THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER PRELIMS Week1: Introduction to the Study of Rizal's Life, Works and Writings Claro M. Recto ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Born Claro Recto y Mayo; February 8, 1890 - October 2, 1960 was a Filipino statesman, jurist, poet and one of the foremost statesmen of his generation. He is remembered for his nationalism, for "the impact of his patriotic convictions on modern political thought” 1916 - legal adviser to the first Philippine Senate 1919, elected representative of the second district of Batangas 1925 - minority floor leader member of the Independence Mission to US 1934 - Recto presided over the assembly that drafted the Philippine Constitution 1942-43 Commissioner of Education 1943-44 Minister of Foreign Affairs and 1960 Cultural Envoy with the rank of Ambassador on a cultural mission to Europe and Latin America abogado milagroso (lawyer of miracles) poet, playwright, essayist Republic Act No. 1425 ➔ An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes. ➔ Whereas, today, more than other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died. ➔ Whereas, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character; ➔ Whereas, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused. ➔ Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience,and to THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER teach the duties of citizenship; Now therefore ➔ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled. ➢ Claro Mayo Recto - the author or main proponent of the law. ➢ Jose P. Laurel - the sponsor of the said law. ➢ It was enacted and signed on June 12, 1956 which coincides the Philippine Independence Day. Rizal Law ❖ Mandates the teaching of the LIFE, WORKS AND WRITING of Rizal in ALL SCHOOLS in the country. Objectives of the R.A 1425 ● Contents of the Mandate Section 1: This section mandates the students to read the two greatest novels of Rizal. These two shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private. ● ● Section 2: This section mandates the schools to have "an adequate number" of copies in their libraries. Section 3: This section orders the Board of National Education to publish the works in English, Tagalog, and other major Philippine languages RIZAL COURSE IN HIGHER EDUCATION ● ● Section 4: It prohibits the discussion of religious doctrines by persons engaged in any public school. Section 5: A sum of 300 thousand pesos is appropriated to carry out the purposes of the law. Section 6: It shall take effect upon its approval. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino character To gain an inspiring source of patriotism thru the study of Rizal's life, work and writing ● To recognize the relevance of Rizal's ideals, thoughts, teachings, and life values to present conditions in the community To apply Rizal's ideas in the solution of day-to-day situations and problems in contemporary life To develop an understanding and appreciation of the qualities, behavior and character of Rizal To foster the development of moral character, personal discipline, citizenship and vocational efficiency among the Filipino youth THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER RIZAL, AN AMERICAN SPONSORED HERO? ❖ Constantino (1969) claims that Rizal was an American sponsored hero because of the Taft Commission of 1901 ❖ Act No. 137 - organized a politico-military district and named it as the province of Rizal. ❖ Act No. 243 - authorized a public subscription for the erection of a monument in honor of Rizal at Luneta ❖ Act No. 345 - sets aside the anniversary of Rizal's death as a day of observance Factors attributable to Filipinos why Rizal should be the official national hero: ➔ Tributes given by the Katipunan ➔ Decrees ➔ Erection of his monument ➔ Construction of Myriad monuments ➔ Names According to Guerrero (1998), the following conclusions drawn in making Rizal as our national hero: 1. Since the Filipinos love peace, they have chosen to magnify a man of peace above the men of war. 2. Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justice, they have given their worship to a man who gave up all comforts and pleasures of peace for their sakes. 3. Filipinos prize virtue more than victory, and sacrifice above success. RIZAL, PIONEER ASIAN NATIONALIST LEADER " Rizal was the most remarkable because his ideas matured at an early"-Coates, 1968 " Rizal was the first exponent of Asian nationalism since he was the source of inspiration for the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896"- De Ocampo, 1969 According to Fisher (1962) ➢ Rizal is pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy in Asia ➢ Rizal, spoken out with firmness and courage ideas on liberal democracy: ● worth and dignity of individual ● Inviolability of human rights ● Innate equality of all men and races ● Constitutional government ● Due process of law ● Popular sovereignty ● Faith in human reason and enlightenment ● Public education ● Social progress through freedom Summary ➔ Republic Act 1425, An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL authored by Jose P. Laurel ➔ Claro Recto y Mayo, is remembered for his nationalism, for "the impact of his patriotic convictions on modern political thought ➔ According to Guerrero (1998), one conclusion drawn to proclaim Rizal as national hero, since the Filipinos love peace, they have chosen to magnify a man of peace above the men of war ➔ It cannot be denied that Dr. Rizal gave form to the aspiration of the Filipino people, thereby giving rise to our people's nationalist struggle ❖ Feudalistic social and economic structure ❖ Censorship ❖ Racial discrimination ❖ Intellectual decadence ❖ Government processes had no respect for the needs of the people ❖ Clamor for reforms remained unheeded ❖ Social discontent caused confusion ❖ Middle class stepped right into the currents of modern liberalism ❖ Foreign contacts influenced the development of a sense of nationhood among the Filipinos. Week 2: Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century Part I Political and Economic Changes ● 19th Century Philippines ➢ A dynamic and creative age especially in Europe and the United States different Concepts arise such as: Industrialism, democracy, and nationalism ➢ Triggered revolutionary changes in: Science, technology, economics and prosperity ● ● ● ● ● Economic Situation of the 19th Century Philippines GALLEON TRADE "The Manila Galleon was... the first medium to reduce the world to a village."- Nick Joaquin (1990) ● Conditions of the Philippines: Elimination of monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco 1815) 1830 Opening of world commerce Opening of Suez canal The rise of middle class Opening of public education When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestors were already trading with China, Japan, THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● ● Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas Lasted for two and a half centuries after Legazpi's settlement in Cebu, from 1565 to 1815. It was the longest shipping line in history existed for roughly 150 years 108 galleons were used, and of this number, 30 were lost by shipwreck It made Manila the first primate cit in Southeast Asia b the earl seventeenth century. ❖ 1521- Magellan arrived Philippines already trading with other Southeast Asian neighbors including China ❖ Juan Salcedo's account, rescuing the Chinese from a brawl with Filipinos in Taal, Batangas ❖ Senor Guillermo Gomez Rivera, Phil. Honorary President of Asociacion Cultural Galeon de Manila ❖ 90% of goods were Mexican Silver headed for China ❖ 10% from Phils such as gold, pearls and plants ❖ Manila is the Center of Commerce in the East ❖ P 500, 000 goods - Acapulco to Manila (120 days) ❖ P 250, 000 goods - Manila to Acapulco (90 days) Profile of the Manila Galleon Trade The galleons carried: ➔ Cottons ➔ Ivory ➔ Gold ➔ Spices ➔ Silk ➔ Damask porcelain The Galleon Trade ❖ Nov. 21, 1564 - San Pedro, San Pablo, San Lucas and San Juan from Mexico noticed the fantastic Trading system THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● ● ● ● ● In 1454, after Columbus confirmed the existence of the Americas, Pope Alexander the VI issued "Inter Caetera" dividing the Americas between Portugal and Spain, which they interpreted as applying to the whole non-Christian world. Manila Galleon (1565 to 1815) were large Spanish ships that sailed across Pacific between New Spain Mexico) and the Philippines. They allowed Spain to trade with East Asia without using Portuguese trade routes. They brought the first Asian to arrive in North America after Columbus. 