PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE,
AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
SPACE PLANNING, CALCULATIONS,
SPECIFICATIONS,
QUANTITY SURVEYING,
COST ESTIMATE, BUILDING PERMIT
PREPARED BY:
ABIAN, JANINE D.
ILANO, MICKEE L.
LUMBANIA, ELLIOT G.
MACEDA, HEINZEL D.
MAGTANONG, JHON BALTAZAR C.
OBLAN, JONNA B.
SUBMITTED TO:
KEREN JOY ORILLOSA
i.
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………2
Learning Objectives…….……………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….3
Discussions
2.1 Space Planning…..…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………4
2.2 Calculations.……………..……………………………………………………………………………..………………..13
2.3 Specification….……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………26
2.4 Quantity Survey………………………………………………………….……………………………………………..32
2.5 Cost Estimate….…………………………………………………………….…………………………………………..36
2.6 Building Permit………………………………………………………………………..………………………………..41
References………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………….46
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Identify the points to consider in creating proper space planning and enumerate its
importance in interior design process,
2. Identify the importance of building permit and its application in the pre-construction phase.
3. Familiarize the implementing rules and regulations stated in the NBCP (National Building Code
of the Philippines) in the building permits and understand the importance of cost estimate.
4. Identify the various building aspects that are subject to calculations and recognize its
significance before, during, and after the construction project.
5. Discover the various types of tests and calculations that may be used during building
construction.
6. Describe the meaning of quantity survey and provide examples of its functions.
7. Determine the importance and purposes of technical specifications to a construction project.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2.1 Space planning
A relevant part in making a room comfortable. The working spaces and design must suit the function
of the room itself while meeting the needs, wants, requirements set by the client.
It is a fundamental element of the interior design process. It starts with an in-depth analysis
of how the space is to be used. The designer then draws up a plan that defines the zones of the space
and the activities that will take place in those zones.
It shows how people will move through space. Space planning organizes the space, furniture,
and functions to work together and most effectively accommodate the needs of the employees and
visitors.
What are the points to consider when planning your space?
1. What are the goals of the organization – employee engagement? Employee health? Inviting
collaborative spaces?
2. Think about how time will be spent in the building.
3. There should be a focus on designing a space that is ergonomically friendly for employees.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Space planning organizes the space, furniture, and functions to work effectively and most effectively
accommodate the needs of the employees and visitors.
1. Space planning can represent and support these long-term goals with the suitably designed interior
environment.
2. Depending on the industry and type of business, employees might sit at their desk all day. They might
collaborate and work in large groups or perhaps have a work style that falls somewhere in between.
Most of these environments will need to accommodate these possibilities in one way or another.
3. Carefully selected furniture allows employees to both seat and stand in their work station. Certain
opportunities per activity can stimulate productivity and health.
For Example: Eliminating waste cans at each station and offering a central trash or recycling station
will get employees off and wakey even in a short period of time.
How to create a space plan?
We know that space leads to higher productivity and greater employee satisfaction.
Creating space plan is divided into to two parts:
1. The Bubble Plan
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2. Detailed - Scale Plan
In creating a space plan:
Part 1: Collect Information
It is important in very early stages of design to carry out in-depth research and consider as many
aspects of use of the spaces as possible.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Part 2: Interpret requirement build the brief
Look up on how to create space and accommodate humans in those spaces. We considered some
universal concepts relating to how people interact with their environment.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
We consider:
Insider vs Outsider
Individual vs Community
Invitation vs Rejection
Openness vs Enclosure
Integration vs Segregation
Combination vs Dispersion
This information will be a useful reference as you work through these phases of each room and start
to develop some sketch diagrams.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Part 3: Consider spaces and Spatial relationships
Spatial relationships include on how can spaces be related to one another:
1. Space within space - a space may be contained within the volume of a larger space.
2. Interlocking spaces - the field of a space may overlap the volume of another space.3.
3. Space linked by a common space - two separate spaces can be linked to each by a third, intermediate
space. The spatial relationship between two spaces depends on the quality of the third space which
they share.4.
4. Adjacent spaces - two spaces may about each other or shape a common border.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
You can also consider the varying form of spatial organization. Some of these are more naturally suited
to particular uses than others including:
1. Centralized Organization
Composed of central space, with secondary spaces grouped around it. As a composition, this
arrangement is concentrated and stable.
2. Linear Organization
Consists of repetitive spaces which are similar in size, form, and function. It also consists of a single
linear space that organizes along its length a series of spaces that differ in size, form, or function. And
in both cases, each space along the sequence has an exterior exposure.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
3. Radial Organization
Effectively a combination of linear and centralized organizations. They have a central focal point from
which linear forms radiate from. Expansion in the radial organization is towards the exterior
surroundings.
4. Clustered Organization
Spaces that are grouped, collected, or gathered closely together and related by proximity to each
other. Clustered spaces can be organized about a point of entry into a building or along the path of
movement through it. The spaces can also be clustered about a large defined field or volume of space.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
5. Grid Organization
It is a 3-dimensional composition of linear points. The strong stable composition is obtained due to
the continuity and regularity created by the grid. The regular layout of columns and beams constitutes
the grid pattern.
Questions need to consider in planning:
1. How does the envelope affect the internal spaces?
2. How will the contents of the room be arranged?
3. Do the rooms connect?
4. What is the flow of the circulation?
5. Are the proportions of the spaces comfortable?
In developing circulation, we need to consider how people move around the building from room-toroom is just as important as the destination.
When developing circulation structures, we can look at a few basic principles.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Part 4: Create the solution
Once the spaces have been considered and the requirements have been studied, we start sketching
up the relationship diagram:
A. The Bubble Plan – A simple diagram that will show you what activities take place in the space and the
relationship between these activities.
B. Detailed – Scale Plan - Scale drawings that allow us to accurately represent sites, spaces, buildings
and details to a smaller or more practical size than the original.
Part 5: Review and Revise
Once some solutions have been sketched out, it is then
possible to review these solutions and look for areas that
require improvement.
Why does space planning matter?
More efficiency in a space lead to higher productivity and greater employee satisfaction. Employee
satisfaction can lead to better, more innovative work which benefits an organization as a whole.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2.2 Calculations
One of the technical aspects of doing a building project is calculating. Whether it might be the quality
of the soil, the structural load, the amount of concrete, or many more, multiple tests and calculations
in order for the project to achieve its completion and somehow save some pennies for the overall
budget.
SOIL
Planning the construction of every building begins with a soil analysis. The physical and chemical
makeup of the soil on which the construction is to be built is determined through a soil test. The
planning and procedures for building are determined by the soil's characteristics, which can also have
a significant impact on the structure's design. As a result, the structural planning and floor plan for the
construction are based on the results of the soil test.
Because soil is the main component that supports the structure's weight, it is necessary to
examine and evaluate every aspect of it. A correctly executed soil test guarantees that the design is
flawless. Inaccurate soil testing might have disastrous effects. The structure may start to crack or, in
the worst situation, crumble.
When and Who??
Although it can be done at any time, soil testing is rather expensive. Specialized equipment is
needed for the process. So, before construction starts, the majority of individuals want to have the
soil examined. But if the seller permits it, of course, it is always advised to get the soil test done before
purchasing and registering the land.
