SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK
1-2
3-5
6-7
8
9
10
WEEK ONE-TWO
CHINA AND U. S. A: THE GLOBAL FASHION
Learning Objectives:
-Explain the term Global Fashion
-Differentiate between the global fashion in China and the U. S. A
"Global fashion" typically refers to the worldwide trends, styles, and influences
that impact the fashion industry. It refers to a broader perspective beyond local
or regional fashion trends, taking into account the interdependence of the
fashion world on a global scale.
The term reflects the increasingly globalized nature of fashion, where trends,
styles, and influences can transcend geographical and cultural boundaries.
Factors Responsible for the global nature of fashion:
1. International Influence: Fashion designers, influencers, and brands from
around the world contribute to shaping global fashion. Styles and trends
often transcend borders.
2. Communication and Media: The rise of the internet and social media has
made it easier for fashion trends to spread globally. Fashion shows, streetstyle photography, and online platforms allow people from different regions
to access and adopt diverse styles.
3. Globalization of Retail: Many fashion brands have a presence in multiple
countries, and online shopping has made it possible for consumers to access
clothing and accessories from around the world.
4. Cultural Exchange: Global fashion often involves the blending and
adaptation of various cultural elements. Designers and consumers draw
inspiration from different cultures, resulting in rich and diverse landscapes.
5. Supply Chains and Production: The fashion industry's supply chains are
often global, with materials sourced from one country, production in
another, and distribution worldwide. This interdependence impacts the
availability and accessibility of different styles.
Global Fashion in China
China plays a significant role in the global fashion industry, both as a consumer
market and as a producer of fashion goods.
Key - Aspect of Global fashion in China:
1. Consumer Market: China has emerged as one of the largest consumer
markets for fashion and luxury goods. The rising middle class and
increased disposable income have contributed to a growing demand for
international and domestic fashion brands.
2. E-Commerce Dominance: E-commerce platforms in China, such as
Alibaba's Tmall and JD.com, have become major players in the fashion
industry.
3. Fashion Weeks and Events: Chinese cities, particularly Shanghai and
Beijing, host their fashion weeks, attracting both local and international
designers.
4. Influence of Chinese Designers: Chinese fashion designers have gained
international recognition, contributing to the global fashion landscape.
Designers like Guo Pei and Uma Wang have showcased their collections
at major fashion events, bringing Chinese aesthetics to the global stage.
5. Fast Fashion and Manufacturing: China has long been a hub for fast
fashion manufacturing. Many global fashion brands source their
products from Chinese factories due to the country's expertise in
efficient and cost-effective production.
Global Fashion in U. S. A
Global Fashion in the U.S. is dynamic and influenced by various factors such as
culture, technology, sustainability, and economic trends.
key aspects of global fashion in the U.S.A
e commerce dominance.
fast fashion challenges
diversity and inclusion
technology integration
sustainability >There has been a growing emphasis on sustainable and
eco-friendly practices in the fashion industry. many u.s brands are developing
sustainable eco friendly materials.
1. Sustainability: There has been a growing emphasis on sustainable and
eco-friendly practices in the fashion industry. Many U.S. brands were
adopting sustainable materials, ethical manufacturing processes, and
promoting environmentally conscious initiatives.
2. Technology Integration: Fashion and technology continued to merge,
with the rise of smart clothing, wearable tech, and online retail
innovations.
3. Diversity and Inclusion: The fashion industry was increasingly
recognizing and promoting diversity and inclusion. This involved a
broader range of models in terms of ethnicity, body shape, and gender,
as well as diverse design influences.
4. E-commerce Dominance: Online shopping continued to dominate the
retail landscape. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores were
enhancing their online presence, and direct-to-consumer models were
gaining traction.
5. Fast Fashion Challenges: While fast fashion remained prevalent, there
was also a growing awareness of its environmental and ethical impact.
Consumers were increasingly looking for sustainable alternatives and
supporting slow fashion movements.
WEEK THREE-FIVE
TECTONIC AND CLIMATIC HAZARDS
Learning Objectives:
- Explain tectonic hazards
-Highlight the impacts of tectonic hazards
Tectonic hazards are threats caused by the movement of tectonic plates that
have the potential to cause damage to life, property, the environment, human
activity, and the economy. The tectonic plates move against, apart, or past each
other.
What are some examples of tectonic hazards?
Examples of tectonic hazards include earthquakes and volcanic activity, which
can lead to secondary hazards such as tsunamis and landslides.
What are the possible tectonic hazards at different plate margins?