1521 Magellan discovered the Westward route 1565 Andres de Urdaneta discovered the eastward route (Kuroshio current near Japan-America near Cape Mendocino - Acapulco) Trade partners: ➢ Japan, Taiwan, ➢ Fujian province of Ming ➢ Dynasty China, Macau, ➢ East Timor and ➢ Spice Island (Eastern Indonesia) Galleon Trade Route The first post-Columbian record of Asians in North America ● ● ● ● In 1587, Filipinos landed in California at Morro Bay near San Luis Obispo, 33 years before the May Flower In 1595, a galleon shipwrecked near Point Reyes just north of the San Francisco Bay, survivors swan to shore Chinese artifacts in Mexico date back to 16th century Chinese settlement in California goes back to at least the 17th Century Opening of Suez Canal ➔ 1854, a French company by Ferdinand de Lesseps ➔ Opened 1869 and it is 163 kilometers long ➔ Arabic, Egyptian and some European societies benefited from THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER this canal with its help over irrigation, transportation and strategic military advantages ➔ Road for global world How Suez Canal was built Importance of Suez Canal • Decreases the road between Europe and South Asia from 16000 km (Cape of good hope) to 10000 km Europe - for the oil and trade with Asia ❖ US - transporting troops and military equipment to Afghanistan ❖ Egypt - Control the Suez Canal and Suez-Mediterranean oil pipeline (3,000 barrels) It has power in the world economy due to taxes it receives from ships transiting there ❖ It help reduce unemployment as Egypt need labor force to repair the erosion of coastline Impact of Suez Canal ➢ 30 days travel time from Philippines to Spain ➢ Brings prosperity to native Indio (illustrados) ➢ Importation of books, magazines and newspapers with political thoughts and liberal ideas ➢ Encouraged more Spaniards and Europeans with liberal ideas to come to the Philippines and interact with Filipino reformists ➢ Creation of middle class ➢ Encouraged the illustrados to pursue higher studies abroad The Philippines and the World Trade ● ● ● ● ● Increase in trade and navigation in Asia There was a "saltatory rise in the level of foreign Trade" in the Philippines Foreign merchants introduced modern machinery, advanced money on crops Increasing commodity concentration of exports (sugar, abaca, tobacco and coffee) to UK, China, British East Indies Liquid wealth reach Filipinos Disparities ➔ Disparities between regions and occupations became more marked ➔ Domestic textile industry could not compete with foreign imports THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ➔ 1880, the "decade of death" because of an imbalance between commercial and subsistence agriculture and arrival of epidemic Week 3: Spain and the Philippines in the 19th Century Part II Who is more powerful? Friar or Governor General Advantages ➔ Improvement in communications, finance and infrastructure ➔ The funds of Obras Pias was employed in the past to finance the galleon trade and used to establish the Banco Espanol-Filipino (1851) and Monte de Piedad (1882). ➔ Water system was built in Manila Summary ● ● ● A dynamic and creative age especially in Europe and the United States different Concepts arise such as: Industrialism, democracy, and nationalism Clamor for reforms is one of the most important need of the filipinos during the Spanish era Political and economic changes was brought into reality when the Philippines opens its doors to foreign exchange of goods Manila Galleon (1565 to 1815) were large Spanish ships that sailed across Pacific between New Spain (Mexico) and the Philippines Road for global world was because of opening of suez canal. Increase in trade and navigation in Asia Friar - His approval was necessary on almost all acts of the local officials Political Instability in Spain ➢ Started after the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went through a downward spiral as a world power. ➢ 1830 - all of Spain's American colonies have seced and became independent except Cuba and Puerto Rico ➢ A struggle for the throne between forces loyal to Ferdinand's daughter Isabella and his brother Charles known as Carlist War. ➢ 19th century - was the period of political instability of Spain to the frequent rise and fall of the ministries and constitutions. ➢ Canovite system or rotativism wherein liberals and conservative in Spain took turns in administering the affairs of the country. Political instability of Spain affected the top colonial administration in the Philippines. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● ● ● Abandonment of Mercantilism opening of Suez Canal(1869) and telegraph line connected the Philippines to the rest of the world increased contact with the west brought home the political ideas in Europe preached equality and God given rights of men. civic courage began, questioning the abuses of Spanish regime and began clamor for reform which later on Rizal was involved. Before the 19th century ● Mercantilism is an economic doctrine based on the idea that the country's wealth and power can be measured in its stocks of gold and silver. THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL 'S TIME Galleon trade - began in 1565, a trade between Manila and Acapulco. In 18th to 19th century, laissez faire or free market trade began ● ● ● Merchants began trading freely as profit from international commerce. There was a demand for Philippine products like sugar, coffee, rice, indigo and tobacco. 1834 - Philippines was officially opened to foreign trade With Laissez faire policy adoption ● a new middle class families were created named "Ilustrados" who have been given a chance to send their children to higher education ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION ➔ The Philippines was governed directly by the Spanish crown, thru the ministry of colonies, in the 19th century. GOVERNOR GENERAL ➔ Head of the Spanish colonial government in the country. ➔ He was the vice royal patron. ➔ He was also the commander in chief of the colonial ➔ He was an ex officio president of the royal audiencia. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (Provinces, Towns, Cities and Barrios) Provinces During the Spanish regime were called alcaldias ➔ Headed by Alcalde Mayor ➔ Exercised Executive and Judicial Functions ❖ Executive & judicial functions ❖ Most corrupt =indulto de commercio (monopolize trade) TOWNS ➔ Towns ➔ Also called Pueblos ➔ Headed by Gobernadorcillo ➔ His principal responsibility was tax collection Barrios ➔ also called Barangas ➔ Headed by Cabeza de Barangay ➔ His main function was the maintenance of peace and order and the collection of taxes, and tributes in the barangay. City Government ➔ Also called Avuntamiento ➔ Headed by Cabildo or City Council, City Mayor or Alcalde en Ordinario, Councilors or regidores, chief constable or aguacilmayor and a secretary or escrubano LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS PROVINCES ❖ Alcaldias ❖ Alcalde Mayor ❖ Pueblos ❖ Gobernadorcillo (elected Males/13 electors) ❖ Tax collection-mortgage properties by his CITIES ❖ Avuntamiento ❖ Cabildo ❖ City council - city mayor, councilors, chief constable and secretary BARRIOS ❖ Baranggay ❖ Cabeza de baranggay ❖ Maintenance of peace and order and collection of taxes and tributes Another powerful position aside from Governor General: Friar ❖ The supervising representative of the Spanish government for all local affairs ❖ His approval was necessary on almost all acts of the local officials. ❖ Frailocracia, the situation which the civil authorities feared the friar's because of their power and influence. