Navn Dansk Navn Engelsk Formelnummer (sidetal) Symb ol Enhed Formel 3.1 (63) π»π [min/pc] π»π = π»π + π»π + π»π Forklaring Kommentar Processer Cyklustid Cycle time Produktionstid Production time 3.2 (64) π»π [min/pc] π»π = π»ππ + π»π Gennemsnitlig produktionstid pr. enhed Average production time per work unit 3.5 (65) π»π [min/pc] π»π = π»π= Time of actual processing or assembly operation [min/pc] π»π = Handling time [min/pc] π»π = Average tool handling time [min/pc] π»ππ = Setup time to prepare the machine to produce the part [min/pc] π»π= cycle time [min/pc] πΈ= Batch quantity [pc/batch] π»π = batch processing time [min/pc] π»π πΈ Den simple formel gælder kun for en operation, medmindre alle tiderne er gennemsnit. For Job shop hvor πΈ = π gælder π»π = π»ππ + π»π π» ππ π»π Produktionstakt Production Rate 3.3 (64) πΉπ [pc/hr] Batch processtid Batch processing time 3.4a (65) π»π [min/batch] π»π = π»ππ + πΈπ»π Cyklustid for produktionslinje Cycle time of production line 3.7 (65) π»π [min/cycle] π»π = π΄ππ π»π + π»π Tilgængelighed Availability 3.9 (66) π¨ [proportion] π¨= Produktionskapacitet Plant/production capacity 3.10 (67) π·πͺ [pc/period] π·πͺ = ππ―πππΉπ produktionskapacitet Plant/production capacity 3.11 (68) π·πͺ [pc/period] π·πͺ = π―ππ ∑ πΉππ 3.13 (69) πΉπππ 3.14 (69) πΉπππ [pc/wk] -(69) πΉπππ [pc/hr] -(69) π»πππ [min/pc] Gennemsnitlig produktionstakt (emner pr time) Ugentlig fabriksproduktion (Emner pr uge) Produktionstakt for maskine π når den processerer emne π Udnyttelse af maskine π Overordnet udnyttelse af fabrik Average hourly plant production rate (parts per hour) Weekly plant production (parts per week) Production rate of machine π when processing part π Average production time for part π on machine π Utilization of machine π 3.15 (70) πΉπ = π΄π»π©π − π΄π»π»πΉ π΄π»π©π π π=π π [pc/hr] πΉπππ = ∑ ∑ π=π πΌπ πΉπππ = π―ππ πΉπππ π»πππ = π»ππππ + πΈπ π»πππ πΈπ πΌπ = ∑ πππ πΌ [proportion] Workload 3.17 (71) πΎπ³ [hr] πΌ= π΄π³π»π Gennemsnitlig ledetid over ππ antal batches Average MLT over ππ number of batches 3.19 (73) π΄π³π» π»ππ = Setup time to prepare the machine for the batch [min/batch] πΈ= Batch quantity [pc/batch] π»π= cycle time per work unit [min/cycle] π΄ππ π»π = Operation time at the bottleneck station (The maximum operation times for all stations on the line [min/cycle] π»π = time to transfer work units between stations each cycle [min/cycle] ∑π πΌπ π π πππ [min] π΄π³π»π = ∑(π»ππππ + πΈπ π»πππ + π»ππππ ) π=π [min] π΄π³π» = ππ produktionsraten udrykkes som πΉπ → πΉπ = π» π (Equation 3.6) πΉπ = Operationscyklusrate/operation cycle rate of the machine. Hvis mere end en del kan fremstilles pr cyklus, ændres formlen så det passer Eks.: X antal plasticdele kan støbes pr cyklus: ππ ππ = ππ π’ + π₯ π (Equation 3.4b) ππ ligner πβ fra formel 3.1. Tool handling time πβ er normalt set som en vedligeholdstid, og er ikke medregnet i cyklustiden π΄π»π©π= Mean Time Between Failures, the average length of time a machine runs between breakdowns [hr] π΄π»π»πΉ= Mean Time To Repair, Average service time required for operation condition [hr] π= number of machines π―ππ= number of hours in the period used to measure PC [hr] πΉπ = hourly production rate [proportion] π= number of machines π―ππ= number of hours in the period used to measure PC [hr] πΉππ= hourly production rate for machine π [pc/hr] πππ = Fraction of time during the period that machine π is processing part style π πΉπππ = Production rate of machine π when processing part π [pc/hr] πππ= number of operations required to produce part π Kan bruges, hvis πΉπ er et gennemsnit af alle maskiner Alle maskiner kører fuldtid i hele perioden π―ππ Et eksempel på πππ : En maskine på en arbejdsplads med 40 timer pr uge benyttes 20 20 timer i ugen: 40 = 0,5 altså 50% udnyttelse. π―ππ = Number of work hours pr week [hr] πΉπππ = Average hourly plant production rate (parts per hour) Kan