Introduction to Nursing Informatics Models
Nursing informatics is an interdisciplinary field
that integrates nursing science with multiple
information and analytical sciences. Several
theoretical frameworks and models have been
developed to standardize and guide the
systematic research and application of nursing
informatics. This document will explore the
primary models used in nursing informatics,
elucidating their structures and applications.
Major Nursing Informatics Models
1. Graves and Corcoran’s Model (1989)
Concept: This model sees nursing informatics
as a linear progression where data is
transformed into information, and then into
knowledge. It emphasizes integrated
management processes across these stages.
Components:
 Data
 Information
 Knowledge
 Management
 Processing
2. Schwirian’s Model (1986)
Concept: Developed to stimulate and guide
systematic research, Schwirian's model
involves identifying information needs,
resolving them, and achieving nursing goals.
Components:
 Goal
 Users
 Technology
 Raw Material (Nursing-Related
Information)
3. Turley’s Model (1996)
Concept: This model depicts nursing
informatics at the intersection of nursing with
informatical sciences, emphasizing the
confluence of cognitive science, information
science, and computer science.
Core Sciences:
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Cognitive Science
Information Science
Computer Science
Nursing
4. Data-Information-Knowledge (D-I-K)
Model
Concept: According to the American Nurses
Association (ANA), nursing informatics
integrates nursing science, computer science,
and information science to manage and
communicate data, information, knowledge,
and wisdom. It acknowledges that processing
information does not always generate
knowledge.
Hierarchy:
 Data
 Information
 Knowledge
 Wisdom
5. Benner’s Levels of Expertise Model
Concept: Focuses on skill acquisition in
nursing practice, paralleling computer literacy
with nursing knowledge. It consists of five
levels of proficiency that a nurse progresses
through as they gain experience.
Levels:
 Novice
 Advanced Beginner
 Competent
 Proficient
 Expert
Specific Informatics Models
1. Philippine Healthcare Ecosystem
Model
Concept: Encompasses all healthcare delivery
system sectors, including government
agencies, healthcare facilities, practitioners,
insurance companies, pharmaceutical
companies, academic institutions, and
suppliers. This model focuses on networking
and cooperation among various stakeholders
to maintain and balance the healthcare
ecosystem.

2. Intel’s Shift Left Model
Concept: Illustrates the progression of
healthcare from high-cost, technology-driven
interventions to high quality of life with minimal
healthcare costs. It emphasizes the inverse
relationship between cost and quality of life.
Phases:
 Right Side (High Cost, TechnologyDriven Care)
 Shift to Quality of Life with Minimal
Health Costs
3. Patient Medical Record Information
Model (PMRI)
Concept: Defines the types and patterns of
documentation in patient records, emphasizing
three dimensions: personal health, healthcare
provider, and population health dimensions.
Dimensions:
 Personal Health: Records maintained by
individuals or families.
 Healthcare Provider: Quality patient care
supported by comprehensive, accurate
data.
 Population Health: Data on health
trends, supporting stakeholders in
managing public health.
Terminologies and Data Sets in Nursing
Informatics
 ABC Codes: Coding for integrative
health interventions for administrative
billing and insurance.
 Perioperative Nursing Data Set (PNDS):
Standardized language for perioperative
nursing practices.
 SNOMED CT: Comprehensive clinical
terminology with over 357,000
healthcare concepts.
 International Classification for Nursing
Practice (ICNP): Integrates nursing
phenomena, actions, and outcomes into
standardized terminology.
Patient Care Data Set (PCDS): Codes
for patient problems, goals, and care
plans.
Key Organizations in Nursing Informatics
1. American Medical Informatics
Association (AMIA)
Mission: Development and application of
medical informatics in patient care, research,
teaching, and administration.
2. National League for Nursing (NLN)
Mission: To advance quality nursing education
aligned with the needs of diverse populations in
evolving healthcare environments.
3. Healthcare Information and
Management Systems Society
(HIMSS)
Mission: Leadership in technological standards
and advocacy for innovations in healthcare
delivery and administration.
1. Computer Hardware

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Refers to the physical components of a
computer system.
Examples: CPU (central processing
unit), motherboard, RAM, storage
devices, input/output devices (keyboard,
mouse, monitor).
Key Functions: Processing data, storing
information, and enabling user
interaction.
2. Computer Software Systems
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System Software: Manages hardware
and provides a platform for application
software. Examples: Operating systems
like Windows, macOS, Linux.
Application Software: Performs
specific tasks for users. Examples: Word
processors, web browsers, and games.
Utility Software: Helps maintain,
analyze, and optimize computer
performance. Examples: Antivirus
software and disk cleanup tools.
3. Open Source and Free Software

Open-Source Software: Source code is
available for users to view, modify, and
distribute. Example: Linux, Apache.

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Free Software: Can be used without
cost, but not all free software is open
source. Example: Free version of
Microsoft Teams.
Promotes collaboration, innovation, and
community development.
4. Data Assessment
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Involves analyzing and interpreting data
to derive insights.
Techniques include data cleaning,
visualization, and statistical analysis.
Common tools: Excel, Tableau, Python
(with libraries like Pandas).
5. Personal, Professional, and Educational
Informatics
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Personal Informatics: Using
technology to manage personal data
(e.g., fitness trackers, budgeting apps).
Professional Informatics: Tools for
workplace efficiency and decisionmaking (e.g., project management
software, CRM systems).
Educational Informatics: Technology
for learning and teaching (e.g., elearning platforms, online resources).
This reviewer highlights key concepts in
understanding computer systems, helping you
focus on essentials for your studies. Let me
know if you need further details!