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Guardia Civil ❖ Was organize in 1867, as a corps of native police under the leadership of Spanish officer's for the purpose of dealing with outlaws and renegades In 1880 it was the most feared instrument of summary arrests of individuals identified by the friars. Terms used during the Spanish Era: FILIBUSTEROS ➢ Enemies of the government EREHES ➢ Enemies of the catholic church AUDENCIA REA ➢ - Were two territorial audencias 1. courts of first instance 2. justice of the peace court ➢ Not only adjudicate appeals for civil and criminal cases it also served as a forum for settling important issues on governance SOURCE OF WEAKNESS AND ABUSE OF SPANISH GOVERNMENT ● ● The wide spread selling of lower positions to the highest bidders Unqualified and unfit employees for government service RESIDENCIA ● the trial of an outgoing governor general to account for his acts during his tenure of office VISITADOR ● ● investigating officer to probe on the complaints against the governor general SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY FEUDALISTIC ★ the Filipinos were treated as slaves by the Spanish conquerors Polo y servicio ★ forced labor to the government and the catholic church DOCTRINE OF LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE (purity of blood) ★ Peninsulares or the Spaniards born in Spain ★ Insulares or the Spaniards born in the Philippines ★ Mestizos or the Spanish and Chinese ★ Principalia or the ruling class of native elites ★ Indios or the browned skinned natives who composed the majority of the people BASED ON APPLICATION OF THE Doctrine of Limpieza de Sangre (Purity of Blood) THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER university which offered courses in medicine, pharmacy, theology, philosophy and canon and civil law. Spaniards also education for boys: ● ● ● ➔ Social ranking was created in our society during the Spanish regime ➔ Lower classes were victimized by the upper classes ➔ Racial discrimination Educational System Mid of 19th century: ● ● ● ● ● Schools were under the control of the friars. Instructions centered on the teaching of fear of God and obedience to the friars. Indoctrination as the principal method of teaching Filipinos were taught that they were of inferior intelligence and suited only for manual work With this method of teaching, developed severe inferiority complex and culture of silence By the end of 19th century : - University of Santo Tomas (1611) ,founded by Dominicans and the only existing higher education or opened secondary Colegio de Santo Tomas Colegio de San Juan de Letran (Dominicans) Ateneo Municipal (Jesuits) Secondary education for girls: ● ● ● ● Santa Isabela; La Concordia, Santa Rosa; and Santa Catalina (Manila) Public education for the natives was also begun. Educational Decree of 1863 establishment of 1 elementary school for boys and elementary school for girls in each town in the Philippines. Establishment of a normal school for the training of the teachers with a mastery of Spanish lanquage WEAKNESSES OF SPANISH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ● ● ● ● ● Over-emphasis on religion Limited and irrelevant curriculum Inadequate instructional facilities Absence of academic freedom Racial prejudice against the Filipinos in school THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Economic Situation ➔ The country was opened to foreign trade 1834) - resulted rapid rise of foreign firms in Manila. ➔ Presence of Foreign traders stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice. hemp and tobacco. ➔ Opportunities for trade increased Filipino contacts with foreigners and peninsular Spaniards. ➔ Number of families who prospered from foreign commerce and trade, were able to send their sons for an education in Europe. ➔ Filipinos who were educated abroad, were able to absorb the intellectual developments in Europe ➔ The awareness of a completely different type of society prevalent in Europe made these European-educated Filipinos disenchanted with Spain. Summary ● ● ● Political instability started after the death of Ferdinand VII, Spain went through a downward spiral as a world power. Mercantilism is an economic doctrine based on the idea that the country's wealth and power can be measured in its stocks of gold and silver Galleon trade began in 1565, a trade between Manila and Acapulco ● ● ● ● A new middle class families were created named "llustrados Social structure of filipino society is based on Liempeza de Sangre Educational system is under the supervision of the friars Economic opportunity arises as foreigners begun trading to Asia ● Week 4-5: Rizal and His Childhood Years at Calamba Rizals' are from what descent? Chinese & Japanese ➢ The Mercado - Rizal Family is considered one of the biggest families during their time Domingo Lam-co, the family's paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa. ➢ Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese. ➢ Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado Il and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. FRANCISCO MERCADO THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER (1818-1898) Birthdate: May 11, 1818 Birth Place: Binan City, Laguna, Philippines Death: January 05, 1898 Birthdate: May 07, 1851 Birthplace: Calamba City, Laguna Death: April 13, 1930 (78) Los Baños, CALABARZON, Occupation: Philippines (Tuberculosis) TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913) Birthdate : November 9, 1827 Birth Place: Santa Cruz, Manila Died: August 16, 1911 (aged 83) She was known for being a disciplinarian and hard-working mother. Her medical condition inspired Rizal to take up Medicine. Saturnina Alonzo Rizal (Mercado) Also Known As: "Neneng' Birthdate: June 04, 1850 (63) Birthplace: Calamba City, Laguna Death: September 14, 1913 (63) Immediate Family: Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. Paciano Rizal Also Known As: "Ciano' Revolutionary General & Gentleman Farmer, Place of Burial: Manila, NCR, Philippines Immediate Family: Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child Studied at San Jose College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution. Narcisa Alonzo Rizal Birthdate: October 29, 1852 Death: June 24, 1939 (86) Immediate Family: The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician. Olympia Alonso Rizal Birthdate: 1855 Death: August 1887 (32) THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER (Childbirth) Immediate Family: The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth Lucia Alonzo Rizal Concepcion Alonzo Rizal Birthdate: 1862 Death: 1865 Immediate Family: The eight child. Died at the age of three. Birthdate: 1857 Death: 1919 (62) Josefa Alonzo Rizal Immediate Family: Birthdate: 1865 The fifth child. Married Mariano Herbosa. Death: 1945 (80) Maria Alonzo Rizal Immediate Family: The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster. Birthdate: 1859 Death: 1945 (86) Trinidad Alonzo Rizal Immediate Family: Birthdate: 1868 The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. Death: 1951 (83) Jose Rizal Immediate Family: The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last of the family to die. Born : June 19, 1861 Calamba, Laguna Died: December 30, 1896 (aged 35) Bagumbayan, Manila, Spanish Philippines Cause of death: Execution by firing squad Monument: Luneta Park, Manila,Calamba, Laguna, Daet, Camarines