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Adolescence
What is adolescence ?
boys are 4 x more likely to get ADD / ADHD
More girls are on the spectrum
Chapter Six
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S.W.B.A.T.
 Compare & contrast
Sex and gender differences
Suicide, depression and anxiety
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Male and female sex hormones
Early and late puberty
 Identify Piaget’s stage for adolescence
Concrete v abstract thought
 Name Erikson’s stage for adolescence
Identify Marcia’s four identity statuses
 Define adolescent egocentrism and components
 Explain variability and diversity in development
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Adolescent
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Hormones
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Prescription for health
• Choose a disorder
• Educate client – endocrine system, how it
works, purpose, list glands, focus on one
hormone. Too much too little, etiology,
symptoms, demo
• Describe hypothetical patient
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Outline treatment plan
• References (cite sources Author, year)
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Tropic hormones
one of them is growth hormone
Internal Environment
Insulin is growth factor
H…
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
P…
Growth hormone
GH
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1.5 - 2 years ahead of time (girls)
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PARADOX
growth is in the long bone
Cephalocaudal (down)
<—Proxymal -> Distal
3.5"
4.1’’
the "growth spurt”
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On average, at what age do the changes of puberty
occur?
Estrogen,
progestronen
Pituitary Glands produce tropic hormones
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Changing Bodies . . .
Perspiration
Oils
sweat
Acne
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Calcium
calcium absorption
IRON deficiency ANEMIA *
Vitamin D
Iron
Zinc
Iron Deficiency
Anemia
Body Image
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Anorexia nervosa
Body Image
Need to put weight on, during the puberty…
middle class white class women… she sees herself
Bulimia nervosa
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testasterone is the most important
estrogen - female
testasterone - male
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary Gland
Gonads
Estradiol
Progesterone
Androgens
Testosterone
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Sexual Maturation / Menarche
every month estrogen is produces in case of
pregnancy…
primary sexual ch*****
Primary Sexual Characteristics
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Penis
Can hold up to 3 months
nuctornal emmision -
Testes
Spermarche
Testes
Ejaculation
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
Women
broad hips
breast development
pubic hair
voice lower
arm and leg hair
Men
broad shoulders
pubic hair
voice deepens/lowers
arm and leg hair
chest & facial hair
primary sexual characteristics related
to ..reproduction
Hormones, sperm, menorche
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Factors affecting onset of puberty:
Gender
Body Weight
(fat accumulation)
Secular Trend *** - 2nd generation taller than you
(first gen here)
taller bout two generation
Puberty here starts at 9 - 11
Boys get puberty also get earlier
Girls
Secular Trend
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2 questions on this slide:
Early and late mature boys…
Early & Late Maturation
by cartilage you can tell where you are… “CAP” from the x
ray
Jones & Bayley (1950)
Berkley Longitudinal Study
Epiphysis
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Less
More
Popular
Physically attractive
Athletic /muscular
Mature
Confident
Poised
Self assured
Leader
Ideal Boy friend
Attention-seeking
Talkative
Restless
left brain from right brain…
Restless
Talkative
Bossy
Less self assured
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Early & late maturing girls
2 years to 1.5 faster for girls
they aren’t cognitively and emotionally developed
they are physically developed
Inadequate
Unchallenged
Female identity
“In phase”
Critical Mass
Well developed
Ahead of class
Pranks
“Popular” ?
Adult behaviors . . . . !
2 questions on the test ?
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Twenty years later?
delinquent behavior - somebody who got learly (young) to
a development. because they are less mature… attention
seeking….
in red *
if u get there early as a girl,you will be shorter
if you get there late, then youb will be taller ?
Still the same?
Rigid / Conforming
Verbal ------------------- Visual Spatial
Creative – insight
men become more ..?
Delinquency ?
Taller/Taller
Education attainment
Depression / Body Image
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Male & female teenagers less likely to be
sexually experienced if:
lived with both parents
@ age 14
mother had 1st child @ age 20 or
later
mother was a college graduate
Engage in after school activities
Performing well in school
Have positive attitude towards school
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Cognitive Development
Epistemology
abstraction Values are abstraction, can include a lotof things….
Active organism
Interaction environment
Make sense
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980)
Experience
Experimentation
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Sensori
motor
• Feelings / Actions
• Birth thru Two
Preoperational
• Words / images (symbols)
• Two thru seven
Concrete
Operations
• Think about things, conservation
• What is / logical classes
• Seven thru 13
Formal
Operations
• Hypothetical, Abstract (generalize)
• What if / abstractions / ideas
• 14 and above
****** know age 14 and above
*****
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Classification
Seriation
Reversibility
Transitivity
Concrete
Operations
Decentering
Conservation
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Hypothetical
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What if . . .
Inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning
Scientific Reasoning
If X, then Y
Propositional logic
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formal operations - final stage. not everyone gets
there (ppl who go to collegea dn etc get there)
Think ABSTRACTLY ***
Reason inductively
hypothesize reasons decuctively
(deductively - u have schema… onfirmation bias,
and you hold on ..)
you can laso do inductively - u notice a pattern and
figure out the generaliation and …. (higher lvl
thinking) in schience it is “if.. then..”
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Adolescent Egocentrism
* green light
egocentric adolescent
few beliefs support it;
u can take others persons perspective but u thibk
everyone is more interested in you. and ppl are interested
in u as you are interested in yursel z9ex pimple….)
David Elkind
(1978)
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Adolescent egocentrism
Imaginary Audience
*** green light
14-15 y.o teenagers believe that world is watching them.
imginary audience gives u a feedback…
Elkind & Bowen (1979)
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ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM
Dreams
and
Aspirations
DAVID ELKIND
Personal
Fable
UNIQUE
rather than
UNIVERSALIMAGINARY AUDIENCE
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Illusion of invincibility or
the Invincibility Fable
immune to
common
dangers.
Illusion of invincibility or Invincibility Fable
Personal Fable
Fictional
Fatality
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Umbrella (younger adolescents)
Cybersex
STD’s , STI’s Clamydia ***********
Imaginary audience
number 1 STI is Chlamydia. u don’t know if you have it
unless u are tested)
Older teenager girls get STDs and STIs
Life Span development
Psychosocial
Green light ***
Crisis and Identity
sence of self and identity,,,,,
Identity
Crisis
Erik Erikson
(1902-1994)
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Continuity of experience & expression
Green light******
Identity vs Role Confusion **********
what role you will play in life now ? in a future >
Trust + + + - - - mistrust
Hope
Autonomy v Shame & Doubt
Will
Initiative v Guilt
Purpose
Industry v Inferiority
Competence
Identity v Role Confusion
Fidelity*
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Formal Operations
Allows one to
think in possibilities
and to
Imagine the future and possible selves
Identity is a consistent definitionof one’s self as
uniwue individual
Soc identities
gender
sexual
age
roles
But those can also include a
Negative identity
hypothetical thinker. makes you very open
minded…
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The BIG Question?
Who am I ?
I am _______
I am _______
I am _______
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a consistent definition of
oneself as a unique individual
Social identities
 Roles we play . . .
 Gender identities
 Sexual identities
 Age identities
 Other?

