TABLE I: General Properties of Structural Steel at Ambient Temperature
Property
Value
Reference
Young’s Modulus, E
29,000 ksi
Shear Modulus, G
11,200 ksi
Poisson’s Ratio, ν
0.3
Linear Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion, α
0.00065/100°F
AISC, AISC Steel Construction Manual,
14th Edition, pg. 16.1-xxviii, Symbols
(2011).
AISC, AISC Steel Construction Manual,
14th Edition, pg. 16.1-xxx, Symbols
(2011).
=
−1
2
AISC, AISC Steel Construction Manual,
14th Edition, Table 17-11 (2011).
TABLE II: Yield and Tensile Strengths of Various Structural Steels
ASTM Designation
Fy Min.
[ksi]
Fu
[ksi]
A7
33
60-72
A36
36
58-80*
Gr. A
Gr. B
Gr.B (Round HSS)
Gr. B (Rect. HSS)
Gr. A
Gr. B
Gr. 50
Gr.55
Gr. 42
Gr. 50
Gr. 55
Gr. 60*
Gr. 65*
30
35
42
46
36
50
50
55
42
50
55
60
65
48
60
58
58
58
70
65-100
70-100
60
65
70
75
80
A618
Gr. I & II
Gr. III
50*
50
70*
65
A913
Gr. 50
Gr. 60
Gr. 65
Gr. 70
50
60
65
70
60
75
80
90
A992
50
65
A242
42*
46**
50***
63*
67**
70***
A588
50
70
A847
50
70
A53
A500
A501
A529*
A572
References:
a.
b.
AISC, AISC Steel Construction Manual, 14th Edition, Table 2-4 (2011).
ASTM A7-58T
Notes
*For shapes over 426 lb/ft, only the
minimum of 58 ksi applies
*For shapes with tf ≤ 1.50 in. only.
*For shapes with tf ≤ 2 in. only.
*Apply only for walls nominally 0.75 in.
thick and under. For wall thicknesses over
0.75 in., use Fy=46 ksi and Fu=67 ksi.
*For shapes with tf > 2.00 in. only.
**For shapes with 1.50 < tf ≤ 2.00 in. only.
***For shapes with tf ≤ 1.50 in. only.
TABLE III: Minimum Percent Elongation for Various Structural Steels
ASTM Reference
A7
Products
Length
[in.]
Min. %
Elongation
Notes
All
8
2
21*
24
*For material under 5/16 in. in thickness or
diameter, a deduction from the percentage of
elongation in 8 in. of 1.25 percent shall be made
for each decrease of 1/32 in. of the specified
thickness or diameter below 5/16 in.
8
2
8
2
20
23
20
21*
*For wide flange shapes with flange thickness
over 3 in. a minimum elongation in 2 in. of 19 %
applies.
Plates & Bars
A36
Shapes
*The minimum elongation in 2 in. shall be that
determined by the following equation:
ϴ= 625000 * A0.2 / U 0.9
A53 Gr. A&B
All
2
*
A242
All
8
2
18
21
2
25*
23**
21***
23**
A500 Gr. A
A500 Gr. B
A500 Gr. C
A500 Gr. D
Structural Tubing
A501 Gr. A&B
All
A529 Gr. 50
A529 Gr. 55
All
A572 Gr. 42
A 572 Gr. 50
A572 Gr. 55
All
A572 Gr. 60
A572 Gr. 65
2
23
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
18
21
17
20
20
24
18
21
17
20
16
18
15
17
where:
ϴ = minimum elongation in 2 in. in percent,
rounded to the nearest percent,
A = the lesser of 0.75 in2 and the cross-sectional
area of the tension test specimen, calculated
using the specified outside diameter of the pipe,
or the nominal width of the tension test specimen
and the
specified wall thickness of the pipe, with the
calculated value rounded to the nearest 0.01 in2,
and
U = specified minimum tensile strength, psi.
All: *For plates wider than 24 in. the elongation
requirement is reduced two percentage points.
**For wide flange shapes over 426 lb/ft,
elongation in 2 in. of 18% minimum applies.
* applicable for t ≥ 0.120 in., for t < 0.120 in. use
% elongation=56t+17.5
** applicable for t ≥ 0.180 in., for t < 0.180 in. use
% elongation=61t+12
***applicable for t ≥ 0.120 in.
All: *For wide flange shapes over 426 lb/ft,
elongation in 2 in. of 19% minimum applies.
**For plates wider than 24 in., the elongation
requirement is reduced two percentage points for
Grades 42, 50, and 55, and three percentage
points for Grades 60 and 65.