A soil engineer conducts the soil test in a soil testing lab. These labs may be privately or publicly
owned. To become certified to do soil testing, soil engineers—civil engineers with a focus on
geotechnical engineering—need to pass a series of tests.
Types of Soil Test
I.
Moisture Content Test
Moisture is a key factor in determining the soil's ability to support weight. You can learn a lot
about the likelihood of a termite infestation from it as well. The percentage of water in the soil, often
known as the soil's water content, is referred to as moisture.
It is determined by dividing the weight of a damp soil sample by the weight of the dried
sample. Better soil strength is correlated with less moisture. The soil moisture content is measured
using the subsequent techniques: Oven Drying Method, Torsion Balance Method, Calcium Carbide
Method, Sand Bath Method, Pycnometer Method, Alcohol Method, Radiation Method
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
o
Oven Drying Method
It is the most used and preferred technique
for testing moisture content. The damp soil
sample is placed in an oven and warmed to
a temperature of roughly 110 degrees
Celsius. After 24 hours, the dried sample is
removed, weighed, and its weight is
compared to that of the damp sample.
The particle size and gradation of the soil
sample determine how much earth is
needed for the test. The amount of soil
sample needed for the test is shown in the
table below based on the sieve analysis.
Size of Particles more than 90% of passing Minimum Quantity (grams)
425-micron sieve
25
2 mm sieve
50
4.25 mm sieve
200
10 mm sieve
300
20 mm sieve
500
40 mm sieve
1000
Calculating the water content of the given soil sample is measured using the following formula:
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Whereas;
M1 = Empty container’s mass with lid
M2 = Container’s mass with set soil and lid
M3 = Container’s mass with dry soil and lid
II.
Specific Gravity Test
The weight of a soil sample volume divided by the weight of a water sample volume equal in
volume determines the specific gravity of soil. 2.65-2.85 is the best range of soil specific gravity for
construction needs, and it helps to know how permeable the soil is. Popular particular gravity testing
techniques include: Dry Bottle Method, Pycnometer Method, Shrinkage Method, Gas Jar Method,
Measuring Flask Method.
o
The Pycnometer Test
In this procedure, a Pycnometer is weighed in 4 different scenarios,
namely:
1. Empty weight (M1)
2. Empty + dry soil (M3)
3. Empty + water + dry soil (M3)
4. The water-filled Pycnometer (M4)
III.
Dry Density Test for Soil
The weight of soil particles in a specific volume of sample is known as dry density. The void
ratio and specific gravity are two elements that affect a soil's dry density. We can categorize the soil
as dense, medium, or loose using the results of the dry density test.
The Core Cutter Method, Sand Replacement Method, and Water Displacement Method can
all be used to determine the dry density of the soil.
o
The Core Cutter Method
With this technique, a cylindrical core cutter with predetermined
dimensions is used to cut and extract a soil sample. The soil sample that was
taken is weighed and recorded. The sample's water content is computed, and
the dry density is established.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
A. Determination of Field-Density
a. Wt. of the core cutter (g)
b. Wt. of the cutter + wet soil (g)
c. Wt. of the wet soil (g) (b-a)
d. Volume of the core cutter (cm3)
e. Field density ϒ= (3)/(4) (g/cm3 = (kN/m3)
B. Determination of Water Content
a. Container No. (g)
b. Wt. of container + moist soil (g)
c. Wt. of container + dry soil (g)
d. Wt. of container (g)
e. Wt. of water ((b) – (c)] (g)
f.
Wt. of dry soil [(c)- (d)] (g)
g. Water content w= (10)/(11) (ratio)
h. In-place dry density ϒd=ϒ/(1+w) (g/cm3) = KN/m3
Here, w = Water content Dry density ϒd=ϒ/(1+w)
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
IV.
Atterberg Limits Test
This test reveals the soil's essential water level. The test offers three tests that illustrate the
characteristics of a fine-grained soil sample under various circumstances.
o
Liquid Limit Test
For this test, a gadget known as the Casagrande's liquid limit device
is employed. The contraption comprises a cup with an up-and-down
movement mechanism. The sample in question is put into the cup. The
sample is given a groove utilizing specialized equipment. When the cup is
raised and lowered using a handle, the groove eventually closes. It is recorded
how many times the handle is used to shut the groove. The soil's water
content is then calculated.
To create a graph between log N and the soil's water content, the
technique is repeated three times. The liquid limit of the specified soil sample
is the water content that corresponds to N=25.
o
Plastic Limit Test
The soil sample needs to be sufficiently plasticized with water in order
to be able to be formed into a ball. Put the ball in the glass plate and roll it
into 3mm-diameter threads after some time has passed. If we roll anything to
a diameter of less than 3 mm and there is no crumbling or breaking, there is
likely more water there. In this scenario, we must lower the sample's water
content and repeat the procedure until fracture occurs at 3 mm in diameter.
Find the water content of the resulting sample as the last step. The plastic
limit of the aforementioned soil sample is the water content that was so
established.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
o
Shrinkage Limit Test
The water content of the sample is just sufficient to fill the spaces in
the soil for establishing the shrinkage limit. Since the saturation level is 100%
in this case, lowering the shrinkage limit will not affect the soil's volume. The
following formula can be used to calculate it:
M1 = Initial Mass
M2 = Dry Mass
V1 = Initial Volume
V2= After Drying Volume
Pw = Density of Water
V.
Compaction or Proctor’s Test
Simply put, soil compaction is the process of densifying soil by compressing the air voids. The
soil's dry density and its water content are two important factors that the test tries to reveal. Standardsized sieves are used to extract the soil for the test. The soil sample is processed by mixing, molding,
soaking, and ramming, among other things. Weighing and testing the process's output yields various
outcomes.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
CONCRETE
Joseph Aspdin developed the concept and created a blend of clay and limestone back in 1824. In
modern buildings, concrete is a mixture of aggregate particles, cement, and water. Unquestionably,
this is among the materials that are employed the most frequently worldwide. The weather, especially
the temperature and humidity, has a direct impact on the strength of concrete.
In kilos per square centimeter, you can quantify it. The ratio of cement to aggregate particles
utilized has an impact on concrete's durability as well. You will utilize fewer aggregate particles, such
as gravel, sand, or crushed stone, if you require the more substantial. Concrete is now produced in a
more sophisticated way. In actuality, there are various forms of concrete that can be used to build
homes and other structures.
The manufacture of concrete is a labor-intensive and strenuous procedure. It's important to know
the proper proportions of cement and water while making concrete. To cover each aggregate particle
(sand, gravel, or crushed stone) with cement, the proper amount of water must be added. Concrete
gets stronger when you use less water in the mixture, and vice versa. Hydration is the term used to
describe the process of mixing water with cement and aggregate particles. The outcome is a stable
mixture that is ready for usage.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
How Much Concrete Do I Need?
1. Calculate the quantity of concrete needed. stating the number of concrete slabs or surfaces you wish
to coat with concrete as well as the dimensions of length, width, and height.
