15 - MINUTE CITY FRAMEWORK
15 – MINUTE CITY FRAMEWORK
The 15 - Minute City is an urban planning model that focuses on creating neighborhoods where residents can access all their daily
needs within a 15-minute walk or bike ride.This concept emphasizes creating compact, sustainable, and livable communities by
reducing reliance on cars, improving local accessibility, and enhancing the quality of life.
Methodology of FMC Table
“15-Minute City” Concept:
Methods
The roots of the 15-minute city can be traced back to premodern urban planning traditions. However, the modern
concept was popularized by Franco-Colombian scientist Carlos
Moreno in 2016.
The idea gained significant traction when Paris Mayor Anne
Hidalgo included it in her 2020 re-election campaign. Since
then, several cities implementing this concept, creating more
walkable, bike-friendly, and sustainable neighborhoods.
Reduced Carbon Footprint: Decreasing the need for cars
lowers greenhouse gas emissions.
Improved Quality of Life: Less commuting time allows for
better work-life balance and more leisure time.
Economic Resilience: Supporting local businesses and
creating opportunities for community-based enterprises.
Public Health: Encouraging walking and cycling reduces
sedentary lifestyles and improves mental and physical
health.
Stronger Communities: Localized living fosters social
connections and a sense of belonging.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fig 1 maps of local accessibility
scores
Fig 2 Different accessibility scores of
cities
Fig 2 cumulative distribution of PT
scores
A mix of uses within
neighborhoods ensures that
all basic needs (work, leisure,
shopping, healthcare, and
education) are met locally.
Density
Diversity
Promoting urban density
that supports walkability
and the viability of local
services
without
overcrowding.
Validate POI data, check
walkability, verify
population accuracy
Incomplete
OpenStreetMap data
may distort results
Optimize service
distribution
Reassign POIs based on
population needs
Redistribution
improves accessibility
without adding new
POIs
Accessibility
Improvements
Measure impact of
POI redistribution
Compare PT scores
before and after
redistribution
Cities with poor initial
accessibility benefit
most from
redistribution
POI vs. PT Scaling
Study the impact of
adding POIs
Increase POIs and
measure changes in PT
Accessibility improves
but with diminishing
returns
Adding/Removing
POIs
Test service
allocation changes
Simulate
Strategic placement
removal/addition of POIs enhances accessibility
and track impact
efficiently
City Equality Analysis
Compare actual vs.
ideal accessibility
Identify service gaps and
redistribute POIs
Compact cities require
fewer adjustments
than sprawled cities
Compare existing vs.
Analyze service
required POIs
distribution per category
Some cities have
enough services but
need better
distribution
Identify potential
data biases
POI Relocation
Algorithm
Digitalisation
Integrating smart
technology for efficient
mobility, service
accessibility, and realtime urban management
Services and amenities such
as schools, workplaces,
grocery stores, healthcare,
parks, and cultural spaces
are located close to where
people live.
•
•
•
•
Collect city boundaries
(OECD, GHS)
Gather POIs
(OpenStreetMap)
Obtain population
data (World Pop)
Fetch accessibility
times (OSRM)
3.Accessibility Calculation
•
•
•
Compute Proximity Time (PT)
for each hex
Calculate city-wide PT (PTcity)
Measure fraction of population
in a 15-min zone (F15)
5. POI Reallocation Algorithm
Fig 5 the algorithm and its effects on the POIs distribution
The concept of the 15-minute city emphasizes that residents should have access to essential services within a 15-minute walk or bike ride. Achieving this model
requires varying numbers of Points of Interest (POIs) per capita, depending on a city's design and density.
• High-Density Cities: Compact urban areas with homogeneous structures, such as Mumbai and Bogotá, require fewer POIs per 1,000 residents to achieve 90%
population coverage within 15 minutes—approximately 0.45 and 0.56 POIs respectively.
Urban Heat Adaptation:
A universal framework for inclusive 15-minute cities
1.Data Acquisition
Fig 4 Different accessibility scores of cities
4. Measure Accessibility Inequality
•
Convert city to hexagonal grids
(200m)
Categorize POIs into 9 types
A key study in this framework integrates urban heat adaptation to ensure these cities are livable even
during extreme heat conditions caused by urban heat islands and global warming.
