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Z_¨m~Î
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Washington: The World Bank.
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mic-success-by-kaushik-basu-2021-03
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Ab¨ `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ GKwU
fv‡jv D`vniY|
bvixi A_©‰bwZK ¶gZvq‡bi m‡½m‡½
mvgvwRK ¶gZvqbI Riæwi, hvi gva¨‡g
bvixi AvZ¥wek¦vm ˆZwi nq; Avi †m
AvZ¥wek¦vm bvix‡K eû`~i GwM‡q †`q,
Zvi †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i| `wi`ª
bvix gv‡bB Amnvq bvix-GB åvšÍ aviYv
†d‡j w`‡q Zvi ¶gZvi cª`xc‡K
cÖ¾¡wjZ Kivi gvbwmKZvq cwiPvwjZ
†nvK evsjv‡`‡ki mKj `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
Kg©m~wP-†mB Avkv ivwL|
bvRbxb Avn‡g`
Kvw›U« B‡Kvbwg÷
RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~wP (BDGbwWwc) evsjv‡`k
`vwi`ª¨ Rq †cÖÿvcU I DËi‡Yi c×wZ 11
Avd‡ivRv Ñ mvnm Avi msMÖvg hvi cwiPq
Qwe: cÖYe †Nvl, eª¨vK
Rxe‡bi Mí
Rxe‡bi `yM©g c_ cvwo w`‡q Rqx n‡q‡Qb Avd‡ivRv| Mevw` I nvum-gziwM cvjb Ges mewRPvl K‡i cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY Ki‡Qb| †Rjv cÖkvmb †_‡K ÒmsMÖvgx bvixÓ
wn‡m‡e cyi¯‹…Z n‡q‡Qb| mgv‡R Zvui gh©v`v AvR A‡bK DuPz
Rxeb msMÖv‡g A`g¨ GK bvix Avd‡ivRv|
Rxe‡b Zvi KLbI msMªv‡gi Afve nqwb|
gv`Kvm³ I `yðwiÎ ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi
mB‡Z bv †c‡i ¯^vgx‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡ib|
wbt¯^ n‡q GwZg mšÍv‡bi nvZ a‡i Avkªq
†bb weaev gv‡qi msmv‡i| †mLv‡bI byb
Avb‡Z cvšÍv dz‡ivq Ae¯’v| `yB KvVv
RvqMvq †QvÆ Kyu‡oN‡i gv_v †MuvRvi VvuB
n‡jI †c‡Ui ¶yav wgU‡e Kxfv‡e? A‡b¨i
evwo‡Z KvR LyuR‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| †mB
my‡hvM cvIqvI mnR bq| GjvKvi meviB
Afv‡ei Rxeb| wb‡R‡`iB KvR †bB|
Ab¨‡`i KvR †`‡e Kxfv‡e?
Z‡e cv‡bi ei‡Ri KvR cvIqv mnR|
KviY †Q‡jiv ei‡R KvR Ki‡jI †g‡qiv
K‡i bv| A‡bK Aby‡iv‡aI dj cvIqv
hvq bv| c‡i gnvR‡bi Kv‡Q Iqv`v K‡i
Avd‡ivRvi Kg©ms¯’vb nq| GB my‡hvM
e„_v †h‡Z †`bwb Avd‡ivRv| cªgvY
K‡i‡Qb †Q‡j‡`i PvB‡Z †Kv‡bv As‡k
Kg cv‡ib bv| gnvRb †hgb AevK nb,
†Zgwb Lywk| ei‡R ¯’vqx Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v
K‡i †`b|
Z‡e KvR gv‡bB m¤§vb bq| ei‡R KvR
†bIqvq Avd‡ivRv‡K wb‡q ev‡R K_v
ej‡Z _v‡K mgv‡Ri bvbvRb| wKš‘
Avd‡ivRv A‡b¨i K_vq `‡g hvIqvi
gvbyl bb| mK‡ji K_v AMªvn¨ K‡i wZwb
GKvMª g‡b ei‡Ri KvR K‡i msmvi
12 `vwi`ª¨ Rq †cÖÿvcU I DËi‡Yi c×wZ
Pvjv‡Z _v‡Kb| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨B gv_vPvov
†`q bZyb wec`|