2. Find out how much each of the listed items weighs. more specifically, the quantity of concrete bags
you purchase from stores that sell building supplies.
3. Don't forget to mention the amount of trash that could be produced as a result of inappropriate spills,
broken components, or other unforeseen occurrences.
Example:
Four concrete components, each 4 feet high, 4 feet long, and 4 feet broad, are required. With these,
a volume of 256 cubic feet can be used to cover a 64 square meter surface. Following the
measurements, you must examine the density of the concrete you purchased and, if required, alter it.
If we use this as an example, concrete has a density of 130 pounds per cubic foot, but a concrete bag
weighs 60 lb. To sum up, 555 bags are required to cover the entire area. The value of waste material
that may result from worker negligence or other situations, which might range from 5–10%, must be
added to this estimate. The calculator's output will then show you that 582 bags of cement are
required to fill the space.
BUILDING LOAD
Simply said, a building load is a force that a home frame must be able to withstand. Eight of
these loads, including wind, earth, and snow, must be accommodated by the frame without causing
the structure catastrophic stress. Even though not every load issue is relevant to every location or
even to every home within a location, having a fundamental understanding of building loads will help
you see framing as a more comprehensive system. When designing, constructing, or remodeling a
home somewhere, that is a benefit.
A frame is made up of a collection of carefully spaced-apart beams and columns that is used
to build multi story buildings. Beam rotation results from the transmission of loads from walls and
beams to the beams.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Because the beams are so closely linked to the column, the column rotates as well. Any load
applied to a beam is thereby dispersed across the complete network of beams and columns.
Different Load calculation process on column, beam & slab:
1. Column Self Weight X Number of floors
2. Beams Self Weight per running meter
3. A load of walls per running meter
4. The total load on Slab (Dead load + Live load + Self-weight)
COLUMN
Columns are described as vertical load-bearing components that primarily carry compressive axial
loads. The load of the structure is transferred to the foundation by means of this structural element.
Concrete's self-weight is currently estimated to be 2400 kg/m3, or 240 kN, and steel's self-weight is
currently estimated to be 8000 kg/m3.
Therefore, a column with size 230 mm x 600 mm and 1% steel and 3 meters standard height, the selfweight of the column remains approximately 1000 kg per floor i.e., identical to 10 kN.
·
Volume of Concrete = 0.23 x 0.60 x 3 =0.414m3
·
Weight of Concrete = 0.414 x 2400 = 993.6 kg
·
Weight of Steel (1%) in Concrete = 0.414x 0.01 x 8000 = 33 kg
·
Total Weight of Column = 994 + 33 = 1026 kg = 10KN
Therefore, the self-weight of columns is 10 to 15 kN per floor for calculation purposes.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
BEAM
A beam is a structural element that resists forces that are applied laterally or transversely to its axis.
A horizontal structural beam resists lateral loads that are applied to its axis in a building.
Same process is followed for the beam. Suppose, each meter of the beam contains dimensions of 230
mm x 450 mm without slab thickness.
Suppose each (1m) meter of the beam contains the following dimensions
·
230 mm x 450 mm excluding slab.
·
Volume of Concrete = 0.23 x 0.60 x 1 =0.138m3
·
Weight of Concrete = 0.138 x 2400 = 333 kg
·
Weight of Steel (2%) in Concrete = = 0.138 x 0.02 x 8000 = 22 kg
·
Total Weight of Column = 333 + 22 = 355 kg/m = 3.5 KN/m
Therefore, the self-weight remains approximately 3.5 kN per running meter.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
WALLS
An upright structure made of masonry, wood, plaster, or another material used to enclose, divide, or
protect a space, especially one that is vertical and serves as the interior or exterior siding of a building.
It is known that bricks range in density from 1500 to 2000 kg per cubic meter.
For a 6-inch-thick Brick wall with 3-meter height and 1 meter length, the load / running meter is
identical to 0.150 x 1 x 3 x 2000 = 900 kg, that is same as 9 kN/meter. This method can be used to
calculate the load of bricks per running meter for any type of brick.
The weight per cubic meter for autoclaved and aerated concrete blocks, such as Aerocon or Siporex,
should remain between 550 and 700 kg.
The wall loads per running meter when using these blocks for construction stay below 4 kN/meter.
SLAB
A typical structural component of contemporary buildings is the concrete slab. Which is typically
horizontal and has a thinner thickness than its breadth.
Let's say the slab has a 125 mm thickness. As a result, the slab's self-weight for each square meter
should be as follows:
= 0.125 times 1 times 2400, or 300 kg, or about 3 kN.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Assume that the overlaid living load is 2 kN per meter and the finishing load is 1 kN per meter. As a
result, the slab load is estimated to be 6 to 7 kN per square meter. Read through the following YouTube
video instruction, which focuses on the detailed load calculation for G+1 buildings, for more
information in this respect.
PLUMBING AND HVAC
System of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable
(drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes.
For a life that is both comfortable and healthy, plumbing is essential. Before the invention of
modern plumbing, drinking tainted water frequently resulted in outbreaks of dysentery and typhoid
disease.
The quality of life has significantly improved thanks in large part to HVAC. Heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC.
HVAC maintains clean indoor air in addition to keeping you warm in the winter and cool in the
summer. By filtering it and keeping humidity levels at ideal ranges, good indoor air quality is
guaranteed.
What an HVAC system accomplishes is:
•
•
•
•
utilizing a supply of fresh air outside your residence or place of business;
air filtration to remove allergies and particulates;
air conditioning or heating
delivering air to rooms
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Air conditioning is not the same thing as HVAC. HVAC includes heat pumps and gas furnaces
in addition to air conditioning, which is one of its components. HVAC not only deals with cooling but
also with heating.
SOUND AND THERMALS
By regulating the temperatures of the internal surfaces of the structure and minimizing drafts, thermal
control contributes to the comfort of the building's occupants. Additionally. It uses a tiny fraction of
the energy that would otherwise be used to heat and cool a building.
Better sound performance may entail amplification in a music hall or attenuation in a hotel room,
much like many other aspects of a building that may be optimized for the benefit of its residents. No
one sound-control method is effective for every type of building. In actuality, a single method won't
operate in every area of a given structure. For the purposes of this information, the focus is sound
attenuation, acknowledging that noise reduction between spaces in a structure is the primary
objective of the wall and floor/ceiling assemblies provided. Appropriate sound solutions begin with a
clear usage objective for each space under design. Additionally, systemic remedies are prioritized. This
is due to the fact that no one material or structural element is realistically or economically able to
deliver the whole answer on its own. Finally, the information presented here only scratches the
surface.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2.3 Specifications
Specifications
Construction specifications, or specs, detail the work and workmanship required for each construction
project. A specs is a part of the contract documents contained in the project manual consisting of
written documents describing the scope of work, materials that are to be used and the technical
nature of materials, the methods of installation, equipment, construction systems, standards, and the
quality of workmanship under contract. It is the documents that are described in words but cannot be
visualized or explained on a drawing or model even on 2D or 3D models.
Technical specifications are a tender document often references about the specific requirements and
construction standards for various elements of a project. Technical specifications are prepared to
provide consistency and to instruct contractors on how the works are to be carried out, the quality of
the workmanship, and methods of quality assurance for the construction project. Technical
specifications are prepared to a level that allows the works to be constructed accurately.
