the fatty acid tails of the lipids<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cholesterol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cholesterol 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/cell-membrane-fluidity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
Ly?sep4t!NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Waxes}} in cell membranes provide&nbsp;<u>waterproofing</u>&nbsp;and <i>defense</i> for the cell"<div><b>Present in very small amounts, if at all</b>.&nbsp;They are&nbsp;most prevalent in plants<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Waxes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membranes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
slvkO*4u`pCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Transmembrane proteins::... proteins}} are a type of&nbsp;integral&nbsp;protein that <b>spans the entire&nbsp;membrane</b></div>"<div>They are often <b>glycoproteins</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transmembrane Protein.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
AgYrL|E8`jCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Embedded proteins</u> are embedded in the {{c1::cell membrane}}"<div>Are most likely part of a <i>catalytic complex</i> or&nbsp;involved in <b>cellular communication<br></b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Integral Protein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Embedded Proteins 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/plasma-membranes/v/cell-membrane-proteins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
o|~TTUj:M)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Integral proteins::... proteins}} have one or more segments that are&nbsp;<b>embedded&nbsp;in the phospholipid bilayer</b>"<div><img src=""Integral Protein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/plasma-membranes/v/cell-membrane-proteins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
f)X&rP<F.|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Carbohydrates</b> in cell membranes can form a protective&nbsp;{{c1::glycoprotein}} coat&nbsp;</div>"<div>They also&nbsp;function in cell recognition<br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#df5d26""><img src=""Glycoprotein Coat.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#df5d26""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
A&@h_aAIvZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Extracellular ligands</i>&nbsp;bind&nbsp;to membrane&nbsp;receptors&nbsp;and {{c1::initiate a response within the cell}}"<div><img src=""Ligand 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ligand.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/membrane-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
DXJW!wRIkVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Tight junctions}} in cell membranes <i>prevent solutes from&nbsp;leaking&nbsp;into the&nbsp;space&nbsp;between cells</i>&nbsp;<i>via a paracellular route,</i> <b>but</b> <b>do not provide intercellular&nbsp;transport</b>"<div><img src=""Tight Junction 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Junctions (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-cell-interactions/v/cell-junctions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
zpN?h(G,/qCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Gap junctions}} in cell membranes allow for&nbsp;<u>rapid&nbsp;exchange&nbsp;of ions</u> and other small&nbsp;molecules between&nbsp;<b>adjacent cells</b>"<div><img src=""Gap Junction 2.png"" style=""color: rgb(223, 93, 38);""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Junctions (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-cell-interactions/v/cell-junctions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
N@eWpdu7fuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Desmosomes}} bind adjacent cells by <i>anchoring to&nbsp;their&nbsp;cytoskeletons</i></div>"<div><b>Hemidesmosomes</b> are similar,&nbsp;but their main function is to <b>attach epithelial cells</b>&nbsp;to underlying structures<br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div>Found in tissue that experience intense <u>mechanical stress</u>, such as:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><u>Cardiac muscle tissue</u></div><div><u>Bladder tissue</u></div><div><u>Gastrointestinal mucosa</u></div><div><u>Epithelial tissue</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Desmosomes 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Junctions (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-cell-interactions/v/cell-junctions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
gYIA%Rio3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Osmotic pressure}} is the <b>pressure</b> that needs to be applied to a solution to&nbsp;<u>prevent the inward flow&nbsp;of water</u> (prevent osmosis)</div>"<div>Osmotic pressure is used to express the <b>concentration of a solution</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rnghq1rDS0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions
"fi.WWS;#o~"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Passive transport::... transport}}&nbsp;is when the molecule moves <b>down its concentration gradient</b>, so&nbsp;no energy is required</div>"<div><img src=""Transport.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
"k#:HHvYYfr"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Simple diffusion</u> is when molecules&nbsp;<b>passively</b> move form an area of {{c1::high::low or high}} concentration to an&nbsp;area of {{c1::low::high or low}} concentration <b>until&nbsp;equilibrium&nbsp;is achieved</b>"<div><img src=""Transport.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
A~4|2<uj>(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Osmosis}} is a form of&nbsp;<b>passive&nbsp;transport</b> and describes the <u>diffusion of&nbsp;water&nbsp;across a selectively&nbsp;permeable membrane</u>"<div><img src=""Osmosis.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-osmosis-and-tonicity/v/osmosis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
vPG0@ZCBJiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Facilitated diffusion}} is a form of&nbsp;<u>passive&nbsp;transport</u> that uses&nbsp;transport proteins&nbsp;to&nbsp;<i>move&nbsp;impermeable solutes&nbsp;across the cell membrane</i></div>"<div><img src=""Transport.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
G2_IXxwnF2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Active transport::... transport}} <i>requires energy in the form of&nbsp;ATP&nbsp;</i>or an existing&nbsp;favorable ion gradient (an ion other than the solute being transported)"<div><b>Moves solutes against their concentration gradient<br></b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transport.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
z:HI%ZgCfICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>In {{c1::primary active transport::... transport}}, the energy needed for the transport is <b>derived directly</b> from the&nbsp;<i>breakdown of ATP</i></div>"<div><img src=""Primary Secondary Active Transport.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
NYGf;eMfDWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Secondary active transport::... transport}} harnesses the energy released by&nbsp;one particle going&nbsp;<u>down</u> <u>its electrochemical gradient</u> to&nbsp;<i>drive a different particle&nbsp;up its gradient</i></div>"<div>“Coupled transport”</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Primary Secondary Active Transport.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
IDQ$z~yBD9Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe term <i>antiport</i> is used during membrane transport when <b>two particles flow in</b> {{c1::opposite directions}}"<div><img src=""Primary Secondary Active Transport.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
QRC1ppJNb5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe term&nbsp;<i>symport</i>&nbsp;is used during membrane transport when <u>two particles flow in the</u> {{c1::same direction}}"<div><img src=""Primary Secondary Active Transport.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membrane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
pO<sf(?kWACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Endocytosis}} is a method of <i>engulfing&nbsp;material&nbsp;into the cells</i>"<div>Includes <b>phagocytosis</b> and <b>pinocytosis</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Endocytosis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/bulk-transport/v/endocytosis-phagocytosis-and-pinocytosis"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
kzPABD1QiMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Pinocytosis</u> is the ingestion of {{c1::liquids}} via vesicles"<div><img src=""Endocytosis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/bulk-transport/v/endocytosis-phagocytosis-and-pinocytosis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
ATjWXE9]ePCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Phagocytosis</b><i>&nbsp;</i>is the ingestion of {{c1::large solid materials}}"<div><img src=""Endocytosis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/bulk-transport/v/endocytosis-phagocytosis-and-pinocytosis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
n>ql{vqRjOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Exocytosis}} is the process by which the contents of a cell&nbsp;vacuole&nbsp;are&nbsp;<u>released&nbsp;to the exterior</u>"<div><img src=""Exocytosis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/bulk-transport/v/exocytosis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
p:@%=s=<4~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><b>Membrane potential</b> is maintained by the&nbsp;{{c1::Na⁺/K⁺ pump}} and by {{c1::leak channels}}</div>"<div><img src=""Membrane Potential.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
LYvP&hJcM,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <b>resting potential</b> of most cells is between {{c1::-40}} and {{c1::-80}} mV"<div><img src=""Resting Potential.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resting Potential 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
"K=#Y#>53EU"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The <i>Nernst equation</i> is used to calculate&nbsp;{{c1::cell potential}}&nbsp;in&nbsp;non-standard&nbsp;conditions</div>"<div>It accounts for varying temperature and concentrations<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nernst.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nernst 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/intro-electrochemistry-mcat/v/nerst-equation-edited"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane MileDown::General_Chemistry::Electrochemistry
x7>+q)>qlNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The <b>outer mitochondrial membrane</b>&nbsp;is highly permeable&nbsp;to&nbsp;{{c1::metabolic molecules}} and {{c1::small proteins}}</div>"<div><img src=""Mitochondrial Membranes.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/mitochondria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
LuN2x;T5<mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::inner::inner or outer}} mitochondrial membrane <i>surrounds the&nbsp;mitochondrial matrix</i>, where the citric acid cycle produces&nbsp;electrons used in the&nbsp;ETC"<div><img src=""Mitochondrial Membranes.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/mitochondria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane
I;O5BSe-kKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glucose transporters}}&nbsp;are transport proteins that <u>move glucose across the&nbsp;cell membrane</u>"<div><img src=""GLUT 4.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""GLUT Proteins.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9S5_KZa_Is"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism
lJWdUMQJo]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>GLUT-2</i> is found in the {{c1::liver}}"<div>GLUT-2 has a<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font><u>low</u>&nbsp;affinity for glucose</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""GLUT Proteins.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9S5_KZa_Is"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glucose_Transport
bH^)H4?V<~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>GLUT-4</b> is found in {{c1::adipose tissue}} and {{c1::muscle}}"<div>GLUT-4 has a <i>high</i> affinity for glucose</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""GLUT Proteins.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9S5_KZa_Is"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glucose_Transport
EIx*}OH2ZFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycolysis}} is&nbsp;process in which one&nbsp;glucose<b>&nbsp;</b>molecule is broken down to form <i>two molecules of&nbsp;pyruvic acid</i>"<div><img src=""Glycolysis (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
ft)ut]7EQtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"Metabolic Pathways Overview<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<img src=""Metabolism Overview.png"">}}</div>""<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/overview-of-metabolism-anabolism-and-catabolism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism
ODi/,}DY*FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis.png""><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Glycolysis}} converts <b>glucose to pyruvate</b> and {{c1::gluconeogenesis}} converts <u>pyruvate to glucose</u></div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Complete (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link - Glycolysis</a><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link - Gluconeogenesis</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
"cndaGAUH#c"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycogenesis.png""><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Glycogenesis}} converts <i>glucose to glycogen</i> and {{c1::glycogenolysis}} converts <b><u>glycogen to glucose</u></b></div>""<div><img src=""Glycogenesis Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hejzJ03kZ9E"">YouTube Link - Glycogenesis</a><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1nSZA-A7f8"">YouTube Link - Glycogenolysis</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