•Evaluate differences in accessibility
•Compute Gini Index for accessibility inequality
•Identify underserved areas
To integrate (UHA) into the (FMC) model, we need to perform spatial and
numerical calculations based on:
• Heat Impact Assessment
• Accessibility Analysis (FMC Criteria)
• Cooling Efficiency Evaluation
• Service Distribution & POI Optimization
Framework Calculation Steps
Hexagon-Level Accessibility
Data Category
Metrics Used
Sources
Urban Heat Island
(UHI) Intensity
Surface temperature,
air temperature
Remote sensing, GIS
heat maps
Thermal Comfort
Index
PET, UTCI, WBGT (Heat
stress indices)
Climate models,
weather stations
Population
Distribution
Density per 500m² grid
Census, World Pop
Service Accessibility
Walking distance
(meters)
OpenStreetMap, GIS
routing
Green Infrastructure
% Tree cover, shaded
area per capita
Satellite imagery, city
maps
n -no of POIs (in this case, n =20)
Measure the impact of trees, water bodies, and cool pavements.
•
Higher CES = More effective cooling strategies
5. Optimizing POI (Services) for Heat Resilience
To distribute services fairly & efficiently, we calculate POI per 1000
residents
2. Heat Vulnerability Index Calculation
City-Level Accessibility
Compute the overall city proximity time by averaging
across hexagons, weighted by population.
4. Cooling Efficiency Calculation for Green Spaces
1.Data Inputs for Calculation
•Optimize POI distribution based on population
•Maintain equal services per capita
•Measure improvements in accessibility
Identify the 20 nearest POIs in each category and
compute the average time required to reach them.
POI Quantity in Cities
Integration of UHA & FMC Framework
2.Data Preparation
•
Key Findings
Cities with better
transport
infrastructure have
lower PT scores
Principles of 15 – Minute City
Proximity
Process
Compute Proximity Time
Rank cities based on
Proximity Time Scores
(PT) per hexagon and
accessibility
city-wide PT
Data Bias Analysis
Benefits of 15-Minute City:
1.
Objective
6. Final Integration Score
PTk - proximity time index of
the k-th hexagon
FMC and UHA metrics into an Urban Heat Adaptation Index (UHAI)
15-Minute Accessibility
Category
POI Types
Healthcare
Hospitals, Clinics,
Pharmacies
Education
Schools, Colleges,
Libraries
Retail &
Groceries
Supermarkets,
Local Shops
Parks &
Recreation
Playgrounds, Green
Spaces, Fitness
Centers
Transport
Bus Stops, Metro
Stations, Bike Lanes
Measure the fraction of the population living in a 15minute access zone.
•
K - no of hexagons,
pk – pop of the k-th hexagon.
Higher UHAI = Better integration of heat adaptation within FMC.
Implementation Strategies of FMC:
3. FMC Accessibility Score Calculation
Gini Index Calculation
Assess inequality in accessibility by computing the Gini
coefficient..
Category
PTp - p-th proximity time
measure
POI Redistribution Optimization
Reallocate POIs to maintain equal access per capita
N pop - total population of a city,
based on population distribution..
c - category of services
1.
Measures
Educating people on heat risks and protection (e.g., using shaded paths, avoiding
Individual Measures peak heat hours).
Personal cooling strategies like wearing breathable clothing or using air conditioning.
Creating cool public spaces (e.g., shaded parks, water bodies).
Public Measures Strategic placement of medical and emergency facilities in high-risk areas.
Real-time heat alerts and emergency plans.
Urban greening (trees, green roofs).
Infrastructure
Use of cool materials for pavements and buildings.
Changes
Designing shaded pedestrian and cycling pathways.
15 – MINUTE CITY FRAMEWORK
2.
3.
•
•
If F15 = 85%, then 85% of people have access to essential
services within 15 minutes.
If F15 < 50%, interventions are needed (more services, better
transport).
4.
5.
Zoning Reform: Shift from single-use zoning to mixed-use
developments.
Active Transport Infrastructure: Build safe and accessible bike
lanes, sidewalks, and pedestrian zones.
Decentralized Planning: Develop neighborhoods as self-sufficient
hubs.
Community Engagement: Involve residents in decision-making and
planning to align developments with local needs.
Digital Tools: Use smart city technologies and data to optimize local
services.
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