SCHEME OF WORK WEEK 1-2 3-5 6-7 8 9 10 WEEK ONE-TWO CHINA AND U. S. A: THE GLOBAL FASHION Learning Objectives: -Explain the term Global Fashion -Differentiate between the global fashion in China and the U. S. A "Global fashion" typically refers to the worldwide trends, styles, and influences that impact the fashion industry. It refers to a broader perspective beyond local or regional fashion trends, taking into account the interdependence of the fashion world on a global scale. The term reflects the increasingly globalized nature of fashion, where trends, styles, and influences can transcend geographical and cultural boundaries. Factors Responsible for the global nature of fashion: 1. International Influence: Fashion designers, influencers, and brands from around the world contribute to shaping global fashion. Styles and trends often transcend borders. 2. Communication and Media: The rise of the internet and social media has made it easier for fashion trends to spread globally. Fashion shows, streetstyle photography, and online platforms allow people from different regions to access and adopt diverse styles. 3. Globalization of Retail: Many fashion brands have a presence in multiple countries, and online shopping has made it possible for consumers to access clothing and accessories from around the world. 4. Cultural Exchange: Global fashion often involves the blending and adaptation of various cultural elements. Designers and consumers draw inspiration from different cultures, resulting in rich and diverse landscapes. 5. Supply Chains and Production: The fashion industry's supply chains are often global, with materials sourced from one country, production in another, and distribution worldwide. This interdependence impacts the availability and accessibility of different styles. Global Fashion in China China plays a significant role in the global fashion industry, both as a consumer market and as a producer of fashion goods. Key - Aspect of Global fashion in China: 1. Consumer Market: China has emerged as one of the largest consumer markets for fashion and luxury goods. The rising middle class and increased disposable income have contributed to a growing demand for international and domestic fashion brands. 2. E-Commerce Dominance: E-commerce platforms in China, such as Alibaba's Tmall and JD.com, have become major players in the fashion industry. 3. Fashion Weeks and Events: Chinese cities, particularly Shanghai and Beijing, host their fashion weeks, attracting both local and international designers. 4. Influence of Chinese Designers: Chinese fashion designers have gained international recognition, contributing to the global fashion landscape. Designers like Guo Pei and Uma Wang have showcased their collections at major fashion events, bringing Chinese aesthetics to the global stage. 5. Fast Fashion and Manufacturing: China has long been a hub for fast fashion manufacturing. Many global fashion brands source their products from Chinese factories due to the country's expertise in efficient and cost-effective production. Global Fashion in U. S. A Global Fashion in the U.S. is dynamic and influenced by various factors such as culture, technology, sustainability, and economic trends. key aspects of global fashion in the U.S.A e commerce dominance. fast fashion challenges diversity and inclusion technology integration sustainability >There has been a growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the fashion industry. many u.s brands are developing sustainable eco friendly materials. 1. Sustainability: There has been a growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly practices in the fashion industry. Many U.S. brands were adopting sustainable materials, ethical manufacturing processes, and promoting environmentally conscious initiatives. 2. Technology Integration: Fashion and technology continued to merge, with the rise of smart clothing, wearable tech, and online retail innovations. 3. Diversity and Inclusion: The fashion industry was increasingly recognizing and promoting diversity and inclusion. This involved a broader range of models in terms of ethnicity, body shape, and gender, as well as diverse design influences. 4. E-commerce Dominance: Online shopping continued to dominate the retail landscape. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores were enhancing their online presence, and direct-to-consumer models were gaining traction. 5. Fast Fashion Challenges: While fast fashion remained prevalent, there was also a growing awareness of its environmental and ethical impact. Consumers were increasingly looking for sustainable alternatives and supporting slow fashion movements. WEEK THREE-FIVE TECTONIC AND CLIMATIC HAZARDS Learning Objectives: - Explain tectonic hazards -Highlight the impacts of tectonic hazards Tectonic hazards are threats caused by the movement of tectonic plates that have the potential to cause damage to life, property, the environment, human activity, and the economy. The tectonic plates move against, apart, or past each other. What are some examples of tectonic hazards? Examples of tectonic hazards include earthquakes and volcanic activity, which can lead to secondary hazards such as tsunamis and landslides. What are the possible tectonic hazards at different plate margins? Different types of plate margins (including divergent, convergent, and conservative plate margins) are responsible for different types and magnitudes of tectonic