GKgvÎ †Qv‡Uv †evbI ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³v n‡q
GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K ey‡K K‡i Avkªq †bq
Avd‡ivRvi msmv‡i| Afv‡ei msmv‡i
AviI `yÕR‡bi fvZ-Kvco †RvMv‡Z Zv‡K
wngwkg †L‡Z nq| eva¨ n‡q Zvi 12
eQ‡ii bvevjK †Q‡j Uªv‡Ki †njcvi
wn‡m‡e KvR †bq| ayu‡K ayu‡K Rxeb Pj‡Z
_v‡K| wbqwZi wbg©g cwinvm Avi `yt‡Li
†evSv AviI †e‡o hvq|
Avd‡ivRvi GKgvÎ Avkvi Av‡jv,
GKgvÎ mšÍvb UªvK `yN©Ubvq `ywbqvi gvqv
†Q‡o cicv‡i P‡j hvq| †_‡g hvq Rxeb|
mewKQy †hb AÜKvi n‡q Av‡m| wKš‘ KvR
bv Pj‡j msmv‡ii e„×v gv, †evb I
†evbwS‡K bv †L‡q _vK‡Z n‡e| AveviI
ei‡Ri Kv‡R g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib
Avd‡ivRv|
eª¨vK AvjUªv-cyIi Mª¨vRy‡qkb Kg©m~wPi
c¶ †_‡K GB ch©v‡q Avd‡ivRv‡K 22
nvRvi UvKv g~‡j¨i GKwU lvuo †`Iqv nq|
MiæwU‡K wZwb cig h‡Zœ jvjbcvjb
Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| eª¨vKKg©x dv‡Zgv
LvZy‡bi civg‡k© w`bw`b Avd‡ivRvi
g‡bi Ae¯’vq cwieZ©b Av‡m| evuPvi Avkv
Lyu‡R cvb| Zvi civgk© Abyhvqx evwo‡Z
mewRi Pvl ïiæ K‡ib, †b‡U nvum-gyiwM
cvjb K‡ib| weµ‡qvchvMx n‡j 8 gv‡mi
gv_vq †ewk jv‡f MiæwU wewµ K‡i †`b|
jf¨vsk w`‡q GKwU Mf©eZx QvMj †K‡bb
I 20 kZK Rwg wjR wb‡q avb Pvl ïiæ
K‡ib| evwK UvKv w`‡q A‡iKwU lvuo
wK‡b cvj‡Z _v‡Kb|
Avd‡ivRvi Mí ï‡b eª¨vK mvgvwRK
¶gZvqb Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g MZ 8 gvP©
2022 wek¦ bvix w`e‡m Avd‡ivRv‡K
ev‡Minv‡Ui †Rjv cÖkvmK msMªvgx bvix
cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ K‡ib|
†hLv‡b Zv‡K wb‡q ev‡R K_v n‡Zv, AvR
†mB GjvKvi mevB Zv‡K m¤§vb K‡i|
Avd‡ivRv wb‡RB e‡jb, AvMvgx GK
eQ‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb K…wl I Miæi Lvgvi K‡i
A‡b¨i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi Ki‡eb|
GLb wZwb bZyb Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ †`L‡Qb,
bZyb K‡i evuPvi c_ Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb|
Rxe‡bi c_ a‡i kvgmybœvnv‡ii Qy‡U Pjv
Qwe: gy‡bg Iqvwmd, eª¨vK
Rxe‡bi Mí
evj¨we‡qi wkKvi kvgmybœvnvi Rxe‡b nvi gvb‡Z †k‡Lbwb| Afv‡e chy©`¯Í ¯^vgxi msmv‡ii nvj a‡i‡Qb I mšÍvb‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡q cvwV‡q‡Qb| `vwi`ª¨ R‡qi ciI
wb‡R‡K Qvwo‡q hvIqvi †Póvq Qz‡U P‡j‡Qb wZwb
iscy‡i Avgvi Rb¥, eo n‡q IVv| ˆkke
†_‡KB Afv‡ei m‡½ cwiPq wKš‘ Avgv‡`i
†QvU cwiev‡i KLbI fv‡jvevmvi KgwZ
†`wLwb| GKwU L‡oi Ni, †mLv‡bB
gv-evev, fvB‡evb mevB wg‡j _vKZvg|
MigKvj †Zv †hgb-†Zgb, kx‡Zi
ivZ¸‡jv †hb KvU‡ZB PvBZ bv|
evev Pvlvev` K‡i hv Avq KiZ Zv‡ZB
Avgv‡`i msmvi PjZ| d‡j msmv‡i
memgqB UvbvUvwb wQj| Z‡e wkïKvj wQj
¯^vaxb Rxeb| jy‡KvPywi, wµ‡KU, dyUej