Drawings and models are developed to a level of detail necessary to prepare a clear, coordinated
visual depiction of all aspects of the works. Major project elements including overall layout,
earthworks equipment, mechanical, electrical, structural, and water supply systems are designed and
depicted through coordinated scale drawings and detailed elevations and plans. However, drawings
and models only provide a visual depiction of the project but it cannot show the details like the cost
quantity, material requirements, and more specific information. Typically, construction projects
require construction of various elements and use of various materials. More than one technical
specification may be required for the whole project. Technical specifications describe the project
design and construction practices, technical standards, specifications and principles to be followed
during construction.
In general, the scope and detail of technical specifications will depend on the nature and complexity
of the project. Technical specifications should form part of all construction projects. The level of
adherence to the design drawings and technical specifications ultimately determines the quality of
the project and influences the performance of the constructed works. So, a good communication
between the client and the contractor ensures the success of the project.
For larger projects, a separate specification document is more practical. And for small projects, the
material and construction specifications may be documented in the form of notes on the design
drawings.
For example, a construction project may require individual technical specifications for earthworks,
erosion and sediment controls, concrete works, fencing, building works, roads, electrical systems, and
water reticulation systems.
Designers will usually have suitable standard technical specification documents. However, as a guide
a specification might include descriptive title, number, identifier etc. of the specification, date of last
effective revision and revision designation, a logo or trademark to indicate the document copyright,
ownership and origin, Table of Contents (TOC) if the document is long, person or office responsible
for questions on the specification, updates and deviations, the importance of the specification and its
intended use, definitions and abbreviations to clarify the meanings of the specification, references
and Standards used or to be complied with, test methods for measuring all specified characteristics,
material requirements, targets and tolerances, workmanship, certifications required, safety
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
considerations and requirements, environmental considerations and requirements, approval
authority considerations and requirements, quality control requirements, acceptance sampling,
inspections, acceptance criteria, completion and delivery, provisions for rejection, rehearing, and
corrective measures.
TYPES OF SPECIFICATIONS
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications, also known as performance criteria or functional requirements, describe
the final results that are expected from a construction project. It discusses the operational
requirements of a project. Performance specifications don't explain how something should happen;
instead, it details what the finished project has to function.
In this type of Specification, the Architects and Engineers describe what they need or what needs to
be done. It’s all up to the contractor on how they would do the project. They are not instructed in
detail but they are only instructed on how the components should work after the construction. It
focuses on the outcome and shifts the selection of materials and methods, as well as a portion of the
design work, onto the shoulders of the contractor.
They are commonly used when the result is subjective, such as performance or aesthetic values. In
this case, performance specifications may be necessary to define things like acoustical design values
and requirements for finishes. However, performance specs can also be used for objective standards
that need to be met by a construction project, such as weathertight window assemblies or fire rating
levels for exterior cladding materials.
Request For Proposal (RFP) is a business document that announces a project, describes it, and solicits
bids from qualified contractors to complete it. It collects offers from different contractors so
businesses can compare the skills and rates of the contractor to choose the contractor that best meets
their criteria. Typically, governments use it to ensure transparency. Request For Proposal (RFP)
documents tend to use performance specifications more frequently than other types of specs because
many potential bidders on construction projects might have different ways of accomplishing the same
goal.
Performance specifications can also be used as a guide for assessments performed by building
consultants or maintenance professionals to determine if the design of a building meets the owner's
expectations or needs.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Proprietary Specification
Proprietary Specification requires the use of a single approved product type for any particular
installation. Proprietary specifications are often used in cases where there is existing equipment or
materials that are already on site.
Proprietary Specifications are very similar to prescriptive construction documents—except for the fact
that they're written with one particular product in mind. This means builders must use those specific
materials when constructing the project.
A proprietary specification is used by architects and contractors whenever a specific product is
required due to its relationship with the owner’s company or something else associated with the
building like high-end luxury finishes in a hotel, for instance.
Freedom from the confusion that may arise by using similar materials with different brand names and
the peace of mind that comes from working with one company to meet all design objectives for the
project are the most significant advantages of a proprietary specification.
Prescriptive Specification
Prescriptive specifications convey the requirements of a project through a detailed explanation of the
materials that the contractor must use (including product options), and the means of installing those
materials. The idea here is that all products specified within this type of specification must be used for
the project to meet its performance requirements.
The main advantage of a prescriptive specification over a performance specification is that it allows
contractors, material manufacturers, and product consultants to use their own products to comply
with all design objectives for the project without having to contact the building owner or contractor
for approval each time something needs changing. In this way, prescriptive specifications are very
similar to proprietary construction documents. Notably, both documents contain exact details about
what materials should be used and how they should be installed.
For example, a prescriptive spec only requires one particular material option to construct a wall but it
doesn’t necessarily say which product is needed. This gives contractors and material suppliers more
flexibility when they’re working on the project. Still, the building owner will have to stay on top of any
changes or issues with the materials used.
Formatted sections
-
General
Consists of information such as national quality standards, product handling, design requirements,
and keeping quality control
-
Products
Describe in detail the various products required for the task covered by the specification along with
the individual structural and performance requirements of each product.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
-
Execution
Explains how to prepare materials and conduct the installation, including the testing requirements to
be followed.
Engineers and Architects have more control over the project in this type of specification. This spec is
more preferred to use in highly complex projects because the conversation between the Engineers
and clients is more detailed and certain especially if the clients have specific requirements that are
not familiar to the contractors.
Nearly all specifications can be considered prescriptive since they’re meant to tell architects and
contractors what products should be used to construct a building. However, there are still some
instances where general and detailed construction documents may take this approach.
General Specifications
Commonly used in commercial and residential work, this type of construction specification is called a
general spec. It contains product information but doesn't specify which manufacturer must be used.
In some respects, this can serve as a middle ground between prescriptive specifications and
performance-based documents. However, this document is typically not appropriate for complex
projects where unique features are required.
A general specification covers various options — including both materials and details on installation
processes like how many layers of paint should be applied throughout construction.
A general spec may also contain information about what quality testing needs to occur before the
process is complete. This ensures that it meets various standards like Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design Certification or LEED certification and other building codes.
Detailed Specifications
Detailed Specifications is slightly different from a general one because it covers virtually every aspect
of construction in precise terms. This includes everything down to the number of screws used to fasten
materials together. This type of construction specification is typically used when owners have little or
no experience working on large-scale projects and need more guidance. A case in point is when they're
responsible for overseeing these tasks themselves.
One typical example of this approach is when homeowners purchase their first home and decide to
renovate without hiring a contractor.
Generally, detailed specifications can be either standard or special.
Standard specifications: These are the most common types and cover things like flooring materials
and steel thickness requirements for beams and columns. As their name suggests, they are standard
and can be used in construction projects in the same category.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Special specifications: Special specs are typically used in more complicated cases where unique details
might be required (like installing a specific brand of windows or doors). They're often the most detailed
type of construction specification. Key stakeholders must approve them before they can become part
of a standard set.