A588
All
8
2
18*
21
*In plates and bars thicker than 4 in. there is no 8
in. requirement.
All: For plates wider than 24 in. the elongation
requirement is reduced two percentage points
A847
Structural Tubing
2
19*
*applicable for t ≥ 0.120 in.
All
8
2
18
21
A992
TABLE IV: Temperature Reduction Factors for Structural Steels with Fy ≤ 65 ksi ab
Temperature
Fym/Fy b
Fum/Fu b
Em/E b
68
1.00
1.00
1.00
200
1.00
1.00
1.00
400
1.00
1.00
0.90
600
1.00
1.00
0.78
750
1.00
1.00
0.70
800
0.94
0.94
0.67
1000
0.66
0.66
0.49
1200
0.35
0.35
0.22
1400
0.16
0.16
0.11
1600
0.07
0.07
0.07
1800
0.04
0.04
0.05
2000
0.02
0.02
0.02
2200
0.00
0.00
0.00
[°F]
References:
a.
b.
AISC, Facts for Steel Buildings: Fire (Gewain et al., 2003), Section 2.8.
AISC, AISC Steel Construction Manual, 14th Edition, App. 4.2.3, Table A-4.2.1 (2011).
1.2
Reduction Factor
1.0
Fym/Fy
0.8
Em/E
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE I: Temperature Reduction Factors for Structural Steels
TABLE V: Design Stress Intensity Values Sm for Structural Steels
Design Stress Intensity, ksi, for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding
-20
70
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
650
700
A36
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
18.4
17.8
17.3
A53 Gr.A
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15.3
14.6
14.4
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table 2A, (2013).
TABLE VI: Poisson’s Ratio vs. Temperature for Structural Steels
Temp
ν
[°F]
32
0.29
68
0.29
100
0.29
200
0.29
300
0.29
400
0.29
500
0.29
600
0.30
700
0.30
800
0.30
900
0.30
1000
0.30
1100
0.31
1200
0.31
1300
0.31
Reference: NIST NCSTAR 1-3D, Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels, Eqn. 2-3.
TABLE VII: Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Mild Carbon Steels
a
°F
CTEa
68
6.40
200
6.7
400
7.1
600
7.4
750
7.7
800
7.8
1000
8.1
1200
8.3
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion x10-6 (in./in./°F) in going from 70°F to indicated temperature.
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table TE-1, (2013).
TABLE VIII: Mechanical Properties of Various Ferritic and Martenistic Stainless Steels
UNS No.
Type
Fy Min.
[ksi]
Fu
[ksi]
Min. % Elongation
in 2 in.
S30400
304
30
75
40
S30403
304L
25
70
40
S30451
304N
35
80
30
S31600
316
30
75
40
S31603
316L
25
70
40
S31651
316N
35
80
35
S34700
347
30
75
40
S34800
348
30
75
40
ASTM A240
Notes: The values are taken from ASTM 240/A240M for the austenitic and duplex stainless steels. ASTM A276 gives identical values for the stainless
steels included in this table. The values are taken from ASTM A564/A564M (ASTM, 2010b) for the precipitation hardening stainless steel. This table is
from AISC DG 27, Structural Stainless Steel, Table 2-2 (2013).
TABLE IX: Yield Strengths of Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Yield Strength, ksi, for Metal Temperatures, °F, Not Exceeding
70
200
250
300
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
304
-
30.0
25.0
23.6
22.4
20.7
19.4
18.4
18.0
17.6
17.2
16.9
16.5
16.2
15.9
15.5
304L
-
25
21.4
20.2
19.2
17.5
16.4
15.5
15.2
15
14.7
14.5
14.3
14
13.7
13.3
316
-
30
25.9
24.6
23.4
21.4
20
18.9
18.5
18.2
17.9
17.7
17.5
17.3
17.1
17
347
-
30
27.6
26.6
25.7
24
22.6
21.5
21.1
20.7
20.5
20.3
20.2
20.2
20.1
20.1
348
-
30
27.6
26.6
25.7
24
22.6
21.5
21.1
20.7
20.5
20.3
20.2
20.2
20.1
20.1
600
800
1000
Temperature Reduction Factors
Type
Heat
Treatment
1.0
0.8
304
0.6
316
0.4
-200
0
200
400
1200
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE II: Yield Strength Reduction Factors for Three Stainless Steels
TABLE X: Tensile Strengths of Stainless Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Tensile Strength, ksi, for Metal Temperatures, °F, Not Exceeding
Type
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
304
75.0
71.0
66.2
64.0
63.4
63.4
63.4
62.8
60.8
57.4
304L
70.0
66.1
61.2
58.7
57.5
56.9
56.4
55.4
53.6
50.7
316
75.0
75.0
72.9
71.9
71.8
71.8
71.8
70.8
68.3
64.3
347
75.0
71.7
65.9
62.1
60.0
59.1
58.8
58.8
58.5
57.5
348
75.0
71.7
65.9
62.1
60.0
59.1
58.8
58.8
58.5
57.5
Temperature Reduction Factor
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table U, (2013).