Different types of plate margins (including divergent, convergent,
and conservative plate margins) are responsible for different types and
magnitudes of tectonic hazards, depending on the relative direction of plate
movement and types of crust.
Tectonic hazards at divergent plate margins
Divergent plate margins (also known as constructive plate margins) are where
the plates are moving apart from each other. These generate low-magnitude
earthquakes with a shallow focus.
Tectonic hazards at convergent plate margins
Convergent/destructive plate margins are where plates move towards each
other, leading to high-magnitude earthquakes and volcanic activity as the
friction between the two plates increases and is released.
Tectonic hazards at conservative plate margins
Frequent earthquakes (up to magnitude 8) often occur at conservative plate
margins, where plates are sliding past each other in a horizontal direction.
Impact of tectonic hazards
The impacts of tectonic hazards are:
1. Shaking and Damage: Earthquakes can make the ground shake, leading
to buildings and structures getting damaged or collapsing. This can be
dangerous for people inside or near those structures.
2. Lava and Ash: Volcanic eruptions can release lava and ash. Lava can
destroy things in its path, while ash can cover the land, affecting plants,
animals, and even air travel.
3. Tsunamis: Earthquakes under the ocean can create tsunamis, which are
big ocean waves. These waves can flood coastal areas, causing damage
and putting people in danger.
4. Changes in the Landscape: Tectonic activity can reshape the land.
Mountains can form, and the Earth's surface can change, impacting
ecosystems and habitats.
5. Displacement of People: Tectonic hazards can force people to leave their
homes if it's not safe to stay. This can lead to temporary or permanent
displacement and create challenges for communities.
6. Economic Impact: The damage caused by tectonic hazards can have a
significant economic impact. Rebuilding and recovering from these
events can be costly for individuals, communities, and entire countries.
Global earthquake distribution
Volcano distribution
Like earthquakes, most active volcanoes occur at or near plate boundaries.
Many (about 75%) occur around the 'Ring of Fire' surrounding the Pacific
Ocean. Volcanoes occur at convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They
can also be found at hot spots in the middle of plates like Hawaii in the central
Pacific
Global distribution of active volcanos
Tsunami distribution
Over 70% of tsunamis occur around the Pacific Ocean. 15% Mediterranean Sea,
9% Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, and 6% Indian Ocean. They are caused
by tectonic activity. Most occur due to activity at convergent boundaries.
Global tsunami distribution 1900-2020
Plate Boundaries
Plate boundaries are the locations where the tectonic plates meet
Due to the movement of the plates, these are areas where a range of processes
take place.
There are three main types of plate boundaries:
(i). Divergent - plates moving apart
(ii). Convergent - plates moving together
(iii). Transform - plates moving past each other or in the same direction at
different speeds
There are three categories of convergent boundaries:
Oceanic - continental
Oceanic - oceanic
Continental-continental (also known as a collision boundary)
Types of plate boundary
Intra-plate Earthquakes and volcanoes
Some earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur away from the plate
boundaries. These are intra-plate earthquakes and hot spots.
Intra-plate earthquakes. These can occur anywhere. The cause is not fully
understood but is thought to be:
Tectonic stresses cause ancient fault lines to reactivate. The plates are moving
over a spherical surface and this causes zones of weakness. The New Madrid
earthquake in 1812 and the 2011 Virginia earthquake are examples of intraplate earthquakes.
Hotspot volcanoes
These occur over stationary magma plumes (columns of rising magma) in the
asthenosphere. The tectonic plate moves over the plume leading to the
formation of a chain of volcanic islands (Hawaii). The oldest island is the one
further away from the plume.
WEEK SIX -SEVEN
TECTONICS AND CLIMATIC HAZARDS
Learning Objectives:
- Define climatic hazards
- State the types of climatic hazards
- Explain the causes of climatic hazards
- Discuss how climatic hazards
Climatic hazards definition
Climatic hazards, also known as climate-related hazards or extreme weather
events, are events that result from natural processes of the Earth's atmosphere
and can cause damage to the environment, property, and human life.
A hazard is a situation or event that can cause adverse effects.
On the other hand, in geography, a disaster refers to what has happened due to
a hazard. Hazards are usually sudden and disrupt regular life in the area they
impact.
NB: Not all hazards result in disasters!!!