hLb hv †Ljv n‡Zv †m †Ljvq Avgvi _vKv
PvB-B-PvB| Avwg KLbI nvi‡Z PvBZvg
bv| †RZvi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi wR` KvR
KiZ| Avgvi `yišÍcbv †`‡L mevB bvg
w`‡qwQj Ô†`Šovwb ivwbÕ|
Avgvi †mme wPÎ e`‡j †Mj K¬vm dvB‡f
IVvi ci| †m eQi Avgvi we‡q n‡q hvq|
Av‡M gv‡V-gq`v‡b Qy‡U †eovZvg, Zvici
msmv‡ii Kv‡R †QvUvQywU ïiæ n‡jv| Avgvi
mvšÍ¡bv wQj, GKRb fv‡jv gvby‡li m‡½
Avgvi we‡q n‡q‡Q| we‡qi ci A‡bKw`b
ch©šÍ mšÍvb bv nIqv wb‡q cvov-cªwZ‡ekxiv
hLb wUàwb KvUZ, ZLb wZwbB Avgv‡K
AvM‡j ivL‡Zb|
we‡qi `k eQi ci Avwg cª_g gv nB|
cici GK †g‡q, GK †Q‡j Gj Avgv‡`i
msmv‡i| Afve, AbUb hv-B _vKyK,
ZviciI eje fv‡jvB wQjvg|
Avgvi eo †g‡qi eqm hLb Pvi, ZLb
Avgvi ¯^vgxi K¨vbmvi aiv c‡o| wKQyw`‡bi
g‡a¨B my¯’-mej gvbylUv †Pv‡Li mvg‡bB
kh¨vkvqx n‡jb| Gici †Zv g„Zz¨‡KB eiY
K‡i wb‡jb| ZLb †_‡KB GK fqven
`ytmgq Avgv‡`i‡K Mªvm K‡i wbj|
¯^vgx gviv hvIqvi ci k¦ïievwoi †jvKRb
gyL wdwi‡q wbj| Zviv PvBZ ¯^vgxi
wf‡U-gvwU †Q‡o Avwg †hb mšÍvbmn evevi
evwo P‡j hvB| Av‡kcv‡ki gvbyl Avgvi
evev-gv‡K wM‡q ejZ Avgv‡K Avevi we‡q
†`Iqvi K_v|
Gevi Avwg KviI Ici fimv bv K‡i
wb‡RB msmvi Pvjv‡bvi wm×všÍ wbjvg|
evmvevwo‡Z KvR wbjvg| mKv‡j Kv‡R
hvIqvi Av‡M Ni‡`vi cwi®‹vi K‡i,
ivbœvevbœv †m‡i †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K ¯‹y‡j w`‡q
AvmZvg| `ycy‡i KvR †m‡i Avevi
Zv‡`i‡K m‡½ wb‡q wdiZvg| `ycy‡i
wKQy¶Y N‡ii KvR KiZvg Zvici Avevi
Kv‡R †hZvg| mܨvq evmvq wd‡i PjZ
†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i cov‡bvi cvjv| cªwZw`b
Avwg ïay GBUvB fveZvg, hZ KóB †nvK
mšÍvb‡`i †jLvcov †kLv‡ZB n‡e|
Gfv‡e `k eQi evmvevwo‡Z KvR K‡i
msmvi PvjvB| Zvici GKw`b eª¨v‡Ki
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~wPi m`m¨ nIqvi
my‡hvM Av‡m| cª_‡g Mevw` cï cvj‡bi
cªwk¶Y wbB, Zvici Avgv‡K Kg©m~wP †_‡K
`kwU gyiwM Avi GKwU Miæ †`Iqv nq|
cªwZ mßv‡n eª¨v‡Ki fvB-Avcviv G‡m
Mevw` cïi bvbv †ivMevjvB QvovI cywóKi
Lvevi, evj¨weevn, †hŠZyK, bvix
wbh©vZbmn bvbv welq m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Zb|
mÂq Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Drmvn w`‡Zb|
cïcvj‡bi Avq †_‡K Avwg Aí Aí K‡i
UvKv Rgv‡Z ïiæ Kijvg| Gici GKw`b
GKwU Rwg wK‡b Mªv‡g bZyb Ni Zyjjvg|
Avgvi AvZ¥wek¦vm †e‡o †Mj eû¸Y! Avq
evoj, msmv‡i m”QjZv Gj| Avgvi †g‡q
GLb wek¦we`¨vj‡q c‡o| †Q‡j K‡j‡R
covi cvkvcvwk cvU©UvBg PvKwiI Ki‡Q|
†m Wv³vi n‡Z Pvq| webv wPwKrmvq evev‡K
P‡j †h‡Z †`‡L‡Q, †mRb¨ Avgv‡`i g‡Zv
K‡ó _vKv gvby‡li Rb¨ wKQy Ki‡Z Pvq|
Avgiv fv‡jv AvwQ, PvB Ab¨ivI fv‡jv
_vKyK| †Póv KiwQ †hb mgv‡Ri Ab¨
Amnvq gvby‡li cv‡k _vK‡Z cvwi| †hme