When you're choosing which to use for your project, it's important to note that both detailed and
general specs are necessary to protect the interests of homeowners and contractors alike.
PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1. To highlight the necessary information which cannot be obtained through drawings.
2. To list the conditions of the contract.
3. Evaluating the cost likely to be expended over the constructional work
4. Explaining the methodology for conducting constructional work.
5. Explaining the machinery and tools used in the constructional work.
6. To provide a detailed record of the design of the project and expressing the type of material to be
used.
Specifications have a big role in the success of a project. So, it is important to meet all the goals and
all in-depths of a project should be considered in the specifications, including the requests of the
client, design team, builder/contractor, and the potential tenants. It also reduces the complications
and problems that may arise on the field. Specification is the data communication or the exchange of
information between the client and the contractor.
All work performed pursuant to specifications shall comply with the requirements of the relevant Local
Acts, Regulations, Standards and Codes of Practice of all authorities having jurisdiction over the work.
Importance of Construction Specifications
Catering to specific requirements is extremely important in the construction industry. Not only does
it save time, but it also ensures top quality in all products used during construction. Without these
guidelines, numerous problems would likely arise—from inadequate materials resulting in poor
workmanship or installation issues with various building systems, jeopardizing the public safety.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
1. They Serve as a Blueprint
Construction documents serve as a blueprint for builders during construction preparations. They
outline the process necessary to install various building elements (walls, roofs, electrical systems)
while also detailing what's expected from the end product. This means everything from how it should
look upon completion to its ability to withstand unfavorable weather conditions over time. These are
crucial aspects, especially when building in disaster-prone areas. Construction specifications also
protect the homeowner by setting a level playing field for contractors.
2. They Help Control Costs
These guidelines set standards and expectations so that all parties can see eye-to-eye on what's being
installed. They also set when specific items will be installed, and most importantly, how long it will
take to get the job done. This means no costly delays or additional costs at any point in the process.
This is often great news for homeowners who need to stay within budget limitations while completing
their projects on time.
3. They Promote Quality
This point is pretty straightforward because it's the whole reason that construction specs exist in the
first place. Notably, the contractor can assure the level of quality and workmanship to some degree
with these documents. It's a no-brainer that a poor installation can lead to numerous problems down
the road or, in extreme cases, even endanger your family’s safety. Therefore, it's essential to
understand that proper documentation before any work is performed will ensure safety in the long
term.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Quantity Survey and Cost Estimates
2.4 Quantity Survey or Estimation
Quantity survey is the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and entire cost are
determined. It is also generally known as Estimating.
Quantity survey plays a vital role in estimation and construction of any relevant project. It will
help in the determination of all related applicable costs and materials quantity so that all those factors
are determined, and funds are released for the project in case if acceptable. If funds are less, then
certain alterations can be conducted so that the project can span within the fixed funds.
These alterations can be brought in the specifications of the project, or the project is
conducted in stages so that the project can end within the released funds. The project should not be
underacted in any case. Estimation is conducted in two ways despite the nature of the project whether
the project is of construction, sewerage system, canal digging, or road construction, and so forth.
Initially, a Rough Cost Estimate is conducted that will help in the determination of the cost. Finally,
the Detailed Estimate is conducted if funds are released.
Quantity Surveyor, a person who estimates. This person is also known as Evaluator or Estimator.
NOTE: Estimation cannot be done without understanding the drawing of the relevant project.
Data for Estimate:
1. Drawings
•
The estimate is prepared according to the drawings. Drawings depict heights, lengths, and
thicknesses of different parts of the project. Size of every component of the project is shown
in the drawing and the estimate is prepared accordingly.
2. Specifications
•
Specifications are appointed along with drawings for the depiction of the project quality. For
example, a drawing will represent the size of the door, but it cannot represent certain
elementary factors such as door type and timber type, etc.
Specifications have two types
a. General Specifications
General Specifications are also known as Brief Specifications. They are used to show aspect,
standard, and type of constructional work. They would depict the general classifications of the
constructional work of the project. These specifications are used to establish the standards of the
constructional work that will help in establishing Detailed Estimates.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
b. Detailed Specifications
Detailed Specifications depict characteristics, quantity, ratio, and formation method of the
material used in construction work in the detailed description. Each component of the constructional
work is detailed separately with the help of Detailed Specifications. Therefore, all aspects establishing
standards and quality of the constructional work are disclosed. Hence, it will assist in Detailed
Estimates.
Detailed Specifications of the items employed in ordinary projects are printed that are used for
contracts. These specifications are called Standard Specifications.
3. Rates
•
Accurate rates of material and construction work are required for accurate estimation. These
rates must rely on reality. Rates of material or constructional work can be determined from
the Schedule of Rates of different public and private departments, or completed
constructional work can be analyzed to get all required rates. Rates include Material Charges,
Carriage Charges, and Labor Charges, etc.
Two Types of Estimates in Civil Engineering:
1. Original Estimate
Original Estimate is the estimate prepared for a newly proposed project. This project can be a
constructional project of building, canal, or road, and so forth. In other words, if these projects are
commenced from scratch, then the estimate proposed for them will be the Original Estimate.
It is done in two ways as follows.
a. Rough Cost Estimate
This type of Estimate is done for any project before commencing about its fruitfulness and cost that
will be expended on it. Initially, a rough estimate of cost is conducted about the project that is known
as Rough Cost Estimate.
b. Detailed Estimate
In this method of estimation, each item of the project is determined and multiplied with its
Unit of Rate to acquire the cost. Every type of cost is involved in Detailed Estimates. Therefore, it is
considered a better estimation method.
Detailed Estimate is also prepared for other purposes other than Original Building as follows.
a. Revised Estimate
b. Supplementary Estimate
c. Revised and Supplementary Estimate
a. Revised Estimate
Revised Estimate is prepared when diversion more than 5 percent occurs in the Detailed
Estimate. Diversion occurs due to the fluctuation of prices. Revised Estimate is also prepared if
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
changes are made in project design of the already prepared Revised Estimate and ultimately Technical
Sanction has sought again. This estimate is conducted like the Original Estimate.
b. Supplementary Estimate
If construction work of the project has been started and change in design has been felt, and
expenditure due to design changes cannot be covered within approved funds then an additional
estimate is prepared which is known as Supplementary Estimate. The procedure of Supplementary
Estimate will be similar to that of procedure for Original Estimate.
c. Revised and Supplementary Estimate
Sometimes changes or additions are required in an already prepared estimate in the project,
and these changes are caused due to price diversion of more than 5 percent. Alteration in cost is
brought about by design changes in projector price fluctuation of the items.
2. Repair Estimate
Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and other structures in order to maintain and
look after them. The estimate prepared to find the cost applying over the repair. This estimate is
known as Repair Estimate. Procedure for the Repair Estimate is similar to that of the Detailed Estimate.
Repair Estimate of the building includes Whitewashing, Paint and other maintenance.
Types of Repair Estimate:
a) Annual Repair Estimate
Buildings and other structures are repaired every year to keep them maintained and usable.