Norte, Carson, California Other names : Pepe, Jose (nicknames) SOLEDAD ALONSO RIZAL Birthdate: 1870 Death: 1929 (59) THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Immediate Family: The youngest child married Pantaleon Quintero. Ancestry Paternal Side ➢ Rizal came from a mixture of races. Domingo Lamco great-great grandfather a Chinese merchant /immigrant from Chang chow "China's City of Spring", he was married to Ines De la Rosa a wealthy Chinese mestiza. ➢ He assumed the surname Mercado in keeping with the gubernatorial decree of Narciso Claveria on the use of Spanish surname in the Philippines by all Spanish in the colony to free their children from prejudices associated with a Chinese surname ➢ From Paria Manila, they moved to Biñan ending up as tenants in the Dominican hacienda.Juan Mercado-Rizal's grandfather married Chinese-Filipino Mestiza-Cirila Alejandro. They had 14 children, one of whom is Don Francisco ➢ The couple have 5 children one of them was Doña Teodora Childhood Days and Memories ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Ancestry Maternal Side ➢ Descendants of Lakan Dula ➢ Manuel de Quintos, Rizals great grandfather, a Chinese Mestizo from Lingayen Pangasinan. Manuel married Regina Ursua, a woman with Japanese ancestry. ➢ One of their daughters, Brigida married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso. ● ● The first memory of Rizal, in his childhood, was his happy days in the family garden. Because he was frail, sickly, and undersized child, he was given the most tender care by his parents. His father built a nipa cottage in the garden for him to play in the daytime. Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus. With nostalgic feeling, he also remembered the happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the rosary. The aya (maid) related stories to Rizal children man stories about fairies; tales of buried treasure and trees with blooming diamonds, and other fabulous stories. Sometimes, when he did not like to take his supper, the aya would threaten him that the aswang, the nuno, the tikbalang, or a terrible bearded Bombay would come to take him away if he would not eat his supper. Another memory of his childhood was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon. Recounting this childhood experience, Rizal wrote: "Thus my heart fed on sombre and melancholy THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● ● thoughts so that even still a child, I already wandered on wings of fantasy in the high regions of the unknown". On June 6, 1868, Jose and his father left for Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother's vow which was made when Rizal was born. He was thrilled, as a typical boy should, by his first lake voyage. He did not sleep the whole night as the casco sailed towards the Pasig River because he was awed by the magnificence of the watery expanse and the silence of the night. After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. They visited Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana. The Hero's First Sorrow ❖ The Rizal children were bound together by the ties of love and companionship. Their parents taught them to love one another, to behave properly in front of elders, to be truthful and religious, and to help one another. ❖ Jose was jokingly called "Ute" by his brother and sisters. The people in Calamba knew him as "Pepe" or "Pepito" ❖ Of his sisters, Jose loved most little Concha (Concepcion). He was one vear older than Concha. He played with her, and from her, he learned the sweetness of brotherly love. ❖ Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness in 1865 when he was 3 years old. Jose, who was very fond of her, cried bitterly to lose her. Early Demonstration of Inborn Talents Artistic Talents ● ● ● ● ● Since early childhood Rizal revealed his God-given talents for the arts. He drew sketches and pictures on his books of his sisters, for which reason he was scolded by his mother. He carved figures of animals and persons out of wood. At five years of age, for without any assistance from others he began to draw with his pencil and to mold in wax or clay an obiect he saw about him. Even before he learned to read, he could already sketch pictures of birds, flowers, fruits, rivers, mountains, animals and persons. Prodigy of the Pen ● ● Not only was little Jose skilled in brush, chisel, and pen-knife, but also in pen. He was born poet. His mother encouraged him to write poetry THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● At an early age when children usually begin to learn ABC, he was already writing poems. The first known poem that he wrote was a Tagaloq poem entitled Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children. two-and- half years because of young Soledad. Preparation for Formal Schooling The Hero's First Teacher ● The First Taste of Injustice ● ➢ Jose Alberto, Dona Teodora's brother found his children abandoned and his wife living with another man. ➢ Dona Teodora advised and convinced Jose Alberto not to divorce his wife as he announced due to them being a devout Catholic and to avoid public scandal. ➢ The wife was in no way repentant and resented the reconciliation. ➢ Jose Alberto frequented Dona Teodora in Calamba to which the wife interpreted as they were plotting something criminal against her. ➢ The wife filed a case against Dona Teodora and her brother Don Jose Alberto and with the connivance of Spanish Lieutenant of quardia civil and assistance of Antonio Vivencio del Rosario, Gobernadorcilio of Calamba, succeeded in arresting Dona Teodora. Forced to walk from Calamba to Sta.Cruz. (50km.) ➢ Dona Teodora was defended by Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan, most famous lawyers of Manila. ➢ She was acquitted by Manila Royal Audiencia and was released after Doña Teodora was Jose's first non-formal teacher On her lap, Jose learned prayers and the alphabet at the age of three Summary ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● The Mercado - Rizal Family is considered one of the biggest families during their time Rizal came from a mixture of races. Domingo Lamco great-great grandfather a Chinese merchant /immigrant from China Descendants of Lakan Dula Alot of happy memories he remembered during his childhood days Jose and his father left for Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother's vow which was made when Rizal was born His first sorrow was when his beloved sister Concha died He already displayed his inborn talents at a very young age His first sorrow was when his mother was sent to jail for 2 and half year for frame up and walk for a about 50 km THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER MIDTERMS Week 7: Formal Schooling at a Village School; Formal Search for Knowledge at Ateneo Municipal EARLY EDUCATION ● school equipped him with competencies for secondary schooling in Manila. He returned to his hometown on December 17, 1870 Private Tutors of Rizal ➢ Maestro Celestino was Jose's first private tutor ➢ Maestro Lucas Padua was the second private tutor ➢ Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero's tutor in Spanish and Latin. He was the classmate of Don Francisco. RIZAL IN ATENEO MUNICIPAL: Educational System LIFE AT BINAN ● ● ● ● ● ● He had a very discipline and systematic life Paciano accompanied him on his trip to Binan. They proceeded to their Aunt's house. He was introduced to Maestro Justiniano Cruz He demonstrated his intellectual superiority and emerges as the best in his class in Latin, Spanish and the rest of the subjects (elementary). Because of this, he often had duel with his classmates He also took painting life under Maestro Cruz' father-in-law Old Juancho) The rigorous life that Rizal had as an elementary pupil at the village ❖ He took entrance examination at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran on June 10,1872. ❖ He sought admission at the Ateneo Municipal. Thanks to Father Magin Fernando ( College Registrar) he was admitted eventhough: ● late registrant ● very frail and undersized for his age ❖ He registered under the name of JOSE RIZAL. ❖ They offered a program that entitle a student " Bachiller en Artes" ❖ It offers the best secondary school. It trained the character of every student through rigid discipline and religious instructions. ❖ They were required to hear masses in the morning before the start of classes. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ❖ Atenean teachers enforced a program of dividing a class into two competing empires: Romans and Carthaginians. Roman Empire (boarding students at Ateneo); Carthaginians (non-boarding students) ❖ Both empires had their ranks and dignitaries namely: emperor, tribune, decurion, centurion and standard bearer. ❖ The Method of instruction was "ratio studiorum"-a system of indoctrination under tight and constant discipline ❖ Their aim " Ad maiorem Dei Gloriam or For the greater glory of God* teachers was to make lifelong Catholics. ❖ Students life was centered on the chapel, with membership in religious confraternities as the highest level of extra-curricular activities. ❖ Rizal passed oral examination on March 14, 1877. He graduated with the degree, Bachiller en Artes", with the highest academic honors. ❖ Rizal's academic triumph at Ateneo can be attributed to 3 factors namely: racial pride, monastic discipline and seclusion of boarding school life. Extra-curricular Activities - officer in Religious confraternities Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural Sciences - literature Poetry writing ( Francis Francisco paula de Sanchez) took lesson in Spanish Painting (Agustin Saez) and Sculpture (Romualdo Gymnastics and Fencing Some of the Literary Works of Dr. Rizal at Ateneo Municipal MI PRIMERA INSPIRACION (My first Inspiration) dedicated by Rizal to his mother on the occasion of the latter's natal day, which according to some was allegedly written by his cousin. AL NIÑO JESUS ( To the Child Jesus) His expression of devotion to Catholicism, which his mother implanted in his heart and was strengthened by his schooling at Ateneo. UN RECUERDO DE MI PUEBLO ( In Memory of my Town) his way of paying homage to his birthplace, Calamaba. He never forget the tranquility of his hometown. THROUGH EDUCATION THE COUNTRY RECEIVES LIGHT that the people have to seek knowledge. They need to seek knowledge in order to become enlightened individuals. who could be instrumental in elevating the country into a position of prestige and honor. LA ALIANZA INTIMA SOBRE RELIGION Y LA BUENA EDUCATION ( The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Education) stressed the importance of religion to education. Religion serves as a quide and nourishment to true education. Summary ● ● ● He displayed his intellectual superiority in his early education when he enroll at a village school in Binan, Laguna He entered Ateneo Municipal as late registrant with the name Jose Rizal He also emerges as the best student in and earned the Degree Bachiller en Artes Week 8: Rizal at the Dominican University of the Philippines - In April 1877, Rizal at 16 years old, entered University of Santo Tomas. He seek the advice of Fr. Pablo Ramon-Rector of the Ateneo, who have been good to him during his student days, on the right choice for a career 2 reasons why he enrolled Philosophy and Letters: ● ● His father liked it He was not sure what career to pursue ➔ However, he shifted to Medicine specializing in Ophthalmology when he found out that his mother was going blind ➔ In 1877-78, Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy. ➔ In 1878-79 took up the medical course. ➔ Rizal was unhappy at this Dominican Institution of higher learning because: 1. the Dominican professors were hostile to him 2. the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards 3. the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive ➔ After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and the hostility in the University of Santo Tomas. Like any of us, Dr. Rizal fell in love with these lovely ladies: Leonor "Orang" Valenzuela Rizal was infatuated Katigbak from Batangas ● ● ● ● with Segunda RIZal met Leonor when he was a sophomore student at the University of Santo Tomas. Sheg next door to Rizal's boarding house. Sweetheart of Rizal, Romances lasted one year A medical student from Calamba, Laguna the charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● Rizal sent Leonor a love notes written in invisible ink Leonor Rivera ● ● he beautiful daughter of his T landlord Antonio Rivera. Tender romances lasted 11 vears (1879-1890) staged by the Academy of Spanish Literature members on December 8, 1880. Rizal wrote it to honor "Nuestra Senora dela Paz y Buenviaje de Antipolo " (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage). Education in Europe ● IMPORTANT LITERARY WORKS AS A UNIVERSITY STUDENT A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA A poem written in Spanish by Filipino writer and patriot José Rizal, first presented in 1879 in Manila, while he was studying at the University of Santo Tomas. "A La Juventud Filipina" was written by Rizal when he was only eighteen ears old, and was dedicated to the Filipino youth which he described as "the fair hope of my motherland" ● ● Summary ● EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES A play written in Spanish by Filipino writer and national hero Jose Rizal published in La Solidaridad in 1883. El Conseio de los Dioses was written by Rizal when he was only nineteen years old, and reveals the humanistic education of the Philippines at the time and his answer to scholasticism. JUNTO AL PASIG A one-act zarzuela in Spanish written by the Philippine national hero. Jose Rizal, was He traveled alone to Madrid in May 1882 to continue his studies in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid He also took up Licentiate in Medicine in 1884 and Degree of Philosophy and Letters in 1885 25-year-old Rizal completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned Prof. Otto Becker in Heidelberg ● ● Rizal took up Philosophy and Letters because of his father's choice and uncertainty of what career to pursue. He shifted to Medicine specializing in Ophthalmology when he found out that his mother was going blind Rizal has poor academic performance in UST because of his unhappiness caused by hostility, discrimination and obsolete methods of instruction Week 9: NOLI ME TANGERE: A Diagnosis of Filipino Society THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal's friend ➢ " Your work, as we Germans say, has been written with blood and heart. Your work has exceeded my hopes and I consider myself fortunate and happy to have been honored with your friendship...... ➢ In Berlin, Rizal found himself penniless. No stipend was received from his family because of crop failures in Calamba. To survive, he pawned his diamond ring given to him by his sister Saturnina and sell his book to second hand bookstores, he thought of burning the manuscript of his first novel which he had completed. ➢ Nonetheless, the publication of Noli gave him great joy despite the hard life at Berlin. ● The Wandering Jew (Eugene Sue) • This novel made a great impression on Rizal. According to Ouirino, the literary form of the book could had probably been used by Rizal as his model to arouse the feeling against existing Philippine situation and communicate to the Filipinos the ideals he wanted them to embrace Writing of the Noli Me Tangere ● Ideas on Writing a Novel about the Philippines Luna's Spolarium ● ● ● ● This canvas conveyed the plight of the vanquished and the pathetic suffering of the human race A reflection of the spirit of social, moral, and political life of his time Depicting the country to be redeemed from bondage