iba>!Ag)uaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fate of Pyruvate 1.png""><div><br></div><div>The 3 compounds that <b style="""">pyruvate will convert</b><i> </i><b>to</b> are {{c1::acetaldehyde}}, {{c1::lactate}}, and {{c1::acetyl-CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Fate of Pyruvate.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=It4j3sdz9R4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
m/ZU>:46.YCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fate of Pyruvate 3.png""><div><br></div><div>When <b>pyruvate</b> converts to <i>acetaldehyde</i>, the next step converts acetaldehyde to {{c1::ethanol}}</div>""<div><img src=""Fate of Pyruvate.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=It4j3sdz9R4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
H[_{]9)5W^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""PDC.png""><div><br></div><div>The protein complex that performs <u>pyruvate decarboxylation</u> and converts <i>pyruvate to acetyl-CoA</i>&nbsp;is {{c1::pyruvate dehydrogenase complex}}</div>""<div><img src=""PDC Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJBNkXAajrk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
IN03h9`Jj_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Acetyl CoA.png""><div><br></div><div>When pyruvate undergoes&nbsp;<u>pyruvate decarboxylation</u>, it is converted to {{c1::Acetyl-CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Acetyl CoA Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJBNkXAajrk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
e%CYD6C|lPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Acetyl CoA Fate.png""><div><br></div><div><i>Acetyl-CoA</i> feeds into the following two processes:</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Citric acid cycle}}</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Fatty acid synthesis}}</div>""<div><img src=""Acetyl CoA Fate Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-i"">Khan Academy Link - Fatty Acid Synthesis</a><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/pyruvate-oxidation-and-the-citric-acid-cycle/v/krebs-citric-acid-cycle"">Khan Academy Link - Citric Acid Cycle</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
AsjpZKA&ZMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (1).png""><div><br></div><div>The process that converts&nbsp;<i>acetyl-CoA</i> to a&nbsp;<u>fatty acid</u> is {{c1::fatty acid synthesis}}</div>""<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
j18/G+^=sbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation.png""><div><br></div><div>The process that converts&nbsp;<u>fatty acid</u> to <i>Acetyl-CoA </i>is&nbsp;{{c1::β-Oxidation}}</div>""<div><img src=""Beta Oxidation Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmfeF1DUTOM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
dNcZanp{lCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""NH3.png""><div><br></div><div><i>Amino acids</i> undergo <b>degradation</b> and send&nbsp;{{c1::NH<sub>3</sub>}}&nbsp;to the urea cycle</div>""<div>NH<sub>3</sub> = Ammonia</div><div><br></div><img src=""NH3 Complete.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/overview-of-amino-acid-metabolism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Urea_Cycle
D}2;EPj(^ZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Electron Transport Chain.png""><div><br></div><div>The <u>citric acid cycle</u> sends electrons to the {{c1::electron transport chain}}</div>""<div>The electron transport chain converts <i>ADP to ATP</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electron Transport Chain Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
KY!a9Y5_lMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Glycolysis</u> is the process in which one&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;molecule is broken down to form {{c1::two molecules of&nbsp;pyruvic acid}}"<div><img src=""Glycolysis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
vRz>~K.ec.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<u>Glucose</u> has {{c1::6::#}} carbons and <b>pyruvate</b> has {{c1::3::#}} carbons""<div><img src=""Glucose to Pyruvate (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
ljbd?NhJlwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe three major regulatory enzymes in <u>glycolysis</u> are:<div><br></div><div><div>{{c1::Hexokinase}}</div><div>{{c1::Phosphofructokinase (PFK)}}</div><div>{{c1::Pyruvate kinase}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Glycolysis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
oK^6;MhCCKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Hexokinase (3).png""><div><br></div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i style="""">enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::hexokinase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Hexokinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
IDCiV/;cSJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglucose Isomerase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction&nbsp; is {{c1::phosphoglucose isomerase}}<br></div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglucose Isomerase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
F*ukS5HeOMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase (1).png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction {{c1::phosphofructokinase (PFK)}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
uYfA^kZ/.>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Aldolase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::aldolase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Aldolase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
Dt;hYK;GIgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Aldolase 2.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::aldolase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Aldolase 2 Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
GX[F}&~[^-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3-Phospate Dehydrogenase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3-Phospate Dehydrogenase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
p;(b3`b7iVCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Kinase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::phosphoglycerate kinase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Kinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
CqhK<s@7CiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Mutase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::phosphoglycerate mutase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Mutase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
jiYk{D/YWcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Enolase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::enolase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Enolase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
dAtkj!ij8DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Pyruvate Kinase (1).png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::pyruvate kinase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Pyruvate Kinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
pMUM4>u`W}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Triose Phosphate Isomerase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::triose phosphate isomerase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Triose Phosphate Isomerase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
CgFFH$D>M[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"Glycolysis <u>requires</u> {{c1::2::#}} ATP and <i>produces</i> {{c1::4::#}} ATP""<div><b>A net gain of 2 ATP</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycolysis Abbreviated.png""></div><div><br><div><img src=""Glycolysis Reactants and Products (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
DphEHZ>{O/Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"Glycolysis <u>requires</u> {{c1::2::#}} NAD<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;and <i>produces</i> {{c1::2::#}} NADH""<div><div><img src=""Glycolysis Abbreviated.png""><br></div><div><br><div><img src=""Glycolysis Reactants and Products (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div><div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
vIaLah<YcHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Hexokinase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::ATP}} and&nbsp;<i>produces</i> {{c1::ADP}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Hexokinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
BHguq79g/nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::ATP}} and&nbsp;<i>produces</i> {{c1::ADP}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphofructokinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
Hqfe`<M-n3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Kinase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::ADP}} and&nbsp;<i>produces</i> {{c1::ATP}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate Kinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
qTx[Sp32SDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Pyruvate Kinase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::ADP}} and&nbsp;<i>produces</i> {{c1::ATP}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Pyruvate Kinase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
mHMuk5bY(,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3-Phospate Dehydrogenase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::Pi}} and {{c1::NAD⁺}}&nbsp;and it&nbsp;<i>produces</i> {{c1::NADH}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3-Phospate Dehydrogenase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
Pw-ItKzSFCCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glycolysis Enolase Produces.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<u>glycolysis</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <i>produces</i>&nbsp;{{c1::H₂O}}</div>""<div><img src=""Glycolysis Enolase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
"H$L[_#0~Pf"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Gluconeogenesis</b> is the process in which&nbsp;{{c1::pyruvic acid}}&nbsp;is converted to&nbsp;{{c1::glucose}}"<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
xa.-/ZAK{rCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase.png""><div><br></div><div>The above reactions are from <b>gluconeogenesis</b></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>enzymes</i> involved in these two reactions are {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}}&nbsp;and {{c1::phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase Complete (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
n7+Ll79_@+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Gluconeogenesis Enolase.png""><div><br></div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<b>gluconeogenesis</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u>&nbsp;{{c1::H₂O}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Enolase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
d(nx?1+ka~Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Gluconeogenesis Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<b>gluconeogenesis</b></div></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction {{c1::fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase}}<br></div>""<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
u!u=1+x:Z6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Gluconeogenesis Glucose 6-phosphatase.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from&nbsp;<b>gluconeogenesis</b></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <u>enzyme that catalyzes</u> this reaction {{c1::glucose 6-phosphatase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Glucose 6-phosphatase Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
"i(7NF#ntB:"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe two major regulatory enzymes in <b>gluconeogenesis</b> are {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase}} and {{c1::fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase}}"<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
MYnb7i%zBjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase Activation.png""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reactions are from&nbsp;<b>gluconeogenesis</b></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The conversion of <i>pyruvate to PEP</i> is activated by {{c1::acetyl-CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase Complete (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
Oc0;jx]k}%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <b>gluconeogenesis</b>, the combination of {{c1::pyruvate carboxylase::enzyme 1}} and {{c1::phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase::enzyme 2}} is used to circumvent the&nbsp;action of <i>pyruvate kinase</i>"<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase Complete (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
P~<F.0]4d[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe {{c1::citric acid cycle}} is a series of reactions that&nbsp;<u>oxidizes</u> <u>acetyl-CoA</u>"<div>It produces&nbsp;<i>ATP</i>, <i>NADH</i>, <i>FADH₂</i>, and <i>CO₂</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
o0cl8PB?b2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Citrate Synthase.jpg""><div><br></div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::citrate synthase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Citrate Synthase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
QQ=O2d2*R:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Acpnitase.jpg""><div><br></div><div>The above reaction is from the&nbsp;<u>citric acid cycle</u></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>Name the <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::aconitase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Acpnitase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
"OHJ?rl<#i6"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (1).jpg""><br><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::isocitrate dehydrogenase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Complete (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
t|s*?wH@8|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex.jpg""><br><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is&nbsp;{{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex}}</div>""<div><img src=""Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Complete (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