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Green light****
James Marcia
Identity status
Choices/Commitments
Vacation, value
Ideology
Adolescents / Interviews
 Orientations



Values and ideals (Ideology)
Choices / Decisions
Career / Vocation
Marcia, J. E., (1966), Development and validation of ego identity
status, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
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ERIK ERIKSON .. period of life for adolescent is
MORATORIUM ************
MAMA
COMMITMENT
Yes
2 questions from this box **
No
Moratorium ****
Yes
CRISIS
Achievement
anxious
planful
changes major often,
logical
often dissatisfied
high self-esteem
Foreclosure
No
Moratorium
introspective,
close-minded
accepts & endorses
parental choices & values
Diffusion
little self-direction
impulsive
low self-esteem
Change major often
bisexual
Achievement - identity status, you know where u going,
knowyour major…
Moratorium - you say no, i don’t know…
MAMA - monatorium / achievement / moatprium /.
achievemnt
Scenqrio questions **
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Metaphor
A is B
On the
road of life
Blaze new Pathways
Rituals
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Ritual!
Victor Turner
(1969)
Metaphor?
Ritual
is
a
vital component
of
social change
Cliché?
Symbolism?
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Adolescent peer culture
On the test *******
name isn’t important
Dexter Dunphy (1963)
we share interedt and we spend time together. share similar
values…..
Cliques
Crowd
couples - sometimes are mentors….could be really good or bad
thing
Couples
Why be part of a crowd?
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The adolescent brain
Emotional brain
Amygdala
Anxiety / stree
adolescents are anxious…
Girls are most likely to suffer from depresion and anxiety
Depression
Helpless

->
Gender Differences
Hopeless
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Suicide / Para-suicide
Gender Differences
Assessing suicide possibilities
girls are more likelyto attempt a suicide
Boys are more successful in doing that
hopeless - 2 red flags
helpless red flag
Have ideation - the thought
Have a plan - the how to
Have the means available
guns and bullets
alcohol & drugs
parental supervision / monitoring
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Warning Signs
• Sudden changes in behavior
• appetite
• sleep (too much/too little)
• Friends
• Increased drug/alcohol usage
• Giving away prized possessions
• Excessive risk-taking
• School performance declines
• Trouble concentrating
• Feelings of worthlessness
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• Drugs Use / Abuse
• Gateway Drugs
• Monitoring the Future (1975)
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Teenagers who drink 6 or more times in the
past 30 days …
be
excessively
absent
from
school
23% vs. 6%
engage
in
antisocial
behavior
be
sexually
active
49% vs. 19%
72% vs. 32%
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S.W.B.A.T.
Compare & contrast
Sex and gender differences
Suicide, depression and anxiety
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Male and female sex hormones
Early and late puberty
Identify Piaget’s stage for adolescence
Concrete v abstract thought
Name Erikson’s stage for adolescence
Identify Marcia’s four identity statuses
Define adolescent egocentrism and components
Explain variability and diversity in development
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