cwiev‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y
†jLvcov †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q, Avwg
mva¨g‡Zv Zv‡`i cv‡k `vuovB| Avwg Rvwb
GKUy mnvqZv I Aby‡cªiYv e`‡j w`‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡`i Rxeb|
ˆkk‡ei nvi-bv-gvbv Avwg GLbI jovB K‡i
hvw”Q| mgq e`‡j‡Q, e`‡j †M‡Q c_| wKš‘
Avwg QyUwQ †Zv QyUwQB| cªwZwbqZ wb‡R‡K
wb‡R Qvwo‡q hvIqvi Rb¨B G Qy‡U Pjv|
`vwi`ª¨ Rq †cÖÿvcU I DËi‡Yi c×wZ 13
cÖeÜ
`vwi`ª¨ n«vmKiY †_‡K we‡gvPb Ñ mg‡qi cª‡qvR‡b m¤¢ve¨ ev¯ÍeZv
cjvk `vk
`vwi`ª¨ nªvmKiY KLbB mnRmva¨ KvR
bq| evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mKj
c`‡¶c I bxwZ cÖYqb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb, mg¯Í wKQy‡KB RwUj
GKwU cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q|
ZviB dj¯^iƒc Avgiv eZ©gvb mg‡q
Ô`vwi‡`ª¨i nviÕ Ges Ô`vwi‡`ª¨i msL¨vÕ
Dfq‡KB Avkvbyiƒc nv‡i Kgv‡Z
†c‡iwQ| wKš‘ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cªkœ †_‡K
hvq Avgiv wK mwZ¨B cy‡ivcywifv‡e `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvPb Ki‡Z cvie? A_ev GLb ch©šÍ †h
AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q Zv wK h_v_©B †UKmB? GB
cª‡kœi DËi nq‡Zvev cª‡kœi †fZ‡iB
jywK‡q Av‡Q A_©vr Avgiv Kxfv‡e
Ôwe‡gvPbÕ-†K msÁvwqZ KiwQ Ges
Kxfv‡e Avgiv Ô†UKmBÕ-Gi aviYv‡K
aviY KiwQ, Zvi Ici A‡bK wKQy wbf©i
Ki‡Q| ¯^fveZB GB cªwµqvi g‡a¨
mePvB‡Z RwUj Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb
n‡jv mg‡qi cª‡qvR‡b mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY
Kiv, hv IB mg‡qi g‡a¨ SyuwK¸‡jv‡K
wPwýZ K‡i `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkj Ges
Kg©mywP, Df‡qiB fwel¨r iƒc‡iLv
wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ GI mZ¨ †h,
GKwU †`k †_‡K `vwi`ª¨‡K cy‡ivcywi
we‡gvPb K‡i †djv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e `vwi`ª¨ nªvmKi‡Yi nvi‡K
m½wZc~Y©fv‡e †UKmB Ki‡Z cvi‡j
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi `xN©‡gqvw` cªwµqv‡K
¯^í‡gqvw`‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv m¤¢eci| Gi
gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P
mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
†KvwfW AwZgvwii mg‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ
Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i `vwi‡`ª¨i weiæ‡× AwR©Z
AMÖMwZ ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q| †m mgq mvivwek¦
Ry‡oB ûU K‡i `wi`ª gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o
14 `vwi`ª¨ Rq †cÖÿvcU I DËi‡Yi c×wZ