and repression Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe) ● The novel portrayed the brutalities committed by the American slave-owners against their Negro slaves The novel provided Rizal the springboard to write a novel portraying vividly the miseries of Filipinos under the oppressive rule of the Spanish tyrants ● ● ● ● At the outset, the novel was UNTITLED. Later on, he decoded to call his first literary masterpiece Noli Me Tangere. The title can be translated into English as "Touch Me Not" The aforementioned label has a biblical basis. "as those words were the ones uttered by Jesus Christ to Mary Magdalene when the latter visited his tomb before sunrise of Easter Sundav" Rizal deemed it appropriate to use the said title as his novel contained delicate things nobody wanted to talk about it touch during his time. He therefore, trod where angels fear to tread by exposing the evils of the THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● Church and the State, which were hazardous to touch. The novel came off the press on March 21, 1887 with the financial assistance of Maximo Viola Notable among his purposes for writing then novel were the following: To picture the past and the realities of the Philippines - To reply to the insults heaped on the Filipinos and the country - Unmask the hypocrisy that have impoverished and brutalized the Filipino people - To stir patriotism of the Filipino people Suggested Noli Me Tangere Plot: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/noli-me-tangere/ summarv https://www.tagaloglang.com/noli-me-tanger e-english-summary/ Characters in the Noli Me Tangere Juan Crisostomo Ibarra ➢ Main character of the novel. He represented the affluent and liberal European-educated Filipino Elias ➢ Represented the Filipino masses in the novel through him. ➢ Common people who did everything to vindicate them from the iniustices suffered from the Spaniard Maria Clara ➢ Ibarra's obiect of love and affection, represented the Filipino womanhood trained in a convent and immersed in education basically religious in orientation Don Rafael Ibarra ➢ He was jailed for helping a young boy being harmed by Spanish tax collector ➢ He symbolize an affluent landlord with a social conscience Doña Victorina ➢ Social climber, wife of Don Tiburcio Espadaña ➢ She symbolize the colonial mentality among some Filipinos during her time Doña Patrocinio ➢ Imprudent, vulgar, cruel and quarrelsome ➢ She symbolize the mentality of Guardia Civil Sisa THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ➢ Mother of Basilio and Crispin who lost her mental balance upon learning to his sons ➢ She illustrates the typical Filipino mothers, fully cognizant of the attributes of their sons and daughters, willing to defend them from all forms of injustices and accusations. Capitan Tiago (Don Anastacio delos Santos) ➢ His wealth was derived from his involvement in illegal opium trade. ➢ He represented the subservient Filipino to the authorities to protect his personal and business interest Pilosopo Tasyo ➢ He represented Rizal's epitome of a philosopher. ➢ He was perceived to be sage by the educated and a weird or lunatic by those who did not know him The School Master of San Diego ➢ He symbolized intellectual dissatisfaction in Filipino society during Rizal's time. ➢ Although the novel is a work of fiction, the characters used by Rizal were persons actually existed during those times. ● Maria Clara - Leonor Rivera ● Tasvo - Paciano (his brothe) ● Capitan Tiago - Captain Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas ● ● ● Doña Victorina - Doña Augustina Medel Basilio and Crispin - Crisostomo brother of Hagonoy, Bulacan Padre Damaso - Typical abusive friar during Rizal's time Rizal's Diagnosis of Filipino Society Three (3) Reasons of Rizal 1. The agrarian problem between the tenants and the Dominicans 2. The influence of the Spanish anti-clericalism 3. Political situation in 1886 and 1872 ● Filipino Society Friars were the enemies of reform, progress and justice ● Was Rizal correct in his analysis? ● 70 year after the publication of Noli, the research undertaken by the Catholics on Philippine political situation confirmed the veracity of Rizal's contention ● The friars wielded so much powers ● As cited by Guerrero (1998), Jana's study of Philippine institution, the parish priest in each town can be described as a sword of Damocles hanging the over the head of authority- town Mayor. ● Local election was controlled and manipulated First Reactions to the Noli Prior to the publication of his novel, a number of works of Filipino writers from 1882 to 1896 were produced. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER 1. Antonio Regidor, a Filipino exile for his alleged complicity in 1872 uprising - " The book is superior. If Don Quijote has made clear its author immortal because he exposed to the world the suffering of Spain, your Noli Me Tangere will bring you equal glory" (National Heroes Commission, 1963) Terrero and summoned Rizal to Malacañang Palace. 4. Fr. Salvador Font - - 2. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal's friend - " Your work, as we Germans say, has been written with blood and heart. Your work has exceeded my hopes and I consider myself fortunate and happy to have been honored with your friendship. Not only I but your country, may feel happy for having you, a patriotic and loyal son. If you continue so, you will be to your people one of those great men who will exercise a determinative influence over the progress of their spiritual life" (National centennial Commission, 1961) Summary ● ● ● ● ● 3. Archbishop Payo ● - - Found the book heretical, impious and scandalous in its religious aspect; unpatriotic, subversive of public order and offensive to government of Spain. He then forwarded the report of the committee to Gov. gen. Emilio With no concrete action from Gov. Gen. Terrero, he asked the Permanent Commission on censorship to decide on the fate of the novel He recommended the prohibition of the importation, reproduction, and circulation of the pernicious books in the Philippines (Palma, 1949) Writing the Noli Me Tangere was based on the ideas on the Spolarium, Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Wandering Jew The title of the novel was based on a biblical setting The novel came off the press on March 21, 1887 with the financial assistance of Maximo Viola The characters used by Rizal were persons actually existed during those times. As to Rizal, the friars were the enemy of the country. After the publication of the novel Rizal's friends Regidor and Blumentritt were the first to congratulate him Week 10: From Calamba to Europe For the Second Time AWESOME FACTS THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Rizal in Hong Kong ● ● - Seiko Usui O-Sei-San signifies harmony, purity, tranquility and reverence for Dr. Rizal.He got tempted to stay in Japan for good but he felt that he had other duties to fulfil for his country. ● ● Rizal's Life Abroad ● Rizal boarded the Zafiro from Manila to Hong Kong. He arrived on Feb. 8, 1888. While in Hong Kong, he wrote to Blumentritt about what happened to him when he stayed in his hometown which dated Feb. 16, 1888. Part of it was: - "At last I can write freely. At last I can express my thoughts without fear of censorship from the chief! They forced me to leave my country. Half sick I left the house." He met Jose Maria Basa, Babino Mauricio and other exiles in Hong Kong. He was depressed that the government prohibited the Filipinos to return to Manila. He became acquainted with important Spaniards while in Honq Kong like Barranda who is Terrero's secretary. He was accompanied by him to Macau. Some of his observations about Hong Kong were as follow: - The celebration of the Chinese New Year was quite very noise due to continuous fireworks explosion. - Chinese theatres are usually animated due to the percussion instruments used by the participants. - The lauriat party, where the guests were served a variety of dishes, showed lavishness THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● and hospitality among the Chinese - The Dominican Order, the richest religion order in Hong Kong, had millions of dollars deposited in banks earning high interests. The graveyard for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims were well maintained. Rizal left Hong Kong on Feb. 22, 1888 on the vessel SS Oceania ● ● ● Rizal in Japan ● ● ● ● Rizal arrived in Japan on Feb. 28, 1888 through Yokohama and stayed at Tokyo Hotel for a few days. Then he stayed at the Spanish Legation for a month. This was the time when Rizal learned Nihonggo and dedicated time to study Japanese art and culture. Rizal observed Japan and were impressed by the following: 1. The scenic beauty of the country. 