hazards, depending on the relative direction of plate movement and types of crust. Tectonic hazards at divergent plate margins Divergent plate margins (also known as constructive plate margins) are where the plates are moving apart from each other. These generate low-magnitude earthquakes with a shallow focus. Tectonic hazards at convergent plate margins Convergent/destructive plate margins are where plates move towards each other, leading to high-magnitude earthquakes and volcanic activity as the friction between the two plates increases and is released. Tectonic hazards at conservative plate margins Frequent earthquakes (up to magnitude 8) often occur at conservative plate margins, where plates are sliding past each other in a horizontal direction. Impact of tectonic hazards The impacts of tectonic hazards are: 1. Shaking and Damage: Earthquakes can make the ground shake, leading to buildings and structures getting damaged or collapsing. This can be dangerous for people inside or near those structures. 2. Lava and Ash: Volcanic eruptions can release lava and ash. Lava can destroy things in its path, while ash can cover the land, affecting plants, animals, and even air travel. 3. Tsunamis: Earthquakes under the ocean can create tsunamis, which are big ocean waves. These waves can flood coastal areas, causing damage and putting people in danger. 4. Changes in the Landscape: Tectonic activity can reshape the land. Mountains can form, and the Earth's surface can change, impacting ecosystems and habitats. 5. Displacement of People: Tectonic hazards can force people to leave their homes if it's not safe to stay. This can lead to temporary or permanent displacement and create challenges for communities. 6. Economic Impact: The damage caused by tectonic hazards can have a significant economic impact. Rebuilding and recovering from these events can be costly for individuals, communities, and entire countries. Global earthquake distribution Volcano distribution Like earthquakes, most active volcanoes occur at or near plate boundaries. Many (about 75%) occur around the 'Ring of Fire' surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes occur at convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can also be found at hot spots in the middle of plates like Hawaii in the central Pacific Global distribution of active volcanos Tsunami distribution Over 70% of tsunamis occur around the Pacific Ocean. 15% Mediterranean Sea, 9% Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, and 6% Indian Ocean. They are caused by tectonic activity. Most occur due to activity at convergent boundaries. Global tsunami distribution 1900-2020 Plate Boundaries Plate boundaries are the locations where the tectonic plates meet Due to the movement of the plates, these are areas where a range of processes take place. There are three main types of plate boundaries: (i). Divergent - plates moving apart (ii). Convergent - plates moving together (iii). Transform - plates moving past each other or in the same direction at different speeds There are three categories of convergent boundaries: Oceanic - continental Oceanic - oceanic Continental-continental (also known as a collision boundary) Types of plate boundary Intra-plate Earthquakes and volcanoes Some earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur away from the plate boundaries. These are intra-plate earthquakes and hot spots. Intra-plate earthquakes. These can occur anywhere. The cause is not fully understood but is thought to be: Tectonic stresses cause ancient fault lines to reactivate. The plates are moving over a spherical surface and this causes zones of weakness. The New Madrid earthquake in 1812 and the 2011 Virginia earthquake are examples of intraplate earthquakes. Hotspot volcanoes These occur over stationary magma plumes (columns of rising magma) in the asthenosphere. The tectonic plate moves over the plume leading to the formation of a chain of volcanic islands (Hawaii). The oldest island is the one further away from the plume. WEEK SIX -SEVEN TECTONICS AND CLIMATIC HAZARDS Learning Objectives: - Define climatic hazards - State the types of climatic hazards - Explain the causes of climatic hazards - Discuss how climatic hazards Climatic hazards definition Climatic hazards, also known as climate-related hazards or extreme weather events, are events that result from natural processes of the Earth's atmosphere and can cause damage to the environment, property, and human life. A hazard is a situation or event that can cause adverse effects. On the other hand, in geography, a disaster refers to what has happened due to a hazard. Hazards are usually sudden and disrupt regular life in the area they impact. NB: Not all hazards result in disasters!!! Causes of climate hazards These hazards are often influenced by both natural factors and human activities. Here are some of the causes of climatic hazards: 1. Natural Climate Variability: El Niño: It is like the Earth's weather getting a bit out of its routine because the Pacific Ocean is warmer than it should be. i. Hot Ocean Water: El Niño happens when the water in the Pacific Ocean gets hotter than usual. ii. Crazy Weather: This hot water messes up the usual weather. Some places get too much rain, causing floods, while others get too little, leading to droughts. iii. Impact on Nature: It can change where fish swim in the ocean and even affect hurricanes. iv. Warmer Winter: In some places, it can make winters warmer than what's normal. La Niña: i. Cool Water: La Niña is kind of the opposite. It occurs when the Pacific Ocean's water becomes cooler than usual. ii. Weather Changes (Different Ones): Instead of bringing a lot of rain, La Niña can make some places cooler and wetter, while others become warmer and drier. iii. Nature Impact: Like El Niño, La Niña can also change where fish are found and affect things like hurricanes, but in a different way. iv. Colder Winter: In some places, La Niña can make winters colder than what's normal. Monsoons: Seasonal winds, such as the Asian monsoon, can bring heavy rainfall during specific times of the year, leading to flooding and landslides. Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones: These are intense tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters. They can cause strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges, and flooding when they make landfall. 2. Human Activities: Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation contribute to the buildup of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, in the atmosphere. This leads to global warming and climate change, increasing the frequency and intensity of some climatic hazards. Urbanization and Land Use Changes: The alteration of land surfaces, such as deforestation, urbanization, and changes in land use patterns, can affect local climate conditions and increase the risk of hazards like floods and heat waves. Industrial Pollution: Industrial activities release pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air and water pollution. This pollution can exacerbate the impacts of climatic hazards and have long-term effects on the environment. 3. Natural Earth Processes: Volcanic Activity: Volcanic eruptions can release ash, gases, and particulate matter into the atmosphere, affecting weather patterns and sometimes leading to short-term climatic changes. Earthquakes and Tsunamis: While earthquakes themselves are not climatic events, they can trigger tsunamis when they occur under the ocean. Tsunamis can cause widespread and severe coastal flooding. 4. Oceanic Processes: Sea Level Rise: Melting ice caps and glaciers, along with the thermal expansion of seawater due to global warming, contribute to rising sea levels. This can increase the impact of storm surges and coastal flooding during climatic events. Types of climate hazards 1. Tornadoes 2. Droughts 3. Tropical storms 4. Flooding Tornadoes Tornadoes are probably the most violent type of storm. They are vertical funnels of rapidly spinning air which extend from a thunderstorm in the sky to the ground. Tornadoes are formed by powerful updraughts and are often associated with hurricanes. They follow a relatively narrow path up to 50 miles/80 km in length. With winds of up to 250 mph/402 km/h, they destroy everything in their way. Droughts Drought hazards are prolonged periods of abnormally low or no rainfall compared to the average rainfall levels in an area. Droughts can last anywhere between a few weeks to years. Tropical storms Tropical storms, also known as typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones, are areas of significantly low pressure that develop over warm oceanic areas. They form when the air over the warm ocean becomes warm and rises, creating a zone with extremely low pressure. Flooding A flood is when excess water covers normally dry land. Tornadoes Tornadoes are extreme weather events that occur in many parts of the world, including Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and New Zealand. The United States, Argentina and Bangladesh have the highest annual incidents of tornadoes. Controlling climatic hazards, such as extreme weather events, is a complex challenge that involves a combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies. While it's not possible to control the weather directly, human activities can influence and respond to climatic hazards. Here are some key approaches: 1. Mitigation Measures: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The primary driver of climate change is the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Mitigating climate change involves reducing emissions of these gases. This can be achieved through policies that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices. Afforestation and Reforestation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and play a crucial role in regulating the climate. Planting and protecting forests can help offset carbon emissions. 2. Adaptation Strategies: Infrastructure Planning: Designing and building infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and heatwaves, is crucial for reducing the impact of climatic hazards. This includes constructing buildings to withstand earthquakes, improving drainage systems, and developing flood-resistant structures. Early Warning Systems: Timely information about approaching hazards can help communities prepare and evacuate if necessary. Early warning systems for hurricanes, floods, and other disasters can save lives and reduce damage. Water Management: Managing water resources is critical for adapting to changing climate conditions. This includes building reservoirs to store water during periods of excess rainfall and developing efficient irrigation systems during droughts. 