xj^|m7-pBNCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Succinyl CoA Synthetase.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::succinyl CoA synthetase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Succinyl CoA Synthetase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
rO-hWRx|4hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Succinate Dehydrogenase.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::succinate dehydrogenase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Succinate Dehydrogenase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
N^m6^i+L,HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fumarase.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the&nbsp;<u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::fumarase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Fumarase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
s{`+6j+@d6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Malate Dehydrogenase.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the&nbsp;<u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>The <i>enzyme that catalyzes</i> this reaction is {{c1::malate dehydrogenase}}</div>""<div><img src=""Malate Dehydrogenase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
p+RH*}:*rECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Citrate Synthase Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the&nbsp;<u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::oxaloacetate}} and {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} and <i style="""">produces</i> {{c1::citrate}} and {{c1::CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Citrate Synthase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
w@ult,E/eZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><br></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::isocitrate}} and {{c1::NAD<sup>+</sup>}}&nbsp;and <i>produces</i> {{c1::α-ketoglutarate}}, {{c1::NADH}}, and {{c1::CO<sub>2</sub>}}</div>""<div><img src=""Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Complete (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
B0m.w]uh2*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u>&nbsp;{{c1::α-ketoglutarate}}, {{c1::NAD<sup>+</sup>}}, and&nbsp;{{c1::CoA}} and <i>produces</i> {{c1::succinyl CoA,}} {{c1::NADH}}, and {{c1::CO<sub>2</sub>}}</div>""<div><img src=""Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex Complete (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
C.a(?_55>;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Succinyl CoA Synthetase Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u>&nbsp;{{c1::succinyl CoA}}, {{c1::GDP}}, and {{c1::Pi}} and <i>produces</i>&nbsp;{{c1::succinate}}, {{c1::GTP}}, and {{c1::CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Succinyl CoA Synthetase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
FX3CQuXr]0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fumarase Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u>&nbsp;{{c1::H<sub>2</sub>O}}</div>""<div><img src=""Fumarase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
z$bF@TxBITCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Malate Dehydrogenase Reactants.jpg""><div><br></div><div><div>The above reaction is from the <u>citric acid cycle</u></div></div><div><b><br></b></div><div>This reaction <u>requires</u> {{c1::malate}} and {{c1::NAD<sup>+</sup>}}&nbsp;and <i>produces</i> {{c1::oxaloacetate}}, {{c1::NADH}}, and {{c1::H<sup>+</sup>}}</div>""<div><img src=""Malate Dehydrogenase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
u!Lt6z`[UKCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe three <b>regulatory enzymes</b> in the <u>citric acid cycle</u>&nbsp;are:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Citrate synthase}}<div>{{c1::Isocitrate dehydrogenase}}</div><div>{{c1::α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Steps.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Enzymes (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
I!M_KZ{@TJCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<i>rate limiting enzyme</i> in the <u>citric acid cycle</u>&nbsp;is {{c1::isocitrate dehydrogenase}}"<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Steps.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Enzymes (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
sH_8gH[EpZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <u>citric acid cycle</u> requires {{c1::3::#}} <b>NAD⁺</b> and produces {{c1::3::#}} <u>NADH</u>""<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Reactants and Products (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
yTB.hNY;WBCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <u>citric acid cycle</u> requires {{c1::1::#}} <i>FAD</i> and produces {{c1::1::#}} <b>FADH₂</b>""<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Reactants and Products (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
fdOBpr]xY6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"The <u>citric acid cycle</u> requires {{c1::1::#}} <b>ADP</b> and produce {{c1::1::#}} <i>ATP</i>""<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Reactants and Products (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div><div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
D%JB{E+Q|nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>citric acid cycle</u> sends electrons to the <i>electron transport chain</i> within the electron carriers&nbsp;{{c1::NADH}} and {{c1::FADH₂}}"<div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
f6^&=ppQ9|Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe ETC creates a&nbsp;{{c1::proton&nbsp;concentration gradient}}&nbsp;that is used to <i>power ATP synthase</i>"<div>Protons are pumped into the <u>intermembrane space</u><b> </b>so&nbsp;the concentration gradient is across the <b>inner mitochondrial membrane</b></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
w%6Qa})zG=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Complex I</b> in the ETC is also known as {{c1::NADH dehydrogenase}}"<div>Complex I <u>removes hydrogen</u> from NADH to form NAD⁺<br></div><div>^<br></div><div>It is also called <b><i>NADH Oxidoreductase</i></b> because when the hydrogen is removed from NADH, electrons are removed with it which makes this a REDOX reaction</div><div><br></div><img src=""ETC Complex 1 (1).png""><div><br><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay9WIAkoa1Y"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
Cl-xCKZ7*$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Complex II</u>&nbsp;in the ETC&nbsp;is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::succinate dehydrogenase}}"<div>Complex II <b>removes two hydrogens</b> <b>from</b> <b>succinate</b> and adds them to FAD to make FADH₂<br></div><div><br></div><div>The result is, <i>succinate is oxidized to fumarate</i> and <u>FAD is reduced to FADH₂</u></div><div><br></div><div><b>FADH₂ is then oxidized back to FAD</b></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay9WIAkoa1Y"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
D1fbGiFRQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Complex III</i>&nbsp;in the ETC is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::cytochrome reductase}}"<div>Cytochrome is <u>reduced</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0YGToDEKeE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"jW1doH#FTC"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Complex IV</b>&nbsp;in the ETC is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::cytochrome oxidase}}"<div><b>Cytochrome is oxidized</b> as it <u>reduces O<sub style="""">2</sub> to H<sub style="""">2</sub>O<br></u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 4 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
qd04bwEWBYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::ATP synthase::Enzyme}} uses a proton gradient to power the conversion of <i>ADP to ATP</i>"<div>The <b>electron transport chain</b> generates the proton gradient</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP Synthase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP Synthase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_UG3WnsW3o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
z${EGULvEyCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<b>NADH</b> powers the creation of {{c1::2.5::#}} ATP""<div><img src=""NADH and FADH2 to ATP.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_UG3WnsW3o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
k^$XoUTdH%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<u>FADH₂</u> powers the creation of {{c1::1.5::#}} ATP""<div><img src=""NADH and FADH2 to ATP.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_UG3WnsW3o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
MT!k(y>cYqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Complex I</b>&nbsp;in the ETC oxidizes {{c1::NADH}} to form&nbsp;{{c1::NAD⁺}}"<div>NADH gives up 2 electrons</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 1 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay9WIAkoa1Y"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
f>8Bk:HH*pCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Complex II</u>&nbsp;in the ETC oxidizes {{c1::succinate}} to form {{c1::fumarate}}"<div>Complex II directly receives <i>FADH₂</i>, which does not pass through complex I<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
sxczj*jO|RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryETC <u>complex II</u>&nbsp;{{c1::is not::is or is not}} a proton pump"<div>Since <u>complex II </u>uses FADH₂, but is not a proton pump, that means&nbsp;<b>less ATP is formed from FADH₂</b> compared to NADH</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""NADH and FADH2 to ATP.png""></div><div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"q(jEVA/Ue#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryETC <u>Complex II</u>&nbsp;removes 2 hydrogens from&nbsp;{{c1::succinate}} and adds them to {{c1::FAD}}"<div>This produces <b>Fumarate</b> and <b>FADH₂</b><br></div><div><br></div><div>FADH₂ is then reduced back to FAD</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Succinate Dehydrogenase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay9WIAkoa1Y"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
c)PD1;1_ZPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Complex II&nbsp;</u>in the ETC is part of the {{c1::citric acid cycle}}"<div><img src=""Succinate Dehydrogenase Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay9WIAkoa1Y"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
qAw,[465qACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Complex III</i>&nbsp;in the ETC is the site of the {{c1::Q Cycle}}"<div><img src=""ETC Complex 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOv-X7VFbp0"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
vo,ox;m<9sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>Q Cycle</i> is the process by which&nbsp;<b>electrons</b> travel&nbsp;from {{c1::QH₂}}&nbsp;to {{c1::cytochrome C}}"<div>Occurs in&nbsp;<i>complex III</i>&nbsp;of the ETC<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOv-X7VFbp0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"qf#>Lq6W!="Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Complex IV </b>in the ETC transfers <u>electrons</u> from {{c1::cytochrome C}} to {{c1::oxygen}}"<div>Produces <u>water</u>&nbsp;and contributes to the proton gradient</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ETC Complex 4 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0YGToDEKeE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
O%t{@1>HnkCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Oxygen}}&nbsp;is the <i>final acceptor of electrons</i> in the ETC during aerobic respiration"<div><img src=""Oxygen Final Acceptor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0YGToDEKeE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
Mx$E]UA&L`Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Fatty acid synthesis</b> includes the following 5 steps:<div><br></div><div><div>1. {{c1::Attach}}</div><div>2. {{c1::Condense}}</div><div>3. {{c1::Reduce}}</div><div>4. {{c1::Dehydration}}</div><div>5. {{c1::Reduce}}</div></div>"<div><b>ACR DR</b>&nbsp;mnemonic</div><div><br></div><div>This adds two new carbon atoms to a fatty acid chain</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
AIIf%8RL!dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Fatty acid synthesis</b> begins with the transfer of {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} from the <i>mitochondria to the cytosol</i> via the&nbsp;{{c1::citrate shuttle}}"<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div><br>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
GI;`0t{;}oCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Fatty acid synthesis</b> begins with the transfer of acetyl-CoA from the {{c1::mitochondria::cell part}} to the {{c1::cytosol::cell part}}&nbsp;via the <u>citrate shuttle</u>"<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
bat<=2:GR?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryDuring the initiation of <b>fatty acid synthesis</b>, <i>acetyl-CoA</i> is activated through the synthesis of {{c1::malonyl-CoA}}&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
cIVZ;,r_m_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>regulatory enzyme</i> for <b>fatty acid synthesis</b> is {{c1::acetyl-CoA carboxylase}}"It activates acetyl-CoA<div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Initiation.png""><div><br></div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
gV_7zJW+:HCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Attach.png""><div><br></div><div>The first step of <b>fatty acid synthesis</b> is 1: {{c1::Attach}}</div>""Acetyl-CoA <i>attaches</i> to acyl carrier protein<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
IMVM^ZH=}bCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Condense.png""><div><br></div><div>The second step of&nbsp;<b>fatty acid synthesis</b>&nbsp;is 2: {{c1::Condense}}<br></div>""<div>Malonyl-CoA <b>condenses</b> with acetyl-CoA, kicking off a CoA and CO₂</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
vji%|,SUr!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduce 1.png""><div><br></div><div>The third step of <b>fatty acid synthesis</b>&nbsp;is 3: {{c1::Reduce}}</div>""<div>NADPH <u>reduces</u> C=O to C-OH&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
