AS 3990—1993 Australian Standard This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. Mechanical equipment—Steelwork This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/5, Cranes (Balloted by ME/1, Boilers and Pressure Vessels; ME/4, Lift Installations; ME/5, Cranes; ME/18, Mining Equipment; ME/38, Gas and Liquid Petroleum Piping Systems; ME/43, Bulk Handling Equipment). It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 24 February 1993 and published on 17 May 1993. The following interests are represented on the balloting Committees: Australian commerce associations Australian development associations Australian energy associations Australian engineering associations Australian Federal authorities Australian importers associations Australian industry associations Australian manufactures associations Australian marketing associations Australian mining associations Australian research associations Australian Steamship Owners Federation Australian State authorities Australian trade associations Australian universities This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. Australian utilities associations Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editi ons as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edit ion, and any amendments thereto. Full detail s of all Australi an Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australi an Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. AS 3990—1993 Australian Standard This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. Mechanical equipment—Steelwork AS 3990 fi rst published in part as AS CAI—1933. Second editi on 1939. Revised and issued as SAA Int. 351—1952. Revised and issued as AS CAI—1968. Fourth edit ion 1972. AS 1250 fi rst published 1972. AS CAI—1972 and AS 1250—1972 revised, amalgamated and issued as AS 1250—1975. AS CAI—1972 wit hdrawn 1976. Thir d editi on as AS 1250—1981. Revised and redesignated in part as AS 3990(Int)—1991. Revised and issued as AS 3990—1993. PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7262 8091 7 AS 3990— 1993 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Cranes and balloted by the Standards Australia Committees for Boilers and Unfired Pressure Vessels, Lift Installations, Cranes, Mining Equipment, Gas and Liquid Petroleum Piping Systems, and Bulk Handling Equipment to provide a working stress method for the design of mechanical equipment steelwork. AS 1250—1981, SAA Steel Structures Code, which provided a working stress method, was superseded by AS 4100—1990, Steel structures, which provides the limit states design method. Although the limit states design method (AS 4100) is the preferred method of designing steelwork, it is necessary to continue the working stress design method (this Standard) for certain mechanical equipment where the application Standards allow. This is particularly so for mechanical equipment where the equivalent international Standards use the working stress design method. While the editorial style and layout have been updated, this Standard incorporates the minimum changes necessary to AS 1250—1981, SAA Steel Structures Code. Amendments 1 and 2 have been incorporated into the text. Section 10 has been deleted, Section 11 renumbered and new Appendices F and G added. Clauses 1.1, 2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.5, 9.5.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.4 and 10.1.5; and Appendix C have been revised. The issue of this Standard follows its publication as an Interim Standard in December 1991. Section 1 and Appendix G have been revised, a new Application Clause included and Reference Standards updated to current editions. Attention is drawn to the following Standards which may be required for use in connection with this Standard: AS 1110 ISO metric hexagon precision bolts and screws 1111 ISO metric hexagon commercial bolts and screws 1112 ISO metric hexagon nuts, including thin nuts, slotted nuts and castle nuts 1163 Structural steel hollow sections This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. 1170 SAA Loading Code 1170.1 Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations 1170.2 Part 2: Wind loads 1170.3 Part 3: Snow loads 1252 High strength steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural engineering 1275 Metric screw threads for fasteners 1302 Steel reinforcing bars for concrete 1303 Steel reinforcing wire for concrete 1379 The specification and manufacture of concrete 1391 Methods for tensile testing of metals 1418 SAA Crane Code 1554 SAA Structural Steel Welding Code 1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures 1554.2 Part 2: Arc stud welding (steel studs to steel) 1554.5 Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading 3 1559 Fasteners—Bolts, nuts and washers for tower construction 1594 Hot-rolled steel flat products AS 3990 — 1993 1627 Metal finishing—Preparation and pretreatment of surfaces 1627.7 Part 7: Hand tool cleaning of metal surfaces 2074 Steel castings 2121 SAA Earthquake Code 2214 SAA Structural Steel Welding Supervisors Certification Code 2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion 2812 Welding, brazing and cutting of metals—Glossary of terms 3600 Concrete structures 3678 Structural steel—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs 3679 Structural steel 3679.1 Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections 3679.2 Part 2: Welded sections 4100 Steel structures BS 5135 Metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. Supplement 1 (PD 3343) to BS 449, Part 1: Recommendations for design (withdrawn) Copyri ght STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyri ght subsists in all Standards Austr alia publi cati ons and software. Except where the Copyri ght Act all ows and except where provided for below no publi cati ons or soft ware produced by Standards Austr alia may be reproduced, stored in a retr ieval system in any form or transmitt ed by any means without prior permission in writ ing from Standards Australi a. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropriate royalt y payment. Requests for permission and informati on on commercial soft ware royalti es should be dir ected to the head off ice of Standards Australi a. Standards Austr alia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard wit hout payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia. 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AS 3990— 1993 4 CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.7 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 SECTION 2 MATERIALS 2.