Causes of climate hazards
These hazards are often influenced by both natural factors and human
activities. Here are some of the causes of climatic hazards:
1. Natural Climate Variability:
El Niño: It is like the Earth's weather getting a bit out of its routine because the
Pacific Ocean is warmer than it should be.
i. Hot Ocean Water: El Niño happens when the water in the Pacific Ocean gets
hotter than usual.
ii. Crazy Weather: This hot water messes up the usual weather. Some places
get too much rain, causing floods, while others get too little, leading to
droughts.
iii. Impact on Nature: It can change where fish swim in the ocean and even
affect hurricanes.
iv. Warmer Winter: In some places, it can make winters warmer than what's
normal.
La Niña:
i. Cool Water: La Niña is kind of the opposite. It occurs when the Pacific
Ocean's water becomes cooler than usual.
ii. Weather Changes (Different Ones): Instead of bringing a lot of rain, La
Niña can make some places cooler and wetter, while others become warmer
and drier.
iii. Nature Impact: Like El Niño, La Niña can also change where fish are
found and affect things like hurricanes, but in a different way.
iv. Colder Winter: In some places, La Niña can make winters colder than
what's normal.
Monsoons: Seasonal winds, such as the Asian monsoon, can bring heavy
rainfall during specific times of the year, leading to flooding and landslides.
Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones: These are intense tropical storms that
form over warm ocean waters. They can cause strong winds, heavy rainfall,
storm surges, and flooding when they make landfall.
2. Human Activities:
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
contribute to the buildup of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and
methane, in the atmosphere. This leads to global warming and climate change,
increasing the frequency and intensity of some climatic hazards.
Urbanization and Land Use Changes: The alteration of land surfaces, such as
deforestation, urbanization, and changes in land use patterns, can affect local
climate conditions and increase the risk of hazards like floods and heat waves.
Industrial Pollution: Industrial activities release pollutants into the
atmosphere, contributing to air and water pollution. This pollution can
exacerbate the impacts of climatic hazards and have long-term effects on the
environment.
3. Natural Earth Processes:
Volcanic Activity: Volcanic eruptions can release ash, gases, and particulate
matter into the atmosphere, affecting weather patterns and sometimes leading
to short-term climatic changes.
Earthquakes and Tsunamis: While earthquakes themselves are not climatic
events, they can trigger tsunamis when they occur under the ocean. Tsunamis
can cause widespread and severe coastal flooding.
4. Oceanic Processes:
Sea Level Rise: Melting ice caps and glaciers, along with the thermal expansion
of seawater due to global warming, contribute to rising sea levels. This can
increase the impact of storm surges and coastal flooding during climatic events.
Types of climate hazards
1. Tornadoes
2. Droughts
3. Tropical storms
4. Flooding
Tornadoes
Tornadoes are probably the most violent type of storm. They are vertical
funnels of rapidly spinning air which extend from a thunderstorm in the sky to
the ground. Tornadoes are formed by powerful updraughts and are often
associated with hurricanes. They follow a relatively narrow path up to 50
miles/80 km in length. With winds of up to 250 mph/402 km/h, they destroy
everything in their way.
Droughts
Drought hazards are prolonged periods of abnormally low or no rainfall
compared to the average rainfall levels in an area. Droughts can last anywhere
between a few weeks to years.
Tropical storms
Tropical storms, also known as typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones, are areas of
significantly low pressure that develop over warm oceanic areas. They form
when the air over the warm ocean becomes warm and rises, creating a zone
with extremely low pressure.
Flooding
A flood is when excess water covers normally dry land.
Tornadoes
Tornadoes are extreme weather events that occur in many parts of the world,
including Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and New Zealand. The
United States, Argentina and Bangladesh have the highest annual incidents of
tornadoes.
Controlling climatic hazards, such as extreme weather events, is a complex
challenge that involves a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies.
While it's not possible to control the weather directly, human activities can
influence and respond to climatic hazards. Here are some key approaches:
1. Mitigation Measures:
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The primary driver of climate change is
the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigating climate
change involves reducing emissions of these gases. This can be achieved
through policies that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
sustainable practices.
Afforestation and Reforestation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and play a crucial
role in regulating the climate. Planting and protecting forests can help offset
carbon emissions.
2. Adaptation Strategies:
Infrastructure Planning: Designing and building infrastructure that can
withstand extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and heatwaves,
is crucial for reducing the impact of climatic hazards. This includes constructing
buildings to withstand earthquakes, improving drainage systems, and
developing flood-resistant structures.
Early Warning Systems: Timely information about approaching hazards can
help communities prepare and evacuate if necessary. Early warning systems for
hurricanes, floods, and other disasters can save lives and reduce damage.