3. Research and Innovation: Climate Research: Ongoing research into climate science helps us understand the patterns and trends in climatic hazards. This knowledge is essential for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. Technological Innovation: Developing and deploying new technologies can help address climatic hazards. This includes innovations in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture practices, and climate-resilient infrastructure. 4. International Cooperation: Global Agreements: International collaboration is essential for addressing climate change and its associated hazards. Agreements such as the Paris Agreement aim to bring countries together to work towards common goals in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. 5. Community Engagement and Education: Community Resilience: Empowering communities with knowledge and resources to adapt to climatic hazards is crucial. This includes educating people about disaster preparedness, sustainable practices, and local adaptation strategies. WEEK 8 VIRTUAL VOLCANOES AND INTERNET EARTHQUAKES Learning Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: - Explain volcanic activities - State how volcanic activity can be mitigated Volcanoes are geological features on the Earth's surface that result from the eruption of magma from beneath the Earth's crust. Magma is molten rock that is generated within the Earth's mantle. When pressure builds up or when there is a change in the composition of the magma, it can force its way to the surface, leading to a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes can take various forms, ranging from relatively gentle, effusive eruptions that release lava slowly, to more explosive eruptions that eject ash, gases, and volcanic rocks into the air. The shape of a volcano depends on the type of eruption and the characteristics of the magma. Key components of a volcano include: 1. Magma Chamber: This is a reservoir beneath the Earth's surface where magma accumulates. As pressure builds up, the magma can be forced upward towards the surface. 2. Vent: The opening through which volcanic material is expelled. It can be a central vent at the summit or fractures and fissures along the sides of the volcano. 3. Crater: The depression at the summit of the volcano, often formed during explosive eruptions. It can be a bowl-shaped feature. 4. Lava Flow: Molten rock that flows onto the Earth's surface during an eruption. It can solidify to form new landforms. EARTHQUAKES Earthquakes are natural phenomena that occur when there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, leading to the generation of seismic waves. Earthquakes can vary in size and intensity. CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES 1. Ground shaking 2. Surface rupture 3. Tsunami 4. Landslides 5. Ground liquefaction: Ground liquefaction is a phenomenon that can occur during certain types of earthquakes, particularly in areas with loose, watersaturated soils. It happens when the ground, typically composed of saturated, loosely packed granular material (such as sand or silty soil), temporarily loses its strength and stiffness due to the intense shaking generated by an earthquake. The process can turn solid ground into a liquid-like state. WAYS TO REDUCE/MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES 1. Land-Use Planning 2. Early Warning Systems 3. Public Education and Preparedness 4. Infrastructure Resilience: 5. Vegetative Cover and Erosion Control 6. Emergency Response Planning WEEK NINE SUPERPOWERS Learning Objectives -Explain what superpowers are and give examples. -Describe how superpowers can help or cause problems. -Talk about how people can use their talents to make a difference in real life. What Are Superpowers? Superpowers are special abilities that allow someone to do amazing things that normal people cannot do. They are often seen in stories, movies, and comics about superheroes. Superpowers make people very strong, fast, or able to do something extraordinary. Examples of Superpowers: 1. Flying: The ability to move through the air without using an aeroplane or wings. Example: Superman can fly. 2. Super Strength: The ability to lift very heavy things or break strong objects. Example: The Hulk is very strong. 3. Invisibility: The power to disappear so no one can see you. Example: Invisible Woman from the Fantastic Four. 4. Speed: Running or moving faster than anyone else. Example: The Flash can run very quickly. 5. Reading Minds (Telepathy): Knowing what other people are thinking without them saying it. Example: Professor X from X-Men. How Superpowers Can Help or Cause Problems Superpowers can be used to do good things, but they can also cause problems if used in the wrong way. How Superpowers Can Help: 1. Saving Lives: A superhero with super strength or flying powers can save people from danger, like lifting a car or rescuing someone from a fire. 2. Protecting Others: Heroes with powers like speed or invisibility can protect people from bad situations, like stopping a robbery. 