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 FASTENERS AND ELECTRODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 STEEL CASTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 12 SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 3.1 LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 DESIGN METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. SECTION 4 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES 4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES FOR CALCULATING BENDING STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 PLATE THICKNESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 SECTIONAL AREAS OF BOLTS, SCREWED TENSION RODS AND RIVETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 5 DESIGN OF BEAMS 5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN A BEAM BENT ABOUT THE AXIS OF MAXIMUM STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 ELASTIC CRITICAL STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 BENDING STRESSES FOR CASED BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 PURLINS AND GIRTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 EFFECTIVE SPAN OF BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS FOR LATERAL BUCKLING . . . . . . . 5.10 SHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.11 BEARING STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12 FLANGE DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13 WEB DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14 SEPARATORS AND DIAPHRAGMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 18 18 19 20 20 22 22 22 23 27 28 28 29 29 33 34 34 35 39 5 AS 3990 — 1993 Page SECTION 6 DESIGN OF STRUTS 6.1 AXIAL STRESSES IN UNCASED STRUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.2 AXIAL FORCES IN CASED STRUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF STRUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.4 ECCENTRICITY FOR STRUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.5 SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.6 STRUTS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS IN CONTACT . . 44 6.7 STRUTS WITH TWO SEPARATED COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.8 CAPS AND BASES FOR STRUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.9 BEARING STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 SECTION 7 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS 7.1 AXIAL STRESSES IN TENSION MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 TENSION MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 TENSION MEMBERS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS . . . 7.5 CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 BEARING STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 50 50 52 53 53 This is a free 8 page sample. 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SECTION 8 COMBINED STRESSES 8.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 8.2 INDIVIDUAL MOMENTS AND FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 8.3 DIRECT STRESS COMBINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 SECTION 9 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 9.1 MINIMUM DESIGN FORCE ON CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 CHOICE OF FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 COMBINED CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 CONNECTION STIFFENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 STRESSES IN BOLTS, SCREWED TENSION RODS, RIVETS AND PINS 9.6 DESIGN DETAILS FOR FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 DESIGN DETAILS FOR PINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 WELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 PACKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 57 57 57 57 58 59 59 61 SECTION 10 FABRICATION AND ERECTION 10.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 FABRICATION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 ERECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 62 63 65 APPENDICES A DEFLECTION (See Clause 3.3.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B FATIGUE (See Clause 3.3.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C STRENGTHS OF STEELS COMPLYING WITH AS 1163, AS 1594, AS 3678 AND AS 3679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D LIST OF REFERENCES ON THE ELASTIC FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF STEEL BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF STRUTS (See Clause 6.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS (See Clause 9.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY AND INSPECTION OF HIGH-STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTS (See Clause 10.1.5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 69 76 77 78 82 85 AS 3990— 1993 6 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Mechanical equipment—steelwork S E C T I O N 1 S CO P E A N D G E NE R A L 1.1 SCOPE This Standard applies to the design, fabrication, erection, repair and alteration of steelwork associated with boilers and pressure vessels, lifts, cranes, mining equipment, gas and liquid petroleum piping systems, bulk handling equipment and the like, in accordance with the working stress design method. The Standard does not apply to the following structures and materials: (a) Road and railway bridges. (b) Steel elements, other than packers, less than 3 mm thick. (c) Steel for which the value F Y used in design exceeds 450 MPa. (d) Cold-formed members other than those complying with AS 1163. Steelwork may be designed to— (i) the limit states design method of AS 4100; or (ii) the working stress design method of AS 3990 (this Standard). NOTE: It is intended that the working stress method will be phased out in Australia as it is phased out internationally. 1.2 APPLICATION This Standard is intended to apply to steelwork associated with mechanical equipment such as boilers and pressure vessels, lifts, cranes, mining equipment, gas and liquid petroleum piping systems and bulk handling equipment. This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. 1.3 STANDARDS Unless otherwise noted, a Standard referred to in this Standard is the current edition thereof. 1.4 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS This Standard shall not be interpreted to prevent the use of materials or of methods of design or construction not specifically referred to herein. NOTE: It will be necessary to seek approval from the Building Authority for the use of new materials or methods. 1.5 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION 1.5.1 Design The design of a structure or the part of a structure to which this standard is applied shall be the responsibility of an engineer experienced in the design of such structures. For the purposes of this Standard the term ‘Design Engineer’ shall mean the Engineer responsible for design and shall include his representative. COPYRIGHT This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version online. AS 3990-1993 Mechanical equipment - Steelwork The remainder of this document is available for purchase online at www.saiglobal.com/shop SAI Global also carries a wide range of publications from a wide variety of Standards Publishers: Click on the logos to search the database online.