Water Management: Managing water resources is critical for adapting to
changing climate conditions. This includes building reservoirs to store water
during periods of excess rainfall and developing efficient irrigation systems
during droughts.
3. Research and Innovation:
Climate Research: Ongoing research into climate science helps us understand
the patterns and trends in climatic hazards. This knowledge is essential for
developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Technological Innovation: Developing and deploying new technologies can
help address climatic hazards. This includes innovations in renewable energy,
sustainable agriculture practices, and climate-resilient infrastructure.
4. International Cooperation:
Global Agreements: International collaboration is essential for addressing
climate change and its associated hazards. Agreements such as the Paris
Agreement aim to bring countries together to work towards common goals in
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate
change.
5. Community Engagement and Education:
Community Resilience: Empowering communities with knowledge and
resources to adapt to climatic hazards is crucial. This includes educating people
about disaster preparedness, sustainable practices, and local adaptation
strategies.
WEEK 8
VIRTUAL VOLCANOES AND INTERNET EARTHQUAKES
Learning Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
- Explain volcanic activities
- State how volcanic activity can be mitigated
Volcanoes are geological features on the Earth's surface that result from the
eruption of magma from beneath the Earth's crust. Magma is molten rock that
is generated within the Earth's mantle. When pressure builds up or when there
is a change in the composition of the magma, it can force its way to the
surface, leading to a volcanic eruption.
Volcanoes can take various forms, ranging from relatively gentle, effusive
eruptions that release lava slowly, to more explosive eruptions that eject ash,
gases, and volcanic rocks into the air. The shape of a volcano depends on the
type of eruption and the characteristics of the magma.
Key components of a volcano include:
1. Magma Chamber: This is a reservoir beneath the Earth's surface where
magma accumulates. As pressure builds up, the magma can be forced
upward towards the surface.
2. Vent: The opening through which volcanic material is expelled. It can be a
central vent at the summit or fractures and fissures along the sides of the
volcano.
3. Crater: The depression at the summit of the volcano, often formed during
explosive eruptions. It can be a bowl-shaped feature.
4. Lava Flow: Molten rock that flows onto the Earth's surface during an
eruption. It can solidify to form new landforms.
EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are natural phenomena that occur when there is a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's crust, leading to the generation of seismic waves.
Earthquakes can vary in size and intensity.
CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES
1. Ground shaking
2. Surface rupture
3. Tsunami
4. Landslides
5. Ground liquefaction: Ground liquefaction is a phenomenon that can occur
during certain types of earthquakes, particularly in areas with loose, watersaturated soils. It happens when the ground, typically composed of saturated,
loosely packed granular material (such as sand or silty soil), temporarily loses
its strength and stiffness due to the intense shaking generated by an
earthquake. The process can turn solid ground into a liquid-like state.
WAYS TO REDUCE/MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES
1. Land-Use Planning
2. Early Warning Systems
3. Public Education and Preparedness
4. Infrastructure Resilience:
5. Vegetative Cover and Erosion Control
6. Emergency Response Planning
WEEK NINE
SUPERPOWERS
Learning Objectives
-Explain what superpowers are and give examples.
-Describe how superpowers can help or cause problems.
-Talk about how people can use their talents to make a difference in real life.
What Are Superpowers?
Superpowers are special abilities that allow someone to do amazing things that
normal people cannot do. They are often seen in stories, movies, and comics
about superheroes. Superpowers make people very strong, fast, or able to do
something extraordinary.
Examples of Superpowers:
1. Flying: The ability to move through the air without using an aeroplane or
wings. Example: Superman can fly.
2. Super Strength: The ability to lift very heavy things or break strong
objects. Example: The Hulk is very strong.
3. Invisibility: The power to disappear so no one can see you. Example:
Invisible Woman from the Fantastic Four.
4. Speed: Running or moving faster than anyone else. Example: The Flash
can run very quickly.
5. Reading Minds (Telepathy): Knowing what other people are thinking
without them saying it. Example: Professor X from X-Men.
How Superpowers Can Help or Cause Problems
Superpowers can be used to do good things, but they can also cause problems
if used in the wrong way.
How Superpowers Can Help:
1. Saving Lives: A superhero with super strength or flying powers can save
people from danger, like lifting a car or rescuing someone from a fire.
2. Protecting Others: Heroes with powers like speed or invisibility can
protect people from bad situations, like stopping a robbery.
3. Helping Communities: Superpowers can make it easier to solve big
problems, like stopping disasters or helping those in need.