wM‡qwQj, hv wQj Avgv‡`i KíbvZxZ|
ïay ZvB bq, GKB Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b DbœZ,
AbybœZ mKj †`‡kB AmgZv Ges `vwi`ª¨
AviI Mfxi n‡q‡Q| dj¯^iƒc aviYv Kiv
n‡”Q †h, 2030 mvj bvMv` 58.8 †KvwU
gvbyl Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨ evm Ki‡e| hv
¯úóZB GB mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ô†UKmB Dbœqb
j¶¨gvÎvÕ-Gi j¶¨-1 AR©b Kiv‡K AviI
`yiƒn K‡i Zy‡j‡Q| Avgiv hw` MZ K‡qK
`k‡Ki SyuwKi gvÎv Ges cªeYZv AbymiY
Kwi, Zvn‡jI mn‡RB Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cvie †h, cÖwZwU eo ai‡bi SyuwKi m‡½
`vwi`ª¨ nªvmKi‡Yi MwZkxjZv Nwbôfv‡e
m¤ú„³| GB SyuwKi gvÎv‡K mnbkxj
ch©v‡q A_ev †gvKvwejvi ch©v‡q wb‡q
Avm‡Z bv cvi‡j `vwi`ª¨ nªvmKi‡Yi MwZ
_g‡K †h‡Z cv‡i ev D‡ëvc‡_I cªevwnZ
n‡Z cv‡i| eª¨v‡Ki ÔMª¨vRy‡qkb A¨v‡cªvPÕ
GLb ch©šÍ h_vmva¨fv‡e GB SyuwK¸‡jv‡K
mgqg‡Zv Ges mwVKfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i
gvVch©v‡qi
Kvh©µ‡g
†m¸‡jv‡K
†gvKvwejv Kiv I m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨
mnbkxjZv ˆZwi Kivi D‡`¨vM‡K AšÍf©y³
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| wKš‘ SyuwKi gvÎv Ges
cwiwa †e‡o hvIqvi m‡½m‡½ ÔMª¨vRy‡qkb
A¨v‡cªvPÕ-†KI bZyb Avw½‡K wPšÍv Kiv
Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|
G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i Av‡iKwU welq g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e| `vwi‡`ª¨i g‡Zv SyuwKI
eûgyLx| SyuwK ïaygvÎ Rjevqy cwieZ©b,
bMivqb, cªvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ev gbyl¨m„ó
`y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨B mxgve× bq| mKj `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvPb Ges Dbœqb Kgm©~wPi g‡a¨I
Av‡iK ai‡bi SyuwK cªvq bxi‡e jywK‡q
_v‡K| †Kv‡bv gvby‡li Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
KLbI KLbI Zvi Rb¨ bZyb SyuwKI e‡q
wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK ÔMª¨vRy‡qkbÕ
cªwµqvi gv‡a¨‡gI GB SyuwK ˆZwi n‡Z
cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc AwZ`wi`ª gvbyl‡K
A_©‰bwZK SyuwK m¤ú‡K© AewnZ bv K‡i
Zv‡`i‡K A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð m¤ú„³
Ki‡j Zv Zv‡`i Rxe‡b bvbv gvÎvi `y‡h©vM
e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| AwaKZi SyuwK gv‡b
AR©‡bi m¶gZv nªvm Kivi m¤¢vebv‡K
evwo‡q †`Iqv| Kv‡RB †h †Kv‡bv Kg©m~wPi
g‡a¨B D™¢yZ SyuwK‡K wPwýZ K‡i Zv‡K
†gvKvwejv Kiv Ges Zvi cÖwZ mwnòyZv
ˆZwi Kivi cª‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MªnY Kiv
cª‡qvRb| eª¨v‡Ki Pjgvb `vwi`ª¨ wbimb
Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z_¨-DcvË we‡kølY
K‡i Avgiv Mfxifv‡e Abyaveb K‡iwQ †h,
AwZ eo SyuwK †gvKvwejv‡K Kg©m~wP‡Z
cy‡ivcywi m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi djvdj
†hb †UKmB nq, †mwUi Ici Avgv‡`i
†Rvi w`‡Z n‡e| †UKmB mvdj¨ AR©b
Kivi m~PKM‡jv‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb
cÖwµqvq ax‡i ax‡i AwaKZi kw³kvjx
Ki‡Z n‡e|
myZivs mvgwMªK cwiw¯’wZi †cª¶vc‡U
ÔMª¨vRy‡qkbÕ-†K GKKfv‡e AwZ mij
mgvavb bv †f‡e eis G‡K `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvP‡bi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cªwµqv
wn‡m‡e †`Lv `iKvi| `vwi`ª¨ nªvmKi‡Yi
Rb¨ Mª¨vRy‡qkb A¨v‡cªvP‡K Avgiv
mvaviYZ GKwU wØgvwÎK cªv‡qvwMK
AeKvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e wPšÍv K‡i _vwK, hv
Kg©m~wPi mgqKvj Ges Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g
†h †mev cª`vb Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K wb‡`©k
K‡i| wKš‘ AwbwðZ SyuwK‡K GB
AeKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡j
mg‡qi cª‡qvR‡b wKQy bZyb Ges †gŠwjK
Dcv`vb bvbv gvÎvq Mª¨vRy‡qkb Kg©m~wPi
mvgwMªK Kvh©µ‡g mwbœ‡ewkZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gi d‡j wKQy wbw`©ó Kvh©µg `xN©vwqZ n‡q
G¸‡jvi mgqKvj cªjw¤^Z n‡e, GB
Abyave‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i ÔMª¨vRy‡qkbÕ
cªwµqv‡K wØgvwÎK †_‡K wÎgvwÎK GKwU
AeKvVv‡gvq wb‡q hvIqv cª‡qvRb| GB
KvVv‡gvi Z…Zxq gvÎvwU n‡jv SyuwK
†gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ cªjw¤^Z mgq,
†hLv‡b bvbv Dcv`vb‡K e¨envi K‡i
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Z_¨m~Î
Ahmed, A. U., & Tauseef, S. (2022). Climbing up
the ladder and watching out for the fall: poverty
dynamics in rural Bangladesh. Social Indicators
Research, 160(1), 309-340.
Cabinet Division and the General Economics
Division. (2022). ‘Social Protection in Bangladesh:
A Common Narrative’. Cabinet Division and the
General Economics Division, Planning
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Available:
https://socialprotection.gov.bd/en/2022/04/02/soci
al-protection-in-bangladesh-a-common-narrative/
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microfinance. Business Strategy & Development,
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Hasan, M. K. (2017). ABCD of Social Protection in
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Karlan, D., & Mullainathan, S. (2007). Is
microfinance too rigid. Financial Access Initiative
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