1.0
0.9
0.8
304
0.7
316
XM-19
0.6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE III: Tensile Strength Reduction Factors for Three Stainless Steels
TABLE XI: Moduli of Elasticity E of Ferrous Materials for Given Temperatures
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table Tm-1 (2013).
Notes:
(1) Material Group A consists of the following carbon–molybdenum and manganese steels:
C–1/4Mo
Mn–1/2Mo–1/4Ni
C–1/2Mo
Mn–1/2Mo–1/2Ni
Mn–1/4Mo
Mn–1/2Ni–V
Mn–1/2Mo
Mn–V
(2) Material Group B consists of the following Ni steels:
NOTE: Material Group B consists of the following Ni steels:
3/4Cr–1/2Ni–Cu
3/4Cr–3/4Ni–Cu–Al
1/2Ni–1/2Cr–1/4Mo–V
1/2Ni–1/2Mo–V
3/4Ni–1/2Cr–1/2Mo–V
3/4Ni–1/2Cu–Mo
3/4Ni–1/2Mo–1/3Cr–V
3/4Ni–1/2Mo–Cr–V
3/4Ni–1Mo–3/4Cr
11/4Ni–1Cr–1/2Mo
13/4Ni–3/4Cr–1/4Mo
2Ni–11/2Cr–1/4Mo–V
2Ni–1Cu
21/2Ni
23/4Ni–11/2Cr–1/2Mo–V
31/2Ni
31/2Ni–13/4Cr–1/2Mo–V
4Ni–11/2Cr–1/2Mo–V
1Ni–1/2Cr–1/2Mo
(3) Material Group C consists of the following 1/2–2Cr steels:
1/2Cr–1/5Mo–V
1Cr–1/2Mo–V
1/2Cr–1/4Mo–Si
11/4Cr–1/2Mo
1/2Cr–1/2Mo
11/4Cr–1/2Mo–Si
1Cr–1/5Mo
13/4Cr–1/2Mo–Ti
1Cr–1/2Mo
2Cr–1/2Mo
(4) Material Group D consists of the following 21/4–3Cr steels:
21/4Cr–1Mo
3Cr–1Mo–1/4V–Cb–Ca
(5) Material Group E consists of the following 5–9Cr steels:
5Cr–1/2Mo
7Cr–1/2Mo
5Cr–1/2Mo–Si
3Cr–1Mo
3Cr–1Mo–1/4V–Ti–B
9Cr–Mo, including variations thereof
5Cr–1/2Mo–Ti
(6) Material Group F consists of the following chromium steels:
12Cr–Al
15Cr
(7) Material Group G consists of the following austenitic steels:
13Cr
17Cr
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo
18Cr–10Ni–Ti
16Cr–12Ni–2Mo–N
18Cr–13Ni–3Mo
18Cr–3Ni–13Mn
18Cr–18Ni–2Si
18Cr–8Ni
21Cr–6Ni–9Mn
18Cr–8Ni–N
22Cr–13Ni–5Mn
18Cr–8Ni–S
23Cr–12Ni
18Cr–8Ni–Se
25Cr–20Ni
18Cr–10Ni–Cb
Temperature Reduction Factor
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Group G Stainless
Steels
0.2
0.0
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE IV: Modulus of Elasticity Reduction Factor for Group G Stainless Steels
TABLE XII: Design Stress Intensity Values Sm for Stainless Steels
Design Stress Intensity, ksi, for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding
70
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
304
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
18.6
17.5
16.6
16.2
15.8
15.5
15.2
316
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
19.3
18
17
16.6
16.3
16.1
15.9
348
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
19.3
19
18.7
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table 2A (2013).
18.5
18.3
Temperature Reduction Factor
1.0
0.9
0.8
304
316
348
0.7
0.6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE V: Design Stress Intensity Reduction Factors for Three Stainless Steels
TABLE XIII: Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Stainless Steels
°F
CTEa
70
8.5
100
8.6
150
8.8
200
8.9
250
9.1
300
9.2
350
9.4
400
9.5
500
9.7
600
9.9
650
9.9
700
10
750
10
800
10.1
850
10.2
900
10.2
950
10.3
1000
10.3
1100
10.4
1200
10.6
1300
10.7
1400
10.8
1500
10.8
a Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion x10-6 (in./in./°F) in going from 70°F to indicated temperature.