Estimate prepared for such repair is known as Annual Repair Estimate. This estimate will include
whitewashing and other small repairs. 1 to 1-1/2 percent budget of the overall cost is kept for this
purpose.
b) Quadrennial Repair Estimate
Special repair is done after every four years despite annual repair which is known as
Quadrennial Repair. It includes painting and repairing spoiled plaster. However, it includes repairing
doors and windows. The procedure for Quadrennial Repair Estimation will be similar to that of
procedure for Detailed Estimation.
c) Special Estimation
Tenure is not fixed for special repair. However, repairing damages of buildings and other
structures caused by earthquake, flood and other accidents is done in special repair. However,
buildings and other structures also suffer severe damages and miserable status due to continuous and
long usage that are repaired specially to make them livable and usable. The special repair will include
removing the spoiled floor or roof and constructing a new one; removing broken doors and windows,
and wood crafting a new one, removing the spoiled plaster and plastering new one, etc.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2.5 Cost Estimates
“A journey of 1000 miles starts with a single step.” from an ancient Chinese Philosopher
namely Laozi. Likewise, the most complex large-scale construction projects could not begin without
an accurate estimation of costs. Accurate cost estimation by professional construction estimators is
critical in creating and maintaining a feasible budget of project costs. With this, the professional cost
estimator’s goal is to provide accurate information to the project developers about the planned
projects possible costs. When stakeholders have accurate cost estimates then decisions about project
feasibility can be made with authority. In addition, cost estimation in project management is the
process of forecasting the cost and other resources needed to complete a project within a defined
scope. Cost estimation accounts for each element required for the project and calculates a total
amount that determines a project’s budget. However, you should keep in mind that a good estimate
includes not only the cost but also all data related to the way the project was envisioned to be carried
out.
Rate analysis is to determine the current rate per unit of an item at the locality. The purpose
of rate analysis is to examine the viability of rates offered by, to the client, or contractor, to fix up the
agency or labor contractor to do the job, and to fix the cost targets towards labor, material,
equipment, and other heads and to measure the performance of the project in financial terms.
It is classified under three heads:
1. Direct expenses - the expenses that directly affect the project. It is also known as project
overhead costs) are those directly linked to the physical construction of a project. Material,
labor and equipment prices are all direct costs, as are subcontractor costs. They are also
sometimes called “bare” or “unburdened” costs.
2.
Indirect expenses - are incurred while completing the project but are not applicable to any
specific task. There are two types of indirect costs: main office overhead and job site
overhead. Estimator and engineer salaries are considered main office overhead as are any
costs associated with the office like rent, furniture and power. Legal services, insurance and
mileage expenses fall under this category, too. These costs are typically calculated as a
percentage of the total project cost and added at the end of an estimate. Trailers and other
temporary job site facilities are a curious case. Since they are not used to complete a specific
construction task, temporary facilities are, by definition, indirect costs. However, these
facilities support all tasks on the site. Nothing could get done without them. This is what’s
known as job site overhead. Even though job site overhead technically includes indirect costs,
calculating them directly and not as a percentage of the total project cost will result in a more
accurate construction estimate.
3. Profit - Apply appropriate or contracted profit rate uniformly to all contractors and to original
bid and change orders.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION
QUANTITY TAKEOFFS
• This represents the total amount of supplies and labor required to finish a project. The
estimator will strive to create and precisely pinpoint the appropriate materials required for
the project. The estimate will be wrong overall if the takeoff is erroneous.
LABOR HOURS AND LABOR COST
• This represents the overall cost and the number of hours of work necessary to do a task. To
determine the number of work hours required to finish a certain job, the estimator will draw
on his experience. He will consider the various labor productivity expectations based on the
difficulty of each project stage. A basic salary and benefit estimate for a particular craft is the
first step in estimating labor rates. This estimate includes additional taxes that the corporation
itself must pay as well as the costs of other taxes like FICA and FUI. The likelihood of working
overtime as well as the resulting higher expenditures must also be taken into consideration
by the estimate.
COST OF MATERIALS
• The total material expense that the project financier will be responsible for is this. Cost
estimation for materials is trickier than it first appears. A particular material's price might vary
significantly based on the availability and demand on the market, the amount needed, the
cost of transportation to the job site, and even exchange rates if the supplies need to be
imported into the US from another nation.
COST OF EQUIPMENT
• This is the price of renting or buying the tools needed to do the job. Cycle durations,
equipment capacity, and the cost difference that arises if the equipment must be rented as
opposed to equipment that is already owned are just a few of the equipment-related
considerations that the cost estimator must take into account.
SUBCONTRACTOR QUOTES
• The majority of general contractors employ subcontractors at various times throughout a
project. An estimated cost and breakdown of the labor and raw materials required to
complete a project are included in the subcontractor quotation. Specialty trades that work as
subcontractors often finish portions of the project. Their estimates ought to take just as much
care to account for labor, material, and equipment expenses as did the general contractor.
JOINT COSTS
• Joint costs in construction are expenditures that benefit more than one project objective.
INDIRECT COSTS
• Indirect costs, such as administrative and overhead expenses, are often those expenses that
have no direct impact on the project's real expenditures. In the total estimate, a correct
indirect cost assessment is crucial. To accurately estimate project costs, factors including land
acquisition, permits, design fees, office support, temporary on-site utilities, and mobilization
must be taken into account.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
5 LEVELS OF CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATES
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ESTIMATORS
LEVEL
STAGE
OBJECTIVE
ACCURACY
Order of
Magnitude
Estimate
Before the design
To determine the feasibility of the
project
Very Low
Schematic
Estimate Design
Based on schematic
design
To determine the initial capital costs
required by the contractor to
commence the project
Low
Design
Development
Estimate
Based on initial project
design
To determine a rough estimate for
the overall project cost
Moderate
Construction
Document
Estimate
Based on blueprint and
building design with
specifications
To determine the actual project costs
High
Bid Estimate
Final estimate based on
all the available
drawings, plans, and
blueprints
To draft bid estimates for the project,
including cost overruns, maintenance
costs, supervision costs, operating
costs, and profit margin
Very High
ACCURATE METHODS IN CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION
METHOD 1: UNIT PRICING
The most popular technique for calculating building costs is this one. The unit pricing approach
works by figuring out the total cost of the project based on unit costs.
You must estimate all direct and indirect costs for the full building project in order to create a
bill. The correct approach to go about it is to first include the direct costs, such as the price of
supervision, overruns, employing subcontractors, fencing the project site, and similar charges, before
incorporating the indirect costs. Using the unit cost as a starting point, you may then calculate the
indirect expenses, the production function waste margin, and the profit margin to determine what to
bid.
Estimating the direct and indirect unit prices will help you determine actual construction costs
and aid you in drafting a competitive estimate to win more bids.
Sample Guide:
Your unit price is = material cost / area covered in square foot.
Similarly, labor unit price = labor cost / area covered in square foot.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
METHOD 2: BUDGET METHOD
This technique for calculating construction costs entails assessing the whole amount of work
required and offering a broad estimate. You might be shocked to find that this occurs frequently in
the construction sector. Your initial pricing is virtually never what is finally agreed upon when
submitting a bid for a project because there are usually multiple rounds of negotiation. Because there
are times when it's required to pick between a quick estimate and an accurate estimate, many
contractors employ estimating software. What use is it to spend hours creating accurate predictions
if you don't submit your proposal by the due date? So, depending on the project's overall scope, a
square foot pricing approach may be used to provide a preliminary project price.