ændres til parts per month eller parts per year: πΉπππ = π―ππ πΉπππ eller πΉπππ = π―πππΉπππ π»πππ = Average production time for part π on machine π [min/pc] Kommer af formel 3.3 π»ππππ = Setup time for part π on machine π [min/batch] πΈπ = Batch quantity for part π π»πππ = cycle time for part π on machine π [min/pc] Kommer af formel 3.5 πππ = Fraction of time during the period that machine π is processing part style π Tid som en resource (fx en maskine) bruges relativ til den tid som er til rådighed under definitionen af Plant capacity Et eksempel på πππ : En maskine på en arbejdsplads med 40 timer pr uge benyttes 20 πΎπ³ = ∑ ∑ πΈππ π»πππ π 3.18 (72) π»π = Average production time [min/pc] π 3.16 (70) Manufacturing Lead Time (MLT) for batch or product π ππ π»πππ πΉπππ = [proportion] Overall utilization of plant Ledetid for batch eller produkt π π πππ πΉπππ πππ Hvis der bliver masseproduceret på en meget stor skala, dvs. πΈππ → π, kan π ∑ππ=π π΄π³π»π ππ Simplificeret MLT Simplified MLT 3.20 (73) π΄π³π» [min] π΄π³π» = ππ (π»ππ + πΈπ»π + π»ππ ) Ledetid for job shop operationer (π = 1) MLT for Job shop operations (π = 1) 3.21 (73) π΄π³π» [min] π΄π³π» = ππ (π»ππ + π»π + π»ππ ) ∑π πΌπ= Summen af udnyttelsen af alle maskiner π= antal maskiner Total hours required to produce a given number of parts during a given period of time πΈππ = number of work units produced of part style π on machine π during the period of interest π»πππ = average production time of part style π on machine π [min/pc?] Total time to process a give part or product through the plant, including delays, moving between operations, queues, etc. π»ππππ = Setup Time for operation π on part or product π [min] πΈπ = quantity of part or product π in the batch bein processed [pc] π»πππ = cycle time for operation π on part or product π [min/pc] π»ππππ = nonoperation time associated with operation π [min] π indicates the operation sequence in the processing, π = 1,2 … πππ 20 timer i ugen: 40 = 0,5 altså 50% udnyttelse. Unit operations (When the unit is being processed), nonoperation time (When the unit is not being processed) Tager ikke højde for lagertid før produktionen begynder, ligeså heller ikke tilgængeligheden eller pålideligheden af maskiner. π ∑ππ=π π΄π³π»π = The sum of MLT for all batches in ππ [min] ππ= Number of batches (parts or products) ππ = Number of machines/processes π»ππ = Average setup time for all machines [min] πΈ= batch quantity π»π= Average cycle time for all processes for all parts [min] π»ππ = Average nonoperation time for all processes [min] ππ = Number of machines/processes π»ππ = Average setup time for all machines [min] Forsimplet udgave af 3.18. Kan bruges hvis alle tiderne er gennemsnitlige for alle maskiner. MLT for flow line masseproduktion MLT for flow line mass production 3.22 (74) π΄π³π» [min] π΄π³π» = ππ (π΄ππ π»π + π»π ) + π»ππ = ππ π»π + π»ππ MLT for flow line masseproduktion (π = π0 ) MLT for flow line mass production (π = π0 ) 3.23 (74) π΄π³π» [min] π΄π³π» = π(π΄ππ π»π + π»π ) + π»ππ = ππ»π + π»ππ Varer i Arbejde Work in Process (WIP) 3.24 (74) WIP [pc] πΎπ°π· = πΉπππ (π΄π³π») π»π= Average cycle time for all processes for all parts [min] π»ππ = Average nonoperation time for all processes [min] Station with longest operation time sets the pace for all stations ππ = Number of operations π΄ππ π»π = Operation time at the bottleneck station (The maximum operation times for all stations on the line [min/cycle] π»π = time to transfer work units between stations each cycle [min/cycle] π»π= cycle time of the production line [min/pc] π»ππ = Average nonoperation time for all processes [min] Station with longest operation time sets the pace for all stations π= Number of stations on the line π΄ππ π»π = Operation time at the bottleneck station (The maximum operation times for all stations on the line [min/cycle] π»π = time to transfer work units between