3. Helping Communities: Superpowers can make it easier to solve big problems, like stopping disasters or helping those in need. How Superpowers Can Cause Problems: 1. Misusing Power: If someone uses their power for selfish reasons, like stealing or hurting others, it can cause harm. 2. Causing Fear: People might feel scared if they don’t trust the person with powers, even if the person means well. 3. Accidental Harm: Superpowers are very strong. If they are not used carefully, they might hurt people or damage things by mistake. Connecting Superpowers to Real Life Superpowers are not real, but they can teach us important lessons about what we can do in real life. Many of the things we admire in superheroes can be found in everyday people who use their skills and talents to help others. Real-Life Heroes In real life, people do amazing things even though they don’t have superpowers. These people use their abilities, hard work, and kindness to make the world better. Here are some examples: 1. Doctors and Nurses: They save lives and take care of sick people, just like superheroes save people in danger. 2. Teachers: They help students learn and grow, giving them the knowledge to succeed. 3. Firefighters and Police Officers: They protect people and keep them safe, just like heroes in stories. 4. Parents and Guardians: They take care of their families, making sure everyone is healthy and happy. Talents Are Like Superpowers Everyone has a talent or skill that can make a difference. These talents may not seem like superpowers, but they can be very powerful. • If you are kind, you can make someone feel better. • If you are strong, you can help others carry heavy things or fix things. • If you are good at drawing, singing, or writing, you can make people happy with your creativity. Lessons from Superpowers Superhero stories teach us that power comes with responsibility. This means we should use our skills to help others, not to harm them. • If you are smart, share your knowledge to teach others. • If you are good at sports, encourage your teammates and work together. WEEK TEN THE CHANGING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF FRANCE Learning Objectives: -State the key aspect of the changing economic Geography of France France is one of the most populous countries in Europe. It has a population that ranks among the top three in the European Union, along with Germany. It is the largest country by land area in the European Union. Its total land area is diverse, including mountains, plains, and coastlines. In terms of both population and land area, France is a significant European nation, having a substantial impact on the economic, cultural, and political landscape of the continent. France shares borders with multiple neighbours— whose influences are felt in everything from architecture to language, fashion, and cuisine. In the east, France has a common border with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the Principality of Monaco. Travelling to the southwest of the country, you’ll bump up against Spain and the Principality of Andorra in the southeast. The country also has eight overseas territories, including the Islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy, and French Polynesia (amongst others). Paris France is known for having a diverse and well-developed economy. Some key features of the changing economic geography of France include: 1. Paris and Île-de-France Region: Paris, the capital of France, and the Îlede-France region are at the heart of the country's economic activity. The region is a major financial and business hub in Europe, hosting numerous multinational corporations, financial institutions, and headquarters of various companies. 2. Regional Disparities: Like many countries, France experiences regional economic disparities. While the Île-de-France region is economically prosperous, some other regions, particularly in the north and east, face industrial decline and higher unemployment rates. Efforts have been made to address these disparities through regional development policies. 3. Agricultural Sector: France has a strong agricultural sector, and it is a leading producer of various agricultural products, including wine, dairy, and cereals. However, the sector has changed with a shift towards more specialized and high-value products. 4. Industrial Changes: The industrial landscape has evolved over the years, with a decline in traditional heavy industries and a rise in high-tech and service industries. The aerospace, automotive, and pharmaceutical sectors are among those that contribute significantly to the French economy. 5. Innovation and Technology: France has been investing in innovation and technology to enhance its competitiveness on the global stage. Research and development centres, technology parks, and startup ecosystems have been growing, particularly in cities like Paris and Lyon. 6. Globalization and Trade: France is an active participant in international trade, and its economy is influenced by global trends. The country is a member of the European Union, and its economic policies are shaped by both regional and global considerations. 7. Tourism: Tourism is a vital sector for the French economy, contributing significantly to GDP. The country's rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, and diverse landscapes attract millions of tourists each year. 8. Green Transition: Like many developed economies, France is increasingly focused on sustainable development and the green transition. Policies are being implemented to promote renewable energy, reduce carbon emissions, and address environmental challenges. The changing economic geography of France can be influenced by various factors. Some key aspects include: 1. Urbanization and Regional Disparities 2. Globalization and Trade Patterns 3. Technological Innovation and Infrastructure 5. Natural Resource Endowments 6. Environmental Concerns
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