2 .The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the people. 3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women. 4. The existence of few thieves in Japan. 5. The beggars rarely seen in the streets of he city Nonetheless, Rizal was disgusted seeing Japanese men pulling the kuruma (rickshaw). ● ● ● The romance began when Rizal moved to the Spanish Legation. He saw her walk near the gate. With that, he got charmed with her beauty and tried to find a way by finding a way to meet and know her. He learned from the gardener that her name is Seiko Usui. He also learned that she lives with her parents and passes by the legation every afternoon. Rizal saw the ideals of womanhood like beauty, charm, intelligence and modesty in her and that made him too much attracted to Seiko. The friendship then turned into a love affair. They both had good mutual perception amongst each other. To Seiko, Rizal was a man of versatile talents, gallant, has dignity and courteous. With their blossoming affair, O-Sei-San even invited Rizal to a cha-no-yu (Tea Ceremony) which signifies harmon, purity tranquility and reverence. With that being said, Rizal got tempted to stay in Japan for good but he felt that he had other duties to fulfil for his country so he left Japan and 0-Sei-San. Rizal in US ● Rizal left Japan by mid-Apr. 1888 and arrived in the US on Apr. 28, 1888 boarding the steamer Belgic. However, he and the other passengers weren't allowed to disembark until May 4, 1888. They THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● were quarantined because the ship carried 600 Chinese. Elections were being held that time and to gather votes, they made a drama where they adopted measures against Chinese to capture the sympathies of the people. After the said incident, the first class passengers (including Rizal) were allowed to get off, while the Japanese and Chinese were retained for a longer period. Rizal entered the US via San Francisco, CA and he stayed at Palace Hotel. After his two-day stay, he went to Oakland, CA and passed through Sacramento, Reno, Ogden, Omaha, Chicago and Albany to reach New York. On May 24, 1888 Rizal left New York, NY for Liverpool, England on-board the vessel City of Rome. ● ● ● Rizal in London ● ● ● ● ● ● Observations of Rizal about the USA ● Positive Impressions ● ● ● ● ● The material progress of the country. The drive and the energy of the American people. The natural beauty of the land. The high standard of living. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. Negative Impressions Non-existence of true civil liberty, as a Negro cannot marry an American and vice-versa. The existence of racial prejudice, as shown in their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and Negroes. The valuing of money over human life. ● Rizal arrived in Liverpool on May 24, 1888. He stayed overnight at Adelphi Hotel then moved to London. He resided there from May 1888 to March 1889. He opted to make it his second home for the following reasons: To improve his knowledge of the English language. To study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. To carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny safely Upon arriving, he stayed as a guest at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor's place, a practicing lawyer and an exile of 1872. Then he lived as a boarder of the Beckett Family at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent Primrose Hill. Rizal became acquainted with Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It was he who recommended Rizal to be allowed to undertake research at the British Museum. With that, he was able to spend time reading Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● ● ● ● ● Romance with Gertrude Beckett Rizal Rizal became attracted to Gertrude, who was also known as Tottie and Sissie. She was shorter than Rizal and chubby like Segunda Katigbak. Rizal falling in love with Seiko then with Gertrude implied that he was not desperately in love with Leonor Rivera. Two things attracted her to Rizal: propinquity and happy family. Rizal suppressed his feelings towards her when he learned that she was falling for him. tyranny safely. Fables, which compared the Japanese folklore to Philippine folklore. Short Visit to Paris and Madrid ● ● ● ● ● Other Writings in London ● ● ● Rizal wrote an essay entitled La Vision del Fray Rodriguez - in reply to the attacks made by Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli Me Tangere. He was able to demonstrate his profound knowledge of religion and biting satire. He also wrote Letter to The Young Women in Malolos. This was requested by Marcelo H. Del Pilar to commend the young women of Malolos for their courage to establish a school where they could learn Spanish. Rizal contributed two articles in the Trubner's Record, a journal devoted to the literature of the East. The first is called Specimens of Tagal Folklore which consists of 14 proverbs, 8 puzzles and 2 verses. The second is called Two Eastern ● He went to Paris on Sept. 1888 in search for historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera - Luna acted as his host during his stay. After his search for manuscripts and books, he returned to London. He went to Madrid and Barcelona on Dec. 11, 1888. He contacted his fellow expatriates and assessed the extend of their agitation for reforms. He got acquainted with Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, whom he vowed cooperation for the struggle for reforms. Founding of Asociacion La Solidaridad ● ● ● Rizal learned the plan of the Filipino expatriates in Barcelona to establish a patriotic society that shall work for reforms from the Spanish government which was called Asociacion La Solaridad. It was established Dec. 31, 1888. On Feb. 15, 1889, Rizal was informed of the organ of the Propaganda Movement by Graciano Lopez-Jaena which was called La Solidaridad. Its aims were: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER - - To work peacefully for political and social reforms To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines for Spain to remedy them To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism To advocate liberal ideas and progress To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness DID YOT KNOW? ● ● When Rizal arrived in Paris it was extremely difficult for a visitor to find a living quarter. It is because of the approaching Universal Exposition of 1889 which attracted thousands of tourists so all hotel accommodations were taken. The cost of living spiraled high because the French landlords took advantage of the event. In 1890, the annotated edition of Antonio Morga's Sucesos, printed by Garnes Feres, came out. There were two (2) major errors in the book which was corrected: - Rizal and Paris Exposition of 1889 ● ● ● ● Valentin Ventura ● #45 Rue Maubeuge, where Rizal stayed for a while. In his house, Rizal polished his annotated edition of Morga's book. He used most of his time in the