k1S!-vf/M0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Dehydration.png""><div><br></div><div>The fourth step of <b>fatty acid synthesis</b> is 4: {{c1::Dehydration}}</div>""<div>The -OH group is removed through <b>dehydration</b> which produces a water molecule</div><div><br></div><div>This leaves behind a C=C<b> </b>double bond<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
w>Q>bA6VkRCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis Reduce 2.png""><div><br></div><div>The fifth step of <b>fatty acid synthesis</b> is 5: {{c1::Reduce}}</div>""<div>NADPH <u>reduces</u> the double bond to make it a single bond</div><div><br></div><div>This completes the process of adding 2 new carbon atoms to the fatty acid chain<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5SMNesTN90"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
v-<0MHL-khCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Fatty acid synthesis</b> occurs in the {{c1::cytosol::part of cell}}"<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis in Cytosol.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-i"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
qo^6Z5OG]iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Acetyl-CoA</i>&nbsp;uses the&nbsp;{{c1::citrate shuttle}} to&nbsp;<b>exit the mitochondria</b>"<div><img src=""Fatty Acid Synthesis in Cytosol.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6W5dntsodvo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
A)H.0HUKBtCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Beta oxidation}} is the process by which <u>fatty acids are oxidized and broken down</u>"It generates multiple molecules of 2 carbon&nbsp;<b>Acetyl-CoA</b>, plus the electron carriers&nbsp;<u>NADH</u><b>&nbsp;</b>and&nbsp;<u>FADH<sub style="""">2</sub></u><div><br></div><div><b><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__jS-pjzb5k"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
"g2#w3cV?91"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Beta oxidation</u> occurs in the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix::part of cell}}"<div><img src=""Beta Oxidation Occurs in Mit Matrix.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__jS-pjzb5k"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
k)/mn[zz>hCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Acyl-CoA</i> must use the {{c1::carnitine shuttle}} to pass through the <b>inner mitochondrial membrane</b>"<div>Acyl-CoA can pass through <u>porins in the outer membrane</u>, but it needs the assistance of <i>carnitine</i> in order to move through the inner&nbsp;membrane<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Carnitine Shuttle.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__jS-pjzb5k"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
Cm6!M)q6pWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Acyl CoA.png""><div><br></div><div><u>Beta oxidation</u> starts with the oxidation of {{c1::acyl-CoA}}</div>""<div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
tk6D}JpJR@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Oxidation 1.png""><div><br></div><div>The first step of <u>beta oxidation</u> is a/an {{c1::oxidation}}</div>""<div>Two hydrogens are removed from Acyl-CoA&nbsp;and donated to FAD<br></div><div><br></div><div>This means <u>acyl-CoA is oxidized</u> and <b>FAD is reduced to FADH₂</b></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
Ox8,M80am}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Hydration.png""><div><br></div><div>The second step of <u>beta oxidation</u>&nbsp;is a/an {{c1::hydration}}</div>""<div>Water is added<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><u>-OH is added to the β carbon</u> and -H is added to the α carbon</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
Jq=t5FLYZTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Oxidation 2.png""><div><br></div><div>The third step in <u>beta oxidation</u> is a/an {{c1::oxidation}}</div>""<div>A hydrogen is removed and donated to NAD⁺<br></div><div><br></div><div>This means NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
HS-%2N$)T!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Thiolysis.png""><div><br></div><div>The fourth step of <u>beta oxidation</u>&nbsp;is a/an {{c1::thiolysis}}</div>""<div>The <i>acyl-CoA</i> undergoes <b>thiolytic cleavage</b> of the thioester<br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><b><br></b></font></div><div>An acetyl-CoA molecule is broken off of the <b><i>acyl-CoA</i></b></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
tM>@ghAnC^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Beta Oxidation Products.png""><div><br></div><div>The two main products of <u>beta oxidation</u> are {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} and {{c1::acyl-CoA}}</div>""<div><i>Acetyl-CoA</i>&nbsp;is sent to the <i>citric acid cycle</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Acyl-CoA</b>&nbsp;is now <b>2 carbons shorter</b> than before the round of beta oxidation started</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZufZvbhPpws"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
"D}&E#G2k=^"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"If a <i>C₁₆&nbsp;fatty acid </i>is completely processed by <u>beta oxidation</u>, {{c1::8::#}}&nbsp;acetyl-CoA molecules will be produced""<div><img src=""Beta Oxidation Energy Products.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/pmfeF1DUTOM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
Q-y|p5tp-:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"A<i> C₁₆&nbsp;fatty acid</i> will undergo a maximum of {{c1::7::#}}&nbsp;rounds of <u>beta oxidation</u>""<div><img src=""Beta Oxidation Energy Products.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/pmfeF1DUTOM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
yen5l)`f|{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"A <i>C<sub>16</sub>&nbsp;fatty acid</i> that undergoes complete <u>beta oxidation</u> will produce {{c1::7::#}} NADH and {{c1::7::#}} FADH<sub>2</sub>""<div>This is because a <i>C<sub>16</sub> fatty acid</i> <i>undergoes</i> <i>7 rounds</i> of beta oxidation and each round produces <u>1 NADH and 1 FADH<sub>2</sub></u></div><div><u><sub><br></sub></u></div><div><img src=""Beta Oxidation Energy Products.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/pmfeF1DUTOM"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids
"Qp%#-c:dm="Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> produces {{c1::NADPH}}&nbsp;and {{c1::pentose}}"The NADPH is used as a <i>reducing agent</i> in&nbsp;metabolism<div><br></div><div>The&nbsp;pentoses (5-carbon sugars, i.e. ribose) are used in <u>nucleotide synthesis<br></u><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkTDi2WIm4w"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
dptm$B(/`$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway NADPH (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> converts&nbsp;{{c1::NADP⁺}}&nbsp;to {{c1::NADPH}}<br></div>""<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/v/pentose-phosphate-pathway"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
Nb1!gCh&QoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway Ribose 5-Phosphate (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> produces {{c1::ribose 5-phosphate}} and sends for use in <u>nucleotide synthesis</u><br></div>""<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/v/pentose-phosphate-pathway"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
Mk4SU<Nj*7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glucose 6-Phosphate (2).png""></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Glycolysis</u> sends {{c1::glucose 6-phosphate}} to the <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b></div>""<div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/v/pentose-phosphate-pathway"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
g6*(ytu_f4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>urea cycle</i> converts {{c1::ammonia}} to&nbsp;<b>urea</b>&nbsp;which is then excreted in urine&nbsp;"<div><u>Amino acid metabolism</u> produces ammonia which is toxic to the body and must be excreted</div><div><br></div><img src=""Urea Cycle.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3rVr_SfXo8"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Urea_Cycle
A*-~Ai|gMnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>urea cycle</i> takes place in the {{c1::cytosol::part of cell}} and {{c1::mitochondrial matrix::part of cell}} of the {{c1::liver::organ}}"<div><img src=""Urea Cycle.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3rVr_SfXo8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Urea_Cycle
Dt]h<D`}r!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>urea cycle</i> connects to the <u>citric acid cycle</u> using the compounds {{c1::oxaloacetate}} and {{c1::fumarate}}"<div><img src=""Urea Cycle.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3rVr_SfXo8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Urea_Cycle
mA@{RhMaa4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryGive the chemical reaction formula for <u>glycolysis</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Glucose + 2NAD<sup>+</sup>&nbsp;+ 2ADP + 2Pi}} → {{c1::2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H<sub>2</sub>O}}<br></div>"<div><img src=""Glycolysis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
v,f,O%@cwFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Hexokinase</u> is inhibited by {{c1::glucose 6-phosphate}}"<div><img src=""Hexokinase Regulation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG4A3Fkitvw"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
p5Of:n^Z.sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Phosphofructokinase}} is the <i>enzyme that catalyzes the committed step</i> of <u>glycolysis</u>"<div>After this step, the sugar molecule is <b>committed to completing Glycolysis</b>&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Prior to this step, the sugar molecule could have been <u>redirected to be converted to glycogen</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycolysis (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEIWcOY0x0g"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
mkVScIJmrqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>storage form of glucose</u> in animals is {{c1::glycogen}}"<div><img src=""Glycogen Storage Form of Glucose.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kei2AmB3sfw"">YouTube</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
Ow@ad0m,+dCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Phosphofructokinase</i> is <u>inhibited</u> by {{c1::ATP}} and {{c1::citrate}}"<div><img src=""Phosphofructokinase Regulation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG4A3Fkitvw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
u=_N0O)%>RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Phosphofructokinase</i> is <b>activated</b> by {{c1::AMP}}"<div><img src=""Phosphofructokinase Regulation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG4A3Fkitvw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
AP^Qft%H~6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Pyruvate kinase</b> is <u>inhibited</u> by {{c1::ATP}}"<div><img src=""Pyruvate Kinase Regulation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG4A3Fkitvw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
qW_CVJ3133Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Pyruvate kinase</b> is <i>activated</i> by {{c1::fructose 1,6-bisphosphate}}"<div><img src=""Pyruvate Kinase Regulation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OG4A3Fkitvw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
k{k6/=+wV6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</u> converts {{c1::pyruvate}} to {{c1::acetyl-CoA}}"This is called <i>pyruvate decarboxylation</i><br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJBNkXAajrk"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
g`M&uj33TDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycogenesis}} is the <i>production of&nbsp;glycogen</i>&nbsp;from sugar"<div>Occurs in&nbsp;the <b>liver</b> and <b>muscles</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Glycogenesis (4).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FHKw2aS_Z0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
M+PFqkHK4GCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe two main <i>enzymes in glycogenesis</i> are {{c1::glycogen synthase}}&nbsp;and {{c1::branching enzyme}}"<div><img src=""Glycogenesis Enzymes.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FHKw2aS_Z0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
AT]6`Gu`ZZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Glycogen synthase</u> creates {{c1::α-1,4 glycosidic bonds::... glycosidic bonds}} between molecules of glucose"<div><img src=""Glycogenesis Enzymes.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FHKw2aS_Z0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
C]^)*i>!_@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Branching enzyme</b> creates branches with {{c1::β-1,6 glycosidic bonds::... glycosidic bonds}}"<div><img src=""Glycogenesis Enzymes.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FHKw2aS_Z0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
B:}-0B^BN7Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Glycogenolysis}} is the <i>breakdown of&nbsp;glycogen</i>"<div><img src=""Glycogenesis (4).png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/Y1nSZA-A7f8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
gXsyZ4w`gbCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe two main enzymes in <i>glycogenolysis</i> are {{c1::glycogen phosphorylase}}&nbsp;and {{c1::debranching enzyme}}"<div><img src=""Glycogenolysis Enzymes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eovh2X4sLLA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
"L4m#Cb<!E."Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn&nbsp;glycogenolysis,<i>&nbsp;</i><b>glycogen phosphorylase</b> removes single glucose molecules by&nbsp;breaking {{c1::α-1,4 glycosidic bonds::... glycosidic bonds}}"<div><img src=""Glycogenolysis Enzymes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eovh2X4sLLA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
