1 2 ___ 3 4 ___ 5 (A.C.Woolner) Zigeuner ___ ___ 6 ___ 7 ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ 8 ___ ___ ___ 9 ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 10 ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ 11 _______________ ___ ___ 12 "Explanation" "Exposition" "Declaration" "Explanatory Statement" "Rhetoric" "Rhetoric" _____ _____ _____ 'Rhetroical' Rhetoric 13 _____ (i) (ii) (iii) 14 (Myth) (Symbol) (Allegory) (Personification) (Parodox) (Synaesthesia) (Archetype) (Abstraction) _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 15 "To compare (24), to Assimilate; allegory (25), comparison (26), likening, Parrallel, to like, to draw between two things (27), causing to resemble; making like similitude, simile, metaphor (28), A likeness (29), the Figure (30), Image" (31) as Like _____ _____ _____ 16 _____ _____ "A word or phrase that compares something to something else, using the words like or as ...".(46) _____ "An expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words "as" or "like" ......(47) _____ "A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison (as opposed to metaphor, q.v., where the comparison is implicit) 17 recognizable by the use of the words "like" or "as". It is equally common is prose and verse and is a figurative device of great antiquity......" (48) _____ "An explicit comparison between two different things, actions, or feelings, using the words "as" or "like",........ A very common figure of speech in both prose and verse, simile is more tentative and decorative than metaphor. A lengthy and more elaborate kind of simile, used as a digression in a narrative work, is the epic simile." (49) 18 ___ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ 19 _____ ___ ___ 20 ___ ___ ___ 21 ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 22 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _____ __ ___ ___ 23 _____ 24 25 26 _____ _____ 27 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 28 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 29 ___ _____ _____ _____ 30 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 31 _____ ___ 32 ____ _____ ____ 33 ____ ____ 34 ____ ____ ____ _____ 35 ___ ____ _____ 36 ___ ___ ___ ___ (Epic Simile) _____ 37 _____ 38 _____ 39 ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ 40 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 41 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 42 _____ _____ _____ _____ 43 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 44 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 45 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 46 _____ (Metaphor) 47 = = _____ 48 _____ "Image" (Metaphor) "Idea" "Metaphor ___ a word or phrase used in an imaginative way to describe something alse, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful....."(145) _____ "Metaphor (GK, 'carring from one place to another') A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit " (146) 49 _____ "The most important and widespread figure of speech, in which one thing, idea, or action is referred to by a word or expression normally denoting another thing, idea, or action, so as to suggest some common quality shared by the two. In metaphor, this resemblence is assumed as an imaginary identity rather than directly stated as a comparison: referring to a man as that pig, or saying he is a pig is metaphorical, whereas he is like a pig is a simile. Metaphors may also appear as verbs (a talent may blossom) or as adjectives (a novice may be green) or in longer idiomatic phrases, e.g. to throw the baby out with the bath water. The use of metaphor to create new combinations of ideas is a major feature of poetry, although it is quite possible to write poems ___ (Implicit) (Explicit) (Mixed Mataphors) without metaphor. Much of our every day language is also made up of metaphorical words and phrases that pass unnoticed as 'dead' metaphors, like the branch of an organization. A mixed metaphor is one which the combination of qualities suggested is illogical or ridiculeus"(147) _____ "Metaphor (1) a way of describing something by comparing it to something else, that has similar qualities, without using the words 'like' or 'as'. (2) Mixed metaphor: the use of two different metaphors at the same time to describe something, especially in a way that seems silly or funny. 50 (3) something in a book, painting, film etc that is intended to represent a more general idea or quality; symbol: [+ for] their relationship is a metaphor for the failure of communication in the modern world."(148) 51 _________ ___ ___ 52 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 53 (Structure) ______ ______ ______ 54 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______ ______ ___ 55 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 56 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 57 ______ 58 ______ ______ ______ 59 ______ ______ 60 ____ ______ ___ ______ 61 ______ (Allegary) 62 Animism Anthropomorphic (Personification) ______ ______ 63 _____ 64 _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 65 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 66 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 67 ______ ___ ______ ______ __ ______ ______ ______ 68 ______ ____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 69 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 70 ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 71 ______ ______ 72 ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ _____ "Passing by" "Passage" "road" Beyond "Trope" "Passing "Passing Through" 73 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 74 ___ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 75 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ 76 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ = _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 77 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 78 _____ _____ _____ = _____ 79 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 80 = _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 81 82 _____ _____ _____ _____ 83 (Verbal Irony) _____ _____ ___ _____ 84 "Antonomasia" "Nickname" (Sarcastic Remark) (Emblem) _____ _____ 85 ___ _____ (Allusion) (Symbol) (Metaphor) (Patronymic) (Metonymy) Antonomasia J.A. Cuddon "Antonomasia (GK, naming instead) A figure of speech in which an epithet, or the name of an office or dignity, is subsituted for a proper name. So 'The Bard' for shakespeare, 'a Gamaliel' for a wise man, 'a _ _ _" Casanova' for a womanizer, and 'a Hitler' for a tyrant (277) Chris Baldick "A figure of speech that replaces a proper name with an epithet ( the 86 Bard for shakespeare). Official address (his Holiness for Pope), or other indirect description; or one that applies a famous proper name to a person alleged to share some quality associated with it, e.g. a casanova, a little Hitler. Antonomasia is common in epic Poetry."