METHOD 3: RULE OF TWO
We are aware that labor and material expenses make up the two halves of any real cost.
Determine the number of work hours needed to finish a project after examining its scope. You'll get
the overall labor cost from this. Although it may seem like a long shot, this technique works great for
rapid cost estimating for modest building projects.
WHY COST ESTIMATION IS IMPORTANT?
It is highly improbable that the project's ultimate cost and the estimators' initial estimate
would match. However, accurate estimations allow developers to make important choices. The
estimate aids in project developers' evaluation of a new undertaking potential and profitability. The
amount of financing acquired will also be influenced by the estimator's report. Later on in the project's
development, the developers may have to make important decisions about changes to the project's
design and/or materials that will either increase or decrease the cost. The ability to estimate
accurately helps everyone stay focused on finishing a project on time and within the allocated budget,
which is perhaps the most essential benefit. It holds a builder and a building company accountable for
rising costs and scheduling delays. As a result, the estimating phase of a building project is the most
important. Before beginning real construction, cost assessment is required to establish the project's
budget, manage resources, plan work, and determine the project's viability.
As mentioned earlier, the cost estimation process has multiple purposes. So, let’s discuss the major
reasons why estimating construction costs is important:
PROJECT FEASIBILITY
Studying a project's numerous components to see if it has the potential to succeed involves
project feasibility. Like in business, it assesses a project's viability before it starts in order to spot
potential problems, come up with solutions, and eventually draw in investors. When analyzing the
viability of a project, managers take their available resources and financial needs into account.
Example:
Let's assume a client wants you to build a house with marble stones in an area where they are
hard to find. Even if the client is ready to pay whatever it takes, you should evaluate the requirements
and decide whether to take or drop the project.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
PROJECT PROFITABILITY
The construction sector is primarily driven by profit. Since you should only accept lucrative
projects as a building contractor, you must precisely estimate project expenses before invoicing the
customer. You shouldn't accept that job if the real cost of building exceeds what your customer can
afford.
PROCURING THE FINANCES
Contractors frequently need to find the first funding for projects. For them to assess how
much money they need to get in order to start the project, cost estimators are necessary.
SETTING BUDGET
Starting a building project requires you to properly monitor your spending to prevent going
over budget. The related expenses of any project may be established with the use of an estimate.
PITCHING THE BID
An accurate cost estimate enables you to submit a competitive proposal and win the job. For
the same project, contractors frequently have to offer lower pricing than their rivals in order to remain
profitable. Only if you have a precise estimate of the project's cost is this feasible.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2.6 BUILDING PERMIT
In definition, building permit technical documentation is a formal document presenting the design
solutions planets for the investment. It serves as a basis for obtaining the opinions, arrangements,
consents, and permits, including building permit. A building permit is an official approval issued by the
local government agency that allows you, or your contractor, to proceed with a construction, or
renovation project of your property.
Permits are required for nearly everything in our nation to confirm the validity of a transaction or the
rightful owner of a piece of property. In fact, we need to obtain permission for a business, an exam,
or even a structure in the Philippines.
Building permit is required to proceed with the construction of a certain facility or establishments. The
National Building Code, which was established a long time ago, requires this specific permission to be
obtained. Permits are required since these structures are often utilized for commercial purposes and
other permissible activities. In the Philippines, obtaining a construction permit is one of the most
common difficulties faced by homeowners and house renovators alike.
WHO NEEDS A BUILDING PERMIT?
Most are required to apply for a building permit such as those who want and need to construct houses,
business establishments, companies and other structures. If you are hiring a contractor to perform
the work, he/she usually will handle the permit process for you, factoring in the cost of a permit on
his/her bid. If you are doing the work by yourself, it is your responsibility to apply for the permit. Be
aware that your building department may require that some types of work be done only by licensed
professionals.
WHEN IS A BUILDING PERMIT NEEDED?
Not all home construction and renovation projects require a building permit. In most cases, simple
repairs and replacements can be performed by professional contractors or homeowners without
applying for a permit. However, any project that involves addition or major changes to your house
structure or its mechanical systems usually require you to apply for an appropriate permit from the
local building department.
RULE III - PERMITS AND INSPECTION (PD 1096 or NBCP)
Section 301 - Building Permit
1. No person, firm or corporation, including any agency or instrumentality of the government
shall construct, alter, repair, convert, use, occupy, move, demolish and any building/structure
or any portion thereof or cause the same to be done, without first obtaining a building permit
therefor from the Building Official assigned in the place where the subject building or
structure is located or to be done. The prescribed application for building permit shall be used
by all applicants.
2. Permit supplementary to a Building Permit shall be applied for and issued by the Building
Official.
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
a. Ancillary Permits - duly signed and sealed by the corresponding professionals and the plans and
specifications shall be submitted together with the duly notarized application for Building Permit
• Architectural Permit
• Civil/Structural Permit
• Electrical Permit
• Mechanical Permit
• Sanitary Permit
• Plumbing Permit
• Electronic Permit
b. Accessory Permits - It is issued by the Building Official for accessory parts of the project with very
special functions or use which are indicated in the plans and specifications that accompany the
building permit application. It is used by the Building Official for activities being undertaken prior to
or during the processing of the Building Permit.
Exemption from Building Permits
-Minor Construction
-sheds, outhouses, greenhouses, children’s playhouses, aviaries, poultry
houses and the like not exceeding 6 square meters; detached from any other
building and for owner’s private use
-addition of open terraces or patios resting directly on the ground. Not
exceeding 20 square meters and for owner’s private use
-installation of window grilles
-garden pools for cultivation of water plants and/or aquarium fish not
exceeding 500mm depth
-erection of garden wall other than party walls not exceeding 1.80 meter in
height cementing of footpaths, garden walks and/or driveways
-Repair Works
-Repair works not affecting or involving any structural member, such as
replacement of deteriorated roofing sheets or tiles, gutters, downspouts,
ceilings and/or siding
-non-load-bearing partition walls
-any interior portion or a house not involving addition or alteration
-replacement of windows, flooring, perimeter fences, walls, sanitary or
plumbing fixtures, faulty or deteriorated wiring devices, fixtures and safety
devices provided no alteration shall be made on the service entrance and the
main switch or breaker and no circuit will be added
Section 302 - Application for Permit
In order to obtain a building permit, the applicant shall file an application therefore in writing and on
the prescribed form from the Office of the Building Official. Every application shall provide at least the
following information:
(1) A description of the work to be covered by the permit applied for;
(2) Certified true copy of the TCT covering the lot on which the proposed work is to be done. If the
applicant is not the registered owner, in addition to the TCT, a copy of the contract of lease shall be
submitted;
(3) The use or occupancy for which the proposal work is intended;
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PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
(4) Estimated cost of the proposed work.
To be submitted together with such application are at least five sets of corresponding plans and
specifications prepared, signed and sealed by a duly registered mechanical engineer in case of
mechanical plans, and by a registered electrical engineer in case of electrical plans, except in those
cases exempted or not required by the Building Official under this Code.