nB93L?cS9VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn&nbsp;glycogenolysis,<i>&nbsp;</i><u>glycogen debranching enzyme</u> breaks branches of glucose molecules off by hydrolyzing&nbsp;{{c1::α-1,6 glycosidic bonds::... glycosidic bonds}}"<div>This creates a <i>single chain of glycogen</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Glycogenolysis Enzymes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eovh2X4sLLA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen
uIDgcl6yFECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>glycolysis intermediate</u> {{c1::glucose 6-phosphate}} feeds into <i>glycogenesis</i>"<div><img src=""Glycogenesis (4).png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FHKw2aS_Z0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
dS3BR2C0[?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Gluconeogenesis}} is the process in which&nbsp;<b>pyruvic acid&nbsp;is converted to&nbsp;glucose</b>"<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
ye2.>PK@0{Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Gluconeogenesis</b> takes place in the {{c1::liver::organ}}, {{c1::kidneys::organ}}, and {{c1::intestines::organ}}"<div><img src=""Gluconeogensis Sites.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
hZzNU1v56UCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe glycolysis enzyme <i>pyruvate kinase is irreversible</i>. This is why in <b>gluconeogenesis</b>,&nbsp;pyruvate must first be converted to {{c1::oxaloacetate}} before becoming phosphoenolpyruvate"<div><img src=""Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Carboxylase Complete (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
P1_uAKkvIGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Gluconeogenesis}} occurs during periods of <b>fasting</b>, <b>starvation</b>, <b>low-carbohydrate diets</b>, or <b>intense exercise</b>"<div><img src=""When Does Gluconeogensis Occur.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Gluconeogenesis
xHZr2Cc+_5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> is also known as the {{c1::hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt}}"<div>The pathway allows for carbon atoms from glucose 6-phosphate to take a <b>brief detour</b> (a shunt) before they proceed down the <u>glycolysis pathway</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkTDi2WIm4w"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
"xY#|$AYF{]"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>rate limiting enzyme</i> of the <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> is {{c1::glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase}}"<div>This step creates&nbsp;<u>NADPH</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pentose Phosphate Pathway Oxidative Stage.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMWmmJLEI9I"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
K|E[|I[2JlCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <b>pentose phosphate pathway</b> occurs in the {{c1::cytosol::part of cell}}"<div><img src=""HMP Shunt Location.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkTDi2WIm4w"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway
I3h;v{YDP}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Reaction Pathway Locations Blank.png""><div><br></div><div><b>Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, glycogenolysis, and fatty acid synthesis</b> all occur in the {{c1::cytoplasm::part of cell}}</div><div><br></div><div><u>The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and beta oxidation</u> all occur in the {{c1::mitochondria::part of cell}}</div>""<div><img src=""Reaction Pathway Sites.png""><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Fatty_Acids MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycogen MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Glycolysis
"pV)b)=t`G#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Galactose</u> comes from {{c1::lactose in milk}}"<div><img src=""Galactose.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Monosaccharides (2).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6kVNOs89D4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Monosaccharides
"PE7#}{4~18"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Fructose</i> comes from {{c1::honey, fruit, and sucrose}}"<div><img src=""Sucrose (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Monosaccharides (2).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6kVNOs89D4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Monosaccharides
ch2L@2|gsCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Glucose.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This is the monosaccharide&nbsp;{{c1::glucose}}</div>""<div><img src=""Monosaccharides (2).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Monosaccharides
t{hcKG.MPaCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Fructose.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This is the monosaccharide {{c1::fructose}}</div>""<div><img src=""Monosaccharides (2).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Monosaccharides
C3/?lmW<<5Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"<img src=""Galactose.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This is the monosaccharide {{c1::galactose}}</div>""<div><img src=""Monosaccharides (2).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Monosaccharides
h`Z6/6H4B_Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Acetyl-CoA</i> contains a high energy&nbsp;{{c1::thioester}}&nbsp;bond that can be used to drive other reactions&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Acetyl-CoA (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fate of Acetyl CoA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/GA2bkKtUaOc"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
H$MNB7P8Q0Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Acetyl-CoA</i> can be formed from the following three sources:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Amino acids}}</div><div>{{c1::Pyruvic acids}}</div><div>{{c1::Fatty acids}}</div>"<div><img src=""Fate of Acetyl CoA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/GA2bkKtUaOc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
j4)cN(;_p$Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</u> is a complex of three enzymes that converts {{c1::pyruvate}}&nbsp;into {{c1::acetyl-CoA}}&nbsp;by a process called&nbsp;<i>pyruvate decarboxylation</i>"<img src=""Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJBNkXAajrk"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
EX1Lr0PExdCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</u> is turned <i>off</i> when it is {{c1::phosphorylated::phosphorylated or dephosphorylated}}&nbsp;"The enzyme that adds a phosphate is <i>pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase</i><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZg8JHiLaBA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
Bm?=1]u4,yCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</u> is turned <b>on</b> when it is {{c1::dephosphorylated::phosphorylated or dephosphorylated}}&nbsp;"The enzyme that removes a phosphate is p<b>yruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase</b><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZg8JHiLaBA"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Acetyl-CoA
D$KCxQ+rTXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>citric acid cycle</u> produces {{c1::ATP}}, {{c1::NADH}}, {{c1::FADH<sub>2</sub>}}, and {{c1::CO<sub>2</sub>}}"<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
K.,y$]**=VCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<u>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</u>, the rate limiting enzyme in the citric acid cycle is <b>activated</b> by {{c1::ADP}} and <i>inhibited</i> by {{c1::ATP}}"<div>High ADP means the system is low on ATP and the citric acid cycle is needed to create more ATP<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Steps.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Enzymes (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
MLfg~iOEl^Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <u>citric acid cycle</u> is also known as the {{c1::krebs cycle}} or the {{c1::tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle}}"<div>It is sometimes called the <b>tricarboxylic acid cycle</b> because citric acid contains <b>3 carboxyl groups</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Citric Acid (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
I!dmmT]zVECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div><i>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>, the rate limiting enzyme of the citric acid cycle is <b>activated</b> by {{c1::ADP}} or&nbsp;{{c1::NAD<sup>+</sup>}}</div>"<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Enzymes (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
D5[c5&hpcPCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Isocitrate dehydrogenase</i>, the rate limiting enzyme of the citric acid cycle is <u>inhibited</u> by {{c1::ATP}} or&nbsp;{{c1::NADH}}"<div><img src=""Citric Acid Cycle Regulatory Enzymes (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a></div><div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
E:B)Ob!(74Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>citric acid cycle</i> occurs in the following parts of the cell:<div><br></div><div><div><b>Eukaryotes</b>: {{c1::mitochondrial matrix}}</div><div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryotes</u>: {{c1::cytoplasm}}</div></div>"<div>Example of a <b>eukaryotic</b> cell:</div><div><img src=""Eukaryotes CAC Location.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Citric_Acid_Cycle
j(V0Up?|:DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Electron transport chain}} is a series of complexes that&nbsp;<b>transfer electrons</b>&nbsp;from electron donors to electron acceptors <u>via&nbsp;redox&nbsp;reactions</u>"<div>This electron transfer is coupled with the transfer of protons across a membrane to create a <i>proton gradient</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Oxidative Phosphorylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
y~O@+%dgJACloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Chemiosmosis}} is the <u>movement of&nbsp;ions&nbsp;across a semipermeable membrane</u>,&nbsp;down their electrochemical gradient"<div>An example of this would be the <i>generation of ATP</i> by the movement of H<sup>+</sup> across the inner mitochondrial membrane<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP Synthase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_UG3WnsW3o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"Fsa<;]|g#r"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>The {{c1::proton-motive force::... force}} is the <i>proton electrochemical&nbsp;gradient</i>&nbsp;generated by the electron transport&nbsp;chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane</div>"<div><img src=""ATP Synthase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_UG3WnsW3o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC
"DJ264Q#=wH"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Episomes}} are plasmids that integrate into the genome"<div><img src=""Episomes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vQcYwW0Hrg"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
An8*tt_D;ECloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryA {{c1::negative}} sense RNA strand has a nucleotide sequence <b>complementary</b> to the mRNA that it encodes"<div>Like DNA, this RNA <b>cannot</b> be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must <b>first be transcribed</b> into a positive-sense RNA which acts as an mRNA</div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Positive and Negative Sense Strands of RNA.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQtJdiOUv0I"">YouTube Link</a>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
t.=F}>UPlTCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn a/an {{c1::lysogenic}} bacteriophage life cycle, the virus DNA is <b>embedded</b> into the host DNA"<div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""><img src=""Lytic vs Lysogenic (1).png"" /></span></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria
rPoxGs0}lfCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Ovaries::Organs}} are controlled by&nbsp;<u>FSH</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>LH</i>&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Ovary.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/the-ovarian-cycle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs
p6UA0-]?53Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>GnRH</b> is produced by the&nbsp;{{c1::hypothalamus}} and released by the {{c2::anterior pituitary}}"<div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
cYqZ.ze{?DCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryOrbits that are <i>farther</i> from the nucleus have {{c1::increased::increased or decreased}} energy"<div><span style=""color: rgb(223, 216, 9)""><img src=""Bohr Mode.jpg"" /></span></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
Jf`?&hW`u=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf an electron moves to a <i>farther</i> orbital, a photon is {{c1::absorbed}}"<div><div>If n goes&nbsp;<i>up</i>, a photon is&nbsp;<i>absorbed</i></div><div>If n goes&nbsp;<u>down</u>, a photon is&nbsp;<u>emitted</u></div></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(223, 216, 9)""><br /></span></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><img src=""Photon Absorption and Emission.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
HN5zV=P!:nCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIf an electron moves to a&nbsp;<u>closer</u>&nbsp;orbital, a photon is {{c1::emitted}}"<div><div><div><div>If n goes&nbsp;<i>up</i>, a photon is&nbsp;<i>absorbed</i></div><div>If n goes&nbsp;<u>down</u>, a photon is&nbsp;<u>emitted</u></div></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(223, 216, 9)""><br /></span></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><img src=""Photon Absorption and Emission.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
J8$3V}WIE@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryIonic bonds have a&nbsp;△EN that is {{c1::greater than 1.7}}"<img src=""Bond Types Delta EN Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
N1Yo*]&iiGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <b>orbital hybridization</b> of an atom with 2 electron groups is {{c1::sp}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