(278) _____ _____ _____ 87 _____ _____ _____ _____ 88 _____ _____ ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ 89 _____ _____ _____ ___ 90 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __ 91 __ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 92 (Symbol) _____ _____ _____ 93 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 94 _____ _____ _____ _____ __ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 95 (28) F. Steingass: Persian-English Dictionary, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 5th Ed. 1963, Page: 302. (29) E.H Palmer: A Concise Dictionary of Persion Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1949, Page: 135. (30) D.C.Phillot: English-Persian Dictionary, Clacutta: The Baptist Mission Press 1914, Page: 297. (46) A.S Hornby: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, 96 (24) John Andrew Boyle: Practical Dictionary of The Persian Language, London: Luzac & Company Limited, 1949, Page:40. (47) (48) (49) 97 ___ Chris Baldick: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, Page: 206. J.A. Cuddon,The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, London: Penguin Books, 4th Edition 1999, Page: 831. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, India: Thomson Press, 2nd Ed 2000, Page: 1338. New York: Oxford University Press, 6th Ed 2002, Page: 1199. ___ 98 (145) A.S Hornby: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, J.A.Cuddon: The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, (129) Page: 507. (147) Chris Baldich: The concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Page: 134. (148) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Page: 897-898. ___ 99 F.Steingass: Eng-Persian dictionary, Page:53. ___ Page: 803. (146) 100 (217) F. Steingass: Persian- English Dictionary, Page 1174. 101 (278) Chris Baldick: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Page: 13. 102 (274) F. Steingass: Persian- English Dictionary, Page: 1052. (277) J.A. Cuddon, The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, Page:47. ___ 103 "Rhetorlc" "Rhetoric" 104 A Contrastive Analysis of English "Rhetoric Persian Literary Terms "Rhetoric: It is the art or science of using language persuasion in oratory and in writing. It includes various types of figures of sound such as pun, Crossed rhyme etc, as well as figures of meaning such as _____ apostrophe, rhetorical, rhetorical question, zeugma etc..."(9) "Similarities: 1. Both rhetoric and are the science of using language in such a way to influence the hearer or the reader effectively, _____ 2. Both of them apply figures of sound and meaning. Difference: They do not use, sometimes, the same figure, that is, a term like and are attributed to in persian, while their equivalents in _____ English which are acrostic and macaronic verse respectively, are attributed to prosody."(10) 105 _____ _____ "Rhetoric" ___ _____ _____ _____ 106 _____ 107 ______________ _____ _____ _____ = _____ "Allusion, usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to person or an event. It is often a kind of appeal to a reader to share some experience with the writer. An allusion may enrich the work by association and give it depth. When using allusions a writer tends to assume an established literary tradition, a 108 ___ (Central Allusions) body of common knowledge with an audiance to 'pick up' the reference. The following kinds may be roughly distinguished:(a) a reference of events and people---(b) reference to facts about the author himself---(c) an imitative allusion---"(46) _____ "An implicit or explicit reference to a real or ficticious people, event or work of literature which is outside of the work to be rich---"(47) _____ "An indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained by the writer but relies on the reader's familiarity with what is thus mentioned. The technique of allusion is an economical means of calling upon the history or the literary tradition that author and reader are assumed to share, although some poets---allude to 109 areas of quite speciallized knowledge--- other kinds of allusion include the imitative, and the structural, in which one work reminds us of the structure of author. Topical allusion is especially important in satire--"(48) 110 _____ _____ 111 ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _____ _____ _____ 112 113 _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ 114 o _____ _____ " o _____ _____ 115 _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ " o ___ _____ 116 o _____ _____ _____ " " _____ " o o o o o - o o _____ 117 o _____ o o o ___ 118 _____ _____ " _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ o - o o 119 o o o o - o o o ___ _____ _____ " 120 _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ _____ " o o o o _____ _____ _____ " o 121 _____ _____ " _____ " _____ o __ o o o o o o _____ _____ " 122 " o o o _____ _____ " " o _____ _____ 123 _____ _____ " o o _____ _____ " _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ 124 _____ o _____ _____ o o " o o o o o _____ " _____ " _____ 125 _____ 126 ___ " _____ " _____ " o o o o o _____ " _____ _____ _____ 127 " o o o o 128 o o o o o o o o 129 o o _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " o 130 o ____ ___ ___ ____ ____ 131 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 