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table TE-1, (2013).
TABLE XIV: General Properties of Aluminum Alloys
Property
Value
Young’s Modulus, E
See Error! Reference
source not found.
Shear Modulus, G
3E/8
Poisson’s Ratio, ν
0.33
Linear Coefficient of Thermal
13x10-6/ °F
Expansion, α
Reference: AA, Aluminum Design Manual, 2010
TABLE XV: Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys
Sheet & Plate, Drawn Tube
Rod & Bar
Sheet & Plate
Extrusions
Rod & Bar
Drawn Tube
Pipe
Extrusions
Extrusions
Extrusions
Extrusions & Pipe
t
[in.]
All
All
0.010-4.000
All
Up thru 8.000
0.025-0.500
All
Up thru 0.500
0.501-1.000
Up thru 1.000
All
Ftu
[ksi]
14
16
42
38
42
42
38
22
21
22
30
Fty
[ksi]
11
14
35
35
35
35
35
16
15
16
25
E
[ksi]
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
T6, T6510, T6511
Extrusions
All
50
45
10100
T53
Extrusions
Up thru 0.750
50
44
10500
Alloy
Temper
Product
1100
1100
H12
H14
T6, T651
T6, T6510, T6511
T6, T651
T6
T6
T5
T5
T52
T6
6066
7005
6061
6063
Reference: AA, Aluminum Design Manual, 2010
TABLE XVI: Mechanical Properties for Weld-Affected Zones in Wrought Aluminum Products
Alloy
Temper
1100
1100
6061
6061
All
All
T6,T651,T6510,T6511a
T6,T651,T6510,T6511b
T5,T52,T6
6063
T53
7005
Product
Sheet & Plate, Drwn Tube
Rod & Bar
All
All
t
[in.]
over 3.75
All
Extrusions
up thru 0.75
Reference: AA, Aluminum Design Manual, 2010
Ftuw
[ksi]
11
11
24
24
17
Ftyw
[ksi]
3.5
3.0
15
11
8
E
[ksi]
10100
10100
10100
10100
10100
40
24
10500
Notes:
a. When welded with 5183, 5356, or 5556 alloy filler regardless of thickness, and when welded with 4043, 5554, or 5654 alloy filler for
thicknesses ≤ 0.375 in..
b. When welded with 4043, 5554, or 5654 alloy filler.
TABLE XVII: Yield Strengths for Aluminum Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Yield Strength, ksi, for Metal Temperatures, °F, Not Exceeding
Type
-20 to
100
6061-T4
16.0
15.7
15.5
15.3
15.3
15.3
11.6
6061-T6
35.0
34.6
33.7
32.4
27.4
20.0
13.3
6063-T5,t<0.5
16.0
15.4
15.0
14.6
13.3
8.9
5.1
15.0
14.4
14.0
13.7
12.5
Reference: ASME Section II, Part D, Table Y-1 (2013).
8.9
5.1
Temperature Reduction Factor
6063-T5, 0.5<t<1
150
200
250
300
350
400
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
6061-T4
0.4
6061-T6
0.2
6063-T5
0.0
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE VI: Yield Strength Reduction Factors for Three Aluminum Alloys
TABLE XVIII: Ultimate Strength Reduction Factors of Three Aluminum Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Ultimate Strength Reduction Factors for Temperatures, °F, Not Exceeding
Type
75
200
212
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
1000
6061-T6
1.00
1.00
0.91
0.84
0.80
0.67
0.53
0.40
0.20
0.08
0.00
6063-T5
1.00
1.00
0.91
0.84
0.84
0.63
0.50
0.38
0.20
0.08
0.00
6063-T6
1.00
1.00
0.89
0.80
0.71
0.57
0.43
0.29
0.11
0.07
0.00
Reference: AA, Aluminum Design Manual, 2010
Temperature Reduction Factor
1.0
6061-T6
0.8
6063-T5
0.6
6063-T6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Temperature [°F]
FIGURE VII: Ultimate Strength Reduction Factor for Three Aluminum Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Modulus of Elasticity [ksi]
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
Temperature [°F]
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table Tm-2 (2013).
FIGURE VIII: Modulus of Elasticity of Aluminum Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
TABLE XIX: Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Aluminum Alloys
°F
70
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
a
CTEa
12.1
12.4
12.7
13
13.1
13.3
13.4
13.6
13.9
14.2
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion x10-6 (in./in./°F) in going from 70°F to indicated temperature.
Reference: ASME B&PVC, Section II, Part D, Table TE-1, (2013).