CPecWh-Ff8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <u>electronic geometry</u> of an atom with 2 electron groups is {{c1::linear}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
k$K!;iU)G%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <b>orbital hybridization</b> of an atom with 3 electron groups is {{c1::sp<sup>2</sup>}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
k/O`w^D5QpCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <u>electronic geometry</u> of an atom with 3 electron groups is {{c1::trigonal planar}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
hq<<t?1WESCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <b>orbital hybridization</b> of an atom with 4 electron groups is {{c1::sp³}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
C&!/nQcjK6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <u>electronic geometry</u> of an atom with 4 electron groups is {{c1::tetrahedral}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
LWD?/kmha>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <b>orbital hybridization</b> of an atom with 5 electron groups is {{c1::sp³d}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
wEu@sVKP=xCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <u>electronic geometry</u> of an atom with 5 electron groups is {{c1::trigonal bipyramidal}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
eIL~xgV@{-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <b>orbital hybridization</b> of an atom with 6 electron groups is {{c1::sp³d²}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
P2j}!k8Gb!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General ChemistryThe <u>electronic geometry</u> of an atom with 6 electron groups is {{c1::octahedral}}"<img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding
b&9W4MIawCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry{{c1::Equilibrium Constant (K_eq)}}&nbsp;is the value of the <b>reaction quotient</b> at&nbsp;chemical equilibrium"Exclude pure solids and liquids<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 2.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/intro-to-reaction-quotient-q"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium
x1g@Xc~;%8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>K⁺&nbsp;leaves the cell through {{c1::voltage gated&nbsp;K⁺&nbsp;channels}} and {{c1::leak channels}}</div>"<div><img src=""Voltage Gated K Channel.png""><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
wR,*Q)17L,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe cell membrane's resting potential is maintained by the fact that there are {{c1::more::more or less}} <u>K⁺&nbsp;leak channels</u>&nbsp;than&nbsp;<i>Na⁺&nbsp;leak channels</i>"This means <b>more</b> <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;<u>will leave</u> the cell compared to the amount of <i>Na+&nbsp;entering</i>. The cell maintains a negative charge inside<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/correction-to-sodium-and-potassium-pump-video"">Khan Academy Link</a>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential
tT>kmsH][RCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIn a/an {{c1::electrical synapse::... synapse}}, there is a direct physical connection (<i>gap junctions</i>) between the <b>presynaptic</b> neuron and the <b>postsynaptic</b> neuron<br>"Electrical current in the form of&nbsp;ions&nbsp;flow between the cells<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses
n*i0<G[0|)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe <b>somatic</b> nervous system is {{c1::voluntary::voluntary or involuntary}}"<div>Associated with the&nbsp;<b>voluntary</b>&nbsp;control of body movements via <u>skeletal muscles</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure
Jf>%J<~=9(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"When a <b style="""">phosphodiester</b> bond is formed, a/an {{c1::pyrophosphate&nbsp;(PPi)}} is released""The pyrophosphate&nbsp;can then be <u>hydrolyzed</u>&nbsp;into two inorganic phosphates (Pi)<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pyrophosphate to Pi (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds
oeXd;p:aV[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"<div><img src=""Acetone Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is the {{c1::enol::keto or enol}} form of acetone</div>""<div><u>Enol</u>&nbsp;form contains an&nbsp;<u>alcohol</u><br></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><i>Keto</i>&nbsp;form has a&nbsp;regular<i>&nbsp;ketone</i>&nbsp;or an&nbsp;<i>aldehyde</i><u><br></u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Keto and Enol Form.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/ochem-alpha-carbon-chemistry/formation-of-enolate-anions/v/keto-enol-tautomerization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Aldehydes_and_Ketones
OHHCB{HHT]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryHigh&nbsp;<i>K_a</i>&nbsp;= {{c1::strong::strong or weak}} acid<br>"<img src=""Ka.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/ka-and-acid-strength"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
IWf-URHn2NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<i>Multiple</i>&nbsp;bonds are {{c1::stronger::weaker or stronger}} than&nbsp;<u>single</u>&nbsp;bonds&nbsp;"<div><img src=""Bond Length and Strength.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
gLq}7cz1DcCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry{{c1::pK_a}}&nbsp;is the pH at which&nbsp;half&nbsp;of the species is&nbsp;<u>deprotonated</u><br>"[HA] = [A-]<div><br></div><div><img src=""Titration Curve of Acetic Acid.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/ka-and-pka-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::OChem::Reactions
dyZy|{Uo[,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry"The number 2 in an&nbsp;<b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reaction refers to the fact that the reaction is {{c1::bimolecular}}<br>""<div><div><b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2&nbsp;Rate</b>&nbsp;= k[substrate]¹[nucleophile]¹&nbsp;=&nbsp;a <b>second-order</b> reaction<br></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Bimolecular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Reactions
Hi[j`Iuo/,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<u>Cyclic</u> amides are called&nbsp;{{c1::lactams}}<br>"<div><img src=""Lactams.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-amides"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
KY;ns1QPjGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic ChemistryCyclic <u>esters</u> are called&nbsp;{{c1::lactones}}<br>"<div><img src=""Lactone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-esters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::OChem::Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives
dg(H7<^q@>Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Organic Chemistry<b>Geminal</b> diols have their two hydroxyl groups attached to {{c1::the same::the same or adjacent}} carbon(s)<div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Vicinal</u> diols have theirs attached to {{c1::adjacent::the same or adjacent}} carbon(s)</div>"<div><img src=""Geminal vs Vicinal.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature
B,S}vt=&g?Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>GABA</u> inhibits a neuron by allowing {{c1::Cl<sup>-</sup>}}&nbsp;to enter the neuron and this {{c1::hyperpolarizes}} the cell<br>"<div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
OwkAke{-[MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Glutamate</i> allows {{c1::Na<sup>+</sup>}}&nbsp;to enter the neuron and this {{c1::depolarizes}} the cell which creates an action potential<br>"<div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior
jgCsw|qeQ6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div><u>Cortisol</u> is released in response to stress and low blood-glucose concentration. It&nbsp;<i>increases</i> blood sugar by {{c1::activating&nbsp;gluconeogenesis}}</div>"<div><img src=""Cortisol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation
xCa-C]|wT+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Recognition</i> of information is {{c1::stronger::weaker or stronger}} than <u>recall</u>"<div><img src=""Retrieval (2).png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognition"">Khan Academy Link</a><br>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness
eF?d^bx/m,Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<div>In Piaget's {{c1::sensorimotor stage (0-2)::... stage}}, the child <u>manipulates the&nbsp;environment </u>to meet physical needs through&nbsp;<u>circular&nbsp;reactions</u></div>"Object permanence&nbsp;develops at the<i>&nbsp;end</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;this stage<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Piaget Sensorimotor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
CG]DW_Zw[&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's&nbsp;{{c1::preoperational stage (2-7)::... stage}} is characterized by <b>pretend play</b>,&nbsp;<b>symbolic&nbsp;thinking</b>,&nbsp;<b>egocentrism</b>, and&nbsp;<b>centration</b><br>"<div><i><img src=""Piaget Preoperational (1).png""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
lpUH>Dh?tXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's {{c1::concrete operational stage (7-11)::... stage}} is characterized by <i>feelings for others</i>, <i>conservation</i>, and <i>math</i><br>"<div><img src=""Piaget Concrete Operational.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
u}uB!<ch,<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralPiaget's&nbsp;{{c1::formal operational stage (12-older)::... stage}} is characterized by <u>abstract thought</u>, <u>problem solving</u>, and <u>moral reasoning</u><br>"<div><img src=""Piaget Formal Operational.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Development
ux)kB[.P{MCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralDuring <i>sleep</i>&nbsp;<i>stage 2,</i>&nbsp;{{c1::theta}} waves appear on EEG<br>"Stage 1:&nbsp;<i>theta</i><div><br></div><div>Stage 2:&nbsp;<i>theta</i></div><div><br></div><div>Stages 3 &amp; 4:&nbsp;<b>delta</b></div><div><br></div><div>Rapid Eye Movement:&nbsp;<u>beta</u>&nbsp;since the mind appears awake on EEG</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
LuXmDxA^qDCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral"During <b>sleep</b>&nbsp;<b style="""">stages 3 &amp; 4</b>,&nbsp;{{c1::delta}} waves appear on EEG<br>""Stage 1:&nbsp;<i>theta</i><div><br></div><div>Stage 2:&nbsp;<i>theta</i></div><div><br></div><div>Stages 3 &amp; 4:&nbsp;<b>delta</b></div><div><br></div><div>Rapid Eye Movement:&nbsp;<u>beta</u>&nbsp;since the mind appears awake on EEG</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
xG$LMsp4PFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralDuring the <u>rapid eye movement</u> sleep stage,&nbsp;{{c1::beta}} waves appear on EEG<br>"Stage 1:&nbsp;<i>theta</i><div><br></div><div>Stage 2:&nbsp;<i>theta</i></div><div><br></div><div>Stages 3 &amp; 4:&nbsp;<b>delta</b></div><div><br></div><div>Rapid Eye Movement:&nbsp;<u>beta</u>&nbsp;since the mind appears awake on EEG</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
E1{mz%o%-CCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Melatonin::Hormone}}&nbsp;triggers <u>sleepiness</u><br>"<div><img src=""Circadian Rhythm.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
xcl|[/N[lFCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Cortisol::Hormone}}&nbsp;promotes <i>wakefulness</i><br>"<div><img src=""Circadian Rhythm.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep
v3mRlFz:D@Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralCompared to their performance when alone, <u>when in the presence of others</u>, people tend to perform:&nbsp;<div><br></div><div>{{c1::better::better or worse}} on <b>simple</b>&nbsp;or well-rehearsed tasks</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::worse::better or worse}} on <i>complex&nbsp;</i>or new tasks<br></div>"This is due to <u>social facilitation</u><div><u><br></u></div><div><div><img src=""Social Facilitation 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Social Facilitation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/social-psychology/v/social-facilitation-and-social-loafing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
"t}#,toEC`v"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BehavioralA/an {{c1::formal sanction}} is an <b>official reward or punishment</b><br>"<div><img src=""Sanctions Formal vs Informal.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVNWf18atL0&amp;"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
GJ`ExCvF9[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Gesellschaft}}&nbsp;emphasizes the <b>larger&nbsp;society</b>&nbsp;in which importance is placed on secondary relationships that are based on&nbsp;<b>impersonal&nbsp;ties</b><br>"Example: one's sense of duty to a society or organization<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdYaiorjzPA&amp;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Socialization
sypfC.;V!WCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Primary drives</i> are related to {{c1::biological&nbsp;processes}}<br>"<div><img src=""Drives.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
qY>!vV:xwgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<u>Secondary drives</u> stem from {{c1::learning}}<br>"<div><img src=""Drives.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/physiological-and-sociocultural-concepts-of-motivation-and-attitudes/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theories"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Motivation
"P#}@Q<$X~I"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral<i>Rhodopsin</i>&nbsp;is a biological pigment found in the {{c1::rods}} of the retina<br>"Rods detect <i>light </i>/<i> dark</i><div><u><br></u></div><div>Rods are&nbsp;<u>G-protein-coupled receptors</u> (GPCR)<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Rods and Cones.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/photoreceptors-rods-cones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception
C+fm/jPcKuCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Behavioral{{c1::Negative}} symptoms of schizophrenia are the <i>absence of healthy behavior</i>.<i> </i>Examples&nbsp;include <b>disturbances of affect and avolition</b><br>"<div><img src=""Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/psychotic-disorders/v/schizophrenia-symptoms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders
"qTn0#lmY(r"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"A&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>&nbsp;<i>pH</i> will cause amino acids to be {{c1::fully deprotonated}}<br>""<div><img src=""Effect of pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j0796RPGtI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
g2i?{[%6qXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIf <b>pH = pI </b>then the amino acid is a {{c1::zwitterion}}"<div><img src=""Effect of pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j0796RPGtI"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa
nGfjOu)xG-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe <i>amino acid sequence</i> of a peptide chain is written&nbsp;{{c1::N}}-terminus to {{c1::C}}-terminus<br>"<div><img src=""Amino Acid Sequence (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids
jaSvRG5vm2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe N-terminus of a peptide chain is {{c1::positively::positively or negatively}} charged&nbsp;<br>"Due to the –NH3<sup>+</sup><div><span style=""font-size: 16.6667px;""><br></span></div><div><img src=""N Terminus Positvely Charged.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
n7S=3`T6enCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<u>1°</u> structure of proteins is stabilized by {{c1::peptide bonds}}"<img src=""Polypeptide Sequence.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
IC~):,|E&eCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<i>2°</i> structure of proteins is stabilized by {{c1::hydrogen bonds}}"<img src=""Secondary Protein Struccture.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
jr45%A2n|)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryThe&nbsp;<u>3°</u> structure of proteins is stabilized primarily by {{c1::hydrophobic interactions}}"<img src=""Tertiary Protein Structure.jpg""><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins
"Olmdz#m~$>"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryEnzymes {{c1::do not alter::alter or do not alter}} the <u>∆G</u> or <u>∆H</u>, and the final <u>equilibrium</u> position"<b>Enzymes only&nbsp;change the&nbsp;rate of reaction</b><br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Enzyme Free Energy.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/v/enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes
m}=71P$]:]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<b>Triacylglycerols</b> contain a glycerol attached to&nbsp;3 fatty acids by&nbsp;{{c1::ester}}&nbsp;bonds<br>"<div><img src=""Triglycerol (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/molecular-structure-of-triglycerides-fats"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
c:YWt|h7agCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry{{c1::Soap}}&nbsp;is a form of lipid which is a mixture of <b>sodium salts</b> of various naturally occurring <i>fatty acids</i><br>"<div><img src=""Soap (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/saponification-base-promoted-ester-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids
i+]VBd+{(UCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry"DNA polymerase <i>reads the&nbsp;template strand from</i> {{c1::3'::# prime}} →&nbsp;{{c1::5’::# prime}} and <b>synthesize the new strand from</b> {{c1::5’::# prime}} →&nbsp;{{c1::3’::# prime}}<br>""<img src=""DNA Polymerase (1).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
c(I$W|:GVGCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiochemistryIn <b>eukaryotic translation</b>, the <i>40S ribosome</i> subunit attaches to the&nbsp;{{c1::5’&nbsp;cap}}&nbsp;and scans for a start codon;&nbsp;"It lays down&nbsp;<i>methionine</i>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;P site&nbsp;of the ribosome<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Translation Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/differences-in-translation-between-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA
kMvBU)r%WLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>During osmosis, <b>water moves from an area</b> of&nbsp;{{c1::low::low or high}} solute concentration&nbsp;to an area of&nbsp;{{c1::high::low or high}} solute concentration</div>"""Water wants to go to where the party is""<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rnghq1rDS0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Cell_Membrane MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions
prB/Wp!]jeCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Aldosterone</i> increases {{c1::sodium}} <b>reabsorption</b> which causes&nbsp;increased osmolarity&nbsp;in the blood<br>"This forces more fluid into the blood and <i>raises BP</i><br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Aldosterone.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
NjK4cSJa(8Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>ADH</i> {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} blood pressure"<div><img src=""ADH (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"e/tSkx#UeO"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Red blood cells</i> are formed in&nbsp;{{c1::bone marrow}}"<div>Both red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/the-life-and-times-of-rbcs-and-platelets"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
qwU-|J{W1<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <b>primary function</b> of red blood cells is to&nbsp;{{c1::carry oxygen}}</div>"RBCs contain <u>hemoglobin</u>&nbsp;to carry oxygen<div><br></div><div><img src=""RBCs Carry Oxygen.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
x*jB%0roC*Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Red blood cells::... blood cells}} have <b>no nucleus,&nbsp;mitochondria, or&nbsp;organelles</b>"<img src=""RBCs No Nucleus.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
E>2b.=AkG<Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>White blood cells</b> are formed in the {{c1::bone marrow}}"<div>Both red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-hematologic/v/blood-cell-lineages"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
z*<4ZO9B;tCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>White blood cells</b> are primarily involved in&nbsp;{{c1::immune responses}}"Recognizing and neutralizing invaders such as <i>bacteria and viruses</i><br><div><br></div><div><img src=""White Blood Cells Immune System.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
p0r(FR@/S3Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>White blood cells (leukocytes)</b> come in five major types that are divided into the following&nbsp;<u>two groups</u>:&nbsp;<div><i><br></i></div><div>{{c1::Granulocytes}}</div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Agranulocytes}}<br></div>"<img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
g@C3%k[;RWCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Hemoglobin</i> has four polypeptide chains (tetramer), each combined with an {{c1::iron::element}}-containing heme group<br>"<div><img src=""Hemoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
v)eMQLz.y%Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin dissociation curve</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;{{c1::sigmoidal::shape}}&nbsp;<br>"Sigmoidal because once a single&nbsp;O₂&nbsp;is bound, <i><b>the other 3 hemes quickly bind their own&nbsp;O<sub style="""">2</sub>&nbsp;molecule</b></i><div><br></div><div><div>_{<img src=""Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Dissociation Curves.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
"cN7npZ#oP9"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<b style="""">Fetal hemoglobin</b> has a {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} affinity for oxygen compared to <i>adult hemoglobin</i><br>""The result is <u>fetal hemoglobin carries more O₂</u>&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglubin More Affinity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
wZ{sa`Nac+Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>Fetal&nbsp;hemoglobin (HbF)</b>&nbsp;does not have a β&nbsp;subunit&nbsp;so&nbsp;{{c1::2,3-BPG}} <i>has</i> <i>less of an affect</i><br>"This is why fetal hemoglobin has a <u>greater affinity for O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;</u>compared to adult hemoglobin<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglubin More Affinity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
v!%S=Ng5LiCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<u>Fetal hemoglobin</u>&nbsp;has a {{c1::lower::higher or lower}}&nbsp;P<sub>50</sub>&nbsp;because of its high affinity for oxygen<br>"P<sub>50</sub>&nbsp;is the oxygen pressure when&nbsp;<b>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</b><div><div><b><br></b></div><div><img src=""P50 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMArOG94H3E"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
tW$u4znCIHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<u>Myoglobin</u> contains {{c1::one::#}} heme group""<div><img src=""Myoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
OiU!v}z}g4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;<i>hemoglobin </i>dissociation<i> </i>curve&nbsp;is&nbsp;{{c1::sigmoidal::shape}} and the <u>myoglobin</u> dissociation curve is {{c1::hyperbolic::shape}}<br>"<div><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
ye&aF`jCYnCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"{{c1::MHC-I}} displays&nbsp;endogenous&nbsp;antigen to <i>cytotoxic&nbsp;CD8<sup style="""">+&nbsp;</sup>T-cells&nbsp;cells</i>""<div><img src=""MHC I.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""MHC II.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/cytotoxic-t-cell-mhc-i-complexes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Innate
"eY#9#`=SL_"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<div><img src=""Antibody (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <i>antigen-binding region</i> of an <b>antibody</b> is the {{c1::tip of the variable region}}<br></div>""<img src=""Antigen Binding Region.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
PSY?e<i;%sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><i>B cells</i> mature into {{c1::plasma cells}} that <b>produce antibodies</b></div>"<img src=""Antibodies Produced by Plasma Cells.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
G{W%A|x:sQCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Helper T-cells}}&nbsp;<i>stimulate B-cells to secrete antibodies</i><br>"<div><img src=""B Cells.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/helper-t-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Immune_System::Adaptive
Ge:AC7TP$-Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<i>Cortisol</i> increases blood sugar by {{c1::activating&nbsp;gluconeogenesis}}"<div><img src=""Cortisol.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine
"b{#/iKN[ea"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::tricuspid valve}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br></div>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
j,YBXEXh5FCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::mitral valve}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
nr]5=(@HT!Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentify the missing item in the blood pathway:<div><br></div><div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::pulmonary artery::pulmonary ...}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::pulmonary veins::pulmonary ...}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium</div>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
hx9rig^V>6Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Identify the missing item in the blood pathway:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::right ventricle}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;left ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
e(KafBCF&gCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Identify the missing item in the <i>blood pathway</i>:<br></div><div><br></div>right atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;tricuspid valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;right ventricle&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary artery&nbsp;→&nbsp;lungs&nbsp;→&nbsp;pulmonary veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;left atrium&nbsp;→&nbsp;mitral valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::left ventricle}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;aortic valve&nbsp;→&nbsp;aorta&nbsp;→&nbsp;arteries&nbsp;→&nbsp;arterioles&nbsp;→&nbsp;capillaries&nbsp;→&nbsp;venules&nbsp;→&nbsp;veins&nbsp;→&nbsp;venae cavae&nbsp;→&nbsp;right atrium<br>"<div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System
mUnA3tg|+SCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Mastication}} is the process by which <i>food is crushed and ground by teeth</i><br>"<img src=""Mastication.jpg""><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/mouth"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion
g6OBk@G/b.Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Pepsin::Enzyme}}<b>&nbsp;</b>breaks down proteins in the <i>stomach</i><br>"<img src=""Pepsin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7wTeakwo_g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Stomach
rkkn-V=8CoCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Dipeptidase::Enzyme}}&nbsp;is a brush-border enzyme that breaks apart <b>dipeptides</b> (bound pairs of&nbsp;amino acids)<br>"<div><img src=""Aminopeptidase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsW6LVdRQ4"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Small_Intestine
nJQ%Z6V&v}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;{{c1::liver::organ}}&nbsp;<i>detoxifies chemicals</i> and converts NH<sub>3</sub> to urea"<div><img src=""Liver.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Liver 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/liver"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Digestion::Other_Organs
"e>l!3st:(#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::General Chemistry<i>Protons</i> and <u>electrons</u>&nbsp;have {{c1::different::the same or different}} masses<br>"Protons and neutrons are both the same mass&nbsp;<div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Electrons are much smaller</b><div><b><br></b></div><div><img src=""Masses of Protons and Electrons.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRdkQ6SFhQw"">YouTube Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure
"Fm2W#&UE_V"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathArrange the following three mediums based on the speed at which <b>sound propagates through them</b>: gas, liquid, solid<div><br></div><div>Fastest: {{c1::solid}}<br></div><div>Middle: {{c1::liquid}}<br></div><div>Slowest: {{c1::gas}}</div>"<div><img src=""Propagation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/relative-speed-of-sound-in-solids-liquids-and-gases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
l]X!p(Wv0UCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathThe <i>intensity</i> of a sound, or how loud it is, is dependent on the sound wave's {{c1::amplitude}}"<div><img src=""Intensity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbNLTscrlZY"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Sound
oXwEXEJdUYCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathIn the visible spectrum, {{c1::violet::color}} has the&nbsp;<b>smallest wavelength</b><br>"<div>Mnemonic: ROY G BIV</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Visible Spectrum.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Wavelengths Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
gu8rAKymw4Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and MathLight will be <i>refracted</i> when passing from one medium to another if the two mediums have different {{c1::indexes of refraction}}<br>"<img src=""Index of Refraction 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
CI2<U@)J0[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math{{c1::Index of refraction}}&nbsp;is a dimensionless number that describes&nbsp;<u>how fast light propagates&nbsp;through a material</u><br>"<img src=""Index of Refraction 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Light
Jig+J=0|SjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Fluids</u> can exert&nbsp;{{c1::perpendicular}} forces but not shear forces<br>"<img src=""Fluid Perpendicular Forces.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
IELPUMn=svCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Physics and Math<u>Laminar</u>&nbsp;flow occurs at&nbsp;{{c1::low::high or low}}&nbsp;Reynolds numbers<br>"<div><img src=""Reynolds Number 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>ρ&nbsp;= density of fluid</div><div>V = velocity</div><div>L = diameter of pipe</div><div>μ&nbsp;= dynamic viscosity of the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><i>Reynolds number is dimensionless</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/turbulence-at-high-velocities-and-reynolds-number"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Physics::Fluids
jddUiA8k1BCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<i>Polysaccharides</i> are formed by repeated monosaccharide or polysaccharide {{c1::glycosidic}} bonding"<img src=""Polysaccharides.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/disaccharides-and-polysaccharides"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
F7W._C.j8&Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>{{c1::Cellulose}} is the main <b>structural component</b> for plant cell walls</div>"<img src=""Cellulose.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
xo+8w*`Ju}Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biochemistry<div>In <b>plants</b>, energy is stored in the form of {{c1::starch::type of carbohydrate}}</div>"<img src=""Starch.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates
E%rF2b~U1ICloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Unlike microfilaments and microtubules, <b>intermediate</b> <b>filaments</b> such as keratin and desmin <i>do not</i> participate in {{c1::cell&nbsp;motility}}</div>"<div><img src=""Intermediate Filaments.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton
g|{e|FE-o2Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyGive the <u>excretory (urine) pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Bowman's space}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::descending limb of the loop of Henle}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::ascending limb of the loop of henle}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::distal convoluted tubule}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::collecting duct}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::renal pelvis}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::ureter}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::bladder}}&nbsp;→ {{c1::urethra}}</div>"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
l59|MPk&qLCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::descending limb of the loop of Henle}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;collecting duct&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra<br></div>"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
K]Kx?{oA$eCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyIdentify the missing item from the <u>urine pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Bowman's space&nbsp;→&nbsp;proximal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→ descending limb of the loop of Henle →&nbsp;ascending limb of the loop of henle&nbsp;→&nbsp;distal convoluted tubule&nbsp;→&nbsp;{{c1::collecting duct}}&nbsp;→&nbsp;renal pelvis&nbsp;→&nbsp;ureter&nbsp;→&nbsp;bladder&nbsp;→&nbsp;urethra</div>"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
MA~0fY@}EMCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;<b>kidneys</b>&nbsp;are two bean-shaped organs that help the&nbsp;body pass waste as urine and also help {{c1::filter blood before sending it back to the heart}}<br>"<img src=""Kidneys.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
nyf=3?z]cHCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::nephron}} is the <i>functional unit of the kidney</i></div>"<div>There are <b>1.3 million nephrons</b> per kidney</div><div><br></div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2VkW9L5QSU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
jLtL,rPCL=Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;<b>kidney</b>&nbsp;is the only organ of the body which has&nbsp;{{c1::two capillary beds&nbsp;in series}}. They connect the arteries to the veins inside the nephron"<div>The two capillary beds are the <i>glomerular</i> and <i>peritubular</i>&nbsp;capillaries</div><div><br></div><img src=""Renal Portal System.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/OsJMh7nTLlo"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
A1fh5}:_&:Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe&nbsp;{{c1::glomerulus}}&nbsp;is a <u>network of&nbsp;capillaries</u>&nbsp;located at the beginning of each nephron&nbsp;in the&nbsp;kidney"<div><img src=""Glomerulus (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZhYTnRiPaA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
QVZ,+F4~.mCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <b>kidney</b> regulates pH by adjusting the levels of excreted {{c1::H⁺}}&nbsp;and reabsorbed {{c1::bicarbonate}}</div>"<img src=""Kidney pH.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzEEs00v-JU"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
zDQg?Crux;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><i>Aldosterone</i> is a hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex in response to {{c1::angiotensin II}} or high {{c1::[K⁺]}}</div>"<div><img src=""Renin Angiotensin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
h6MNZW7o@sCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div><i>Aldosterone</i> increases Na⁺&nbsp;reabsorption in the {{c1::distal convoluted tubule}} and {{c1::collecting duct}}, thereby increasing H₂O reabsorption and <i>raising blood pressure</i></div>"<img src=""Aldosterone.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassium"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
h*<(fk28w)Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<b>ADH</b> is a hormone that increases permeability of the {{c1::collecting duct}} to <u>H₂O</u>, which {{c1::increases::increases or decreases}} <u>H₂O</u> reabsorption"<div>Results in&nbsp;<i>higher BP</i> and <u>lower blood osmolarity</u>. The urine will be concentrated</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ADH (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/adh-effects-on-blood-pressure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
dM-=X^DvM;Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyUrine passes from the <b>kidneys</b>, through the {{c1::ureters}}, then into the <u>bladder</u><br>"<img src=""Bladder.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
v*{Clmz[qXCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::detrusor muscle}} is the muscular lining of bladder. It <u>relaxes to store</u> urine and <i>contracts during urination</i></div>"Parasympathetic control<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Detruser Muscle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2AgZE5kTUU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
xSgu&$m4dqCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::internal::internal or external}} urethral sphincter is made of <u>smooth muscle</u> and is under <u>parasympathetic control</u></div>"<div><img src=""Urethral Sphinctors.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
x(eIsKq$3(Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::external::internal or external}} urethral sphincter is made of <i>skeletal muscle</i> and is under <i>voluntary control</i><br>"<div><img src=""Urethral Sphinctors.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-digestive-and-excretory-systems/v/urination"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
F%WG_y3*$aCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule::part of nephron}} is the site of bulk <b>reabsorption </b>of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and H₂O"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
"M#O^8.f|{;"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::proximal convoluted tubule::part of nephron}} is the site of <i>secretion&nbsp;</i>for H⁺, K⁺, NH₃, and urea"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
JRZgBjgvCrCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::descending limb of the loop of Henle::part of nephron}} is <u>permeable to H₂O</u> but <i>not salt</i></div>"<div>Therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
yn3^HXue<vCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::vasa recta::part of nephron}} and {{c1::loop of Henle::part of nephron}} flow in opposite directions, creating a <i>countercurrent multiplier system</i> that allows maximal reabsorption of water</div>"<img src=""Vasa Recta.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-renal-system/a/renal-physiology-counter-current-multiplication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
J8ChC(fivOCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::ascending limb of the loop of Henle::part of nephron}} is <u>permeable to salt</u> but <i>not to H₂O</i>"<div>Therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
EHOd|K|F-]Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The <u>diluting segment</u> of the nephron is in the outer medulla; because {{c1::salt}} is actively reabsorbed in this site</div>"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
I})Q_&;[49Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>The {{c1::distal convoluted tubule::part of nephron}} is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of <u>salt reabsorption</u> and <i>waste product excretion</i>&nbsp;just like the PCT</div>"<img src=""Nephron.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
hlb0}i|txgCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyThe {{c1::collecting duct::part of nephron}} has <b>variable permeability</b>, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of <u>H₂O</u> depending on the body’s needs"Responsive to both aldosterone and ADH<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nephron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/parts-of-a-nephron"">Khan Academy Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Kidney
iTd]cl`5EwCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>Give the <i>three skin layers</i>:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: {{c1::epidermis}}</div><div>Middle: {{c1::dermis}}</div><div>Inner:&nbsp;{{c1::hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)}}</div>"<div><img src=""Skin Diagram.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
lS|$Y0T4ZjCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::BiologyMost of the skin can be classified as {{c1::thin::thick or thin}} skin"<img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
H@hDcon`nZCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology“<i>Thick skin</i>” is found only on {{c1::the palms of the hands}} and the {{c1::soles of the feet}}<br>"<img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
"m_%2[0Ngf#"Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology"<div>""<u>Thin skin</u>"" epidermis has the following 4 layers:</div><div><br></div><div>Outer: {{c1::Stratum Corneum}}<br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;{{c1::Stratum Granulosum}}<br></div><div>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;{{c1::Stratum Spinosum}}<br></div><div>Inner: {{c1::Stratum Basale}}</div>""<div><img src=""Epidermis Layers.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4hnFf_jmvU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
HE}h55,+4iCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology{{c1::Stratum lucidum}} is the epidermis layer that is only found in <i>thick skin</i>"<div><img src=""Thick Skin Layers.png""></div><div><img src=""Thick Skin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjULvHw7GvE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
eoE5zb(K^NCloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Langerhans cells}} are <u>antigen-presenting cells</u> in skin</div>"<img src=""Langerhans Cells.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FM7Rgh_2Kmk"">YouTube Link</a></div>"MileDown::Biology::Skin
M%;~gfoir[Cloze-MileDown-b279eMileDown's MCAT Decks::Biology<div>{{c1::Melanin}} is produced by {{c2::melanocytes}} and <i>protects skin</i> fro