132 _____ _____ _____ " " " " " " " " " " " " " 133 _____ _____ " _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _ 134 _____ " __ _____ 135 _ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 136 _____ _____ ___ _____ _____ _____ ___ 137 _____ _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ " 138 _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ 139 " _____ _____ _____ " _____ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 140 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " (Alexandar the great) _____ _____ _____ " _____ " " _____ _____ " 141 _____ _____ " Darus III _____ _____ _____ 142 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ " Diotima 143 _____ " " (Rationalists) (Empiricists) _____ _____ " " _____ " " _____ " " " " ___ 144 (Confucius ) (Immanuel Oscar Menham Deutsch) ___ (Marie Henri Beyle Stendhal) (Karl Marx) Das Kapital (Friedrich wilhelm Neitzsche) (Democritus) (Nicolus Copernicus) (Galileo) (Isaac Newton) (Michael Faraday) (Wilhelm Conrad Von Rongten) _____ Kl-KAN _____ _____ _____ " _____ (Sphinx) 145 _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ _____ 146 _____ " _____ " _____ " ___ _____ 147 _____ _____ " _____ _____ " _____ " " _____ " ___ _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ 148 _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ ___ 149 " " " " " " " " " " _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ " ____ ___ ___ ___ _____ " _____ 150 " _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ 151 _____ " _____ " ___ _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ 152 _____ " _____ 153 _____ " _____ _____ _____ " _____ " _____ 154 _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ ___ 155 ___ _____ " " _____ " _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 156 157 (S.HAIM) (F. Steingass) (New Persion-English Dictionary) A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary _____ ___ 158 _____ (Arabic-English Dictionary) "Guarantee, guaranty, security, giving security--- Indemnification, _____ compensation--- Including onething in another---"(117) _____ _____ "--Tazmin---Taking as a surety or guarantee; giving security; giving satisfaction; entrusting, lending on interest; taking under protection; comprehending or including one thing in another---"(118) _____ _____ "To render anyone responsible, a surety for, to include in, to insert a thing into---"(119) _____ ___ 159 _____ _____ "To insert in one's own poem, as another verses"(130) __________ "Inserting the verses of another in one's own poem; an ellipsis."(131) __________ "Introducing into poetry a hemistich or a verse or two verses, of another poet, to complete the meaning intended and for the purpose of corraborating the meaning, on the condition of notifying it as borrowed, before hand, or of its __________ being well- known, as so that the hearer will not imagine it to be stolen..."(132) 160 161 162 163 " " " " " " " " " 164 " " " " " " " 165 " " " " " " " " " " " ___ 166 " " " " " " " 167 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 168 " " " " " " " " " " 169 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 170 ___ 171 172 __ 173 _____ _____ _____ _____ 174 _____ _____ 175 _____ (Melody) _____ _____ _____ 176 "Leonine Rhyme" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " H o m e o p t o t o n " "Alliteration" 177 _____ " _____ _____ " "Discope" " " 178 pun "pun" _____ _____ _____ 179 _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ 180 _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ 181 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ " _____ "Macronic verse" "Commic Effect" _____ _____ _____ " _____ 182 _____ 183 _____ _____ _____ ___ "Amphilboly" _____ _____ _____ " _____ 184 _____ _____ 185 " _____ " _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ 186 " _____ " _____ 187 _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ 188 Rhetoric Question _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ "Antithesis" 189 "Amplificaton" _____ " _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ _____ _____ _____ 190 _____ _____ _____ 191 _____ _____ " _____ " _____ " _____ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 192 _____ _____ _____ _____ " _____ " _____ ___ 193 _____ _____ " _____ i ii 194 (46) Cuddon, J.A: The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary theory, London: Penguin Books, 4th Ed. 1999, page:27. (47) Lutufullah Karimi: A Contrastive Analysis of English- Persion Literary Terms, page:24. (48) Chris Baldick:The concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Criticism, New York: Oxford University Press 1990, page:6. i _ 195 ii ___ (i) (ii) Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics i ii __ i ii 196 iii __ 197 __ __ 198 (132) E.W. Lane: Arabic- English Lexicon, Lahore: Islamic Book Centre, (131) F. Steingass, page: 306. (118) 1978, vol:5, page:1081. F. Steingass: A comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Limited, 5th Ed 1963, page 306. (119) :(Arabic-English Dictionary) Beirut: Catholic Press 1964, page 421. 199 200 201 202 203 204 __ 205 __ _ ___ 206 _ 207 ENGLISH: (Dictionaries-Dictionaries of Literary Terms) Boyle, John Andrew:Practical Dictionary of The Persian Language, London: Luzac & Company Limited, 1949. Chris Baldick:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Cuddon, J.A:The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms & Literary Theory, London: 208 Penguin Books, 4th Edition 1999. Hornby, A.S:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, New York: Oxford University Press, 6th Ed 2002. Lane, E.W:Arabic- English Lexicon, vol:5, Lahore: Islamic Book Centre, 1978. Palmer, E.H:A Concise Dictionary of Persion Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 1949. Phillot, D.C:English-Persian Dictionary, Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press 1914. Steingass, F:Persian-English Dictionary, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, 5th Ed. 1963. Arabic-English Dictionary, Beirut; Catholic press 1964. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, India: Thomson Press, 2nd Ed 2000.