reading room of the National Library checking up his historical annotations of Morga's book. The Paris Exposition was opened on May 6,1889 Jose Rizal, Felix R. Hidalgo, Juan Luna and Felix Pardo de Tavera participated in the international art competition. Rizal's entry was a bust, but did not win Luna, Hidalgo and Pardo de Tavera's entries copped major awards Indios Bravos ● ● ● ● In the appraisal of the events of the past in the light of present standards His inferences on the Church which were unfair since the faults and the cruelty of the friars did not mean the cruelty of the church ● Brave Soldiers Replaced Kidlat Club Its members pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreigners particularly the Spaniards. Rizal taught them Judo - an Asian art that he learned while he was in Japan. RDLM Society ● Redencion de los Malayas ( Redemption of the Malays) THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER ● ● Rizal rigidly guarded its secret existence Patterned from Masonry Aim to propagate all useful knowledge (scientific, artistic, literary) in the Philippines Summary ➢ He traveled alone to Madrid in May 1882 to continue his studies in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid ➢ He went to HongKong, Japan, US, Paris, Spain and London ➢ He is one of the founders of Asossacion La Solidaridad Week 11: Rizal's Legacy to Young Filipino Women - In all his writings, Rizal alluded to women as wives and mothers, the fountainhead of values, to insure the stability of the nation through the youth that they nature and educate into useful and civic-spirited citizens - the hope of the fatherland (De Guzman 1975). His legacy to young Filipino women can be gleaned from his famous letter to the young women of Malolos. December 12, 1888 A group of women of Malolos petitioned Governor-General Weyler for permission to open a night school so that they may study Spanish under Teodoro Sandiko. 1. Alberta Tanacov 2. Paz Tiongson 3. Teresa and Natia Tontoco 4. Feliciana Tiongson 5. Merced Tiongson 6. Eugenia and Aurea Tanchangco 7. Agapita Tiongson 8. Leoncia and Olympia Reyes 9. Basilia Tionason 10. Maria Delos Rayes Father Felipe Garcia - objected resulting into the turning down of the petition by the governor-general. ● They triumphed in the end and were granted permission to their project on the condition that Senorita Guadalupe Reyes should be their teacher.Praising these young women for their bravery, Marcelo H Del Pilar requested Rizal to write a letter commending them for their extraordinary courage. February 22, 1889 - Rizal sent Del Pilar to the letter for transmittal to the young women of Malolos. ● RIZAL'S LETTER TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS - This letter was written in Tagalog, while Rizal was in London, upon the request of Marcelo H. Del Pilar. RIZAL'S MESSAGE TO FILIPINO WOMEN THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER - Rizal expressed satisfaction for what the young women of Malolos fought for. His frustration over Filipino Women's gave way to bright hopes for the future, as gleaned from the following portion of his letter to the young women of Malolos. "Now that you have responded to our vehement clamor for public welfare; now that you have shown a good example to fellow young women who like you, desire to have their eyes opened and to be lifted from their prostration, our hope is roused, now we are confident of victory. The Filipino women, no longer bows her head and bends her knees her hope in the future is revived; gone is the mother who helps to keep her daughter in the dark who educates her in self-contempt and moral annihilation, it is no longer the highest wisdom to bow the head to every unjust order; the highest goodness to smile at an insult to seek solace in humble tears etc. etc. God gave each one his own mind and his own conscience so that he can distinquish between right and wrong. All men are born without chains, free and no one can subject the will and spirit of another". Why would you submit to another you noble and free thought? It is cowardice and an error to believe that blind obedience is ignorance and not goodness and honor. God, fountain of wisdom, does not expect man, created in his image to allow himself to be fooled and blinded. The gift of reason with which we are endowed must be brightened and utilized. We shall not falter if vou help us. God will help us to dispel the mist for he is the god of truth and the former brilliance of the Filipino women will be restored undiminished. She lacks nothing but a free mind for she has an excess of goodness. Responsibilities of Filipino Mothers to their Children Rizal was very certain as to the duties mothers should fulfill to their children. These duties are: ● ● ● To raise children close to the image of God; To awaken and prepare the mind of the child for every good and desirable idea; And to teach children to prefer death with honor to life with dishonor. Rizal also stressed the need for mothers to educate their children on the following values: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Love for honor Love for one's fellowmen Clear mind Respect for God Sincere and firm character Clear conduct Noble action QUALITIES POSSESS MOTHERS HAVE TO THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER Rizal enumerates the qualities Filipino mothers have to possess: ● ● ● Be a noble wife Rear her children in the service of the state here Rizal gives reference to the women of Sparta who embody this quality Set standards of behavior for men around her. ● ● ● RIZAL'S ADVICE TO UNMARRIED MEN AND WOMEN ● Jose Rizal points out to unmarried women that they should not be easily taken by appearances and looks, because these can be very deceiving. Instead, they should take heed of men's firmness of character and lofty ideas. Rizal further adds that there are three things that a young woman must look for a man she intends to be her husband: - A noble and honored name - A manly heart - A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves. RIZAL'S REMINDERS ON EQUALITY, SELF RESPECT AND TRUE SPIRIT OF RELIGION ● ● The tyranny of some is possible only through cowardice and negligence on the part of others. What makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abiect fear of one who holds one in contempt. ● ● ● Ignorance is servitude, because as a man thinks, so he is; a man who does not think for himself and allows himself to be guided by the thought of another is like a beast led by a halter. He who loves his independence must first aid his fellowman, because he who refuses protection to others will find himself without it. If the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her rear no more children, let her merely give birth to them. She must cease to be the mistress of the home, otherwise she will unconsciously betray husband, child, native, land and all. All men are born equal, naked, without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave; nor did he endow him with intelligence to have him hoodwinked or adorn him with reason to have deceived by others. Consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. See whether it is the will of God or according to the teachings of Christ that the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated. SUMMARY 1. Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country and fellowman. 2. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan mothers to offer their sons in defense of their country. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL PRELIMS I SEM 1 2023 BS PSYCHOLOGY I I2A I Prof. Laura DANIELA CORRALES I REVIEWER 3. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor. 4. Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their good radical values. 5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners
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