How Superpowers Can Cause Problems:
1. Misusing Power: If someone uses their power for selfish reasons, like
stealing or hurting others, it can cause harm.
2. Causing Fear: People might feel scared if they don’t trust the person with
powers, even if the person means well.
3. Accidental Harm: Superpowers are very strong. If they are not used
carefully, they might hurt people or damage things by mistake.
Connecting Superpowers to Real Life
Superpowers are not real, but they can teach us important lessons about what
we can do in real life. Many of the things we admire in superheroes can be
found in everyday people who use their skills and talents to help others.
Real-Life Heroes
In real life, people do amazing things even though they don’t have
superpowers. These people use their abilities, hard work, and kindness to make
the world better. Here are some examples:
1. Doctors and Nurses: They save lives and take care of sick people, just like
superheroes save people in danger.
2. Teachers: They help students learn and grow, giving them the knowledge
to succeed.
3. Firefighters and Police Officers: They protect people and keep them
safe, just like heroes in stories.
4. Parents and Guardians: They take care of their families, making sure
everyone is healthy and happy.
Talents Are Like Superpowers
Everyone has a talent or skill that can make a difference. These talents may not
seem like superpowers, but they can be very powerful.
•
If you are kind, you can make someone feel better.
•
If you are strong, you can help others carry heavy things or fix things.
•
If you are good at drawing, singing, or writing, you can make people
happy with your creativity.
Lessons from Superpowers
Superhero stories teach us that power comes with responsibility. This means
we should use our skills to help others, not to harm them.
•
If you are smart, share your knowledge to teach others.
•
If you are good at sports, encourage your teammates and work together.
WEEK TEN
THE CHANGING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF FRANCE
Learning Objectives:
-State the key aspect of the changing economic Geography of France
France is one of the most populous countries in Europe. It has a population
that ranks among the top three in the European Union, along with Germany. It
is the largest country by land area in the European Union. Its total land area is
diverse, including mountains, plains, and coastlines.
In terms of both population and land area, France is a significant European
nation, having a substantial impact on the economic, cultural, and political
landscape of the continent.
France shares borders with multiple neighbours— whose influences are felt in
everything from architecture to language, fashion, and cuisine. In the east,
France has a common border with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany,
Switzerland, Italy, and the Principality of Monaco. Travelling to the southwest
of the country, you’ll bump up against Spain and the Principality of Andorra in
the southeast. The country also has eight overseas territories, including the
Islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy, and French
Polynesia (amongst others).
Paris
France is known for having a diverse and well-developed economy. Some key
features of the changing economic geography of France include:
1. Paris and Île-de-France Region: Paris, the capital of France, and the Îlede-France region are at the heart of the country's economic activity. The
region is a major financial and business hub in Europe, hosting numerous
multinational corporations, financial institutions, and headquarters of
various companies.
2. Regional Disparities: Like many countries, France experiences regional
economic disparities. While the Île-de-France region is economically
prosperous, some other regions, particularly in the north and east, face
industrial decline and higher unemployment rates. Efforts have been
made to address these disparities through regional development
policies.
3. Agricultural Sector: France has a strong agricultural sector, and it is a
leading producer of various agricultural products, including wine, dairy,
and cereals. However, the sector has changed with a shift towards more
specialized and high-value products.
4. Industrial Changes: The industrial landscape has evolved over the years,
with a decline in traditional heavy industries and a rise in high-tech and
service industries. The aerospace, automotive, and pharmaceutical
sectors are among those that contribute significantly to the French
economy.
5. Innovation and Technology: France has been investing in innovation and
technology to enhance its competitiveness on the global stage. Research
and development centres, technology parks, and startup ecosystems
have been growing, particularly in cities like Paris and Lyon.
6. Globalization and Trade: France is an active participant in international
trade, and its economy is influenced by global trends. The country is a
member of the European Union, and its economic policies are shaped by
both regional and global considerations.
7. Tourism: Tourism is a vital sector for the French economy, contributing
significantly to GDP. The country's rich cultural heritage, historical
landmarks, and diverse landscapes attract millions of tourists each year.
8. Green Transition: Like many developed economies, France is increasingly
focused on sustainable development and the green transition. Policies
are being implemented to promote renewable energy, reduce carbon
emissions, and address environmental challenges.
The changing economic geography of France can be influenced by various
factors. Some key aspects include:
1. Urbanization and Regional Disparities
2. Globalization and Trade Patterns
3. Technological Innovation and Infrastructure
5. Natural Resource Endowments
6. Environmental Concerns