Section303 - Processing of Building Permits
STEPS IN SECURING BUILDING PERMIT
You may now apply for a building permit at your city hall or municipal office if you have managed to
collect all the necessary documentation. The following steps must be followed in order to receive
building permits in the Philippines:
Step 1. Get the requirements checklist.
From the municipality or city where you now live, you can get a list of requirements. You
shouldn't be concerned if you have no idea about the standards specified on the checklist because
your architect and engineers are knowledgeable about these specifics. To have your engineers and
architects fill them out for you, you only need to obtain these forms and supporting documents from
the municipal office.
Step 2. Submit the requirements to the Office of the Building Official.
Once the forms have been signed and filled out by your construction professionals, submit
them to the Office of the Building Inspector. The Acknowledgement Slip that is given there will identify
the date of the status of your application, and the Assessor's Office will instruct you as to where you
should proceed next.
Step 3. Get your Order of Payment.
You will be sent an Order of Payment to pay all of the necessary permit fees that you must
pay in order to obtain a building permit after your application has been approved.
Step 4. Pay the building permit fees.
Present the Order of Payment to the Treasurer's Office to pay the fees. Your building permit
costs will likely cost Php 6, 000 or more, depending on the size of your project's development, its
location in the municipality, and the assessment plan. Due to the reduced cost of land and municipal
services, fees are often cheaper in rural areas than in urban ones.
Step 5. Present the Official Receipt to the Office of the Building Official Releasing Section.
Send an official receipt (OR) photocopy or, if you'd rather, the actual official receipt (OR), to
the Office of the Building Official releasing department.
Step 6. Claim your building permit
After five (5) business days, return back to the releasing department of the Office of the
Building Official to pick up your building permit.
42
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Section 304 - Issuance of Building Permit
When satisfied that the work described in an application for building permit and the plans and
specifications submitted therewith, conform to the requirements of this Code and other pertinent
rules and regulations, the Building Official shall, within fifteen days from payment of the required fees
by the applicant, issue the building permit applied for.
The Building Official may issue a permit for the construction of only a part or portion of a building or
structure whenever the plans and specifications submitted together with the application do not cover
the entire building or structure. Approved plans and specifications shall not be changed, modified or
altered without the approval of the Building Official and the work shall be done strictly in accordance
thereto.
Sample Standard Sign Board for Residential
Building for Exclusive use of Owners or NonLeasing Occupants.
Sample Standard Sign Board for
Commercial, Industrial, Educational, Social,
Institutional, Recreational Buildings and
others
Section 305 - Validity of Building Permit
The issuance of building permit shall not be construed as an approval or authorization to the
permittee to disregard or violate any of the provisions of the Code. Whenever the issuance of the
permit is based on approved plans and is not precluded from requiring permittee to affect the
necessary corrections in the said plans and specifications or from preventing or ordering the stoppage
of any or all building operations being carried on thereunder which are in violation of the Code.
A building permit issued under the provisions of the Code shall expire and become null and
void if the building or work authorized therein is not commenced within a period of one year after the
issuance of the building permit, or is suspended or abandoned at any time after it has been
commenced for a period of one hundred twenty days.
43
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
Section 306 - Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits
The Building Officials may order or cause the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of building
permit on any or all of the following reasons or grounds
1. Errors found in the plans and specifications
2. Incorrect or inaccurate data or information supplied
3. Non-compliance with the provisions of the Code or any rules or regulations
NBCP Section 307 Appeal
Within fifteen (15) days from the date of receipt of advice of the non-issuance, suspension or
revocation of permits, the applicant/permittee may file an appeal with the Secretary who shall render
his decision within fifteen days from date of receipt of notice of appeal. The decision of the Secretary
shall be final subject only to review by the Office of the President.
Section 308 - Inspection and Supervision of Work
The owner of the building who is issued or granted a building permit under this Code shall
engage the services of a duly licensed architect or civil engineer to undertake the full-time inspection
and supervision of the construction work.
Such an architect or civil engineer may or may not be the same architect or civil engineer who is
responsible for the design of the building.
It is understood however that in either case, the designing architect or civil engineer is not
precluded from conducting inspection of the construction work to check and determine compliance
with the plans and specifications of the building as submitted.
There shall be kept at the jobsite at all times a logbook wherein the actual progress of
construction including tests conducted, weather conditions and other pertinent data are to be
recorded.
Upon completion of the construction, the said licensed architect or civil engineer shall submit
the logbook, duly signed and sealed, to the Building Official. He shall also prepare and submit a
Certificate of Completion of the project stating that the construction of building conforms to the
provisions of this Code as well as with the approved plans and specifications.
NBCP Section 309 Certificate of Occupancy
No building or structure shall be used or occupied and no change in the existing use or
occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until the Building
Official has issued a Certificate of Occupancy therefor as provided in this Code.
A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within thirty (30) days if after
final inspection and submittal of a Certificate of Completion referred to in the preceding Section, it is
found that the building or structure complies with the provisions of this Code.
The Certificate of Occupancy shall be posted or displayed in a conspicuous place on the
premises and shall not be removed except upon order of the Building Official.
The non-issuance, suspension, and revocation of Certificates of Occupancy and the procedure for
appeal therefrom shall be governed in so far as applicable, by the provisions of Section 306 and 307
of this Code.
44
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
IMPORTANCE OF GETTING A BUILDING PERMIT
You will require a construction permit if you want to develop a house or a business. It could
be tiresome and make your head spin a little. Without one, you won't be able to establish whether
your building is legal, so be sure to apply for one right away rather than becoming involved in any
building-related issues.
By the same token, kindly keep in mind that obtaining a construction permit is not only
necessary for those who intend to have a house built; it is also necessary for those who intend to
renovate their current residence.
Since the Philippines is within the Ring of Fire, natural disasters frequently affect our nation.
In past years, the nation's islands were severely damaged by a number of earthquakes. Obtaining a
building permit is essential in order to safeguard everyone from such a catastrophe.
A building permit must be obtained before the construction can begin in order to ensure that
the structure is built to withstand natural catastrophes and that the materials used are within the
design requirements and regulatory standards.
This is another reason why, when purchasing a home, you should examine the materials and
durability of the brand-new home and lot.
Summary
•
•
•
•
•
•
A building permit is discussed and implemented under P.D. 1096, National Building
Code of the Philippines.
The application of building permits is mandated for all new and renovation
construction.
The processing of building permits shall be under the overall administrative control
and supervision of the Building Official and his technical staff of qualified
professionals.
The Building Official may issue a permit for the construction of only a part or portion
of a building or structure whenever the plans and specifications submitted together
with the application do not cover the entire building or structure.
A building permit issued shall expire and become null and void if the building or work
authorized therein is not commenced within a period of one year from the date of
such permit, or if the building or work so authorized is suspended or abandoned at
any time after it has been commenced, for a period of 120 days.
A Certificate of Occupancy shall be issued by the Building Official within thirty (30)
days if after final inspection and submission of a Certificate of Completion.
45
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
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46
PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING SYSTEM AND DESIGN
MODULE 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
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