stations each cycle [min/cycle] π»π= cycle time of the production line [min/pc] π»ππ = Average nonoperation time for all processes [min] πΉπππ = Average hourly plant production rate (parts per hour) [pc/hr] π΄π³π»= Average Manufacturing Lead Time [hr] (Total time to process a give part or product through the plant, including delays, moving between operations, queues, etc.) Antallet af operationer ππ er lig med antallet af stationer på linjen π. Kendes også som Work in Progess MLT skal være i timer!! Omkostninger Totale årlige omkostninger Total Annual Cost 3.25 (76) Fabriksomkostninger Factory overhead rate (FOHR) 3.26 (79) Virksomheds Overheadsats Corporate overhead rate (COHR) 3.27 (79) [$(DKK)/year] π»πͺ = πͺπ + πͺπ πΈ ππΆπ―πΉ [proportion] ππΆπ―πͺ ππΆπ―πΉ = π«π³πͺ πͺπ = Fixed annual cost [$(DKK)/year] (Remains constant for any level of production output; cost of factory building, equipment, taxes etc.) πͺπ = Variable cost [$(DKK)/pc] (Varies in proportion to production output; direct labor, raw materials, power to run equipment) πΈ= Annual quantity produced [pc/year] ππΆπ―πͺ= Annual factory overhead costs [$(DKK)/year] (Costs of running the factory other than direct costs; Plant supervision, heat and air conditioning, security, maintenance crew, etc.) π«π³πͺ= Annual direct labor costs [$(DKK)/year] πͺπΆπ―πΉ [proportion] πͺπΆπ―πΉ = πͺπΆπ―πͺ π«π³πͺ πͺπΆπ―πͺ= Annual corporate overhead costs [$(DKK)/year] (Costs not related to the manufacturing activities; Corporate executives, engineering, research and development, accounting, finance department, etc.) π«π³πͺ= Annual direct labor costs [$(DKK)/year] π»πͺ Transport Delivery Cycle time 10.1 (308) π»π [min/delivery] Available time 10.2 (309) π¨π» [min/hr] Hourly delivery rate per vehicle 10.3 (309) πΉπ π [deliveries/hr] Workload 10.4 (310) πΎπ³ [min/hr] Number of vehicles 10.5 + 10.6 (310) ππ [vehicles required] π»π = π» π³ + π³π π³π + π»πΌ + ππ ππ π¨π» = πππ¨ππ π¬π πΉπ π = π¨π» π»π πΎπ³ = πΉπ π»π ππ = πΎπ³ π¨π» ππ ππ = πΉπ πΉπ π How long it takes a vehicle to complete a delivery cycle π»π³ = Time to load at load station [min] π³π = Distance the vehicle travels between load and unload station [m] ππ = Carrier velocity [m/min] π»πΌ = Time to unload [min] π³π = Distance the vehicle travels empty until the start of the next cycle [m] Ew (If theres non, 1) The time (in minutes) a vehicle is available each hour π¨ = Availability [Proportion: 0-1] Reliability factor, proportion of total shift time the vehicle is operational, not broken down or being repaired. ππ = Traffic factor [Proportion: 0-1] Traffic congestion factor, effects of losses on system performance π¬π = Worker efficiency [Proportion: 0-1] Worker/operator efficiency, i.e. truck drivers, manual loading/unloading. If no human interactions are involved, π¬π = π How many deliveries can each vehicle make pr hour π¨π» = Available time per vehicle, adjusted for time losses [min/hr] π»π = Delivery cycle time [min/delivery] The total amount of work, expressed in terms of time, that must be accomplished by the transport system in 1 hr πΉπ = Specified flow rate of the total deliveries pr hour for the system. (desired deliveries per hour) [deliveries/hr] π»π= Delivery cycle time [min/delivery] πΎπ³= The total amount of work, expressed in terms of time, that must be accomplished by the transport system in 1 hr [min/hr] π¨π»= The time (in minutes) a vehicle is available each hour [min/hr] πΉπ = Specified flow rate of the total deliveries pr hour for the system. (desired deliveries per hour) [deliveries/hr] πΉπ π = deliveries per hr per vehicle [deliveries/hr] Faste omkostninger: Forbliver konstant for ethvert output. Fx bygninger, udstyr, afgifter osv. Variable omkostninger: Varierer i forhold til produktionsniveauet. Fx arbejdskraft, materialer, værktøjer osv. Material costs er ikke medtaget i disse beregninger. Eksemper på side 79-80